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The Cannabis Terpenes Cannabis Belongs to the Small Family of Cannabaceae, Which Includes Hop and Celtis Berry

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The Cannabis Terpenes Cannabis Belongs to the Small Family of Cannabaceae, Which Includes Hop and Celtis Berry molecules ReviewReview TheThe CannabisCannabisReview TerpenesTerpenes SaranaSarana RoseRose Sommano SommanoThe 1,2,3,1,2,3, Cannabis*,*, ChudaChuda Chittasupho Chittasupho Terpenes 3,4 3,4,, Warintorn Warintorn RuksiriwanichRuksiriwanich 3,43,4 andand PensakPensak Jantrawut Jantrawut 3,43,4 Sarana Rose Sommano 1,2,3,* , Chuda Chittasupho 3,4, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich 3,4 and 11 PlantPlant Bioactive Bioactive Compound PensakCompound Jantrawut Laboratory, Laboratory,3,4 Facult Facultyy of of Agriculture, Agriculture, Chiang Chiang Mai Mai University, University, Chiang Chiang Mai Mai 50100, 50100, ThailandThailand 1 Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, 22 ClusterCluster of of Agro Agro Bio-Circular-Green Bio-Circular-Green Industry Industry (Agro (Agro BCG), BCG), Chiang Chiang Mai Mai University, University, Chiang Chiang Mai Mai 50100, 50100, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand ThailandThailand 2 Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, 33 ClusterCluster of of Research Research and and Development Development of of Pharmaceut Pharmaceuticalical and and Natural Natural Products Products Innovation Innovation for for Human Human or or Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand Animal,Animal, Chiang Chiang Mai Mai3 Universi ClusterUniversi ofty,ty, Research Chiang Chiang Mai Mai and 50200, Development50200, Thailand Thailand of; ;[email protected] [email protected] and (C.C.); (C.C.); Natural Products Innovation for [email protected]@cmu.ac.thHuman (W.R.); or(W.R.); Animal, [email protected] [email protected] Chiang Mai University, (P.J.) (P.J.) Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; [email protected] (C.C.); 44 DepartmentDepartment of of Pharmaceutical [email protected] Sciences, Sciences, Faculty Faculty of of(W.R.); Pharmacy, Pharmacy, [email protected] Chiang Chiang Mai Mai Un Un (P.J.)iversity,iversity, Chiang Chiang Mai Mai 50200, 50200, ThailandThailand 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, ** Correspondence:Correspondence: [email protected] [email protected] Mai 50200, Thailand * Correspondence: [email protected] AcademicAcademic Editor: Editor: Luca Luca Valgimigli Valgimigli Received:Received: 6 6 November NovemberAcademic 2020; 2020; Accepted: Accepted: Editor: Luca 8 8 December December Valgimigli 2020; 2020; Published: Published: 8 8 December December 2020 2020 Received: 6 November 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 8 December 2020 Abstract:Abstract: TerpenesTerpenesAbstract: areare thethe primaryprimaryTerpenes constituentsconstituents are the primary ofof esseesse constituentsntialntial oilsoils andand of are essentialare responsibleresponsible oils and forfor are thethe responsible aromaaroma for the aroma characteristicscharacteristics ofof characteristicscannabis.cannabis. TogetherTogether of cannabis. withwith thethe Together cannabinoids,cannabinoids, with the terpenesterpenes cannabinoids, illustrateillustrate terpenes synergicsynergic illustrate and/orand/or synergic and/or entourageentourage effecteffect andentourageand theirtheir interactionsinteractions effect and theirhavehave interactionsonlyonly beenbeen speculatedspeculated have only inin been forfor speculatedthethe lastlast fewfew in decades.decades. for the last few decades. HundredsHundreds ofof terpenesterpenesHundreds areare identifiedidentified of terpenes thatthat are alludeallude identified toto cannabiscannabis that allude sensorysensory to cannabis attributattributes,es, sensory contributingcontributing attributes, largelylargely contributing largely to toto thethe consumer’sconsumer’sthe experiencesexperiences consumer’s andand experiences marketmarket price. andprice. market TheyThey price.alsoalso enhance Theyenhance also manymany enhance therapeutictherapeutic many therapeutic benefits,benefits, benefits, especially especiallyespecially asas aromatherapy.aromatherapy.as aromatherapy. ToTo shedshed To lightlight shed onon light thethe on importanceimportance the importance ofof terpenesterpenes of terpenes inin thethe in cannabis thecannabis cannabis industry,industry, industry, the purpose of thethe purpose purpose of of this thisthis review review review is is to to is morphologically morphologically to morphologically describe describe describe sources sources sources of of cannabis ofcannabis cannabis terpenes terpenes terpenes and and and to to toexplain explain explain the biosynthesis thethe biosynthesisbiosynthesis andandand diversitydiversity diversity ofof of terpeneterpene terpene prpr profilesofilesofiles inin in differentdifferent different cannabiscannabis cannabis chemovars.chemovars. chemovars. Keywords:Keywords: essentialessentialKeywords: oil;oil; hemp;hemp;essential marijuana;marijuana; oil; trichomes;hemp;trichomes; marijuana; volatile volatile trichomes; profileprofile volatile profile 1.1. IntroductionIntroduction 1. Introduction CannabisCannabis sativasativa L.L. orCannabisor cannabiscannabis sativa isis aaL. herbaceousherbaceous or cannabis annualannual is a herbaceous ththatat hashas aa annuallonglong historyhistory that has ofof useuse a long aroundaround history thethe of use around the worldworld asas fiber,fiber, food,food,world oiloil as as well fiber,well asas food, medicine.medicine. oil as well DependingDepending as medicine. onon thethe Depending purpospurposeses ofof on utilization,utilization, the purposes theythey of cancan utilization, bebe they can be calledcalled by by different different callednames; names; by for for di example, ffexample,erent names; “hemp” “hemp” for as example,as a a fiber fiber and “hemp”and textile textile as crop crop a fiber and and and “recreational “recreational textile crop cannabis”, cannabis”, and “recreational cannabis”, oror knownknown inin thethe USAUSAor known asas marijuana.marijuana. in the USA AsideAside as marijuana.fromfrom itsits qualityquality Aside asas from anan industrialindustrial its quality textile,textile, as an industrialthethe psychoactivepsychoactive textile, the psychoactive propertiesproperties havehave labeledlabeledproperties aa greygrey have stigmastigma labeled toto cannabiscannabis a grey stigma plantsplants to asas cannabis beingbeing anan plants illicitillicit drug asdrug being withwith an manymany illicit informalinformal drug with many informal namesnames includingincluding pot,namespot, dope,dope, including grass,grass, weed,weed, pot, dope, MaryMary grass, Jane,Jane, weed,bud,bud, hash,hash, Mary bhang,bhang, Jane, bud, kef,kef, ganja, hash,ganja, bhang,locoweed,locoweed, kef, reefer,reefer, ganja, locoweed, reefer, doob,doob, spliff, spliff, toke, toke, and doob,and roach. roach. spliff It ,It toke,has has been been and forbidden roach.forbidden It has to to grow beengrow forbiddenin in many many countries countries to grow indue due many to to the the countries psychoactive psychoactive due to the psychoactive ingredientsingredients containedcontainedingredients [1].[1]. InIn aa contained medicalmedical sense,sense, [1]. In manymany a medical recentrecent sense, studiesstudies many havehave recent advisedadvised studies thatthat have thethe increaseincrease advised inin that the increase in cannabiscannabis useuse waswas cannabis inin associationassociation use was wiwithth in psychiatricpsychiatric association symptomssymptoms with psychiatric includinincludin symptomsgg depressiondepression including andand anxietyanxiety depression [2,3].[2,3]. and anxiety [2,3]. However,However, manymany usersusersHowever, stillstill exclusivel manyexclusivel usersyy endorse stillendorse exclusively itsits recreationalrecreational endorse itspurposepurpose recreational [4,5][4,5].. As purposeAs aa result,result, [4,5 ].therethere As a hashas result, there has been beenbeen a a strong strong movement movementa strong toward toward movement correcting correcting toward negative negative correcting attitudes attitudes negative of of the the attitudes cannabis cannabis of theand and cannabis attempts attempts and have have attempts been been have been made mademade inin tryingtrying totoin removeremove trying to thisthis remove plantplant this fromfrom plant narcoticnarcotic from narcotic lists.lists. InIn lists. Thailand,Thailand, In Thailand, forfor instance,instance, for instance, asas from asfrom from 2020,2020, 2020, cannabis strains cannabiscannabis strainsstrains suchsuchsuch asas as กกญชงั ญชงั (hemp) (hemp) and andand กกญชาั ญชาั (marijuana) (marijuana) areareare legally legallylegally grown growngrown for forfor industrial industrialindustrial fiber fiberfiber or oror medicinal purposes medicinalmedicinal purposespurposesunder underunder the thethe controlled controlledcontrolled level levellevel of active ofof activeactive metabolites metabolitesmetabolites including includingincluding cannabinoids cannabinoidscannabinoids of D of9–tetrahydrocannabinolof ΔΔ9–9– tetrahydrocannabinoltetrahydrocannabinol(THC) (THC)(THC) and cannabidiolandand cannabidiolcannabidiol (CBD) (CBD)(CBD) [6]. While [6].[6]. WhileWhile focus focusfocus has paid hashas paid attentionpaid attentionattention primarily primarilyprimarily to the toto bioactive functions thethe bioactivebioactive functionsfunctionsof the of cannabinoids,of thethe cannabinoids,cannabinoids, the hydrocarbon thethe hyhydrocarbondrocarbon terpenes terpenesterpenes could also couldcould offer alsoalso interesting offeroffer interestinginteresting entourage effects that could entourageentourage effectseffects thatideallythat
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