THECLUB PLAYER'S LIBRARY

Trainlike a

ALEXANDERKOTOV Translatedby BernardCafferty

B.T. BatsfordLtd, London Firstpubtished 1981 Reprinted1984, 1986, 1 990 Contents @ AlexanderKotov, 1 981 ISBN0 7134 3609 3 (limp)

Typesetby W.Turner & SonLimited, Symbolsand Acknowledgements 6 Halifax Preface 7 andPrinted in Great Britain by 1 A littlehistory 9 Billing& SonsLtd, Worcester 2 Howthe Openingis Studied 1'] forthe publishers 3 Objectivityin the Ending 24 B.T. Batsford Limited 4 Competitiveor CreativeElement? za 4 FitzhardingeStreet, London W1 H OAH 5 Studyingthe MiddleGame 41 6 AnnotatingGames 63 7 A Philosophyof 68 8 Schoolsof Chess 70 9 Botvinnik'sChess School 84 10 Kart'sChess School 102 11 Karseladze'sChess School 112 12 Withouta School 117

A BATSFORDCHESS BOOK Adviser:GMR.D. Keene OBE TechnicalEditor: lan Kingston _=!l-F'-F_

Symbols Preface

+ 'What a strangestate of aifairsyou havein chessnowadays; Goodmove remarkedafriend of mine.He does not know the finer points of the tl Very strongmove KingsIndian Defence, but he takesnote of all the resultsof ; Doubtfulmove tournamentsand matches. 'Whatdo you havein mind?' ?? 'Almost Whiteto move everyVear there are reportsabout the emergenceoT a Yugoslavia,the B Blackto move newoutstanding chess talent. In ,Britain, USAl 'lt'sthe naturalprogression of the generationsl 'Progression!Yet in the Candidates'Matches for overa decade Acknowledgements challengersfor theworld title have almost always been the theeig6t 'old selfsame men" 'Whatabout Karpov?' NOTE:Some minor corrections were made to the text at editonat 'Karpovhas been champion for fiveyears already. Where are the sf€ge- R.G.W. otheryoung talents? Compared to the Candidates'series of 1965 theaverageage of thechallengers in the 1980series has gone up by almosttwo years.There is no challengeryounger than thirty, yet andsome of o; theother hand isalready fifty-one, ' the othersare gettingclose to their halfcentury. . . 'lt sometimeshaPPens that way 'sometimeslThen again Yefim Geller at the age of fifty-four outplaysall the youngmen and takes the goldmedal in the 1979 SovietChamoionship - anotherexample to youthi We discussedthis topic. and laterI reflected a greatdeal trying to answera questionwhich troubles the chess organisations of many countries.Aecently in Moscowthere was a gatheringof experienced grandmastersand young talentedplayers. There were notes of alarm soundedin the speechesof famouschess experts sucfi as grandmastersSmyslov, Polugayevsky, Taimanov and-others Even 5arlier,serious claims were expressed in an articleby PetrosianWe get to know his interestingthoughts later, but herewe can shall 'lt givea resum6: iseasy to playagainst the youngplayers; lor me theyare an openbooki What are the reasonsfor the slowingdown in the development -.-....-tr-

I Preface of younggrandmasters both in our countryand in others?The authorcame to the conclusionthat an answercan onlv be oiven aftera carefulanalysis of thepresent state of chesstheory. Ho-w do we play?What is the foundationof modernchess? What plavsthe leadingrole in ourcreative efforts? What are the chief principles of modernchess theory? My latefriend and trainer,grandmaster Simagin, used to stress A littlehistory the needto discussthe philosophyof presentdav chess, how for 1 example\^€ regardthe advantage of Whjtemoving first, what are the mainguide lines for our researchwork. Theauthor has to overcomesome diffidence in tacklino this most difficulttopic, in tryingto filla gap left by theoreticians:I console myselfwith the thought that the traveller who penetratesthe thick Chessplayers who devote their time to thegreat and ancient game forestmay have a sadfate, but no worsethan that of the irresolute can be dividedinto two basiccategories. The firstsimply play in who hesitateat thefirst clearing tournamentsappropnate to theirstrength. The second try to find Inexamining the current state of chessthe author has no choice somephilosophical sense in chess,to createchess theory, which in butto copewith anothertask - to talkabout modern methods of our dayshas become a genuinescience. The first becomeworld chesscoaching, and naturallyof the modernSoviet School of championsand leadinggrandmasters, the winnersof top tour- Chess.lt canhardly be denied that modern chess is to a considerable naments.The second write books on thetheory of thethree stages extentSoviet chess. By a carefulexamination of chesscoachinq in of thegame. Sometimes leadirig f igures combine both activities and the USSRthe Western player can learn a lot,and useit in hisoiwn thenwe getan outstandingperson in theworld of chess. attemptsto improve.For examplehow usefulit is to become Thefirst guidingprinciples of chesstheory were discovered by famlliarwith the organisationand teaching methods of Botvinnik's the inventorsof openingsand .Amongst these principles famousschool, the Soviet TV schooland others. the best establishedis the simplestone: bring out your pieces quickly,seize fie centreand go for the enemyking with all your 'blitzkrieg' Thuswe getthe mainaim of thisbook: forces.Such aimsare servedby the EvansGambit, the To describethe featuresof the modernattitude to chess,as DanishGambit, the KingsGambit and others. Even nowadays the largelyworked out by the Soviet School,to try and revealtne seizureof the centreand speedypiece development are a corner- philosophyof modernchess, and to indicatehow chess is studied rn stoneof modernstrategy. thestrongest of the Schoolsof Chess- And16Philidor drew attention to yetanother important postulate theSoviet School. 'The ln the lightof thisthe author has divided the bookinto two basrc pawnis the soul of chess'he stated, and everybody concurred parts: in devotingcareful study to pawnchains, the isolatedcentre 1 How is studied. andthe weakness of a groupof pawns. 2 Chess schools in the . A significantevent in the developmentof theory was the teachingof WilhelmSteinitz with his stresson avoidingweak squares,the accumulationof temporary.slight advantages and their transformationinto permanentones. With the arrivalof Steinitztheory became a realforce; he was the one who originated the scientrficaooroach to chesswhich is now sowell developed. The proponentsof Steinitz'stheory - Tarraschand his supporters- triedto expressSteinitz's teaching in the form of laconicrules, and as often happens in suchcases, they went too far. Thelaconic tended to becomedogmatic, and chessbegan to lose itsfreshness, originality and charm. Theyoung of thattime rose up againstthis. In the earlypart of the 20th centuryNimzowitsch and R6tiin theirpolemic books and

-/ 10 A little history articlesand Alekhinein his practicalplay started propagandising moreand morethe creativeprinciples to be foundeven earlier in thegames of Chigorin.Their main postulates were: Get away from dogma,play inventively, even originally, and as Blackdo not go for equality,as the Tarrasch school taught, but fromthe first moves try to createyour own planof counterplay. These aims, an immediate counterattack by pieceson a seeminglyimpregnable pawn centre, 2 How the Openingis Studied were servedby the inventionof their openings- the Alekhine Defence,the Gr0nfeldDefence, the NimzowitschDefence and so on. Morethan halfa centuryhas gone by sincethe appearanceof R6ti'sModern ldeasin Chessand Nimzowitsch'sMy Systemin principles (they How do presentday grandmastersplay the first stageof the game? whichthe of theseinnovators are laiddown called questlons themselvesthe hypermoderns). grown What principlesdo they follow?lf we can answerthese Sincethen chess has intoa theory. massively-popularartand the number of chessbooks and magazines we shallmake real progress in understandingall modern in the variouslanguages you Firstof all the advantageof the first move-Chess experts who of theworld cannot be counted.Yet positionare will look in vainon the bookshelvesfor a work devotedto qeneral seemto allegethat White has no advanbge in theinitial questionsof chess wrong.Even in quick-movingsports the starting side nearly alwavs development.for an accountof thd main - theright to postulatesof modern chessthought. The bookshelvesare piled hass6me advantage, even if veryslight for example high serveat tennis,or to bullyoff in hockey.In chesslt ls always insteadwith bookson the openings,tournament books and of biographiesof the greatplayers. preferableto be White.The questionthen ariseswhat sort. to neutrallsethe In thisbook we try to dealwith a numberof importantpoints of strategicplan Black should choose in an attempt modern chesstheory. right"lt to movefirst and to seizethe . What is chessnowadays? How is theory play andBlack studiedby a leadingschool? How are modern views on this standsto reasonthat the methodsof for White ancient we considerthem gameformed? The readerwill alsolearn how a generaltheory of in the initialoosition are different,so shall chessdevelops and how the theoryof the threestages of the game separately. isstudied in the SovietUnion. White Threemain currents of thoughtmay be distinguished in the mlnd of a moderngrandmaster playing White in a tournament-.game: 1)The method of quietmaintenance of the advantage ol lrrstmove swift strike. 2) The methodof the 'coiled 3) Themethod of the spring:

1) Incases when a grandmasterdoes not have to winat allcosts he tendsto avoidshara lines in theopening and sticks io clearsensible lines.This method is alsoadopted when the opponentis a definite protagonistof sharpplay and it is advantageousto'keep him in check: of quletplay are obvious - pawnexcnanges' Thecharacteristics - theformation of rigidpawn structures. White's aim is simple the maintenanceof th-oseadmittedly sllght benefits conferred by the natureof chessin beingWhite. lam notaiming for too much,but what I haveI hold is White'smotto as t were Examplesof suchplay with Whiteare manyformations of the Carlsbadvariation of ihe Oueen'sGambit Declined (Diagram 1), the

./ 12 How the Openingis Studied White 13

SlavDefence, the Caro-Kannand so on. hereis apparentsiuce just otreincautious pawn advance by Black "'/z.xg,E atrdWhite's pieces will uncoilwith great force and inflict damage on ',.& theerremy. t2 Examinethe gamesof recelttyears. You will find apparent slow 2t"'../1, play by White in a Kingslrldian openlrlg. '.:L2.,7i/Z''&. t 3 "&t "ilat& ^&a%i.,x% t '"&t% %"'.2 'ut'//h 2 It is peacefulin thecentre, comparatjvely peaceful on the flanks. 7 %t%6ru Thesmoothness of the pawnchains, the limitedavailabiliw of open /&a lines.the absence of a directclash is evident: t'&ft' Sucha methodof playcomes from the previouscentury, and onemight make the musical comparison that such positions are not Yet this slownessis deceptive,since White's bunched pieces the shakeand the twist,but ratherthe monotonouswaltz, or even oftenunroll and developarl activitythat can bringWhite arr early the minuetof chess. win.Orre can ouly advise the readerto be particularlycareful when hisopponent develops his forces along the lirres of a coiledspring.' 2) A sharpcomparison is providedby the methodof the swift strike,of brisk'cavalryraidsl This method too waswidelv adopted Black in the old days,and keepsits placenowadays. Who will express The advantageof the first moveby hisopponent forces Black to surprisenowadays at the sharppawn advance g2-94-g5 and even adoptrather different approaches to the opening.One distrllguishes on to 96?lt occursin theSicilian Defence 1 e4 c5 2 lf3 d6 3 d4 in modernpraxis three methods for Black. cd 4 axd4lf6 5 lc3 e6 6 s4!? 1) Playfor equality. 2) Themethod of carryingout an irldeper]derltplarr' t7:., i"/& 3) Thecoiled spring method. '1,11 , '1 ',:1.:aa.tui ) We have alreadynoted that ill the olden days White often 2 2 proceededquietly strivirrg to maitrtainthe advantageof the move Blackin thosedays used to matroeuvrejust as calmlytrying to keep 2 ?) Jl 7t ,)."<( //al it level.This ancient method is applied today too at thehighest level. 2) z Thisis easily understandable since Black does not haveto go for a AA win in everygame, often beirrgsatisfied with a . lrl suchcases one hasthe OGOwitn Capablallca'ssimplifying manoeuwe ( . ' Havewe notseen such early strikes In games by Botvinnikin the d5Xc4 and Af6-d5)or Lasker'sDefence in thesame openrtrg Carlsbadvariation of the OGDand in theCaro-Kann? Other tvpical The same purposetends to be servedby the Oueensh.ldian attemptsto breachthe defensive ramparts at an earlystage are the bishopsacrifice AflXb5 in the Sicilianand various intuitive kniqht ' Translators Nate ; sacrificesin PetrosEnPachman, Bled 1961 is a partcularly the sameopening such as Ac3-d5 or {d4J5 (witha - a blackpawn at e6). slnKrnaelar|ple I ff 3 c5 2 93 c6 3 Jg2 96 O O-gq7 5d3e6 6e4 Aqe77 Ee I GO8e5d6 9ed gra6 to )boz{9cl'1rrb3rld4? 12-U1&bq 3) Sometimesgrandmasters will decide to avoidthe deeplv-studied tg , e5 lo3 la lc4l gb5 15db a5 6 Ad6 booklines by usinga methodthat remindsone of a coiledsprrng. 5ft17 t!43 &a7 lseedtaaam/ 18 He4 t18 r' gxt6-r9 20 Ag/ lorces Theymake just pawn s1'6+ '9ae5- €)g5 one advanceto the centrefianchetto the ;atc) 18 :ldg gt '{6+r g'f6 20 Aes+ bishopsand allowthe opponentto occupythe centre.The calm gss 21As7 1o. I 14 How the Openingis Studied Black 15

I 'w '/l:,,t "'/l:z; ^& &t "'//./lt",iy.i % %i t 7t i,6.././Z7t %t% % 7 * "..&,ft& %t&,4 7 ta./:fr"'//// 7 ,t<. % :,/.1,,qlt /../,i, ru +/,&,"/l /.N.+& t-I Defencetoo. shouldnote that this methodis mosttrequerrtly adopted by the Suchopening lines are also used for psychologicalreasons. lf our playersof the oldergerreratiorr. They are experienced arrd careful opponentis a confirmedsupporter of combinationalattacks artd is and do not go beyondthe line bety/eenvoluntary and forced easilyinduced to go irrfor dubioussacrifices it pays to givehim the passivity.Also this method is often caused by their lack of familiarity opportunityto attackformations so soundthat he willstub his toe with 'the very latestword in theoryl againstthem. Such a methodhas always been advisable and will Openingsof thissort are the various forms of the PircDefence, continueto beso. arrdthe KingsIndian Deferrce involving the wing play . . a6, c6,... EabSand.. b5. 2) Thismethod was firstadopted by Chigorin,developed by the Thenext two diagramsshow typical situations which then arise. hypermodernsand haslost its air of noveltyso widelyis it practiced nowadays.Black simply pays no attentiollto the advantage conferredby the moveand doesnot striveto equalise. t7#. Hisobjective is to carryout hisown planof activeplay by his q.xi7.4t piecesand force his opponentto adopt measuresto repulsethe zt %iry threatsso generated.This in itselfshould take care of the problem t7 t% %, of equalising.The popularity of themethod amor'rgst contemporary 7 %^ru,2 /lz grandmastersis explainedby psychologicalconsiderations: Black tt<. fr% gets out of beirrgunder constraint, acts independentlyand can partlyigrrore what his opponentis doing.Such independenceis ffifr vzt& highlyvalued in modernchess. Moderrrtheory notestwo typesof independentplan. The first is Letus move on to openingquestions from another point of view to counter-attackWhite's pawn centre as in the GrunfeldDeferrce, andin particularhow openings are studied in the SovietUnion. theAlekhine Deferrce. the Nimzo-lrrdian and so or'r. The second is to Thiswork involvesexperienced players, and through the network work indeoerrdentlvorr the flankand is bestseen irr the Siciliarr of magazinesbrings in theordinary player too inthe search for new Defence,especially when Black goes . . . a6 arrd. . . b5,and in the moves,new systems,new ideas. ModernBenorri Defence where the samemoves irrvolve a pawn The searchfor rrewmoves has always been going on, when sacrificeby Blackirr the BenkoGambit arrd the Benoni.Such preparingfor games,at the board,in mutualar.lalysis with the featuresare seen in Diagrams5 and6. opponentafter the gamearrd irr subsequerrt analysis at home.lt is oftenthe casethat a movelong held to be strongestis laterrelected 3) lf the coiledspring method brings benefit to Whitethen this in favourof another.This is a processthat has no errd,an irrevitable ratherequivocal method can buildup poterrtialenergy for Black processirr the ongoing development of chesstheory. too. lt can be successful,but the risksinvolved have to be clearly Theory.however, contair'ls many variations in whichthe initial bonrein mind. moveshave been checked through so frequentlythat it hasbeen By goingin for volunbrypassiVty in the hopeof a subsequent shown that deviationsat the earlierstages are definitelynot counter-strokeBlack may exceedthe boundsof the feasibleand advar.rtageous.As a resultthey will be played out withmachinegun firrishup irra crampedposition with no remedyfor thecramp. One -likespeed in grandmastergames. For example some variations of -

16 How the Opning is Studied Black | 7

the Chigorinsystem for Blackin the RuyLopez, and of the ooen onlvafter marry hours of study Strikingplay now follows: systemof defence(5 AXe4) havebeerr worked out almost 18 . . . ab! 19 Axbs+ A-cG20 9f3 twentv movesdeeo. Thereare similar long lines in the 8 . . . gXb2 PoisonedPawn 'rlztlft lineof the Najdorfdefence irr the Sicilian(see diagram 14), and in the Panov-BotvinnikAtbck againstthe Caro-Kann. 'r&t% Letus take au exampleof thedevelopment of a longfoicing line 7 in theSiciliarr Defence. 7:r.. After1e4c52lf3d63d4cxd44lxd4 lf6 5 Nc3 a66 AS5 e6 7 f4, Polugayevskysuggested the move7 ... b5. The 7)87../lz' ramificationsof the linehave been worked out irrdepth and have 2t Iedto theadoption of thename the PolugayevskyVariation. In fact thereis an immenseamount of literatureon the subjectcoveritrg 20 ... ab3+l! A phetromenalblow. 21 cb Axbs withcheck variousbooks and many magazirre articles leavesBlac[a piece up so Gr0rrfeldpreferred to movehis with Themain line, of course,arises from the enerqetic corrtinuatlon g thesequel21 &b1 6a5 22 Ed4 trc823 [ed1 9524$xc5+ e5 de 9 fe arrdrrow the flextble courrter 9 . 8c7 gxc6 25 gd3 Ae7 26 Qel O-Oand Black's extra piece soon led Variousattempts have been made at the hiqhestlevel to refute to a win. Black'srisky-looking play. 10 lf3 was triedlwhen Btackoets The grandeurof Polugayevsky'scotlcept becomes appaTerlt r11 sat,sfactoryplay by 10 . . . b4. After that most attentionivas the line;hich he pointedout straightaway after the game:2 1 ab devotedto Simagin'smove 1O $e2 andfor a lor.lgtime it washeto 22 €d2 g'd7+ 23 Se3 ScS+ 2a @14g5+ 25 €g3 thatthis Ha1+ wasWhite's strongest colttinuatiot.r. I xat tl tne ontyhove,every'thing ellelosing. as th-e !e1*)r.can lr'rvarious events White tended to scorequick wirrs wrth this and 8'n""itor" himseli 26 Axco Ex;1 27 AxdT+ €i8 28 gf6 otherlitles involving 10 ef, but fromtime to timethe supporters of 29 &12 E xe5t3o €743[e3+ 3 1€f2 trea+ 32€g3 the variation He3+ as Blackshowed that the suggestedimprovements Ad6+ 33 €h3 Er.ha T9]9- were not too formidablefor White.The processof r*assessment carried.or'twith it remainingur.tclear what was White,s best. /o rne taresrdevetopments came in 1979.In the USSR 7/:A i 7/,; _ Spartakiad 7,2,,1A of that yearthe questionof first placewas decidedin the match 5 ',,:& betweenthe Ukraineand the RSFSR.polugayevsky adopted his ...&;/L; "'/..ttt lrneexpecting his opponentBelyavsky to adopt 10 $e2, but 7//.::, insteadthe grandmaster from Lvovcontirrued 1O ef *eS 1I A e2 * .//,1 12 7r,/:,' '',.1t 5tXgS'This O-OEe5 andrrow 13 Af3. './.N moveand the subsequentplan was speciallyprepared for t7/t n ., game lhe with Polugayevsky'writes Belyavsky. The qame-AfsS went on 13.. . .. i"9.1 14 €h1 E,xf6 1s )e4 E/e7 t6 O-O17 You mustconcede that this is a fineexample of the methodof ?_)xtl! and Whttereafised his positiorraladvantage without too studyingan openingby mearrsof everdeeper petletration- irrto muchtrouble. forcino"lines.ihis exampleshows the greatpractical beneiit of leter_thatyear Polugayevsky ot]ce again adopted his variation prepa;ngbefore a tournamerrt,or justbefore a gameThere are a againstGrL.infeld inthe Riga lnterzonal. He was expecting € newline nrmb"t 6f casesitr chess history of a gamebeitrg wotr without any lrom nrsopponer'tt, but got infirst with his own inuovation involvino realplay. The researcheramazed his oppoller]t wlth a new move a remarkabletactical stroke found by the lvloscowgrandmaster ii ai',a*oi with it.This is easily urrderstood psychologically sirrce the the quietof hisstudy. effectof arrurrexpected ir]r'lovatiorr in the opening is well known' The gamewent 10 8e2 6fd7 11 O-GO4\c6 12 4t xc6 io*"u"r suchatr approach to the openinghas its negativeside ts_x":919E{g h614 Ah4 Ab7 151f,e2 s'c7 16 trhef)cs too. The frequerttuse of forcinglir'les becomes krlowrr to vour rll 17 €rh3 b4 18 Ab5!7 oDDoner]ts.Thev remember yoLl' favourite lilles alld tnelT ttlrr'l This movemeets with a refutationof the sort that can be found prepare convincing rejortrders.As a result the hunter ot today may 18 How the Openingis Studied Black t9

wellbecome the preyof tomorrow.arrd Vou mav fall victim to such gc2 d5 variationirr the Nimzo-lndianDeferrce //6/. a lightningstroke as you havebeen accustomed to w ] bv. player E,AAg. So the who goesin for forcingvarrations has to be botd 15 ....frto and confidentin himself,and mostof all mustconstantly work at t*h7zt/,L '&,t':e,7:.2;.; theory.There are such players who havecontributed many lines to 7t7l,,t'fi, 7,2. ,'..,/.,t..,ttt^ the , the Slav Defence.the Tarrasch Defence,tne 'a/t 77tz,7. '/tt 7t 7tit /1,2.,';l Oueen'sGambit Accepted, the King'sIndian Defer]ce and other '/fu,a7t "'.&ft':&,a.&'tlV 7z::t- 7.' ' 't;l: open[]gs. '/zl 71.2826''//,.. "//,,, As eachtourrrament goes by theselines become more compli- 7 cated,and likean oil drill borirrgever deeper into the geological "'/t:;lt',&.t'l& ,&ft'/t ^t&Wz2t l! stratachess thought penetrates ever deeper into the unknowr]. ib\7../.2,?H Suchstudy, we r]ote,is |rot rrew.Once again we havetaken it over Oftengrandmaster games will reachsuch positions after otrly a from greatfigures of the past,o'tly their analyses dealt with other few mirrulesplay and then the playerswill settledown for a long openingssuch as the GiuocoPiarro and the Kinq'sGambit. think.Sometimes there is a jokemade to thejudge that he should Byanalogy with the lines just described there-are manv standard positiorr the boardwithout further ado as the actual positions set up the otr knownwhich do rrotarise from forcing variations but into startingpoint of the game. which the modernplayer will regularlyentei without any real lf we concedethat the threemethods of playin the opelllllgwere thought.Examples are the next two diagramsarising from the employedas earlyas the 19th centurythe methodof looking Nimzelndianand King'slndian Defences. forwardfrom the opening to plansconnected with middlegame or evenendgame stages must be consideredan irrventionof the 11 /2i ',.& presenttime. &^./z t "'.&A Themoderrr grar.tdmaster does not confine himself to tryingfor a %ix 2 %t good build-upin the opening,his far-seeing glance looks forward game eventhe ending. In plantringthe layout of 7,,.rr& ,.2 ftl&t7 fntothe middle atrd %. %t7t piecesand pawris he anticipates his actions in thelater stages o{ the 2 oame.- ft#. a2 /z To lookright to theending from the operrirrg must be collsidered /&. 7,4&fr a rare phenomenon.There is Tarrasch'swell klrownaphorlsm waltHrg, 'betweenopening arrd ending the gods havemade the middle game: of theendirrg at sucharl early stage must Thesepositions Yetthe envisaging _ aretakerr as the startingpoint by theoreticians surelybe a methodof thefuture wherl techrrique ascends to a new for their furtherresearches. There are qiriiea numberof such of a grandmasterbecomes more positions(tabiya levelof achievementarrd the mind to usethe Arab word to describethem jr.t at.lcient developedand far reaching.We canalready quote some examples chess-_'battle array').For example.one may quote various positions of thisforesight looking towards the elrding. from the ChrgorinSystem in the RuyLopez (13), ot the ln Karpov-Browne,San Antonio, 1972 and after the moves 1 c4 l-OlSOlledPawr] Variatior] in the Sicrlian/ /4/. c5 2 b3 Af6 3 Ab2 g6? - '. -J!-..////./. .zE , 17 IJ '''/..,/.'g 14 ''L,/&t'Lt ".::'.., 77,,,t&.t7z t;...,,..,:. A % 'xt i.* '1 ./t a,l, ""/:/,..&ft/r '/./,12 /& %2, "." +/,/lt 72, ,& z\7r.tfr 7.:/ 7L::7:,, ft .fu.A.,:.,:..ftft /:..2: '/.ft.ft or the star]dardmain line position r the Caro-Kar'l')(15). or the 4 20 How the Opening is Studied Black White unexpectedly played4 AXf6 ef. How can one explainthe excnange ot what is normallya strong for a kniqht?The calculation ./t glt t../.&,t&i is simpte:White gets totai control *"; Jb %;i; ."" use€g-srde pawn .,fr ffii'./t :l?lt1".l superiorityin the ending.By accurate t &a7 wortd champion managed to expioit tl 2 7/2 ? l]:y_ T: 9oT'nS. these &a&, I\A ,/ Lz) x 2t 2 ,:/,, c','t"l'?:i[:3]'8?;l:%i3E::?;,o,'f.*K,g??Aji3A, 't ++ .4i t'"'/t:'.'. '/l/zJI N l^9Fd2 sas 14f,fdl EabsG aas sxuzTe n'x-dz-ano +J&.,./;rL.Zt + d& ,/t&lL vvnrTewoft the endgamewjthout too much trouble. petrosian-Botvinnik .4t .A srgntftcar]tgame is from the 1963 world Hr;.: titlematch. After 1 c4 96 2 d4 -_Af63 lc3 aS a-afg Hgi7'!"e3 Sincethat time the key positrorl,most often arisil'lgfrom the ;.".2 dc 7 [x {4 c5 8 d5 e6,White went jr iniensivelyby Sovietplayers, 9^o1O 9 E a;gl + EnglishOperring, has beenstudied €)Ydl Axe6 t 1 A xe6 fe. followingBotvinnik's advice, who alsosought the bestmethod of playagainst the pawn'cliff'in the cerltre.The bestmethod is to 18 underminethe most formidable of the pawns- theone at e4 (eb). "/./ztAr KotovFurman, USSR Ch 1948went 1 c4 6)t6 2 Nc.3c5 3 93 /lr:.t,8t d5 4 cd AxdS 5 Ag2 4lba 6 Af3 6c6 7 O-Oe5 8 d3 Se7 9 10 f6 7tfu"..rt7/'//tttt" Ad2 hd4 Ac4 a ra, 21 i2 "t'./r.t,r.&.t't",.//,/,r. tf .tt 7 .,.i "'t/'/t' Petrosian ^ '"'/:a.., relates,c,orer thaturdL rrin IJrepaTllgpreparrngthtsrnts posittorrposltror.twlthwjih tney,, 1"."-,",, assessed 'atmost his trainer :AAx 7r/,,,' the diagrampositiorr as *on, noi"in"lrot one ,\A 7:2,, l:ll9:*R:l :"1, lyl *If, . "b.^vr.ish d"d; "6,.;;;irnuij"X' il ,.fu '"'/:.,t',.,.,& practrceWhire exptcted the sptittrrris ot Er"cii;;;;;;;i;"il;"" n rslands. '/,/r.'tTI On" - , T.r.l. note that if playingfor a. wirrg pawn superiority arrdrrow l 1 f4! underminirrgthe centre. After 1 1 . . ef 12 gf 0-0 occurredin the past- rnoartjcutir Em. Laskei;;; i" J;;;,g" 13 a3 Aec6 14 e3 Adfs 15 Ads+ Whitehad full control of the onc6 irrthe Buy Lopez In order to getan "*ti" p.*n - i,'lir.r"Eilsiae cer'rtre. yet ptayingfor rne opponer.rtto have,jstands, matrysuch examples of the openirrg/middlegame creaflyIl^lT.:']_d]iqa product rs Onecan find of our davs. linkin Botvinnik'sgames, and the sameapplies to KarpovThus in _-Playing the,opening with the middlegame in mindis a powerful the RuvLooez he hasoften scored comparatively easy victories by weapon in the handsof modern giandmasters. plan orrboth flanks and in the repres€ntatives Tne ieading thesame of suffocatingthe oppolrent of the scientificplanniig style ,.r "i "rr, Loi)ii,.rr cer'rtre. and Karpov,have demonstratedimpr:essive u"urpf". to differentcour'ltrles how strategy. ?".ran lam often askedorr my travels operringsare studied in the SovietUtrion atrd whether it istrue that |I ""lu ,^-?_o^Y1ll oJten,both as Whiteand Btack.used the oawrr compuiersare usedin systematisingresearch or.l openir.lgs Then Tormatror'tseerr irr his game with Lisitsin in the Vosco* question, matrycard-index files on tounramer'rt l,ltenia[i,,raf againlam oftenposed the how oI 1935.-(/ 9) thereare in the USSR. manouevres operrirrgs - ,With clearlyplanneo l.t advancehe exploitedthis lcan say straightaway that the irrformationon whichthese thestratesy was repeated intnu .are JuJniJr questior'rs is exaggerated.We do not yet have, :9y.:ill1g";Jh9fnull rhls ir.l" are based y"gf timeas Whrie agairsi ttl;ent"a rbo) unfortu r]ately, any openit'tg computers. There is a cardirrdex ir'l the lU-r the board roundrourrdarda,rd t6ethe oawnpawn to.ry.tat,or.rlormatrarr is,, rder,:rcat. itsscope, to my mind,is clearly tooIuoll Botv !h-e_ ?oard Here CentralChess Club in Moscow,but I trk won elegar]ly. inadequate. -

22 How the Openingis Studied Black 23 Howmany The study_of openingsin the USSBis mainlyan indjviduar Howdo grandmastersand masters study openings? undenakrng.We publishvarious svstemsdoes one need to know?This reminds me of monographs'reservoirolr individual openrngs ^.ot inot an-d andmalty magazine artjcles, yet them-airr ot innovations. irio.ais"outes oi my student days when the same questionwas rs strlll(ept secret - jn [-e homesof the leadjnqqrandmasters. iUout our professiotralstudies. The finalconclusion is the ooieA - 'You Theseinnovations are discoveredin therrhome i"i"ir.f, .nJ "t Ine oorro*eo from the wisdomof old haveto know trajningget-togethers. Sometimes they are the discoveiyof one Jverythingabout something, and a littleabout everything lApplied man,sometimes of a orouo. io tnesst-nis aOvice means ihat you haveto knoweverything about know . Corrstderablehelp i"s given by the hundredsof thousandsof if'Jopeningswhich you aregoing to useregularlv, and also chesstans who send thetr ideas to a chessmagazine or ii.i"qbnetriioeat behrnd all t6e openingsOne has to bearin mtnd stratqhtto a you grandmaster.Sometimes these discovenes a"re remartaUiS. ifrrs inat"praxiscan come up withsome strange things, and cannot for a.longtime the knightsacrifice made UV Afetfrine in nriieturn ouaranteethat you will not suddenlycome up agalnstan openlng matchwtth Euwe, 1937, was considered to becorrect:_ -- 1 ihatyou havergnored and not studied. d4 ds 'Everygreat 2 c4 c6 3 lc3 dc 4 e4 e5 S Axc4 ed S at3. Thatleading luthority Botvinnikhas written master will find it usefulto havehis own theoryon the openings,which 22 onlyhe himselfknows, a theorywhich is closelylinked with plans :tz %i'& for the middlegame: Zt7.z, % % %.% 72A1&',*? t% ',..,&,2_1 %a:'./z % ,&ft untit-theamateui In:].1* IrGoiihSi6vldt hs anatysisshowing llul by9 . dc7AyrT+ €e7 8 gb3 cblreb"k t.i,il i"i;iE AteKntnes ldea. Suchexamples could be multipliedand they show that research in the USSBrs conducted by a whote yer arrv oi-*Lir_quarltiJj1r,,.. rne marnresearchers must be consideredthe leadinqqrand_ ma_sters,who canbe classitied into various groups. Firstof all mustpoint to the greatiheoiists who knew Know, .one or everythtng(or more accuratelynearly everything) that appearedin openingarticles in all the world,schess' magizi;es, followed up everyinnovrtion in gamestneytaw, *J""l"ri"oi, .'ii iio an rmmenseamount of privatestudy on theirown or with a few closefriends. _ Thesetheorists were Vsevolod Rauzer, lsaak Bojeslavsky. Semvon Furmanand Vtadimir Simagin. No,,mdays our rea-d;idiilr[il;;ih" openingis YefimGeller. All-these prayers vrere deep thankers '"irjiii-""'whose significanceis a product of their greai irre"i knowledge. ,]"r0 Then , thereare those players who havecontributed to proqress oy reTatntngInthetr memory everything valuable that has aooeireo so raT,tnpnnt or rnactual games. As examplesof these,comouter yevgeny mrnoswe may quote Vasyukov.yuri Balashov,bavid Bronstein,Mark Taimanov a-nd ieverat ot tneyoun! ge,,eiiii;:' --tF--

'Almost Certain Wins' 25 in 2) Four pawnsagainst three orl one sideoi the board endings. Sl n |.;ng"of positronswith krrrghtagairrst bishop A qreatdeal ol work rn analysingand syslernatising.engames *rr Suiii"Oout in the multiplevolume set of booksby Soviet on wiitersunde, the editorshipof AverbakhThis is beingcarTled 3 Objectivityin the Ending ,nJJ *unt to drawparticular attention to thesignificant contribution ;;" i; t'h; understandingof opposite-colouredendgames made "'Onebvworld champion Karpov in hisremarkable games' of tf,emain features o{ endgamequestions in the research an oi Soviet playersis the proof that the endgamels not Theconcluding part game iiage out is drrectlvlinked with the mrddlegame and of the is the moststable of the three inO"p""J""i poirltin stages.rhe marn methods of playln the ""i,i*im in" "d"ning.The modern grand'naster at some endgamevary litfle with the qulckestway to vlcrorv passageof time,so the grandmastersuse the methods,on the the earlierstages often establishes that the soas to gofor theending Here is a curious whote,ot the past,and the same will apply In the future. isi ierresot eicf'anges'1979 What doeschange with time is the technicalarmament example' from the SovietSpartakiad of an Counter irrdividual,his knowtedge of theways to achievevictory in a varjety Karpov-Lutikov,Centre of elemerrtaryendrngs plans 1 e4 d5 2 ea g,ias 3 Aca grd6 4 d4 A16 5 !f3 96-Ae3 and for exploitjngad\€ntage tn typical 13 11 complicatedones. We drawattention to theaahievemerits of Soviet aio z eaZ AsZ 8 As5;5 e d5 Ab4 10 Ar5 lge4 researchersin thisfield while including the work doneby Western *d7= 120-o-o analysts. eb.k n1i obviouslvplayed the openingignoring the basisof not falling'b;hindin developmerrtbut, important' 'Computer theoiy. iust ,more, Endgames' hui tjio oui his forcis badly,wrthout system Now thereis the becomeoperl Thisheading compris€s those endings where the means of forcrng simplethreat 13 a3 and Blackhas to letthe centre a winor achievinga draw have been 'to whichalways tavoLlrs the betterdeveloped side established thevery end'so 15 xe4 thatthey could be put, if required,into a computerprogramme. i-C ...-t-s rg dc Exd2- 14 Atd2 '!> e4'1 .'jx lt is > e4 6 fe 66 noteworthythat jn somecases computers have actuall-y :\ x c6 lt worrldbe evenworse to play 15 N beenused pressurewhlle Black's klng carlrlot in determiningthe outcomeof certainendings, for examplethe fi o Lal and f7 comesL,rlder endingqueen and NP against . qo f,*av irom the cerltreThere would also be anotl"er'srmpler' Hereis the list: i"u" oi tLtrt,'to 15 . . a,re4, namelythe intermediatemove 16 'l "ormation' ) Two kniqhtsaqainst oawn. cb whenBlack;s wouldcollapse 2) Bishopand RP-aoa'nstpa*n 16 17-Sd3! 'conjugate Axf6+ sf 3) P€wnendings rnvolvrng squares: 4, uueenand pawn aqatnsl queen. 23 ,r.,./.,/.4 , ttr 5) Rookand pawn aqainst rook. lll':.t^ ;./.'.,. 6) Bishopand pawn lgainst bishop. t../:.A',,';,,l 7) pawn '/;, 'L //:::t:.,. and agarnstkn,ghi. .7"....'1"/.t:, '/t;:: 'l':..' u) Hookano otshop agatnst rook t Of coursethe numberof such computerendings will keep z:t:z;'/:zal&frt'22..,. increasingas time goes on. ++lAH ',../,,t'""e. 'r'rlt Almost Certain Wins' f whltesquares in.the centre Theoreticalanalyses have establishedpretty accuratelythe A fineresolution ot-lne post,on ne out_come(win, sometimes una'onir',. g iia" aiewejk and a bi'nopestablishes itseli gfjl:T- draw)in thesepositions: demands 1)RP+BP with one rook each. The static blackPawn massin the cerltreis uselessand 26 Objectivityin the Ending Transpositionto the middtegame from the opening 27

constantdefence. Karpov makes the simpleaccurate olan of How doesone study such consistency? The answer must- again simplifyingthe position further into an endjng where the weaknesses bethe examination of gameswith goodnotes and analysis of one's oecomemore aooarent. own- oamesfrom this Point of view. 17 . . . O-O.O18 gc7 19 c3 h5 20 No-wthe timehas come to dealwith the middlegame,the stage trhdl AfSt place Threateningrook to the seventh.Black haslo concedea fresh wnen the most importantpart of the struggletakes The disadvantage- the retreatof his knightto the veryedge of the theorvof the middlegameisthe theory of chessThis will Include a board. i"iiript'o'i of the re5earchthat hasbeen carried out in the USSR' from a correct 20 . . . Hxd221 E xd2 Ab8 22 h4 Ah6 23 Axh6 tr xh6 Firsthowever we haveto mentloncertain deviations understandingo{ chess,of the mistakesmade by certalnplayers 24 "'/Zz.'t"'/' *ho ar" retiss in theirgeneral approach. Having indicated these t'Pff errors rt will be easierto-depict the correctpath whichwill leadto %%"&"'H progressand a freshflowering of the art of chess' ry '&.4%t ry%%"/.& & %^% & 'H, "/zft

Summingup the resultsachieved by Whitein strivingfor rne endingfrom move 13 onwards we noteBlack,s fixed pawi massin thecentre and White's g-side majority which he isabout to exploit. MeanwhileBlack's pieces are badlyplaced and Karpovforces a ouackwin. _ 24-a4 flh8 25 b4 bG 26 bb trg8 27 @c2 abS 28 ab5 fie8 29 c4 1-O.

Transpositionto the middlegame from the opening AS Kan remarkedIn his book From the Openingto the Middte Gamea playernormally strives to create niiaOte'gamepositions whichsuit his personaltastes and style,but since-the opponent fights.against thrs it isnot always possible to getone,s way and ir ts usetutto havereseTve objectives if the opponentavoids what one hasin mindor considersthe main line. , Thatis why the abilrty to playthe transitional phase is highly rated by specialists.Botvinnik commented on hisopponent in the 1951 worldtitle match that in the transition from opening to middlegame Bronsteinhad no equal. . It isa hopelesssight when a playerstarts to presson the$-srde In tne mtddlegame whert hrs whole conduct ol the openinqhas beendtrected towards burldirrg up hisforces on theopposire side ot theboard. This sounds exaggerated. but it givesan ideaof whatthe player'stask is at the momentof transition.ln the middlegame he mustfollow up and buildupon those features which have"evolved In the opening,he mustbe absolutelyconsistent and accuratein usinghis plusses and denyinghis opponent the chanceto exploit nrsmtnuses. 7

Competitive or Creative Element? 29

David Bronstetnwrites that he has to state that the sporting else a.i,eni in modernchess is choklngthe li{eout of everything - -F\€rv papers dav I qo down to the grol,nd floor and collectthe when l-find ""i 'i-r"q"ii;'l"Jtrommy mail b6x lt is a red letterday '64' ir,Z:ut".aissue ol a chessmagazrne or the rrewspaper I ini" Yordessertl reialniorgh tne otherpa pers and leaw thechess rtems o"i.v chessset out and lookat the latestgames in the 4 Competitiveor CreativeElement i1"*'f I ? urilou.1n".r'tources Thosewhich interest me especiallyorlce in detailon ni"" }e.4 through'themmentally are worked through the" chess board Y;f;hui. sadstate of affairsapplies now ln recentyears ferver {ewer qamesreally catch my attentionGames trom even and is We startwith a quotationfrom petrosian.I admit that I choosehrm Iironoiounir."nts arelackirrg in deepstrategv and logic' and rt particularlybecause this calm and solidplayer cannot possibly be a uer\, ,a.e occurrenceto find deeplVcalculated combrrratlor'ls regarded asa playerof thesharply-combinative, Tal-like, sort. As he 'orepared by aI theprecedlng play once commentedof the criticswho examinedhis sportinoand in" o,uqruntirt ihe chesipress draw the reader'satterrtiolr to creativeachievements They knockme for my draws.tbr my"styte, mistat es-r o a > .s Ah4 + !! 17-32 h4 heartlessprofessionalism ol the open can be heardfrom manyauthorrtatjve BXf3 18 Ef1 g'b4+ fiith energeticexploitation grandmasters.Let us quote iust one. positionof theenemy king. --

31 30 Competitiveor CreativeElement? An Attemptat AnalYsis on beingintroduced to mepeople have said'What interesting 19 1[f4 $e7+ 2O1f,g5ge6l21 Afs E xfs andWhite soon world queen gaveup the hopelessstruggle. ;2mesvou plaved:that queetlsacrifice against Averbakh, Tournament.Or thegame How muchpraise the playerfrom Erevanheard for thisgame, irtes n3,check. rn the 1953Candidates possiblymuch more praise aoainst-"ihe Barcza at Stockholm,19521 than for winningan international ratedby fans' tournamentof averagestrength. Yes, it is pleasant play artisticside is very rmportant in chess,is highly to through is an art, ald jts best sucha ,but how rarely one can nowadays. That is why It has alwaysbeen recognised that chess we arehearing more more oractrtionerspractitionershave be-enbeen described as artists.artlsts Thus lhus Rubrnstein and thecomment of expertsthat chess grandmastergrand was nowadaysis losingits creativecontent, that few consistentgames iescribeddescribedit as thethe finestfir]est of arts and this are played, considereda great artist by contemporaries-Tartakower ,was being that deeplycalculated impressive sacrifices and 'the-rebellious wordsof combinationsare rare. inristened artistiwhile we alsohave the 'l allthose responsibilities As V.Baturinskywrote in Pravda just before the start of the Apmine considerchess an art,and accept 1979 Spartakiad'The participants whichart placesupon its devotees: of the Spartakiadwill take note 'Alrioht. the sceptic of the criticalcomments, addressed in particular younger chessis ratedas an art, and as a sciencei at some thatdraws the crowds lf I win masters,about excessive pragmatism which impoverishes chess. miqht;etort'yetit's the sportlng side They will play games firsi prizein a tournamentI am f6ted,the paperswrite about. me which will give aestheticsatisfaction to I go connoisseurso{ theancient gamel with praise,the iansgreet me with applause-So why should chasinqafter'|'',e c.ealiue side with riskycomplications and compli- cateOiacritices? | can win in quietfashion, calmly, with the helpof An Attempt at Analysis 'bare Before trying to determine technique': the reasonfor a certain creatrve grandmastersand masters deteriorationin modernchess we haveto formulatean accurate And that is how we got a'tribe'of don'tstrive for fineworks of art in chess,but even run definitionof chess.lt haslong been held in the chessworld that who notonly 'Why chessis a game, them down - go-the for unnecessarystress? Accuracy, logic' a scienceand an art.Chess contests can be very and sharpand their competitive nature i".hniqu", those aie things which will bring success cannotbe denied. g: In orderto provethe scientificaspects of chessit is sufficientto recognition,and consequently well-bein bear in mind how many bookson chesstheory are publisheo throughoutthe world,how How This Arose manymagazines there are in various endof the languages.Art isinextricably linked with the production irom aboutthe beginningof the 2fth centuryto the of worksof 'grandmaster'was never formally art whichremain in the memoryof mankindfor centurjes.ls it not Thirtiesthe iop chesstitle the casethat Anderssen's'Evergreen awardedto anyone.' Game'against Kiezeritsky with the contrnuesto enthusethe modernchess fan? lf some mastertook first prize in a tournament players timethe press,would One must be fair and admitthat the variousaspects participationof the strongest of the of chess name.Along wrth this the attractvarying contingents of fans,both in quantityand quality. iutomaticallyadd grandriasterto his Comparativelyfew peoplego best qamesof thi event would be noted, and the strategic in for chessscience; as an art chess on has more recognition.Yet it is sionifiianceo{ the play.There were few grandmastersthen, but the competiti\€side which attracts theholder peoplein their millions.lt is sufficientto remember in-eotf'er hand doubts weTe never ralsed about whether the interesr 195Oonwards the idea generatedthroughout the world by the recentworld tifle of sucha titlereally deserved it. Fromabout matchin to assessthe tournament Baguio,even amongst those who don'teven know what the Kino,a aroseof ratingand grading lists in order cahbit is. performanceiof th-eworld's best plaversin numertcalfashton in dltterent So the three aspectsof chessdraw supporters Various methodsof calculationwere suggested in unequal stillhold sway today' number,but doesit followfrom this that we haveto judge "oun1ii".,and such different systems largely ihe Elocoefficients regularly calcu- worth of eachaspect on numericalcriteria alone? Obvi6usl-y first At internationallevel the so-called pnze tr''" Americanprofessor became the set Nowadays wtnnersaTe known to many,but one must not ignore- the fact lui"J uy thatoutstanding games enjoy great popularity too. lhusthere must be few realfans who cannotremember a finish ,Translatar,s Note Thls seems tO gnorF the use of the trtle.b,V^thc ast-Tsar' jn 'j939. - LasKer' such as that Botvinnik-Capablanca,AVRO, I trust the t'l"i olu. tf. ot tne fLnaists of the St Petersburgtournament of 1914 readerwill not judge me a braggart,but in variouscountries of tne Capablanca.Alekh ne, Ta.rasch and MarshaI -I -

Harm 33 32 Competitiveor CreativeElement? Real players achievementAlekhine is saying.Only the playerwho setshimself all the world'sstrongest are ratedin their order by Elo, The place,who ts of him, who behind. the taskof creatinggames with realcontent can reachthe top everybodyknows his ahead gamethat glves Naturallyeveryone strives to moveup the ladderand certainly not Dlaverwho makeschess a gameof arithmetic'a - you irim a reasonableliving, will neverreach the peak of Mount to fallback. Top events are made up on theseratings if have of a highElo you are in, if youdon't then wait your turn in thequeuel Olympus.Look around and you wlll seethat the top echelon As in everyaspect of our complicatedpresent-day world the Elo cfrbssis titteOby thoseplayers who scoresuccesses by combining pros The pros - the competitiveelement with the creative.Follow the improvement ratingsystem has its and cons. are clear some hasa order has beenbrought into being,and at any momentpeople achieveCby the presentworld title holderAnatoly Karpov He knowwhere they Theplayers get oriented for a tournament naturalgift of accuracyand an abilityto thinkclearly and logically stand. purely methods' knowingin advancehow manypoints they have to maketo raise and in hisyouth often beatopponents by technical No\Madaysthough an elementof romanticismand combinative theirrating, or in the eventof the absenceof successwhat they 'f The needto keeoit at oar. illino-oui'makei his qames more striking and full of content Yet,in view,the to this'overall trend of a master oi positionalmethods to go for tactics and our drawback spiritof arithmetic' is cancelsout allthese advantages. The people'waiting their turn in combinativestrikes is becomingeveT more marked This shown the queue'try practical by hisincreasing friendship witn the'chess magician'-M ikhail T€1, it to improvetheir standingby the most by methods.There is little place here for the beautyand nobility of the ii'shownbv thi pawnsacrifices and exchangesacrif ices made game.Get as many points possible,go up thelist, that is main Karpovin the gamesof hisBaguio match as the important concernof the majorityof modernplayers and the qualityot the ihere is an6therside to all this,perhaps the most gamestake second place or iseven forgotten completely. Onceduring the 1972Skopje Olympiad the top officials of a certain Yetwho will grandmaster pragmatism ChessFede-ration asked Botvinnik to giveadvice that wouldhelp criticisea for hisexcessive player' sincehis points score, his rating, determines his standard of living, alonqthe improvement of onecertainly talented B6winnitasked the playerif he wrotenotes to hisgames The his invibtionto the next tournamentdepends on it, as do the 'Perhaps y-our simultaneousexhibition engagements. answerwas no. not for a magazine,but for own nenetitZ'persisted Bowinnik leading on his collocutor'Then the Nowadaysin the West thereare sometalented grandmasters games whowander answercame more decisively, no I don't write notesto my fromcountry to countryen route from one tournament 'ln Let to another.They play'at half throttle' without giving their all. lf they thatcase it istoo earlyfor usto talkabout improvement usreturn to thatin a few Yearstime: do badlyin onetournament they will go off to the nextone hoping many to do there.They play The misfortuneof young peoplein chess,including. better in SwissSystem events and all sorts of work This weekendtournaments. There is no time left for analysisof their qrandmastersis that they cohpletely neglect analy'trcal games, ;;;k ili il pioperlyunderstood. we do notmean the analvsis of sinceit isalready time to beoff to the nextevent. penetrationInto As a resultthe top titleof grandmasterhas thL or thatvai'iatbn, we aretalking about a deep beensignificantly {ormationof devalued.Once I introducedto MaxEuwe a grandmasterwho had il;;"tt Jis"nce oi the chessstruggle, about the plans, seekingthe mostdeeply hidden combinative possl- heldthe title for overa decade. about'homework' 'Who bilities.Such whichall the kingsot chessnave oone was that?'asked the then Presidentof FIDEwhen the play' go grandmasterhad lAn grandmaster'; qivesone the chanceto discoverthe faultsin one's to "you left us. international was my in reply, yourselfawarded him the title: ieeoerinto the secrets of thegame and to widenone's erudition cheis.- RealHarm inln eartierperiod the basisof successwas research ability' but One couldbecome reconciled to nowadays-matt"l there is no approachto a gameas a whole We.must'as all this if the arithmeticthat to chess: drivesout creativitydid not do realharm to chess.Alekhine wrote . ot urgency,bring backthe analyticalapproach thatto achievesuccess in chessyou had to makea thoroughstudy {M.Botvinnik). 'l of yourselfand your opponent, but most important you And hereis anotherquote from Botvinnik personallynever 'have of all hadto had to a higherpurpose than the satisfactionof the moment.This stoodout amongstmy contemporaries,because I always purposelsee in scientificand creativeachievements which place ;;;;;";. by haro"wort.Tal, on theother hand, there is an example chesson a parwith other artsl ot- someonewho did not have10 work at it: statemeni' The path to the highestachievements is the path of creative iperionaltycannot agree with the secondhalf of that 34 Competitiveor CreativeElement? What ShouldBe Done? 35 sinceI haveoften had occasion to seehow hard Taldoes work. You Dd4 41 Hf2 axf3 42 trXf3 Adsland Blackremainsa piece up. onlyhave to lookat hisnotes to gamesto seehow mucheffort he putsin. These variations, full of a webof complicatedcombinations, What Should be Done? couldonly be producedby manyhours of studyat home. Howcan we put rightthe dangerous trend we havedescribed so Let us sum up our reflections. prevent gameinto 'arithmetical'Our belovedart is becoming as to the furtherdeterioration of the one of unfortunatelya more game,not just in the reckoning arithmetic.Some peoplesuggest extreme measuTes, such as up of the full and half points,but in its very essence- in the gettingrid of the Elosystem. This is no solution,since the ratings processof thinkingabout moves. This arithmetic is clearlykilling havea part to play in determiningcomparative strength when creativityand thai leadsto sad results.Only a few grandmasters arrangingthat tournamentsare filled with playersof aboutequal havebeen able to avoidthis risky trend, and they find their rewa rd strength.In the Sovietpress where the questionhas received a lot in the achievementof the highes.tresults, in becomingwortd of attentionthere have even been suggestions of somenew system championsand challengers for thistitle. The majority, alas, including of ratingsfor creativity.This would only leadto moreconfusion, manyyoung grandmasters, have completely rejected the analytical wth each playerhaving two numbersto his name.Yet if we approach.For this ihey are being punished by chess, the punishment generalisefrom the views alreadyexpressed we can suggest beingtheir gradualtransformation into hacks,destroying all the variousmeasures. brightprospects due to theirnatural talent. Firstof all the liquidationof the 'arithmetical'deviation is the Thisfailing is intensifiedby the Elosystem in the form it now socialduty of the playersthemselves, a duty they owe themselves takessince it supressesthe creativeside of talentand forcesthe as wellas us.Everyone wishes to getthe bestresults, and after all playerto chaseafter points in ordernot to havehis rating fall. 'Thecriterion of realstrength is a deeppenetration into the secrets We haveto answerthis question here: is it alwayspossible for a of a positionl(T. Petrosian). playerto restricthis choice moves plav 'How question of to safeones, and without is it that your Karpovcame to '1979lose?'was the or rask,restricting himself to purelytechnical manoeuvring? commentaddressed to me duringthe Spartakiad.My reply lf you studythe gamesof the greatclassic players you must wasthat no-one is insured against loss even the normally unbeatable, concludethat the combinativemethod, the searchfor beauWin and that afterthis first lossthe champronwent on to playsome chess,the riskypath, not only enhance chess but also give chances first-classgames. This was my shortanswer to notvery knowledge- of victoryin positionswhere the technicalapproach would most ablespectators, and it wasonly to a few of the peoplethere that I likelylead to a colourlessdraw. wentinto greater detail over my reflectionson thevery interesting lossby the worldchampion to the talentedmaster l.lvanov in the 26 r7:r,.t' Uzbekistan-Leningrad match. tu ,^ It is well knownthat Capablancadid not alwaysanalyse the 7t7t'tt gameshe won, but healways devoted a lotof attentionto thosehe ft'il4 lost.This is proofof thefact that the greatestplayers always had a zWn t/:,,. criticalattitude to theirolav and tried to root out errorsand make /7:.,,,/:/i theirolav more universal. Alekhine's hard work on hisnotes is well 4A known and everyannotated game by Fischergives the same 2&AA impression.When Botvinnik first played in tournamenthis play was ratherdry. Then, when in the 1933Soviet Championship he beat - In his well-knowngame against R6ti, Alekhine could haveplayed Rauzerwith Black,the demandingBotvinnik who was alwai-s hard 26 .. Ea3 restrictinghrmself to purelytechnical play. lt is not on himselfgave himself praise for his combinativeplay, statlng, 'Finally clearwhether he would havewon in this case.Yet what a meteor, I haveplayed the sortof gameI havebeen wantrng to play like progressthe beautifulgame made throughout the world of for a longtime: chessafter the moves26 . . . fie3! 27 g1l3 cb 28 gXbE lc3! In tellingthe patientfans of all this I then claimedthat in the 29 g',xb7gxbT 30 AxbT axe2+ 31 gh2 Ae4! 92 trc4l lvanov-Karpovgame we had seenin a cedtalnsense a new and aXf2 33 1!g2and now the sbrtling ten mo\€ deep combinaton specialsort of Karpov.I feelI am not mistakenin allegingthat the 99 . . . -4"01A flc2 fls4+ 35 €h3 6e5+ 36 €)h2 E xf3t world championtried to playthis gamein a mannerhe had not 37 flxe2 ls4+ 39 €h3 Ae3+ 39 €/h2 Axc2 40Axf3 adoptedbefore against top classopposttion. Federations 37 36 Competitiveor CreativeElement) Help from Chess E Help'-bietfrom ChessFederations 27 tany yearsI havenoted the samepattern in a numberof % %tryitu countries.A y6ungman of talentprogresses qulckly to the front t %'",&%t2 iink in niscountry, wins the nationaltitle and goeson to further zt % % .r"cess". at internationallevel He iswritten about enthusiastically % %t'''&^ in the pap"tt, and the most radianthopes are expressedin the Vlz '^a%H% worasusdO to describehim - our Fischer,or a newKarpov fhese + "ornt"nt, are not to be condemnedoutright as thev reflectthe & ^%8?Z,i hrddendesires of thechess players of thatcountry. Vetthe yearsgo by,the talented player is an lM andthen-a GM, Canyou creditit thatthis position was reached as Blackby the butthen . . stop!He does not turn intoa newFischer or Karpov normallyrestrained and technicallyperfect Karpov? Rather does Hedoesn't even make the lasteight who qualifyfor theCandldates the positionremind me of openingsplayed by Tolushwith his M"t.n".. Insteadhe merelyfiguies in the middleechelon of GM's famouswar-cry 'Forward, Kazimirovichl'or by Tal.I wouldhave andsoon becomes'one of thealso'rans'of chess. up easilyunderstood if Blackhad takena draw by perpetualcheck Whatare the reasonsfor this?First of alla failureto measure after 15 but Karpovmixed things even more by 15 . . . to hisresponsibilities towards his native Chess Federation The'star' Sd2, 96 the interestsof his 16 traf1 ge7 17 a3t5. iiarts to'have a carelessattitude towards A weirdpositionl Black's king is stuckin the centre,he hasno nationalteam, and also stops playlngin internaltournaments, saferefuge on the flank.Black played stubbornly to defendthis carryingthis as far as non-participation in the natlonal champlonshlp' positionin whatfollowed and it tookall of White'sheroic fighting Why s6ouldhe? The prizes are not veryhigh, the goingis tough spiritto overcomeBlack's defence. Farmore profitable and far morepleasant to playin an international Theworld champion's attempt to try out sharptactical methods. eventof averageor evenmediocre strength. This habit of avotdtng with someslight infringement of strategicprinciples can only be the reallytough encounters and lookingfor easy meatleads.to a welcomed.We seehere a clearstriving to adopta moreuniversal drop in the lemands made upon oneself,and therebyto a style,an obviousdesire to bringin elementsof riskand sharpness worsenedstandard of PlaY. ro nrsgame. Thatis why in the SovietUnion it hasbecome a ruleto applya Thisshould not be takenas meaningthat Karpovformerly was certainamount of disciplinarypressure on allour grandmaslersto slow in spottingtactical chances. Ouite the reverse.His team of takepart in the.USSR Championship irrespective of theirtitles or helpershave often beensurprised by the way he can hit upon recentachievements. I haveraised this topic the officialsof foreignfederations unexpectedmoves, often much more quickly than it tooka player When'lt's of sharDcombinative stvle to find them.I havefound this swift declare all verywell for you. Your playersget helpfrom the grasptoo whenI haveshown him complicated positions. SovietChess Federation and are subordinateto it. Nothingworks The pointto note is this: when playersof a sharpstyle spot likethat on our players: combinationsor tacticalstrokes thev flare uo at once.and describe Nothingof the sortl Thisis onlyan excuse.lf you examinethe themin joy'fulemotional tones. 'l've found it!' Karpovwould react positions6riously you will find that in anycountry any grandmaster differently,speaking of possibilitieswithout great dependsto someextent on hisfederation. He not onlyplays chess, such any get enthusiasm.One gains the impressionthat for him the searchfor he writes books,runs a chess column,and is keen to tacticallines is a Derfectlvnormal state of affairs.This means that he simultaneousexhibitions for whichhe is paid. The chess ruling body worksthrough such lines, but then acts on thewell-known principle of a countrycan certainlyhave a say in decidingsuch matters whv shouldone win bv a ten-movecombination when there is a What is neededis a firm handin this matter,i{ onlybecause tne win bv a ouietline and in a shorternumber of moves. outcomewill be in the interestsof the grandmasterhimself Out of Solet not the reader think that we are appealing just for rollicking characterweakness the player may avoid the national championshlp' complications.The beautyof chessis not exhaustedby suchan but it shouldnot be difficultto proveto himthat such participation approach, isessential for theencouragement of young talent but isto befound too in theconsistent, logical, technical playe's thingssuch as we tendto associatewith Karpov. Do not thinkthat I am onlypointing the finger at torergn Thereare quite a few exampleslike this in the SovietUnron' even

- 39 38 Competitiveor CreativeElement? Help from ChessFederations thoughwe try and makeour grandmastersplay in the Soviet l5ebesteamej:l*1"".'"'l"T::l"tT"?"J:*'.%."1Jiil.".*: Champronshrp.Usrng varrolrs excuses some playersqei L/sud, - .star,of our -heout ^hass ,,a with the most aftractiv€ oTlnls oDttgatton, and this goes on untiJthe finds S?iit'i.:;;;yl*,"::":":l'-ffcurI rur''' ''Y''" " oua"a [:,ftf :';i3,*.",."["'JJ that can liiiii'ng,"o,no'n"t':#-*^incrrikrnq :.' ,':-; Corrqress.nade ua start,nstart In this no,tongerget rntothe SuperLeague of the USSBChampionship, rntheir planlllng fi: l ne r'3#;rB"i'binq';rr;.0"IY / r,Fl6E andhas to 'iY^^+;,",l would oe awardeh annuallyforfor, the-bestthe best startin the FirstDivision or at an evenlower staqe. iiection Gold medals _ Thereis no doubtthat such talented grandmasteis is Suutn"nO 3[::f:"#;,Fi;;:;.*:,t'.:,9::"i::,?:*?::.;:f ?"""""1i Kuzminhave not realisedtheir potentrai Boleslavsky e"ptain"O tne i:'ffi;;:'il;";!;giiis:l'::::"P::if.'^":'f -i::iJ,flo: :[T;i:fl:n lrregularpattern of successof the latter Ov pointinirouiinat #iffi ff.::,:il"r# "ii il:'' *' plav "rnoli :: , Ti:::" j."":! 3:":ll II:TIl-YT :eadv lo chessat anv trme ano uny 3?"[l,1;,i,i"?;i,."qli,;lqsllT^q';^?":.:*:u",:t;Tjll" condfttons,but considered that sitting at theboard by oneself was a ?;;,?:;i;i:;i9i1..,i:":!:"^::!:"**:#f boringbusiness. This is a :h,il13ff hT: seriousm'istake as prlvateitujv covers :i.'::H"':ilil,;;i;;;"b"'1s';"-g:,::,':.d-:n:fii':;"':il:lit notrirst prize' then the other not onlythe mechanicalmemorisation of openingvariations, Out 3Hffi11 iJ"#"ri,:"tt'."iv"ai. alsoconsrderarion ot mrddlegame problems whi6h helps one to mainPrlzes Trnonew approaches in actualplay. ,Along borvlnntknas hts commentson this too: with my retirementfrom chess analytrcal work seems to haveqo;e to;: *as :{iirq+illhq#i+111"*;ir nrssad nni 5i35 not.lay i t';l commentat one lecture.We do not aqretentirelvwith qualifyingevents. WhY +rsF ffi pessimistic these words,but there rs an element; truthin ihem.lt is the duty of playersof the older generation #;: to follow the li[:.:"#1i,trigx**.'ii::':r:T"';::&",1{1i""ilffithe benefitsarising developmentof theirsuccessors and to eicou.agJtf,em to *o"ufJO"insignificant compared to just 6"cornu erudite. as thistask also falls upon the game:srulinq bodies. I often have occasionto hear from ,i, cofflaqrei il;;;"", comptaintthat the youngergeneration are totallyiqnorani ::!i::"13:s:fi.li:J[,t::::liij,iti games po,ugayevsky J tn" fliJ*?ff :iT:i;3:'f oT tormer times. once enthisedover rne pleasurehe got fromanalysing'some games you of the Hastinqs-ig95"voun.,.. Hm""Hhli:*ru::g..::::x.:J:3';:l',fJ'J.'l,n';il:x tournament. don'thear comments like that from the generation.Rather does one tend to hearthis sort oi tnro "i?':"l}3$""'!"JJ:L"""lE:lR:? I quote fi-t tX"i it from a senseof beingoffended. uut ii .f.,uiX.i"iuii"f, :lJ,[X]:]",::::"J,ir'3;:fi Oneplayer once addressed me."clearly *inting io pleasant ,Alexander ;r; ;;;;fi "g to me, thus:- Alexandrovich,i,joi io r.no* n*l*i"*,lkT;glul""iT:ilsi::*ffiTIilxl:,S""3i"."; yesterdaythat you too area grandmaster'. r-1,r,. __ quryof theyoung ptayer to knowthe historyof chessand :,E"u**';:m :i';19 garnes B##*:# {'}{A:::"* 9^:!:9l-thgbesr ot thepast. just as rt rstne duty o;tne-oiOer Se:9!91'9nto encouragesuch study of thegtorious past. rossrbty i::"r",i'#q.#i:i'=!li*g:*'*"ru;';*i}:il",r the readercan come up with betterideas, but hereis a '"iffiil:[Ti,l?"',*i:I5:i:s:tril#f :ummgryoflhe proposalsland my coileaguesHar" in rninO.l r#f FIDE. urn ro l*t+'fiJ"'tJ :yi,. Jh"t now led by the grearcness connorsseur FridnK of the scientificapproacn y'u-trlonlwr gr.vedue,weight to thecomments of thosewho aspare : to seea betterfuture for chess,a morecreative aporoach. tx*:,yi$tH.l$:19:':tiu*;:"3':rl','.$"$"'l'";f 'i currentchamPion ) We mustchange goth to attitudes. offjcialaccounts of tournaments ii"ii]."'i',."'5"Y' "oproach .same i"1:'l:in makins -::?::?i:1"*?:their contents and reportsin the pressshould deal more with the leadingiole o"il"illJii'ifi"L'iffJl"s; puni"'tiont creatrvtty of and shouldcrjticise,those unfortunate peopte *tio iiit to more'#"'IJfn:HiJ':'i'',jE[il"Yi"*ti-swliehlgY:,!-eTi=:::e^1attractive and interesting' noticethe harmdone bythe purelycompetitive [oini of view ff# l):,:J'.:'fiif;:;ffi;";;i-"G: 2) We f"'.' n"ped:glll.::*that we can::;.:9 carry J?il3J these mustput on a regularfoot,ng the awardof recognitiontor li',i'iil! 6?,1,".i'r.j"[i.riii,-.iu' Competitiveor CreativeElement? ideasthrough and thereby increase the numbersof thoseinterested in thecreative aooroach to chess.lf it succeedsthis movement will turnthe talented young grandmasters who are wasting their gifts in endlessSwiss System tournaments into outstandingsportsmen andpassionate supporters of the creativeart of chess. 5 Studyingthe MiddleGame

gameis tly!]:-q.i" We now turn to the questionot how the middle in"u sb i. rn iJ't9 I. _*i,h$ gil "J i; especiallyas laiddown bY sleln il'i :'.".'J:T"3i;'&5',I:ltif; in otherbooks, we merelysummarise-th,e elements iii-u" tb""o assessrng i.it,i"n.giuno.rster takes into account in analysingand a posltlon.'ti'"''"t"u porta positionaI elem en ts' putt,,1!o ';."Ji m nt 9 i -Tu^t:']:land b.il;""": ;#fi;;";-;;;ri point''op"n rines' the-centre pi'"" 'v liiii.iZoili,,iii"'uiisDatialadvantage ano n...noniou,natlrlerrruu5 r'rw' ?g-".i-s:Prov" .r:1,^1Pi*s""^?:l: ti" pointof these il:il;;l;;; .view,or 1"""1"j:.::9-"ljT,::T:9playerat everymove: [o""ni*"r]n. queitionwhich tormentsthe wH"'jllt"::Tfl;UTir"!r?'"*l-erarrived ata pran isrormed for future attackand defence ri$i;"fi;"": ;i: ".iv'i',"a assessment-have9:'l 9:"-l"Y:: f"r";"*T";";;;t"iv"o*-r" o" oavthe most Itp?ry:l-f:.1Yj: # ii i. Jig'"*;l im porta nce ) sl# :1o;""i; lhPtheirf Tl Ti^"jy:tYll classificatron ilil:;;;i tvticalmid"dle garie positions' and iccordingto variousidentifying factors' nasnoi beenp operlv..ct1l::d^,ichess n". v"Yi"ni!-*"* errorss and rit#tule. uJ it'i. po.tiut"that my attemptwill have in sucha case omissions," 'W;ft inevitable positionscan be i;;inl ptetis" thaiall middle game dividedinto two basicgrouPs:- a)PositionsWhichcannotoeresolvedbyanalysisbutbyintuitive decisions. logic iiiostiont resolvableby meansof variationsor Positions requiring intuitive decisions when a posii'oncannot be. worked out' bV Thereare cases We massof poisibilitiesbaff les the human mind , *ri"'t*.lt"Jif'e (of the sort we ;;.-|ff;;inJr;en an advancedchess computer i"uilable)could cope with sucha task, ii""i;;;;i" ""i u"i nu"u cnange ieasonfor thistends to bethat there is a sharp -

' 43 42 Studying the Middle Game Positionsrequiring intuitive decisions on asif therewas nothing special in the qosilrof'' in the materialbalance as the attackingside sacrifices a pieceor Whitecarries t^*l9: pawn,after which the normalmethods of assessmentrecede into r n" nia "ot iiCri.riceoa piece'. lt is the need !9 I19l .",."]T.: thebackground. i.irivlii r"ti"", tharcreatesthepsvcholosical gllylll":i:: P-"ll roleis played in player, Notoi "t".von" *ill voluntarilyagree to iakeon suchdiificulties' A decisive 'unclear'suchcases by the'iaste'of a by sides.[..'lf hisliking or antipathyfor positions.In suchpositions the 24 ... lLd4?! movesare madenot on the basisof calculatingvariations but on i-aufioilto*. 24 Hd6l would leavebetter defensive Lnturtron. .n"n"es Wh'tu couldcontinue 25 14,but aIler25 eI 26 positions 'Calculation ;"""!-gxe+ 27 Etxd6 Axh3l the pos;tronis far from clear' Therecognised virtuoso of intuitive Talwrites galns- is only one side of it. In chessno lesslmportant is intuition, froweveianotherattacking line would br;ng White detlnlte inspiration,or if you prefer,mood. lfor examplecannot always 25 Ee 1 Ada 26 c3 fic5 27 c4 explainwhy in oneposition this move is good,and in anotherbad. 25 H.d1..-Ed6 ln my gamesI havesometimes found a combinationintuitively Not"zs Ab6 26 E x dg AXdB 27 I4l wirh dangerous simplyfeeling that it mustbe there. Yet I was not ableto translate threatsfor White. my thoughtprocesses into normal human language: 26 Aa3 Ea6 Hereis an exampleof hisfantasy in Tal-Filip,Moscow, 1967: in"-8""isG error, vet the alternative26 ' trd8 27 c3 Ab6 Brackin trouble' -"fr29 qxdS AxdB 29 f4 alsoleaves g'fs+ 2B '/&.t n*Tq to Q7 . ed 28 Ad5 trxa3 29 V;: & finishesit). %r.%1b Onecan find manv examples like this in Tal's play' especiallY in hts w thatled his trainer' A Koblenz'to 7'ffi % uounq"|.;"rioO lt wasthis ieature 'Never iJilri"ni-oi ir"h positions, mind about Misha being ry 7A% is one openline on the boardhe will * 22 Vzt rut"iiir oo*n. lrthere iust "N1 '&+ force- mate!' ft7/t riis cui,ousto notethat nearly every grandmaster sooner or later %zH% hasto intuitiveposltions. The most difficult ot allto Judgeare olav if Seeingthat slowmethods would lead to the peteringout of his if.ror""if',i6n i"torvJ ihe sacrificeof justa pawn As,thesaw runs: piecesacrlllce on orolnary initiativeWhite went for the intuitivesacrifice 19 Axf/!? €)Xf7 vou canweiqh Jp the chancesafler a 20 gXh7. ObviouslyTal hadcalculated the firstfew movesand ieles vou ndd the most.sensitvescales to measurethe consequences weighedup the chancesof bringingup hisreserves. of- a oawnsacriftce. theysometimes attract 2O ... e5 21 EXdB EXdS (21 gxdg isbad, 22 ghS) iniuitiueoos,tions aTe so Interestlngthat 22 ghs g€6. the attentronof evensuch ratiorlal players as AnatolyKarpov or Whathas White achieved?Black threatens to liquidateall the TigranPetrosian. nroccrrro hr, ?? $94, but Tal had seena way to keepthe initiative. 29 hAitt 23 h3! gtt Simpleand convincing. White prevents the queen and r , giveshis king a flightsquare. "..X r 23 ... AcS Nfr///./. It is not possiblefor the finestchess mind to calculateall the ::1 6 /.'t 'l.l:". possibilitiesin this position.Black finds it difficultto 'unwind'his tKt?8''&' piecesand get his king into safety.The possibilitiesmay be .:."1 illustratedby thefollowing variation 23 24 1 25 i$,E,.'a"'r.,.A'/a' HdO fie $fB 1-9-76 tre3 6fa 26 $xes SxeS 27 pxeS fld1+ 28 €)h2 AdO 29 Thrsrs Karpov Dorfnan, * SovretCh Top Leagle'. - AXd6 EXd6 30 trf3+ trf6 31 Ec3 andWhite gets a material l c aasj 69 l s a 92.F 99,il6 l#l?.t" 30* ^* aovanrage. ",""1,nJI"t meet 24 €)h1 ..il'iiil353H:"'XAlXl:"il'':?Y;;;;; ;;; ;;'rtended to 45 44 Studying the Middle Game Resolvableposttions positions by 18 19pg2, and17 Loqical l-7 : Ab6 fle1 AxdS . lc5 by 18 playershave learned how to resolvemany positions by fie1 fla7 19 llh3 with the possibteamusinq finish tt. . . gf8 Leadinq ge8+ carryingthrough a logicalplan basedon exact analysisand 20 SxcS Axf6 21 Ss7 22 sf+-@ha 23 gxsE+ positional given 24 mate. assessment.After working out the main factorin a flxg8 fle8 to enhancethis 1.8 de 19 f4 20 pc8 positronthe playercarries out operatlor'tsdesigned - Qxe5 Afs Ah3 Axh3 21 flxh3 22 growing letshim'crush'his opponent or fe $c4! iactoruntil the advantage play blow that leadsto mate or great materlal Whitehas two centralpawns for the pieceand an extraone on a combinative the flank.So, materialequality, but the position advantage. is hardto assess. such logacalplans was Black'spieces are fairly active, there are no whitemjnor pieces The great specialistin working out left, positionagainst Lilrenthal after 15 movesin andit ishard to forcea penetrationwith maiorpieces alone. Botvinnik.Here is his 23 24 the Moscow,1936, tournament. (see diagram 20) E1d3 srf4+ Sb1 ftc4l harmoniouslyplaced pieces and Blackmakes a confidentcounter-attack, putting his pieces Whitehas control of the centre, on morespace. These factors are usedto followthrough a excellentsquares. yet Karpovmanages to provethe superiorityof occupies'sutfocating' ntsposEon. planof the opponent. 17 d5 18 a4l 25d6 8e426 trhe3 Exe32z flxe3gxh428gf3! 16 trfd1 Axd4 Axd4 PreGntingto the maximumdegree the freeingadvance b6- 'L//' play 30 @"'/l"tH"'..&t//Lt b5, which is Black'sonly way of gettingany sort of active /.,.4./,-a Botvinnikcontinues to preventthis, and only permitsit when it 21. /&, t leadsto a quickwin for White. ..rt '''.fu,''/r& 18 . .. fe8 19 Ads Hc6 20 pxsT Qlxg7 21 h4 ...e,,t Anotherlink in the plan.Black is giventhe choice of playing 'H,472 h7-h5with a weakeningof his€-side and a laterpossibility of line t openingby White there, or of movinghis decentralised knight away t/t 2 from 97 andso permittingh4-h5. Black decides to temporlse,but thisis no improvement. gfd4 Forcingpenetration by the queen,so that White now gets 21 . . . Ee8 22 Ec3 ahs 23 bs concretethreats. Thislooks like some freedom at last,but it hasall been taken care Therewas the alternative23 . . when24 29 . . . ts' 95 29 [e1 u,g2 30 E1fs Es6 31 Efl g'ds32 of by Botvinnik. AJ6 de €xe7 flxf6 exf6 25 gxf6 is bad becauseof 25 .. d5! but White Nowthe material islevel, but White's initiative forces a win. couldinstead lust keepthe pressureon by not takingon f6. After 25 exdS followedby h4-h5White would start a ""39 gf4l a534 gh4+ €eB 35 gxhT gf3 36gh8+ Se7 37 24 . . . Axdb ghl+ g€ 38 gc4t glb7 3s b3 40 winningattack on the €-side. tre6 Esl trxe5 41 ba 27 fl98- $e7 42 g"n4+&d7 43 gf6t fie7 44 gr5+*d6 45 24Cbab 25 Edcl ! trxc3 26 flxc3 HcTl #!9-tr.gs 46 gdsr €e6 47 €b2! f6 48 flf8 gs7 49 &c8+ 50 1-O JI ''&, BdS *c4+ vH',/z ',/tt Resolvablepositions '/t6/z/& Thisis a largesection which inciudes almost all chess positjons. lr canbe divided further into:- 7t wfr/t 1) Positionsresolvable by logrcalplans and precedents _ logical t77* pos/t|ons 2 7:.,, 2) P_ositionsresolvable by calculation- calculablepositions 3) Positionsresolvable by'tacking to and fro, - manoeuvring posltrons. The crowningof the planwith penetratlonto the 7th rankand dlrectthreats io the enemy king. lt 27 gx b3? then 28 f XeT+ flxe7 29 flc8+ mating. 46 Studying the Middle Game Resolvablepositions 47

27 . . . g'bs 28 ba$e2+ 29 gd2 g/xf2+ 30 €xf2 and Black will establisha knight on the fine squaree5. White's Black has avoided mate but the suoer-activewhite Dieces possibleestablishment of a knighton c6 via d4 couldbe neutralised combinedwith the unstoppablepawn at a4 makesit a simplewin sy'ln Nd7-bB. for White. lt must be noted that the possibilityof such an ending that caseWhite would probablyhave to defer f4 until he had arose logicallyin the plan of using his spaceadvantage, and rt is preparedit by g3, so as to meetef by gf. Eventhen though Black's possiblethat rteven was envisagedin preparationbefore the game. concentrationof forceson e5 would givehim a chanceto conduct 3O. . . e6(Not 30 . EaB31 EcB+SxcS 32NxeT+) a most stubborndefence, whereas now he graduallyslides downhill 31Ab6 AfO32a5 flb8 33 fic8+ PXcB34 NxcS le8 35 25 Ac2 t)c7 26 Heal $e7 27 $b1 Ae8 28 Ae2 Ad8 29 a6 fc7 36 a7 tlla837 Axd6 gf8 38 e5 $e7 39 $e3 f6 40 6h2-White Ag7 30 f4 &44h641 Ac9+ &17a2&e4 $97 43Sd4 Nc7 44 $c5 1-0 getsthis in as soon as possible, exploiting the fact that an This gamewon first prizefor the best playedgame. ldraw enemyknrghl cannot come to e5. attentionto the factthat in Soviettradition the bestgame prize is 30...f6 awardednot just for a cascadeof bnlliant sacrificesbut also for iron A confessionof his inabilityto undertakeanything White now logrc. pressesthe enemyforces back to the lasttwo or threeranks and Just such a fineimpression of ironconsistency comes from thrs Blackcan only wait. effort by a pupilof Botvinnikin the gameKarpov'Unzicker, Nice 31 f5 s5 Olvmoiad.1974. Thisis total capitulation. Black still had some slight chances if he keptup thetension on the€-side. 32 % 33 ',ft i 2 /, "&, ft2 ',& t< t7 ^"r/& ',,fu%) ffit % ru % ry^ Thegeneral impression isthat White merely stands slightly'freer' withhis centre pawn on theSth rank giving him rather more space. 32 Ac2 YetBlack has no weaknessesand is ready to repelan assault at any With the simpleplan of usingh5 as a transferpoint for first partof the board. bishopand then queento get closeto the enemyking. These Karpovforms a planof strengtheninghis position fudher which manoeuvreswould probablynot be so effectiveif Blackwere not maybe summarised thus:- tied down all the time by White's threat to switch back to the ti,e a-fileby $a7 to preventrook exchangesand a g-side. simplificationof the position.Under the protectionof this bishop 32 . . . Af/ 3:] 6g3 4lb7 3a Adl h6 35 q h5l g'e8 36 $d1 concentratethe majorpieces on thea'file, then at anvmoment the Ad8 37 Ea3 €f8 38 E1a2 €g8 39 Aga gf8 retreatof the bishopwill threatento dominatethat file.However ObviouslyBlack cannot bke tvviceon h5 becauseof the knight this is notenough by itselfto win.lt willhave to becombined wrth on f6. Sooneror laterthe weakened white squares will tell. threatson the€-side and a generalcramping of theenemy forces. 40 Ae3 €g8 41 Axfl+ Axf/ 42 g'hs ld8 43 $s6!-- Thepossibility of alternatingplay on the$-side and on thea-file will Capturinglhequeen is bad as the white knights on h5 andi5 tn stretchBlack's detensive resources. conjunctionwith the pawnat gOwill create grave threats 24 Aa7! Ae8 43 . .. €/f8 44 Ahs! 1-0 Notecarefully that Black fails to forma counterplan here. lt was Theonly chance of holdingthe f 6 pawnis 44 . . gf 7, but then obviousthat White's $-side threats involved the advance f4, since 45 Qga 6eB 46 Ab6 wouldlead to the idealsituation envisaged he had no otherway of makingprogress. So Blackshould have in Karoov'splan. plannedthe formation Ae8, dd7,,t&e7,when f4 canbe metby ef 48 Studying the Middle Game Resolvablepositions 49

Capablancamanner. 34 12 . . . aa5 13 Ac3 b5 14 Afl b4 ls Abs €d8 16 Af3 '.&72 irc4-Capablanca's & planhas been followed and hasbrought Black a t 2t& definiteadvantage. *, 17 Axc4 dc 18 Ad6 AxdG 19 exd6 Ac6 20 AeS AXhl t7t 21 axf7+ &ea 22 Axhg Ae4 23 d5 ed 24 Ad4 Af6 2s &2 @d2 &d7 and Blackexploited the extra pawn without much 7 2 trouble. Anotherexample in the 13thgame of the samematch. At timesduring a gamethe positionsuddenly reminds the player 37 that he hasseen something like this before. This is frequentlythe %i"N'zr. casewith the moreerudite player, and occursparticularly frequently % whenplaying 'logical' positions. ft:/& 2 Thisis quite logical; when we havetough close conflicts with the pieces'mixing it'and giving blow for blowit ispractically impossible %ft%t:.,'r,&t.t to findan exactprecedent for theconcrete position before one. On the otherhand logical plans make a deepimpression on the mind 2%t andthe moreanalytical work onedoes the moresuch precedents H2' arefixed in theconsciousness. The usefulness of sucha storageof Botvinnikwas White and wrote'lt isnot hardto finda planhere. knowledgecannot be over-estimatedin its economyof timeand It was successfullyused in a similarposition tn a traininggame mentaleffort. Boleslavsky-Botvinnik,Voronovo, 1952. and consistsof the Thisapproach is oftenseen in Botvinnik'sgames and hisgame underminingof Black'spawn chainby b2-b3 and a2'a4. lt is notes draw attentionto the feature.Thus in his 1Othgame of often 'Obviouslv surprisingthat althoughWhite openlywent for this plan my the worldtitle return match with Talin 1961 he writes opponent,in essence,did nottry to counterit: 14 Sc2! Ad7 15 6e2 Af8 15 Aca a6 17 b3 HacB 18 35 Ad3 Ab6 19 Ae2 trd6 20 &b2 f5 21 fldcl fi16 22 a4 ba 23 t%a%i"'& baa524&c2c425 Hcbl pba 26 la2ScS27pxcS fixcS ruh'lzi% 28 lc3. %ir& 7 White'sadvantage is obvious.White could have won bV28 f 4, %/&vz but he decidedto achievevictory by positionalmethods and duly "'& did so. % Yet anotherexample of '1966:-this in Botvinnik'snotes to Spassky- ru7& Botvinnik,Soviet Team Ch. d%w 1 e4 cG2 d4 d5 3 lc3 de4 Nxe4 SfS 5 Ag3 Ag6 6 h4 h6 Blackdoes not go for the pawnwin by 12 .. 13 7 h5 gxd3 ab4 €d2 Af3'This AbdT 8 Ah7 I Ad3 Axd3 10 Of6 Exa2 14 flxa2 $1xa2,sinqe this would hand over the initiative welfknown variationof the Caro-Kannis a favourite to White.Black hurries to advancehis b-pawn in imitationof the weaponof Spassky's. . . . unfortunatelyfor my opponentthe plandemonstrated in the Janowski-Capablancagame, New York, wholevariation was well known to me,since as long ago as 1928| 19161 hadoccasion to writenotes to a gameGrigoriyev-Pa nov, where thts That gamehad opened1 d4 Af6 2 Af3 dS 3 c4 c6 4 lc3 sameopening was played!' Afs 5 g/b3 gb6 6 g/xb6 ab 7 cd lxdb I AxdE cd 9 e3 Commentis superf luous. lc6 1O$d2and nowcame10 . . . AdTllwithCapablanca plan- One may find similarexamples of the exploitationof past ningto ad\€nce. . . b6-b5and then transfer his knight to c4. precedentsby suchspecialists of planningas Karpov,Petrosian and So with this gamein mind Botvinniktreats his positionin the Keresamongst others. A care{ulexamination of suchexamples 50 Studying the Middle Game Resolwbleposilons 5l shouldconvince the reader of theneed to getto knowthe games of essentialdifference from combinationsis that the elementof the past.As the proverbputs it'Why inventthe bicycleall over sacrificeis missing. again?'Anotherargument in favourof thisis the needto avoidthe dangersof timetrouble. lf peopleare going to devoteso muchtime 40 ../;:,:a,,& to thestudy and memorisation of openinglines let them devote just '/;2.7.zt .,/tt as greata zealto the studyand buildingup of a memorybank of ^ .N logjcalplans. 7t /:., i'& './t ,/a )\ ,,/az Calculable positions JI Thishas three aspects: combinational positions, positions with '& ./.H forcedvariations and positions with alternating blows. After quietmanoeuvring or tacticalplay there often arisesa positionin which a decisioncan be forcedby a .The FromAlekhine-Vid ma r, NewYork, 1924. outcomemay be eitherforced mate or extensivewin of material. 12 Deb gXc3 (Capturingon eS wouldleave the g-side too weakenedin the face of attackby White'spieces) 13 AXdT 38 '/rX axdT 14 g'b1 ,&i2 '.tt2 Thisthreatens not just h7, butalso A-e7-b4 irapping the queen, 7.:.,,;'.& so Blackhas to giveback the pawnat once. 2 t ".&'lH 14 . . . fle8 15 AxhT+ €h8 16 Ac2! 7,,ft;x 'H Withihe doublethreat g-d 1-h5and $a4 winninga pawn. "/t "'N 16 . . . lf8 17 Qa4 fle6 18 g/bs andWhite won a pawn. ^ 7..., Positionswith alternatingblows can be illustratedby this play ft',,&tt 7.zA fromthe 1gthmatch oame. Alekhine-Euwe, 1937. .t1. Thisis Agadzhanya n-Farbisovrch, USSB Ch 1977,Swiss System +t qualifier.Black exploits the open position of the king. lHi".ry, 1 ... g'h2+ 2&xh2EXfl+ 3 gh3 Ehs+ 4$sa Sf4+ 77t 5 gg3 trffs+ 6 $94 flfgs mate. tl,fl Vz Thefollowing f inishf rom Westin-Karlsson,Stockholm, 1973 is ?/z'24 alsostriking. A.%d%z, 39 71,.'2 H 7t /&n tu2 13 ... ab4 14 Ab5+ Bf8 15 8e2 Ac5 16 Ad1 Afs 17 t it6:tt;:tllt h3 hs 18 Ag5 8bG 19 Ah4 Ae4 20 hg Ac2 ;,,.,.:.t.,/l: Withevery move the complexities grow in bafflingfashion. . . 7t^ 21 fc3 ad4 22 r&fi \22 gd2 would wtn)22 .. hg! 23 ^,fuzw' Aa+ 8cZ Zq Hxeq de 25 $c4 flac8 26 Hacl bG2.7 f]xcS oi ze gao gxes 29 pxcS gxgS 3o $xcs+ $xcs 31 le2+ 33€/f1 Af434gg1 g3landthe Blackmade the shatteringmove 1 SfTl! runninginto a ExcS EXh432 fic4 knightfork, gxbb gamefinally ended in a draw. butafter 2 AXd6+ Se7 3 camethe fresh no forcingmanoeuvres, just a blow3 forcingmate next move. Herethere were no combinations, Af4+ series counters,and counter-threats, allmove by move Thesecases are well covered in existinoliterature. so we do not of threats, needto laboJrthe pornt. Manoeuvringpositions comblnative Wins can often be forcedbv forcinomanoeuvres where the What do manoeuvTesconsist of? Obviouslynot hlows nor deep,lonq-term plans We rarelyget forcinq variattons 52 Studying the Middle Game Resolwbleposittons 53 either.Instead the playis quitedifferent and consists of tackingto io findthe speckof goldthat makes up a positionaladvantage. and fro move by move,often combinedwith separatequickly 29 .. . Hc4? changingshort-term plans. This is best seen from a concreteexample. Black'spatience gives out and he makesa bad slip.By 29 b5 30 Ab3 flbb7. or 30 ab trxb6 Blackcould maintaina gets 42 'nerfectly reasonable position. Now he intodifficulties 'lfrt% %t/& 30 As3 llfg 31 h4! AfG 32 Ab3 E xcl 33 fl xcl $d7 34 "&artt d5! ,t&ry,t&ry7%%2 43 2tllg121'7r;t t'//2,.&.AXt '&ffia%a%tt "& 7::.,tt77 w &t1/, t ''/;/:'.& 2 Tlt\tg 7at& A deepanalysis of the position(Alekhine-Fergrn, Kemeri, 1937) 'w will indicatethat it is a levelposition. From various points of view, &.ft.:: weaknesses,occupation of open lines,space, the centre,piece placing,the sidesare aboutequally placed. As a resultthere are Whitehas had to manouevreto andfro for almost20 movesto long regroupingswith the aim of achievingsome slight benefit. makethis slightadvance which cramps the enemyminor pieces. Shortterm plansare mixedin with playmove by move- one Thislong waii for somethingconcrete illustrates both the difficulties playerattacks a bishop,the opponentmoves it away,one player andspecial features of playin levelposltions. occupiesan openfile, the opponent resists this by puttinga rookon 34 . . . Afs 35 g/b4 Ae4 thatfile too. This too is not best.35 . . . Ae4 would offer betterchances. This cat and mousegame goes on until one side gets the Now a pawnsacrifice develops a dangerousinitiative as White's advantageas a resultof hisexcellent play and a slipby the opponent. piecesget some real scope. 15 Hfel gd7 16 Ah2 36 gd4l Eds 37 Ad2 Axds 38 Axd5 Axds 39 Ae4! Thefirst short term plan - transferringthe knight from c3 to f4. The point.The threat of 40 $xds and 41 Nf6+ allows real in this,but youhave to make penetrationof theenemy camP. Notthat I cansee any advantage t8c2 movesof somesort or other. 39 . . . Ss7 40 Axd6 8e6 41 *d2 AfG 42 b6? -. 16 . . . Afds 17 6e2 trfd8 18 Af4 Af5 19 Axds Leadsto --quickloss. Black had to showinventiveness and find It seemsto methat this exchange could have been made with the the variation42 . . . Ah.< 43 Ah2 b:-cl44 6xI7 trfB 45 Ad6 sameeffect with the knightfrom c3, but playin levelpositions is Ad4 46 Ef 1 ge7 with somecounter chances. subjectto suchcomments since it cannotbe of an absolutelogic. 43 $c7! 19 . . . AxdS 20 Ac4l Ae6 21 a4 HacS 22 Ab3 8c7 Whiteforces his way in to the 7th rankand it is alongthis line 23 a5 thatWhite wins. White has achieveda littlebut not enoughto bringabout a € . . . ad7 M axfTl HlB 144 gixfT 45 Hd1 etc.)45 changein theassessment aslevel. What follows is minor regrouping Adg grf6 46 Edl l 1-0 and simplywaiting. Play in levelpositions often involveswaiting I must return here to the questionof the dangeroustrend moves.As Tarraschwrote 'When you can't see what to do it isbest towardspure pragmatism which I havealready mentioned, marked to give the opponenta chanceto moveand you wait for his by regularparticip;tion in tournamentsbut lackingall other positive mista ke: factoissuch as studyof the creativeheritage of the pastand the 23 . . . ,Wd7 24 Al4 $e7 25 Ag3 Hc7 26 Ab3 '{gd7 27 writingof notesto one'sgames. The point is that such players tend Ah4 Eb8 28 Sa4 Sc8 29 flacl to drif-tinto the'tacking tb andfro, moveby move'styleof playin Onceagain a seriesof movesand nothingchanged in essence. practicallyall positions, whereas the methodis only appropriate for What boringplay might be the comment,yet chessis not just levelpositions. Nor is this a newfeature, since Botvinnik criticised lt prettycombinations and logical plans. lt isalso hard work, real graft in an articlewritten in 1951 aboutthe SovietSchool of Chess. and grind,when you have to work overmany tons of orein order ln orderto demonstratethe helplessnessof suchdry practical DeeoAnalvsis 55 54 Studying the Middle Game an experiencedgrandmaster we may DeeP- Analysis playwhen employed against what quote - Sokolsky'Botvinnik,from the semifinal of Ai this pointwe wish to demonstrateto the readerto this example pleasureit cangive l the 1938Soviet ChamoionshrP. heiqhtsthe art of analysiscan go, and what 2 d5 3 d4 4 5 e3 truit theexamples I quote wrll rnspire the reader to settledown to a 1 c4 {lf6 i1c3 s6 Nf3 Ag7 the leading Noi tbad move in itself,but here it is the precursorof reallydeep analysis of hisown gamesor of thoseof straightf orwa rd passiveand stereotypedplay. 'olayers. uponto analyseat alltimes, in preparingfor a 5... O-O6 Ae2 e6 7 O-Ob6 8 cd ed 9 b3 Ab7 10 Ab2 Plaversare called his pieceson naturalsquares, but he has no qame.throughout the whole of the playingsession, bu't most of all White develops periodof timeone has consistentplan ready for the middlegame. irhena gamers adjourned. Then in a short effortin an attemptto penetratedeeply into 1O... AbdT118c2 to put in an immense 'Graduallylt becomes clear that White has theposition and examine many possible variations. Botvinnikcommented 'developing' the most no realplan and is occupiedwith merely his pieces Amongstthe variouscases of adjournmentanalysis play 60 yearsago, but in ourtrme interestingis analysisof gamesin team events There is no Possiblyone could likethat 50 or you formsa planfor the middlegame from about restrictionon the numberof peopleinvolved in the work, can whenevery master theteam to moveonwards there is no'better'wayto get Intoa haveas many helpers as you like, and with the interests of the 6th 8th hiscontribution crampedand passiveposition than by just strivingfor better beinginvolved every team member is keen to make Fl6weverit haslong been known that the increasein quantityin development.' improved 'At this pointWhite could occupy the centralpoint e5 with his the participantsof analysisdoes not necessarilylead to qualitv, the reverse.However sensible organisation can make knightwhich would lead to a fightwith chancesfor bothsides A ofien - moveslater this no longerproves feasible and control suchgroup effort very effective coupleof thetask was overthe central squares passes over to Blackl I havealready described on variousoccasions how side.Our trainer lsaak Boleslavsky 11 . . . a6 12 Hacl flac8 13 Efdl ge7 14 s.b1 EfdS 15 tackledby the SovietOlympiad nevervisited the tournamenthall; he slept during the playing af1 'with head' White'smoves are simple and obvious, but that is what loses him session(he was alwavs keen on sleep)and then a clear theiradiourned the game! he would meethis colleagueswho broughthim 15 . .. c5 15 dc bc 17 QSe2(44\ posrtrons. ManySoviet players are past masters of analysis.Please forgive the 44 methis high praise, but I canshow that this is the case by taking aw,t/&t'qfri"lt readerthr-ough the forest of variationsexamined when the Karpov- 7i Romanishingame from the 1979Spartakiad was adjourned in thts tz2 posrtron. 45 7r% 2,.t2',&aVZ ''//lfr7Lz.'t atr& 7/tt.,z EA€ 7t 7:: 17 .. . Ah6! 7z) "z:.1,.1 A concreteattack based on exactconsideration of the most 7zH'"&ft minorfeatures of the position.At this pointthe attackis directed ":'a"a'/a againstthe weak point at f2. 18Sa3 19Stl3AdeS20 lgor Zaitsevdescribes the chancesseen by the anal}ticalteam ls4 lxes$xes21 Ag3gf6! is 22 ah1 tryingto f inda \ /infor theworld champion in a positionwhere he Hereis the sortof abnormalmove that White is forced into. 22 a oawnuo. In accordance with established procedure Black's candl- Ec2 tha 23 h3 Axe3 isclearly bad. 22 ... d4t 23 8e2 €)e5 24 ed cd 25 lxcS $xc8 26 'Edttar's Nate The E,rgrshtearl DrocedLrres that ro more tharr t\\'o peooe Edel d3 27 8d1 Ag4 28 $al d2 andWhite soon resigned. shoud analysaan aolourrrm(]rrttogethei 56 Studying the Middle Game DeepAnalysis 57 datemoves in thisposition were established. There are three:- a) 44 Sd5 (threatening45 pc6) 44 . . Eal !rts Ac6 frxa4 46 43 .. Sf4+; b) 43 .. Ea1 andc) 43 ... Sg7 whichwe $xe8- fl xaS 47 e7 flxb5. examrneIn turn. Thisis an obviousline, and it wasthe one looked at in greatdetall a) 4il . . . 44 45 e7+ Firstof allthere was the straightforward Af4+ s3 Sc7 $h8 (51 It was establishedthat 45 . . €S7 is worse in view of 46 rtg Axbs AxbS 49 e88 AxeS 50 trxe8 €f7 51 trcg Qlxc7 pxe2 47 lXeS+ 48 withan easy white wn. "+eH hB h 07! 52 HxnT q5! isbad) 51 $f8, or $h6 SdS gxes. wrn is 46 lc6 (46 Af7 Qxa5 47 SxeS lf,b7 withthe matethreat TlO trbg 49 e6g In both casesWhite's at h1 isno good)46. . . c4 doubtful. 'We Beforeit was decidedthat this movewas Black'sbest defence Then as Zaitsevputs it managedto find a remarkable othermoves were examined e.g. 46 . . . 47 andWhite resourcein thediagrami Ab7 1}dS . . shouldwin e.g. 47 . . . Ab648Ad6 lxd649e8g+ zl8Axg6!! HbB 49 Eb2 winninga vitaltempo. Now if 49 Axe850 winswithout fi xe8+ Sg7 51 Ee7+ winningboth bishops, or 47 . . . Ab6 trS8 50 eegr H xee 51 AxeS c4 52 $a4 and 48 ld6 Qxc6 49 Sxc6 AxdO 50 PeOand Blackcan resisn. muchtrouble. 46 . . . c4leadsto a sharpstruggle, but it is not hardfor Whiteto Blackalso loses after 49 . . tr xb2 50 e88 Sfa+ 51 93 realisehis adva ntage. Hxt2+ 52 €g 1 tr{ 1+ 53 Sg2 hg whenthere is the simple 54 47 axcT AxcT 48 Ac2! qf" andalso 54 ge7+ €2hO55 C/f6. Thisstrong move was adopted only after the analytical team had Havinqdealt with 45 . E xa4 in answerto 45 $c6 theteam establishedthat the obvious48 e8g+ getsnowhere - 48 startediookinq at other defensivepossibilities and were almost 49 ExeS+ gg7 50 51 52 stymied'someoneby 45-. . . AfOl 46 e7 fixa4. OxeS Sc2 [xc2 Ab4 HxI2+ quickly thisby Sg 1 [f3 53 Bg2 fla3 54 Nxa6 E xa4 and it is practicay suggesfed47 He6, but Karpov refuted impossiblefor Whiteto win. somesurprisinj lactical stroTes - 47 &47t148 fl xf6-$xe7 e g- 48 ... Ae8 (a8 . . $97 49 e8g lxeS 50 lb4! isworse and neitherknight can come to the helpof the rook ^49 flrc7 for Black)49 Ad4! Ab7 50 f3 Af4+ {notwnit Wnitehoped for e.g.49 E xas 50 Ads+ Whitehas now built a soundfortress out of hisminor oieces and 6og- si Hxeot),or 49 lc3 fid4! hisrook will penetrate the enemy rear which must decide. On thJ point o{ decidrngthat 47 HeO did not wtn an imorovementfor Whitewas fbund after 46 1}c6 E xa4, namelY isgiven by thisanalytical b) Thencame the turn of 43 . . . Hal threatening44 . . AXbS. 4j abTl Doesit forcea win?The answer It was establishedthat White has three ways of realisinghis treei,hich is basedon two candidatemoves. 47 . flb4 and47 advantage- b 1) 44 Ac6, b2)44 A)2 andb3) 44 Ha2 whichwe lookat inturn. Thenwe haveother possibilities too:- wn. b1)44 ac6 Ab7 45 Ad5 Hxaa {a5 €97 46 Hb2\ 46 47 . . . Hb4 48 tre6 €f7 49 ld8+ withan easy fe7+ Sf847Nxg6+ hg48e7+ gg749Sxb7. Howeverit 4747 ... exbs +a48 axbSgxns Eb4 4e49 tre6€rZ€f7 _59 50-trIf6+ soonbecame clea r that 44 Ac6 can be stronglymetby 44 . . . c4l g xe7 51 EboHbO Af4t52Ai4+ 52 g3q3 Ac7 53 Hc6 Ab8 545a $a6 and Theattempted improvement 44 e7+ @g7 45 lc4 is met by the hitewins. quietmove 45 . . . Ab7 with White'sking in a criticalposition - 47 ... AxbT 48 AxbT Eb4 49 treO €rf7 50. EYf6+ (51 52 g3 4q f3 Af4+ 47 s3 pxf3 48 sf Sxe2 49 lbd6 Qxca. SxeT 51EuO anothe rook is nowsate Ata+ b2) 5o,44 1\a2 c4l (44 . . . trd 1 45 e7+ is weaker)4b Sxc4 -TheAc7 53 A7c7 Hxb6 54 Ads+). EXc4 or 45 lXc4 l}b7 and Blackhas unpleasant threats. cralestcomplications arlse after 47 . . . Ee4' Thepersistent b3) Thenthe declsionwas madethat Whiteshould meet 43 analystsfound a surewin heretoo by 48 fl xe4 (an!'thingelse Ha3 by44 [a2 goinginto a minorpiece endgame of thesort that leadsto the lossof oneof White'sminor pieces, his main fighting actuallyoccurred in the game.lt is curiousthat the Ukrainiansioe forcein thisoosition). did notexpect Karpov to go intosuch a minorpiece endgame. Thencomes 48 le 49 Ad8! (49 A7d6 is weaker.49 53 A"nS SOeef + lxeS 51 AxeS-u €{8 SZAxnS Af4+, c) Ofcourse the White team did not knowwhich move Romanishin 54 A 55 €f 1a3). A{terthe text,however. Black F A"a &-g2 for had sealedand had to considerall possibilities.The move that i^rittGu"to lo-sJa piecewhich must result in eventualvictory causedthem most trouble was 4il . . . $g7. White. _..F

TheX-rav Eve 59 58 Studying the Middle Game Yetin theevent Karpov preferred another iine combinativeblows. A superbanalysisl L/stok number 12' 1931' P Romanovsky, of play.Does that meanthat the whole night of analysaswas ln Shakhmatny HonouredMaster of Sport,published an articleX-rays in Chessin wasted?By no meanswastedl The world champion gained a clear known Leningrad possibilities position which he quoted the analysisof a little insightinto the of the andthis helped him find his discoveryof fantastic hismoves in theadjourned session. The game ended thus:- mathematicianB.Baskov concerning combinativepossibilities in the gameTartakower-Alekhine, New 43 . . . €97 44 93 (goinginto the minorpiece ending) 44 . . . 45 46 47 pc8 48 York,1924. Hal Ha2t flxa2 Sxa2 $f6 Nc6 a5 Sd2 admiringlythat Baskov had achieved a 49Ac4 h5 50€g1 f4 51 gxf4Axf4 52 gf 1 53€e2 g5 Romanovskycommented Aa6 greatsuccess by puttingin entirelydifferent light a positlonwhich 5413 Q1c755 e7 Ae8 56 €7d3Ab7 57 $1ba7Ah2 58 a6 Aa8 numberof authoritiesThe conclusion of 59 1 60 c4+ 61 62 1-O. 6ad beenassessed bv a Ads As Ac8 Sxc4 Q1c7 Q1b4 Alekhinehimself was put in doubt. Masteryof analysisby the SovietSchool is developedby all positionswhere long possiblemeans. This featureis impartedin in Alongwith Romanovsky\^/e stress that such vital thechess circles rendereddubious or totallyrefuted are the PioneerPalaces by chesscoaches. In thechess press there are establishedconclusions are - not rarecases but come in droves.The examination of suchcrucial regularcompetitions set findthe bestway to win or drawin this freedfrom the tyranny of or that position.The positions not just positionsin the lightof concreteanalysis setare solvableby combi- to enhanceddevelopment of a creative nationalmeans, some include planning and analysis. oeneraI considerations leads A featureworthy of noteis that sparks of genuineinspiration and courseIn chess. anal!,ticaltalent are seennot onlyin the centraltowns and cities, but also in the most isolatedsettlements. The editorsof chess 47 ,ft,8%i ,2t.'w publicationsreceive stacks of mailfrom suchdistant spots, some t/t 7t refutingwell-known combinations, others finding new paths in the #+w 2t mostestablished opening lines. With suchenthusiasm for analysis 2W7.2 /1,/.,. amongstwide sectionsof the public it is considereda very lz worthwhileundertaklng. Here are some examplesof the fine 7 z discoveriesmade by suchanalysts %22 t/t rl

The X-ray Eye '1 an exclamationmark, ln the earlydays of its developmentthe SovietSchool went HereWhite played $e4 and appended as beingthe only moveto maintainhis advantageand keepthe through a seriouscreative crisis. At the start of the 1930's, that 1 wouldlead to apparentlyunder the influenceof Capablancawho had lost his pressur6on Black.He f urthercomments $94 a quickdraw. worldtitle match to Alekhineand subseouentlvsomewhat lost his startingwith the interestin masters in Vet Baskovdiscovered another line of attack chess,some Soviet dabbled stereotyped reply methods,while some woeful theoreticians even supported Capa- apparentlystupid 1 c6! whenthe 'draw a) f . . . gxc6 seemingto win a pawnis metby 2 fle7ll blancain hisviews on the death'of chessand the needto move, pieces Here is the move which Romanovskycalls the X-ray changethe game by introducingnew on anenlarged board. position.The variations Suchtrends were resisted true penetratinginto the very essenceof the bitterly by loversof the art of win for Whiteare exceptionally chess.A numberof articlesappeared in the magazineShakhmatny whichno,,i follow and leadto a pretty.Obviously Black cannot capture on e7 with rook or klng, Lrbfokin whichthe harm done to chessby suchviews was shown. win 2 gSq War wasdeclared pot-hunting, since'heloses the queen. White gets a simple after against arroganceand superficial, threaton rulesout 4 ill-thought-out'reformsl This battlewas takenup by the young 3 Ef XfTl *c1+ 4 Sh2 andthe mate 97 Sovietmasters of the timewho in theirgames E xe7. showed that they 2 163 (48) were supportersof the creativeprinciples of the natve school Thearticle goes on with the keyline HxsTtt The rook siillcannot be takenfor the samereasons. If 3 proclaimedby Chigorin and Alekhine. gs41 The movementfor E xds then4 H xf6+)+ SxgTE)xg/ 5a, h6+nO-1- €sBWgtt 6o tj'g'+-1- a creativeboost in the contentof chess the freshblow 4 recervedmass support, and letters rted 1nfrom Thereremains 3 . trd6, but then comes sta coming themost . . 5 4 distantparts with opening analyses, striking new ideas and startling Eg8+ ! winningqueen or rook 14 €xS8 $94+ 60 Studying the Middle Game TheX-ray Eye ol

48 ru % EI t i.% .,& 2 it& Vt %t:,,.% t&,'%l:.,7Z % ..2% & /r&. % %,//Z % %2,,.%t;,, 7 7lz.,H $" .€-i gr7 5 dc). Thewin after 2 $h6 is shownby thesevariations, Havingproved that 1 gxc6 losesBaskov goes on to 2... f63EXf6and now demonstratewinning methods against the threecandidate moves a) 3 ... Exf6 4 gxf6 h5 5 th6! Ag6 6 trf1 gxeS 7 withthe rook. gxg6+ Bg7 8 Ae6+ €/hgI gixh5+ €,h7 10$e5+ $97 b) 1 Ee7 2 HxeT €xe7 3 8e5+ €fB 4 $xc7 $e3+ 5 11trf6. $h 1 $e7 6 $f ! andthe two unitedpassed pawns ensure the win. b)3 ... 6g6 4 Ae6+ €h8 5 trcf1 trxf6 6 trxf6 lxe5 7 grb4! pc2 c) 1 . EdO 2 Notonly pinning the rook,but creatingthe cxd4l BdXeS 'l]196 t h4with the winning threat 10 h5. powerful threat 3 $b7. Black'sbest defence is 2 . . Ec8, to meet c)3 . . . €h8 a flcf andBlack has nowhere to gowith his rook. 3 9b7 by 3 trdd8! witha sounddefence. However White has d)3 . . . Ac4! 4 flc2!Ng6 5 Se6+ @hB6 ficf2dxc3! a winby 3 He6l8g54flxd6cd(4.. ge7 failstoyet another finetouch - 5 Xf7+ ll seediagram 49). 5t ''//:;t E 7 7 49 'g'i 7 2AH.A& &.t tzt& 7t "'H 2 7z 7 7 frvlz2 + 2A%27 iM, &7& E 2%z vl,z.,.7 7/:...2 ,ru ,ft 7tZ 2 "/:aatH7 2 7 [xg6 (not7 ExfS+ g,xfg 8 trxt8+ Exf8) 7 . ge7 I ExfS+ EXfS I Ef6! Hxf6 10exf6 $c5+ 11Sh1 and and now 5 gbTl ge3+ 6 q7h1 ge8 7 flxf7+ SgB 8 mates. flxs7+ €fg 9 trg3!grxhs+ 10 trh3 g/d1+ 11 $h2 Ss4 OtherBaskov analyses appeared later. For examplehe founda 12Ef3+ winningthe queen. win for Blackin Rubinstein'Yates.Bad Krssinoen. 1928. d) 1 EdB2 trefs Hacg12 f6?3 E xf6+ etc.)3 E xfT+ €g8 4 8e5 EfB {Othermoves aTe no improvement) 5 fl xf B-rr 52 'ffit ExfB 6 EXfS+ €xf8 7 $f5+l $e7 I C.d7+€lf8 I grdS+ &t%'%i/& w;nnrng. % In the samearticle Romanovsky quotes yet anotheranalysis by 2 2t7 Baskovwhose X-ray eye enabled him to find a win in the game "'&86 Mieses'Bogoljubow,Bad Kissingen. 1928. (50) % Miesesplaved 1 cd which led to a draw after Black'sbest /&.t7/.r'N2W,&tr defence1 Ac4. Yet the startlingline 1 Ef 5l Ne7 2 $h6!l wouldgive White the chanceto successfullycrown hisattack on theking. Other second moves are weaker e.g. 2 e6 AXf5 3 AXfs Here Blackhad the chance 1 Axf4 2 HxI4 fl xe3 which f xe6 4 Axe6 Ef7 5 Hf 1 fldd7 andBlack is safe. Baskovbacked up with a largenumberof complicatedvariations. 62 Studytng the Middle Game

/,t ', ./., 53 :l ":zt ,.:@ n /.::'',,.,., t,: tr.../: '.r, /., fu'fu, /;/,;/:/,;t ';ft.t t8ta"'/,;., .t ,:tt l:..:, /./,8 6 AnnotatingGames ..al/.",./t 7..,€)''2..t

Thisis Koltanowski-Lazard,Paris, 1929, in whichBlack tried 1 . 9g3 and got nowhereafler 2 $14 gc3 3 gxfT+ gh6 4 gf8+. YetBaskov's 1 . . $c3! wouldforce a win. Your Own Games Thenthere was the sensationalrefutation of a studvbV the A considerablepart in chesscoaching in the USSRis playedby Platovbrothers who normallycomposed impeccably accurate writingnotes to games.The best notes are published in magazines studies. and newspapers,but thisis not the mainaim. A developingplayer 54 hasto write notesto hisgames in orderto developthe habitof z ffii.% havinga self-criticalapproach to hisplay. By spottingthe flawsin ///t '/z play %2.g his he willmore easily eradicate them. 71,2, 2t So we requireyoung players to write notesto theirgames in .a//, theirworking notebooks. 7 7:,,',f<, 2 'for lt isof no importancethat these notes will 7lt ,z) 7 be written the drawer'andnct seethe lightof day.The fact +"Z ./t theythey will not be publishediseven an advantage since their'btte' 7L" can be enhanced.I can claimthat the notebookscontaining my gamenotes in my youth containvery sharpcomments indeed. Baskovfound that after 1 €d6 Ac8+ 2 €d7 Ab6+ 3 €c6 Many of my colleaguescan say the sameand carriedthis out hc8 4 AfS gh7 5 gb7 €sO 6 Ah4+ €g5 7 Af3+ gra I regularlyafter a certainlapse of timewhen setbacks forced them to $xc8 $xf3 9 a4 Blackhas not L . . h4?when White queens carry out an overalisurvey of their progress,in orderto devise withcheck.but9.. fSl 1Oa5f411a6$e2 12a71313aBSt2 meansof rootingout persistentfailings. andno seriesof checkscan be found to breakBlack's resistance. Of coursethese individual notes vary according to thecharacter The aulhor hopesthat the examplesquoted will inducethe of thewriter, but there is muchin commontoo. readerto sitdown himself to findsuch deeplv hidden possibilities. I can claimthat nothingelse is so effectivein encouragingthe Fourtypes of gameanno*€tions may be mentioned: groMh of chessstrength as such independent analysis, both of the 1)Descriptive notes. gamesof the greatplayers and yourown. Try thisout and I can 2) Analv,tical comments. assurevou that vou will soon feel the benefitof it, both in 3) Positionalcomments. understandingchess and in resultsagainst your peers. 4) Svntheticcomments. Oneallied topic is the writing of notesto games* yourown and thatof others.Such practice is also very beneficial and we nowturn 1l Descriptive,ofes. Here the commentatorwrites out all the to howthis is done in theSoviet Union. movesand then putsdown an extendedprose description of the courseof the game.He notesthe turningpoints in the battleand assessesthe accuracyof the ideasshown. Such a verbalaccount devotesa lot of attentionto the psychologyof thestruggle and the attitudesof the players.Actual variations may be totallyabsent, or arerestricted to justa few movesat certainpoints. Such a method is bestsuited to the popularpress where the courseof the game 64 AnnotatingGames Yourown games 65 hasto beexplained for non-specialistswho are not familiar with the 4) The Syntheticmethod. fhis method of explaininga game finerpoints of chess.Such an approachwas successfully employed combinesboth manydeep variations and verbaldescriptions of from time to time in the magazineShakhmatY v SS.S/qby its then strategicideas. The world of chesshas come to recognisethis editor, former World CorrespondenceChampion, the late methodas best,and it is no accidentthat its principalexponent, VyacheslavRagozin. Alekhine,was recognisedin histime as the bestannotator living. Thework which gained the most plaudits was his tournament book of NewYork, 1924. In our dayssuch praise is rightlygiven to the 2\ Analvticalcomments In this case the stress is on actual oamenotes written by Botvinnikand Karpoy,both to theirown the notesconsisting of a massof variations, variations,with all lames and to the gamesof others.Another example of such somelong, some short, which the playerconsidered (or in the excellentsynthetic work is Bronstein'sbook of the 1953 Candidates opinionof the comment€torshould have considered) during the Match-Tournamentin Switzerland,The Chess Struggle rn Practice, game.Prose is very slight here, consisting just of linksbetween the Batsford1980, recently translated into English. variations. A supporterof sucha styleof notesin the lastcentury was Annotation Competitions Chigorin,and in our daythis approach predominates in Fischer's Recognisingthe valueof annotatinggames as a meansof self- notesto hisgames. This method has become very popular in recent improvementwe oftensee in the USSRcompetitions for the best decades,and one may pointto the particularlyabbreviated style setof notesto games.Normally to putall the competitors on a level used in the Yugoslavlnformator, while observingthat here the footingthe gamesset are little-knownexamples from the past.A commentatoris restrictedin hisopportunities of describingplans goodexample was the competition arranged as longago as 1937. and positionaI considerataons. At the end of that year the SovietTrade Unions It is hardto oblectto sucha stylesince it iscompact and enables announceda contestfor firstcategory players living other than in onein the restrjctedspace of a bookor magazineto quotea larger Moscowand Leningrad.All relevantorganisations were furnished numberof games.However God help the playerwho triessuch a with the gamesof unknownplayers with a setof tasksto be carried methodin trying to improve,or ratherrestricts himself to this out in the courseof annotatingthese games. An authoritative method.There is a graverisk that his playwill dry up and the commissionconsisting of Ruymin,Blumenfeld and Yudovichwas variationshe analyseswill be short, formal and not reallya set up to monitorthe entriesand determinewhich were the best. reflectionof thecourse of an actualgame. Unfortunately in modern Of coursethe demandsmade on the commentatorsls what booksone tendsto find only such notesand this is one of the 'fading'and interestsus most. Thesebecome clear from the report of the reasonsfor the povertyof styleof a numberof modern commissionfrom which we quote: olaveTs. 'Commonfaults amongst the entriesinclude a) unsubstantiated allegations,b) referenceto too generalconsiderations without position, 3l Positionalcomments. This method,the mirror imageof the referenceto concreteassessment of the c)justificationby previousone, has a longhistory. The commentator gives a limited meansof longabstract variations. Variations should be worked out numberof variations,only using them to underlinehis view of the carefully.and one shouldnot go too long down any variation game value theplans lt issomewhat reminiscent withouthaving made absolutely sure that the introductorymoves andthe of adopted. (As put of method1, but the proseis not collectedtogether, rather is it are forcedf we it in the book Thinklike a GrandmasterYou spreadout throughoutthe game. have to decideon the candidatemoves and only then start in turn. Thiswas the methodadopted by manygreat players - Steinitz, analysing'1937each ) Tarrasch,Lasker and Capablanca.Nowadays too it is a favoured The iury then went on to pointout that long unforced methodamongst those grandmasters whose play is markedby a variationsnot only encumberthe courseof exposition,but are get in oftenfaulty. A commonerror was to go in for suchlong varlatrons depthof strategyand logic,but who rarely involved bitter principle 'hand-to-hand'struggles. which were not all that relevant,so infringingthe of Naturallyenough in viewof thedrametrically opposed of methods economyof formand content. 2) and 3) therehave been attempts to bringthem together,to The 1937exoeriment was hailed as a newtool in self-improve- producea synthesis,which leads us to whatis in ourview the most mentand hasbeen used since by the magaztne Shakhmaly ru SSS,Q, universaland rationalmethod. alongwith quizzesto testreaders' knowledge of chesstheory and 66 AnnotatingGames AnnobtionCom@titrons 67 history.Nowadays every six months the magazinegives the moves dxes- gd8. of a gamewithout indicating where or by whomit wasplayed. The 20 . . . Ae7 21 Ab2 d5 2213 Ead823 6f4 trhg8 24 Ahs task of the readeris to providenotes which will illuminatethe .glh425t6tgxhs 26 f xe7 Ed7? turningpoint of the game,and to back this up by an overall descriptionof itscourse and by variationsessentialto this account. 55 Feaders'letters are workedover bv an exoeriencedmaster who '",82t%t:.,&H&. selectsthe bestentrjes and thenthe magazinereprints the game /4r.2% witha selectionof thebest and most relevant comments. as well as 'ffit thenotes of leadingauthorities. As an example of sucha competition lz % we quotethe 1979 effortbv readersto annotatethe Blackburn- %8%+ Steinitzgame played in London,1863. The noteswere checked ',& % andsynthesised by A.Magergut. % 1 e4 e5 2 Af3 AcG 3 {c4 ScS 4 b4 {Metlinfrom Gorky comments'TheEvans has lost its topicalitv, but it wouldbe Thecommentators have been giving short and long variations to a mistaketo writeit off sinceall itsattacking possibilities have not backup their views. At thispoint many of themindicate the error of yet beenfully revealed. lt is pla!€dvery rarely nowadays, but not Black'slast moveand expresstheir surprisethat Whitedid not - just noticethe bcticalstroke 27 flxg7+ @x 97 2a flg 1+ $95 29 becauseit isunsound infact many players avoid 3 . . . $c5, g/h6+ to avoidfacing itl. $e3 flxe7 3O flxg5+ hg 21 $xg5+ €f8 32 €88 4 .. . (After4 . . thereis theawkward Sokolsky 33 $xc6+ aridBlack is in a badway. AXb4 Ab6 gh4 20 line5 a4 a6 6 lc3 intending7 ld5) i ed+? g6 28 Eael Ee8 29 EeS [f5! $xe7 5 c3 Ac5 {Nowadayspreference is givento the retreatto a5 31 dc with g/b3 grdT - returningthe The amateurcommentators make a freshassessment of this thefollow-up 6 d4 d6 7 I de Ab6 point thefirst extrapawn at the appropriatemoment is the bestantidote to a positioncompared to exisitingsources* and out {for the errorof thispawn capture. After their gambit- andif 9 ed theng . . Aa5 108b5 lXc4 witha level timein chessliterature) game. suggestion31 Aa3l the outcomeis far f rom clear.Black's best ) Blackwith 6 d4 ed7 O-O(7 cd I gf 1 isgood for White.) move is givenas 31 . . Se3 which would leave Ab4+ nces. 7 . . . dG8 cd4 1\b6 {Thenormal position of the EvansGambit. adequatecounter-cha press played, 31 . . . EddS 32 Aa3 8e6 3:l Ef4 f5 34 trh4 !5! 35 Ab2 Whitecan forwardby 9 d5 asAnderssen regularly or r&cz88.e237gb3 g&5 38 39{4 go 9 Ac3 as introducedby Morphy and then taken up by Eds!36 8c3 tre2 trxd4 Chigorin.) 40grf3 g/ds O-1. 9 A€ Aga (Syntheticassessment - White is a pawn down, but has betterdevelopment and a strongcentre. This central controlmeans White can switch pieces from one wing to theother easily.Black's pieces. for examplethe bishopat b6, can be transferredto the€-side only with considerable loss of time. SoWhite has to try for an attackon the$-side, while Black has to createthreats to theenemy centre. Moreover, as is normalin a crampedposition Black will strivefor exchangesto ease his position.After this general comment the annotatorssubsequently go overto variations.) 1OAbs $f8 11 Qxc6 bc 12 Qa3 Axf3 13 gf $95+ 14 gf6 grd3 €hl Ae7 15 le2 Ag6 16 trsl 17 €gB 18 Acl 'Translatar's h6 19 f4 20 f5 Not-. See for example Rel s Masters of the 1933 ol €zh7 Neyshatadt's197 I book o|l Ste n tz Pervy ChempDn M/ra Ret m ssedboth tact ca To save spacewe do not quote shorternotes concerning lil)es Nevshtadtgave the fi.st mprovement27 Z/.97+. whlch had been individualmoves. For example at thispoint one writer indicated that dscoveredLn the West manyyea.s earler - SeeBruce Aaydens Cabbage Heads after 20 e5 Blackgets a reasonablegame by 20 ... dxeS 21 and Chess Ktngs A Philosophvof Chess 69

Batherlong-winded, is it not? What can one do about that possiblyour successorswill needwhole volumes to expressin 6ppropriate-'Witn fashlon the natureof chessof theirtime! tnisexcursion into theory we hopethat we haveprepared thereader to moveon to thequestion of theeducational process In chessin the USSR.In particularwe dealwith existing chess schools and the relationshipbetween study in such schoolsand the A Philosophyof Chess independentwork of the individualplayer.

After our investigationof featuresof modernchess theory vve have the chancenow to try to givean answerto the question'What rs chesstoday?'Or in otherwords to describea'philosophy'of the chessof our tjme.One thing is alreadyclear. You can no longer restrict yourself to the sort of short formulationsthat vvere accepbblein previous 'Thepawn 'Seize centuries. isthe soulof chess'or thecentre and get your piecesout' - suchphrases do not expressa tenthof theaims thata moderntournament player has in mindd uring a game. A chesscontL.st of ourdays is a lery complicatedbattle of minds, of strategicalplans, based on extensi\r'epreparation, erudition and deepknowledge of chesstheory. In our belovedart we havethe sameprocess of additionalcomplication that appliesin lifeand in science.Artificial intelligence, for example,or the structureof matteror cosmologyare the productof knowledgein manyfields. In chesstwo thinkingbeings are armed now with a knowledgeof theory,with the experienceof previoustournaments and are preparedspecially for a givengame by concreteplans and even tacticalconcepts. 'philosophy'of lf we try to formulatea modernchess we might settleon thefollowing formulation: A moderngame of chessis a logicalor tacticalclash of concepts whichha\€ beenwidely studied and weighedup in preparation madelong beforethe actualgame. This preparationtakes into accountthe experienceof the besttheoreticians of the past,as codifiedin textbooks and encyclopedras, as well as taktngaccount of competitiveand psychologicalaspects depending upon speclal teaturesof the opponent'scharacter. The opening of the gameis playedaccording to one of threemethods: quiet play aiming for equality,headlong attack or the coiledspring. Moreover the initial stageof thegame is played in conjunctionwith plansfor themiddle gameor evenfor theendgame. The middle game struggle is carried out by the method of logicalplans, of concreteanalysis of combinationsand variations, or bv intuitiveoressuTe. Everything Staftsf rom Childhood 71

^hversare selectedto takepart in inter-schooltournaments and lpvel inoll" -ihireoo on to competitlonsat localandnaLlonal ur" manysuch events in the USSRThe main one is the .WniteRoot' competition. Each school f ieidsa teamof f our boys andone gid from the 3rd to 7th classesii e. in the agegroup o{ ;bout 1O:15).Thrs team meets other local ones and the wlnner ieepsgoing forward to higherlevels at city,regional and republic Schoolsof Chess centres.--The finalis played at nationallevel for the'WhiteBook'prize, and takesplace in the capitalor in one of the hero-cltlesot wartlme iime. npproximatelyfive millionchildren a yearcompete in this event.lt goeswithout saying that the roundsare played in out-of- Everything Starts from Childhood ichool tifrreand during vacationsso as not to interferewlth 'lt'salright for you.You have chess taught in the schoolson the schoolwork. samefooting as mathematics,physics, geography. That's why a Thenthere is the competitionfor PioneerPalaces Each team youngsteronce leavingschool is ready to play in top class consistsof sevenboys and a girlup to theage of 18and in the final tournamentsl theytake part in a mostunusual type of event Eachteam has a who isa grandmasteror stronginternational master and is I haveoften had occasionto hearsuch words from the lipsof cap'tain'graduate'-of foreignerswho are keen on thedevelopment of chessin theirown itso a that particularPalace. The captains give-clock country.We haveto disillusionsuch people by pointingout that iimultaieousexhibitions against all the remainingteams These they are mistakingthe desirablefor reality,that chessdoes not oamesaTe always verv sharplycontested and the leadinggrand- figureon our schooltimetables. Our childrenbasically have the iiasterscan be expected to droppoints rn them. The points scored sameschool programme, and studythe samegeneral educational bythe captain and by histeam against the other captarns are adoed subjectsas in schoolsthe world over. up to determinethe winner.In suchan eventteam splrlt beNveen Thenwe go on to tell how we do havespecial establishments individualmembers and the captainplays a big role,and useful which do immensegood work in coachingour young chess experienceis passedon from onegeneration to.another' The most players.Those schoolboys and girls who getinterested in thegame popularcaptains are Karpovwho headsthe ChelyabinskPioneer whileat schooland show the best results in schooltournaments get Faiaceteam, Petrosianfor Tbilisi,Tal for Riga,Smyslov for the right to loin the specialchess circles in their localPioneer Moscow,Bronstein for Kievand so on. Palace,just in the sameway as their classmates enroll in circlesfor Thesharpness of the contestcan be shownby the factthat in sport,aircraft modelling, botany or whathave you. In these Pioneer 1979the final winner was Kharkov (V.Savon was captain)coming Palacesthe childrenhave the rightconditions for studyas chess aheadof a numberof teamsfrom thelargest cities.and republics' mastersexperienced in chesscoaching keep an eye on their The next stageonwards as the playersget olderis the USSR development.The chess circles of the PioneerPalaces have been JuniorChampi6nship for playersup to eighteenyears old The theworkshop of our chessdevelopment for manydecades. championsof the variousrepublics qualify for thisevent, with the Manyof our leadinggrandmasters have started in thesecircles furtherprospect of takingpart in the WorldJunior and European Junror Championships. rightdown to AnatolyKarpov, and havehappy memories of them - evenwhen they havepassed on to highereducation and got a Finallyfor ihe highestage group - up to twentyfive therels qualification or profession. the annualtournament of youngmasters. This is the eventlrom Obviouslyour youngstersare attracted not just by thechance to whichwe get mostof thosewho go on to challengethe experienced studytheory but by opportunitiesto play in eventswhich will grandmasrers. developin them the correctqualities needed in a competition Thiswell organised and carefullycontrolled system of coaching player.After a numberof experimentsand trials we haveestablished and competitiv!events ensures that the youngergeneration gets a unifiedsystem of tournamentsfor youngplayers, and this system the chanceto perfectits playand get experiencein roughand hasnow been in operationfor quitea longtime. tumblecompetition against contemporaries The whole system The startingpoint is the schooltournament. Here the best takesin a massivenu-mber of players,and the mosttalented of --F -_

TelevisionTuition 73 72 Schoolsof Chess viewers. control,since they are The TV school has attracted tens of thousandsof them come under even more careful YelizavetaBykova who answers schoolswhose fame has spread FormerWomen's World Champion enrolledin oneof the theoretical with the answersto the homeworkalways world. First placeamongst these ls taken by viewers'letters and deals throughoutthe to the studiowith a huge casefull of readers'Ietters. Botvinnik'sschool. comes Particularlytouching are the lettersfrom invalidsand the bed- who onceagain get the chanceto participateactively in TelevisionTuition ridden worldof SovtetTV chessand to try to raisetheir qualification status Morethan a decadeago a seniorfigure in the various lessonsof chesstheory Theprogramme goes out overvarious channels and at hadthe excellent idea of startingsystematic the wholeof the vastcountry with hasbecome a popularprogramme In every differenttimes in orderto cover on TV. Sincethen it zones.The programmelasts half an hour since giving to thosewho enloy chess in theirleisure its differenttime home entertainment variousexperiments we cameto theconclusion that this is the time. aindi-nstruction and a chanceto improvechess status for after optimumtime for sucha programme. thosewho takeit moreserlously. in turn,each once a and improvementsthe TV ChessSchool The four levelsof instructionare shown Aftervarious changes the four goesout on differentchannels at format.The period of instructionis three years and month.So eachof now hasa set timesbut at the rateof oncea week.The show lasts all anyonewho wantsto enrollfor formalinstruction has to senda different personaldetails and vear roundwith the seriousstudy covering the ninemonths of postcardbefore the course begins giving short glven (beginner,4th 3rd categoryetc) autumn,winter and springand the threesummer months hischess qualification category, is in assessingthe degreeto which overo\,/erto ratherlighterliohter material I and revision. Then there anattempt This informationis needed andpopular tales. successfullyand alsoin orderto make at introducingelements of theatre,humour homeworkhas been done grandmasterAverbakh has often sharedwith entryon the student'squalification ticket' For example theappropriate his discoveriesin the field of the historyof chessin Thereare four divisionsin the school.The youngest viewers are viewers 'White the directionof chess particularthe historyof the chesspieces. He hasalso written a enrolledin the Rook'school under poem. Belavenets(daughter of the famousMoscow screenversion of an ancientchess masterLyudmilla has done severalprogrammes on methodicianof the 1930's).Separate lessons apply for The author of this book masterand humourin chess.One particularly successful programme combined beginnerswhere master Boris Shashin is in chargeOf coursethe players instructionand entertainment by callingon actorsfrom the Gogol ma-inpart of the schoolis that for category which works put play'The - wlth YuryAverbakh and-the Theatrein Moscow.This was the theatre which on the undertwo headings the endgame my longnovel of thesame name ancj gamewitii Kotov.This is {or playersfrom 4th up to 2nd Whiteand the Black'based on middle devotedto the liteof the greatRussian player Alekhine. An extract category. play in to lastthree years and a personwho from the wasshown on TV summer. Eaih courseis scheduled givinga simultaneousexhibition against for a coursemay carry on in the nextthree year cycle. Thisdepicts Alekhine hasenrolled thirtyrtu German officers of the GeneralStaff in occupiedPraquePrague in Averbakhdeals with simplepositions and then goeson to the German positionaladvantage in more 1943.The lastgame to finishis againsiObersturbannfuhrer Spak methodsof exploitingmaterial and 'l positionis hopelessl The middlegame coursedeals with three resignideclares the Germanofficer,'My complexexamples. board round,and takesthe blackpieces combinations,analysis and assessmentof positionand the Alekhineturns the topiis, himself, says'Play onl'Two movesfollow and the German calculationof variations. and Positionsfor againdeclares that, believeit or not, he must resignas White's One of the specialfeatures is the use of tests. game areten testpositions on ishopeless. solvingare seton eachtopic. Thus there and nowannounces solverof six out of the ten is Onceagain Alekhine turns the board round the endoame.and the successful mate . statusby virtueof a specialdecision of the in threeon White'sbehalf awarded4th category An - the championhas won with bothWhtte ChessFederation. Those who sendin eightcorrect solutlons amusingtouch Soviet andBlack, but howcan this be expressed in chesslanguage for the aregiven 3rd categorystatus and those who solveall ten correctly - year grantingthese TV screen.I must admit it tookme two weeksto figureit out,but I 2ndcategory. At theend of each documents got and someof the most successfulsolvers therein the end./56l awardsare sent out It is play he cansee no defenceagainst the threat, theirqualification certficate in the Moscowstudio This final Blackto and receive sinceafter 1 gO 2 .$h7+ gf8 3 gh8+ he is mated.When awardceremony rs transmitted widely on vartouschannels 74 Schools of Chess Teleision Tuition 75

Systemused for theOtborochnii). From here qualifiersmove on to the First Divisionof the 7:,27.:.,t with only the winnerof the Otborochniiseeded A' Championship 7:., .E;: directto the Top League.Then the leadingfew from the First 7:.2 7l/ra Divisionqualify for theTop League held at theend of theyear. Thus Hr 7 a strictprinciple of promotionand relegationaccording to actual ''/.t .L resultsis observed. Duringthe restof the yearthere is an extensiveprogramme of tg, 2 events,both individualand team.The chiefones are the Soviet Soartakiad,the USSRCup and variousinternational tournaments Alekhinetakes Black he makesthe re1oinder1 ... flh4l when suchas the CentralClub tournament, the ChigorinMemorlal, the Whitecan only takethe rook with knight- 2 fl Xh4? ge 1+ KeresMemorial in Tallinnand soon. mates.So 2 4ixh4 $c3 andWhite could see no defenceto mate As is well known our grandmasterscompete in international at b2, sinceif 3 $c1 $a 1* winningthe rook and then the pinned tournamentsthroughout the world as well as helping countries that knight. are backwardin chessby meansof lectures,exhibitions and Onceagain Alekhine takes White and goes 3 gh8+l gXhS 4 coaching. 196+ andmate next move. Ourtop playersare doubtless affected by themassiveness of our Thewhole value of thisexample was brought out after the actors organisationand the consciousness that they serve the peopleand had performedthe scenewhen the playwas examinedfrom a sohave special obligations. The scale of Sovietchess is immense - technicalpoint of view.This is an excellentexample of combinative more than three millionorganised players, one millionof them playexploiting open lines.The finalcombination with the queen categoryplayers, spread throughout 148,0OO collectives and sacrificeon h8 is a tvoical 'ambush'combination. Thus an 1.5OOclubs. There are nearly 7O0 masters, 61 grandmastersand entertainingepisode is usedfor instructionpurposes.' 13 worldchampions out of 18.The work of popularisingthe game Beforepassing on to the topicof sp€cialchess schools in the in the outsideworld is also immense - morethan 25 countriesa USSRwe follow the path of ihe improvingplayer. When he yearare visited by our chessrepresentatives. becomesan adulthe passeson intoadult competitions which are basedon strictcompet,tion and qualification.Only in very rare Different Nuancesof the Word 'School' casesdoes the SovietChess Federation make so boldas to try to ln art and literaturethe word 'school'can be understoodas a correctthe consequences of bad luck or misfortune. definitecreative trend which unites people throughout the world in The main event of the year for all playersis the Soviet their viewson the subjectin question.Then there is also the Championship.No matterwhat a player'shigh standing may be a meaningof a combinedorganisation havrng its own building, head, grandmastercan be authorisedto missthis eventonly by the teachingstaff and programme of studies. Praesidiumof the ChessFederation. On the otherhand if the top In the periodof the 192O'sto the 1940'sthere were no playersfind it hardto get out of competingin the championshrp, organisedschools where chess was taught in someform or other, aspirantsto takepart in it findit justas hardto getin. yet from the very first stepsalong the roadto creatinga nattve Thequalification system works as follows:- Schoolof Chessthree trends emerged as regardsunity of views The list of entrantsfor the Suoer Leaouestarts with tne and principles.These were the Leningradschool, the Moscow Otborochnii(Selection) tournament or from specialquarter-final schooland the Ukrainian school. groups (The ChessFederation has not yet come to a final A leadingrole was playedat once by the Leningradschool, conclusionwhich tournamentsare betterbut more and more althoughin assessingthe resultsof Leningrad-Moscowmatches, of protestsare being madeagainst the 13-round.64-man Swiss tournamentperformances of the timeand evenin analyticalwork we notea prolongedsharp rivalry between the representativesof 'Translatar's thecapital city and Leningrad. Nate A,254 page book Chess Schoo/ was ssued n 1976 to After RevolutionLeningrad maintained its massot accompafy the TV course Apart from contrrbutonsby Kotov and Averbakhrt the October contans an BOpage accoullt by Yudovlchof the hrstoryof chessand the theoryof strongand theoretically experienced masters. These great connois' the opef ngs seursand strongpracticians raised their research work to a high _-

'School' Different Nuancesof the Word 77 76 Schoolsof Chess goodin developingtalent. ln this sincetheir city wasthe placewhere in thosedays havedone an immenseamount of levelespecially first of all the schoolsof Botvinnik,of the only chess magazineShakhmatny Lr.slok was published.A reso€ctwe must name andof Kart. leading-numberiole was played by playerswho becameSoviet Champions Karseladze, on a of occasionsor took high placesin the national championship- Levenfish,Romanovsky, llyrn-Genevsky, l.Rabino- Soviet lmmortals Beforedealing with theseschools of a new type and their vichand so on. 'oraduates'we presence suchpedagogues there emerged wouldlike to takea lookin passingat the recent Naturallvwith the of or young talentsheaded by the leaderof Sovietchess aihievementsof those playerswho may be calledveterans a wave of 'candidate-veteransl playerswho for almosta quarter Botvinnik.Here we find Ragozin,Chekhover, Lisitsyn and Theseare the Mikhail the country'scolours and still others. Later on came a fresh generationof grandmasters, of a centuryhave been defending graduates LeningradPioneer Palace who weretaught by the figure-We high up in thelists of the bestin theworld. of the in thetr sporting Zak- Taimanov,Spassky, Korchnoi and others. are interestedmoreover not so much trainer thought,or deprivedthem of A simrlardevelopment is seenin Moscow.After the October results.Age has not dulled their keen Nenarokov,Grigorilev, and their inventivenessand fantasy.They play such deep convincing Revolutionchess \6s supported'193O'sby in we havethe emergenceof a oamesthat their play still attracts those who esteemthe element of A.Rabinovrch.Then the question gamewas played group of youngtalented masters - Ryumin.Kan, Belavenets, 5rt in chess,for whom the of how a Yudovich,the theoreticianSimagin and so on. They competed playsas greata partas what its result was. Leningradplayers both in matchesand We trustthe gameswe now demonstratewill act asa compass successfullywith the is in research. for the readerin hisstriving to assimllatethe bestthat there theoretical his play and The Ukrainianschool provided massive reinforcements. Here a chess,will stimulatehim to work at improving wasplayed by the outstanding theoretician Rauzer who understanding. leadingrole thinking.His inventedmany systemsin variousopenings along with another MikhailTal remainsfull of force in his inventive Thesewere followed by new names gameshave always been artistic and excitingwith theirrevelation of theoreticianKonstantinopolsky. will wereto makethe Ukrainefamous throughout the world - {he struggleof the pieces,yet the keenstudent find other who games getrave notices from Boleslavsky,Bronstein, Geller. Stein and others. hiddenfacets in them. Certainly his still 'The War broughtsignificant changes to the hisfellow orandmasters. As Taimanovonce wrote ex-world The GreatFatherland paralysing geographicallocation of our schoolsof players.By the middleof champion's=combinations often exert a sortof influence -194O's of surprise the there had been a movementof peopleto Moscow on the opponent'splay. lt wouldseem that the element and Romanovskyfrom Leningrad,Bronstein, playsa bigpart in this: Botvinnik,Levenfish game 1 Konstantinopolskv and Gellerfrom the Ukraine This rather Howminv surprisemoves there are ln this f romthe 979 weakenedthe two areasmentioned, though they still put upa good Yuooslavia-USSRmatch. resistanceto the capitalin team matches.We must be honest thoughand say that the Leningradschool has fallen back from the Tal-Velimirovi6 EnglishOpening players. I c4 c5 2b3 Ac6 3 Pb2 e5 4I 93g3 d6 5 Ag2 AeG 6 Ac3 pointof thedevelopment of leading gxh3 In our days The RussianFedeation has playeda big part in €/d7 7 Al3 Ah3 8 Axh3 I Ads producingsuch namesas Polugayevsky,the late Bondarevsky, Black'sopening play cannot be approvedof. Whiie hasa slight Krogiusand others Therehas beena butdef inite advantage. Tseshkovsky,Sveshnikov, gd7 growthof talentin theBaltic Republics where the names of Taland 9 . . . 1Oe3 lceT 11 lc3! for themselves.We shallhave occasion later to speak Avoidingexchanges and maintaining superior development. keresspeak (57) of the specialfeatures of the Georgianschool with itsflowering of 11 .. . af6 12O-Oe/.13 Ag5 d5 14cdW5 femaletalent. 15Axr! isan outlineof thevarious schools from the point of viewof Talas everwas! When he hasthe chanceto makean intuitive That ptece territorialdistribution. On top of thisin our daysthere has been the sacrificehe neverretreats. favourabledevelopment of schoolsin theproper sense of theword 15...€)xf716f3 Lineopening, so that the position of theenemy king in the centre withoutany territorial '195O'slimitations. Fromthe onwardswe havehad certain schools which becomesa primefactor.

78 Schoolsof Chess Soviet lmmortals 79 consistingof threeislands. Petrosian considers this a considerable oositionalplus and has frequentlyexploited such an apparently t% advantage. '/12.,.xtru,x slight .{.gb2 % 21 fic4 22g9c2 gxc2 23 $xc2 Qd4 24 $fl e5 25 ,&A 26 27 g3 %v"il Ae €g7 flc2 PcdS 'bad'bishopAds %7t% Afterthis Black is leftwith a againstWhite's active 4 .f\ knight.Why bad?Because the pawnson blacksquares in the t\ v) .* +) _;( ./a,t centrerestrict Black's bishop while opening up manywhite square JFt lY ru optionsfor the knight.This factor is exploitedby Petrosianfrom 2H& now on whichis why Blackwould havedone betterto retaina ghs+ 16 ... Aexds 17 fe lxc3 18 $xc3 gxe4 19 knightfor thedefence of theseweak white squares. xds g16 €e6.-Avoidinq 28 Axds! H 29 Sg2 30 Ad2 trb8 31 Ac4 trb4 the nicefinish 19 .. gSg 20 AxfO gf 21 flxf6 32 Hdz Hb7 permits ge7 22 8$.d5+Sg7 23 $95 mate. Black a strikingfinish, but other moveswould not 20 gh3+ €/d6 21 b4! prolongresistance for long. A veiy cunningmove doubtless foreseen by Whitein assessing 33 Ae3 trd734 Ag4+ gfs hischances afteithe knightsacrifice Now files are opened on the 34 $e6 35 Nxe5 {xeS 36 trde2trd5 37 f4 leaves pawn $-sideand the poorblack king can find no refuge.. Whitea up,whereas now comes a strikingf inish. 21 . . . &c7 22 trcl trcg23 Efs!894 24peS+ &d7 25 gfl- ge4 59 /// - of savingit './tt t7t SpeiOsup the end,but therewere no realchances './/r/ evenafter the right move25 . . c4. 2 ....&,"/&@'/.:t",:tt7 26 Ec4 8c6 27 th3 8e6 28 Axf6 gf 29 Ee4! t '.,/lt:.,.A, .E- 76t/:..'&, 58 /:/. f ./ 7 ft L, H. 'r&&'/& %"r& ::lrt H2 '/&t 35 Exd4! 1-0.Any recapture at d4 allowsmate in two. The performanceof 54-yearold YefimGeller in winningthe 7 Super Leagueof the Soviet Championshipat Minsk, 1979, %t, produceda real furore.The point was not just the easyand convincingvictory by the veteranin takingthe goldmedal, but the A strikingfinish to a strtklnggame. strikingnature of hisvictories, mostly full of combinativepossibilities. Here 29 . . . $xa2 3O flxcS+ 1-0 is oneof thern. lf MikhailTal makesthe fan ecstaticwith hisfine combinations theother ex-champion. Tigran Petrosian, continues to impresswith Geller-Anikayev SicilianDefence the accuracyof his manbeuvresand his filigreetechnique The 1 e4 cS 2l{3 e6 3 d4 cd 4 lxd4 lf6 5 lc3 d6 6 $e2 samematch against Yugoslavia saw the following interesting game: Ae7 7 O-OO-O I f4 Nc6 9 Se3 a6 10 a4 The well-knownScheveningen wriation. White tries to slow Petrosian-lvkov SlavDefence downBlack's expansive activities on theg-side whilepreparing to g-side. 1 d4 d5 2 c4 c6 3 Af3 lf6 4 e3 eG5 Ads AbdT 6 Abd2 stormthe c5 7 b3 8 O-O 9 Aa3 b5 10 cd axd5 11 O-012 10... Ad7 11Sf3 las128e28c7 13g4! 96 Ag7 Ae4 played 15i3 AdG &t r+ Axcs EaxcS 15 He1.€2hB16 e4! The start of a bold stormingoperation which is with trcl youthf vim. must now 13 te tz Axea At+ te Ecz g'f5 19 dc lxcS 2o $xcS bc ul Gellerconsiders that Black continue TheExchanqeshave resulted in a splitpawn formation for Black Ac4 1495 le8 15Afs Ad8. Eventhen White's atbck looks 80 Schoolsof Chess Sovietlmmorbls BI

Drettvforceful. Wth characteristicludgment White has satisfied himself that the 13 . . . [fc8 14 Qe8 15 f5 lc4 16 g6 17 fg fg 18 pu*n at a4 wrllgive him definite advantage in the endrng 95 Ahs ou.i"J advantageis 9f2 6e5 [OJrvd witn admrrationhow thisapparently slrght Thereis no otherway of supportingf7, butWhite's initiative now "^i9cxolotted with amazlng accuracY' becomesformidable. .. ieS 2o as .;tc t 21 E'11ad2zz, --1at.-'a8-?3 a6 g"f825 '-c3 26 -;a4!d427-.1d1 e52a 19 Af3 Ag7 20 Axes trfg 21 Afl/ Axhs *ii =azAq 95 \ A decisivemistake leading to a stormyfinish. AIter 21 . . . gh 22 fi"S""iniiou*n naA 29 i..:'b3tl.b6 30 E Yd8+ -e- d8 31 a7! $d4 White'sattack remains threatening, but Blackhas chances of ,snow almost a queen,and f inallyties down all Black's resrstrng. {orceswith a decisivebreakthrough In theoiflng 60 31 . . . ;b6 32; xb6 lxb6 33 i 'a5! 7L2.,iw ary /&r. ol t z 772,t tlt 2t'17.., 7.2.,2 2 AI 'XL'/.tt/.'/L,,, f, ./Y. 7,2,'.E-<7.,,ft.,,N7.2.. 71,,t 72.,,z) Tl/., & la a d& a th AA z t, ,& ././r./r.,&, 22 adsl A piecesacrifice clearing the way for thebishop at e3 to takethe longdiagonal. Black has to takethe knight. Thetriumph of methodicaland accurate play in theglqlorla1lon withlts fall all 22 ... ed 23 Ah6+ &s7 24 947+! trxf7 25 HxrT+ of slightadvantages. The c6 pawnis indefensible and €)h8 26 Ad4+ Af6 27 E xf6 1-0 hopesof successfulresistance disappear. LevPolugayevsky too, alas, is a candidatefor thetitle of veteran. 5s . . . €"2 34 Axc6+ €/d6 3s ab4 ae6 36 Ad5 Aa8 In hisgames you will not find the intuitive sacrifices of a Tal,nor the 37 af6 h5 38 $ds NecT 39 le8+ 1-0. fearsomeattacks of a Geller,but thetrue chess fan iswon overby theaccuracy of hismanoeuvres and hisboldness and decisiveness ChessTrainers and their Background at the crucialstages hisgames. Thus grandmaster Thechess organisation of everycountry sooner oT later comes of the lVoscow '1979 managedto win this gameat a key stageof the Riga up againstthe q"uestionof chesscoaching and the trainersneeded Interzonalagainst an opponentwith immenseexperience of top- to rJn it. Wherecan thesetrainers be got from, what sort of levelcontests. qualificationsand trainingdo theyneed? Does the trainerhave to be a strongplayer who-is now no longerplaying in top,,events Polugayevsky-Larsen SlavDefence Oecauieof"tAe age factor?Can a youngmaster cope.with such findrnglhe 1 Af3 6f6 2 c4 cG3 d4 d5 4lc3 dc 5 a4 5 e4 7 *o*? tn" experiSnceol Sovretchess will be helpfJlin la6 Sg4 to devotesome Axc4e68Ae3Ab49grd3Axf3 10gf lc7 11 flsl lhS answerto thesequestions, so we havedecided 12$.e2 spaceto it. Boldand unusualplay in theopening. The white pawn'fist'is Firstof all let usdefine terms and restrict our taskto the proper veryformidable and sweepsaway all Black'sattempts to get the senseof coaching.During top classevents, especially those initiativein thecentre. involvinqthe worl6 championshipqualifying cycle one seesthe 12 . .. 13d5! playersiegularly accompanied by a well'knowngrandmaster or s6 player Not fearingany shadows White opens files in the vicinityof his master.lnis persor]is the second whose task it lsto helpthe king.This is Polugayevsky'sconcrete assessment at work. in-nisprepaiatior.r before the eventand beforeeach game' often and-givrngadvice 13 . . . Ad6 14 dc bc 15 gd4 O-O16 trdgl Axh2 iar..i"q;ait ,n Lhecho:ce ol openingvariations The Danishgrandmaster himself hurries to exchangequeens "ltur""*n qameis rinishedand rs 6erngana'ysed The-main rask sincefurther play in the middlegame would be riskyfor Black. i"nOs-toUeiitisting in the analysis of adjburnedgames The'period the llext such 17 gxdg EfxdS 18 trxd8 EXdS 19 SxaT of service'ofsuch seconds is not longand during -7---

and PuPil 82 Schoolsof Chess Trainer eventthe player may invite someone else to be hissecond this time. charge- qualitieso{ a goodsecond, and is it reallyessential In-studyingopenings it is harmfuland too much likerote learnlng Whatare the workto haveone at all?Possibly it is better to try to do it allon yourown? to considera]t the openings, but it isalso wrong to restrict to opponentto Doesa secondalways help, or canhe actually be a hindrance? one^-^. o..'. t*otr.ryo openlngsor)entnos whtchwhlch makesit too easveasyfor the if a potentialsecond not only prepare.^.onare A ooodgood deal of attention oughtouqht toto be givento typical Thesimple answer must be that 'When. pr,eryri.ns.19role knowsthe gamewell but isa friendof yoursthen make use of his Snoiitu,..dnames. As KasparovKr recalls, I was you be surethat you can rely on him for good ierni's*ort in the Botvinnikschool I hadto spenda lot of timeon services.lf can positionin my overnightanalysis of an adjournedgame while you get your tlnq and pawnendings so whenI cameto a tricky valuablesleep then it isworth having him. ow-n- qames I knewthe winning methodl Howeverif you haveany fears that as soonas you go to bed iet"it standsto reasonthat the malnattention must be focussed yoursecond will not be long in followingyour example after a quick on themiddle game, the principalphase of thegame ln suchstudy two variationsfor the sakeof form and will it is usetutto riork throughthe analysisof all sortsof gamesand lookthrough one or of makeout nextmorning that he hasslaved through the night,then oositionsand to annotategames, both one'sown and those sucha falsehelper is better done without. others.'ln Moreovercan sucha helperfor one eventbe calleda trainer? chessas in any otherform of sportthe guaranteeof future personwho is concernedwith his successis a prop€rlylaid down trainingprogramme lnere are Certainlynot! A traineris a to chargeday by day,and paysa lot of attentionto the work We manyhabits whiih haveto be inculcatedsuch as the ability for certaine\€nts but they must not be calculatevariations, the correctassessment of position,the accuraie cerbinlyneed seconds of confus€dwith trainers. iealisationof advantage,the correct psychologicalchoice It is an interestingfeature of chessthat the opportunitiesfor continuation.All theseCan be, and mustbe, developed by specBl up a groupof trainingpersonnel are greater than in other traininql(Dvoretsky). building moredifficult, sportingactivities. ln mostof the lattera personbecomes a trainer Wh;n a trarnerhas several pupils his task becomes finishinghis active career at sometime in histhirties sincehe hasto havean individualapproach to each.A knowledge or coachafter in orderto be In chesson the otherhand a trainermay well continue his own of eachpupil's strengths and v\,€aknesses isessential getting results.For examplethere is ableto buildon theone and try to reducethe other' careerand carryon excellent player's playat Madrid1973 by thelate Semyon Furman who Hereare some other commentsby Dvoretsky:- A theexcellent partsof his competedthere along with his famouspupil AnatolyKarpov. attentionshould be constantlyfixed on the backward youngergrandmasters have as trainerinternational play,and specialexercises on thesethemes should be constantly Severalof our pupils point masterl\4ark Dvoretsky who is stillactive in tournamentplay and i'epeated.Tb quotea few examples{rom my own I can hashopes of the grandmastertitle for himself.Botvinnik had as out that Cheki-rovwas poor in endgametechnique so I constantly trainerfor a longtime that charmingperson Vyacheslav Bagozin workedon drawinghis attention to standardmethods ot endgame who combineda bigworkload with participationas a competitorin piayin variedpositions. As a resulthe madeswift and obvious Drooress.' the 1948Interzonal tournament. 'l haswritten thus:- feelthat it is no lessinteresting T"henaoain Dolmatov was lacking in physicalstamina, so he had Dvoretsky and to bea trainerthan to playoneself. I even take greater delight in the to Ooa tot of sport(running, foot6all, swimming and so on) of my ladsthan I do in my own. HoweverI water treatment*in order to strengthenhis nervous-.system tournamentsuccesses nour haveno intentionof givingup practicalplay, I enjoymeettng strong Nowadayshe hasenough staying-power to lastout a tulltlve playersat the boardand my impressionsas a practicalplayer can playingsession and a wholetournament. be oi useto me as a trainer.Possibly other strong players from amongstour grandmastersand masterswould like to combinethe two 'specialities'?After all creative contact with taiented, clever and curiousyoungsters can bring great pleasure!' the or-ga|sm 'Translatar's Nole Water treatmerri A system ol strengthellrrg rs rubbedwth coo arra Trainerand Pupil *,O"iv i"iorn'""nO"O rrrSovret sports lterature The bodv bathsand sw m'nlnq Experiencein theSoviet Union has given some guidellnes to help latercold watea and sponge unt I rt becomesused even to co d a trainerworking regularly with one (or several)people under h1s i11the openarr durrng irosty weatner

-L- Botvinniks ChessSchool 85

monmumentalstrategy. Just as the visible part of an icebergmakes up onlyone sixth of its height,so too in thisbattle the greaterpart of the ideasare notbrought out. ln sucha casethe consequences of the slightestmisbke are quite considerablel It is easyto understandthat the schoolof sucha greatexpert attractedthe best talentfrom throughoutthe country.These includedwhat are now very well-knownnames such as Anatoly 9 Botvinnik'sChess School Karpovfrom Zlatoust,Yury Balashovfrom Schadrinsk,Yury Flazuvayevfrom lvoscow.Later on they werejcined by Yelena Akmilovskayafrom Krasnoyarsk,Harry Kasparov from Baku,Artur Yusupovand SergeiMakarichev from Moscow.All partsof our largecountry were represented. The chessorganisation of SovietTrade Unions had the excellent It didnot take long to settlehow the work should be organised. lt ideain 1963of settingup a smallschool that would coach some of wasdecided to meetface to facein shortsessions two or three themost gifted young players of thecountry. Former world champ- timesa year.These get-togethers normally took placein Moscow ion MikhailBotvinnik, our greatesttheoretician, and a Doctorof duringthe schoolholidays at NewYear and in the spring,while in TechnicalScience expressed the desire to runthe school where the the summerthe venuewas a holidayresort or healthcentre. The studiestake place by post.For administrationof the school realised how difficult it isto teachchess 'gfaduates'nearly two decadesthis school has been turningout who havea fine graspof chess at a higherlevel, especially on the basisof a correspondence strategyand tactics,experience of practicalplav and the routtne course.The studies had to be adjustedto the individualfeatures of neededfor this.Most important of allthey have had developed in each student,his character,age, health,style of play and themthe knackof workingindependently at chess study. preferences.A great deal had to betaken into account in particular Therecan be no doubtthat the mainfeature of the schoolis its howto developa lovefor thegame and how to stimulatehis strong head.Botvinnik's name has figuredin the world of chess,and oointsand eradicate his weak ones. outsideit too,for morethan half a centurv.The'oatriarch'of Soviet Thestandard study method is simpleand convincing.When he chess,as we lovinglycall him, has gone throughan tmmense goeshome from a sessioneach student gets his own individual experienceof matchand tournamentplay. He took part in more assignmentwhich has been carefully thought out by the coach. thanfifty top-class tournaments in hisforty years of activeplav, was Duringthe longbreak between sessions the studenthas to work worldchampion for thirteenyears, winning or defendingthe tifle on throughthis assignment. and at the nextsession he mustmake a fiveseparate occasions, and playedfor our winningOlympiad side reporton what he hasdone. The principle is thusstrictly followed srxtrmes. that the assignmentsare individualbut the reportson them are Heis a playerwho to an unprecedentedextent penetrated deepiy collective. into the possibilitiesof the game,more than all the remaining So the daysof the sessionfly by as the keenstudents give an grandmastersof hisday. Another world champion Tigran Petrosian accountof theirprogress and take part in thegroup assessment of haseloquently described the emotions of a playerwho hadto siton theothers in turn,all the while taking note of thecritical comments theother side of theboard from Botuinnik.He once told how hard by thecoach. At theend of eachsession a freshassignment is set he foundit to playagainst Fischer, but thenwent on, 'Yetit was whichmust be carried out beforethe nextmeeting. harderto playagainst Botvinnikl You got a feelingthen of having Thestudents are not frightened of toughassignments, but rather noway out. This vr,as a !€ry unpleasantfeeling. Once in conversation welcomethem, knowing that suchhard tasks are a freshstep on with KeresI toldhim about this and even drew the comparison of the roadto p€rfection. Botvinnikas a bulldozerclearing ever!,thing path. Duringhis life a pupilhas to learnfrom many teachers. He learns 'Just awayfrom its Keressmiled and commented thinkwhat it waslike for those hisnative language, mathematics, natural sciences. Often teachers who hadto playhim when he was younger': willtell how theylearned and studied.Yet in the chessschool the Noless expressive are the words of Geler,describing his feelings pupilshave a teacherof the highestclass who can passon the as he satdown at the play lessonslearned in top classtournament play as wellas the secrets 'Games boardto l\likhailMoiseyevich. aganst Botvtnnik,as a rute, are a batfle aqainst of theoryworked out by the mostoutstanding researchers in this 86 BotvinnikbChess School Botvinnik'sChess School 87 field over the last half century.That is why the time spentin Karpov-Botvinnik Caro-KannDefence Botvinnik'sschool and the counselhe givesis rememberedso Clocksimultaneous played November 13th, 1963, in Moscow. vividlyby hispupils. 1 e4c62d4 d5 3 lc3 96 AnatolyKarpov recalls'My studies with Botvinnikbrought me Let's get away from standardplay to see how he thinks immensebenefit, particularly the homeworkassignments which independentlvof theorY. forcedme to referto chessbooks and to work indeoendentlv: 4 at3 Lg7 5 ;f4;94 6 ed cd 7 1\b5 HarrikKasparov, a student of the nextgeneration backs him up thereis the simple defence 7 . . . butwhat if we try to 'ln Now Aa6. 1973when I wasstill a boywho just liked playing chess Mikhal oosemore difficultproblems for the lad.Go deliberatelyfor an Moiseyevichinvited me to joinhis school. There is no priceI could inferiorposition to seehow he goesabout exploiting an advantage. namefor thethings I gotfrom it in thecourse of thefive years I was 7 . . . &8I h3 Axf3 9 g'xf3 lc6 1Oc3 Af6 11 Ad3 a6 there.He does not usehis authority to beardown too hardon the 12 ba3 Bb6 14 8e2 Ahs 14 Ae3 {9c7 15 O-OAf4 16 g'd2 pupilsand to imposehis viewson them.Botvinnik is the person AX€ 17 $.xd3 h5 18lc2 who confirmedin methe view that Alekhine's chess is my sorttoo. Thislad manoeuvres well, as I havenoticed earlier. The knight at At eachstage he suggestshis approach. At thebeginning ot 1977| a3 wasaway from thecentre, so he bringsit overthere to the real becameSoviet Champion for the secondtime scorlng 8l/2 sceneof activity. out of 9 and winningthe title with a roundto spare.I went to 18 . . . Af6 19 f4 e5 20 6)e1 h4 21 4lfs Ae7 22 Aes Afs Moscowwith the ideathat everythingwas going swimmingly for 23 Ac1 €97 me.There at the schoolMikhail Moiseyevich congratulated me on Artificialcastling achieved, now it is time to expelhis my victoryand suggestedthat I go throughmy winninggames. knightby.. f6. HereI wasseverely criticised at somepoints in themby hrm.yet to 23 Ht2 Ae7 25 gd3 b5 26 Ad2 b427 He2 a5 28 Eael hearfrom Botvinnikthat the qualityof my playin the recentevent Aha!Karpik is getting ready to presswith all his pieces on e6,so gavehim great hopes for mewas the heightof happinessl for thetime being I do bestto avoid. . f6. A point to note here is that the pupil is not automatically 28 . . . Ea6 29 grd3 grbT 3O flcl fic8 31 Pel a4 32 c4? permittedto makehis report on theassignment. Before this is done What'she doing? He doesn't see the simple knight capture at d4. his overallprofile and progressbetween sessions is assessedbv PossiblyI shouldn't bke thepawn? l'd preferto playthe game on to experiencedteachers. These ask themselves what are his results in check his plav more deeply,yet that move would producea tournaments,what are his exam results and academic progress at resignableposition. Well, there's nothing one can do aboutthat. The school,is he fit, does he take part in sport,does he know the history lad makeselementary oversights. l'll exploitit, and after the of chess?They also check up all his games,assessing their exhibitionl'll give him a tellingoff. A plaveraiming at masterymust strndard.Only if all thesethings are in good ordercan the pupil ruleout allslips and chance occurrences from hisplay. aopearbefore his fellows and relatehow he hastackled the tasks 32 ... Axd4 assignedto himby Botvinnik. Now he'sseen it and is perplexed.There are eventears in his Thissuperb school is organisedby wisepedagogues. lt is the eyes.Never mind, he hastc toughenup. dreamof thousandsof boysand girlsto qualifyfor it. Boysare 33 Ed2 AfS 3a trdc2 Ne3 35 Ee2 dc 36 Axc4 Axc4 37 admittedfrom the 11- 18 age group.girls f rom 13- 18. Onlythe E xc4 Hd6 38 ge4 mostpromising talents are admitted. In additionto theoreticalassignments there are practicaltrials 62 suchas simulta neous exhibitions. Hereis an examplefrom one such exhibition which will be useful for allchess coaches to workthrough. The thoughts attributed here to Botvinnikmay not be exactlythose thoughts that he hadat the time,but this is the directionin whichthey will havegone, as he bothtried to discoverwhat his opponent knew and tried to playin sucha waythat the pupilwould extract the maximumbenefit from theencounter. Well now, exchangingon e4 finishesit. lf he takeswith the e2 -V

Yuri Balashov 89 88 Botvinnik's ChessSchool Then there are his resultsin the USSF Championshipwhere he rook then a further exchangeon c4 and it is a purely technlcal second in 1976 and equal third-fourthin 1979 - enviable matter. What has he shown so far? Calm play in the opentng was Finallyhe hasoften takenfirst placein stronginternational without strivingfor too much, reasonablemanoeuvring play, but stability. game I haven'tlearned all tournaments. thena pawn givenaway. So the endsand of theory,and by thiswe dc not iust PossiblyI give him the chance to He hasa fine knowledge that much about him. should ,an not for nothinqnothingthat Karpovchose queen? meanopeningonenino variatlonsvariations. lt was not show a bit more?What if I give up the | could check his 1978world title match at Bagutoi can do. himas hischief second in the techniquethen. So let'ssee what the ladfrom the Urals myselfto seehow hard he worksat this ln 38 ... g,xb7 nive naa occasion Exc4? Af640 Axb47 '1970| washead of the Sovietdelegation at the FischerTaimanov Oh, oh, yet anotherbad slip.He's losing again, and Tolyahas there,along with Vasylkov,as got winningchances he mitcn in Vancouverand Yuriwas tearsin his eyesagain. As soonas he had broughtwith himalmost all Fischer's he is still young and inex- iii.rnou't second.He blundersaway a bishop.Obviously on endhe kept filling his notebook with all sorts periencedand his nerves give way. gamesand for days of analyses. 40 . .. AaA+ 41 €lh2 trb6 42 8e7 Ecxb4 thefinal hurdle in perfectinghis play pointthe game was broken off andadludicated a draw by Sohb onlyhas to overcome At this makeit to the verytop. What is thisslight detail that theappointed third pafi. in orderto himback from this? Possibly the answer lles in thesewords of Suchcoaching sessions go on yearafter year,and the staff holds 'Yuri Botvinnik: Balashovstudied with me for elghteenmonths I changeslittle by little.Sometimes former students of theschool are is holdinghim backrs an Inadequte Nowadaysthere are quiteyoung feelthat the obstaclewhich enrolledto be teachersthere. position.To someextent he hasovercome thrs by girls there.Who knowswhat will becomeof naturalfeel for boysand studying theother hand he isan excellenttactician and whrle themin thecourse of time? hardwork. On siillin the schoolhe amazed evervbodv by histactlca I conceptions: Ourchess fans have become accustomed to seeingthe reference tacticianhas otten been 'studied of the Botvinnik'scomment about an excellent in Botvinnik'schess school'when they read accounts from the 1979 USSRSuper League performanceesof this or thatyoung chess talent. Yes, echoed.Here is an example tournament firework-likeseries of tacticalblows. his studentshave reached the top in variousevents and someot whichhas a reachthe final stage - an attempt themare exerting themselves to 63 to takethe chesscrown from the mostdistinguished student of 2 g, |&t themall. Anatolv Karpov. t a/L,ia Sowe shalltry to introducethe readerto theleading'graduates' ./t/z7./r.7,',., of this legendaryschool. Perhaps their games and biographywjll 7./2,,.ft't&, stimulatethe readerto strivehimseli to improvehis play. You are ,.//, aboutto go througha picturegallery of playerswhose long years of AANA hard studyunder the guidanceof an experiencedteacher finally + ft28'"'z.t/.:'aat\ paidoff in theirmastery of thetheory and practiceof chess. ',,/t Thisis RomanishinBalashov, in whichlt is levelfor the moment Yuri Balashov go for activeplay on theg-side and opens up files With the exceptionof himseifthis calm, Whitedecides to .the to helpthis. restrained,taciturn oupil of Botvinnikis the one with best 13 a3 b4 14 Aa4 4)d7 15 c3 ba 16 b4 tournamentrecord over the Vears. He hopesbv xa3 and then Efa 1 to partic rlyfine record in qualifying events for theworld White'sidea iJcleai E Hehas a ula pawnoften enough to win it. HoweverBlack has a championship- in the lasttwo cycleshe took first place in special attackthe a6 breathingspace and whileWhite takes two movesto re-establish USSRZone tournaments to determineour representativesfor the playln thecentre lt isw€ll'known (in place). material6quality Black can create FIDEInterzonals 1975 he was in a fourfoldtie for first playis moreimportant than playon tne wrngs is he hasfollowed these successes up in that suchcentre Theannoying thing that isthat Black can soon extend his central play to mediocrefashion, and so has neverqualified for a placein the White'smisfortune the$-side with threats to the king Candidates'lvlatches that his other resultswould indicateas a thisin mostinventive style' leoatimateoutcome. Balashovdemonstrates 90 Botuinnik'sChess School YuriRazuwyev 9l years 16 . . . dsl 17 e5 96 18 942 f6! 19 ef $xf6 20 $a2 $h8 oeriodof studv\&as not very long.Many laterRasurayev 21 gxa3 e5! became the friend and helper of AnatolyKarpov. To spendyears in Sinceseveral white pieces are stranded on the otherside Black thecompany of two suchtitans of chessls thesort of thingothers can hurryto playon the S-sideand usehis superiority there not canonly dream aboui. Razuvayevisthat he is worryingabout loss of material.Some pretty play is coming up. Thegeneral opinion of commentatorson 'baggage' 22 fe Ncxe5 23 lxeS lxeS 24 fladl an excellenttactician, but that his strategical was A betterchance of successfuldefence was 24 ]\e2 whenBlack inadequatefor a longtime and this heldhim backfrom getting wouldcontinue 24 flae8 creatingmany awkward threats. goodtournament results and the grandmastertitle. However hard 24 . . . d4l25 cd lf3+ 26 tr xf3 Axf3 workfinally brought him into the ranks of ourstrongest players and queen in the 1976tournament in Cubahe gainedthe long-awaited title Whitehas to be verycareful as the entryon 93 can be 'Rather 'Razuvayev decisive. belated'wasthe view of thesceptics, getsthe 27 HrI Axg228€xg2 title at the age of thirty-one,yet in our day there are evensome sixteenyear old grandmastersl 64 Howeverthere are no obstaclesfor thosewho reallylove chess. 7.9,27t Thenew'old'grandmaster continued and continues to work hard. t/t:'. t /&t7z ln particularhe hasdevoted @rticular attention to the playof the ',1', great of the pastAkiba Rubinstein. The result of hisstudy 7 Z 7 strategist 'Fizkultura '.".'/',, is the new bookon Rubinsteinin the Moscow i Sport' alfu,^/fu, fu 7 series,but evenmore important the authoris stilllearning and so W tr,tN1.&zfr canreckon on freshsuccesses in the future. Along with tournament /.:/.,t 7@"'/,1,/ appearancesYuri has recently been coaching himself as an assisbnt H :;.t:'2tr2 to Smvslovin a soecialchess school. So this is the third world 28 ... Ah4!! championwith whom he hasworked. Annotatorsnormally call such moves 'quiet' since they do not Notjust tournamentsuccesses impress the truechess fan. The involvecaptures or check,yet, as the quote generally goes on. they sort of finecombinative attack which Razu\€yevproduces enthuses areoften more powerful for allthat. The ability to findsuch hidden him and induceshim to spendhours working through their tacticalblows, especially to foreseethem long before the event, ts ramificatons.Here is an examplefrom the game Razulayev- grvento Tew. Lputvan,First Division, Soviet Championship, Frunze, 1979: 29 $c1 a.// Both29 Qf2 tr xf2+ 30 fi xf2 $93+ and29 Ef3 E xf3 30 65 "&,. €/xf3 g'h2! 31 b5 treB leavethe kingtoo exposed. % 29 ... ghl g,xh3+ %2,,. &g3+ 30 31 €91 8g3+ 32 €/h1 tn n Ef3! % %) AI\ Any experiencedplayer knows that in such positionsthere is l\ .?) i2 hardlyever a wayout for thedefender as the attacking piece enloys 2 suchgreat mobility. z../, /.& 33 Af3 g'h3+ 34 Ssl {$94+ 35 ghl Eh3+ 36 Ah2 ,// H trxh2+0-1 2H Mateor lossof thequeen is inevitableafter 37 $xh2 l\g3+ Black'sposition looks solid, but the experienced player will note a whole set of weak squaresin Black'scamp. This enablesthe Yuri Razuvayev energeticRazuvayev to carry out a combinativeattack involving Whenstill very young he hada strokeof luckthat manyothers someunexpected moves. dreamof. Hewas fortunate enough to turnout on thelunior board 2OlfS! gf for the'Trud'teamin the champtonshipof the voluniarysports societies.*Trud's top boardwas Botvinnlkand soonyoung Yurr 'Trcnslator's &ote. These Inc ude the bettef kno$,rr names of Dlfamo Spartak becamea studentin the school.thouoh for variousreasons thrs Lokomotrv.BLrrevestn k who f e d teams n ai competrtve actrvtles 92 Bouinnik'sChess School Artur Yusupov 93 Blackis forcedto acceptthe offer.Perhaps he thoughtWhite Bowinnik's pupilthan anyoneelse. He workeddirectly under \ €s goingfor perpetLralcheck, but he is soondisabused. Botvinnikfor threeconsecutive years, and then the rest of his 21gxfs trcs careersince then underMark Dvoretsky,but you haveto bearin Therook is badlyplaced here. Moving it to d8 wouldgive better mindthat rnternational master Dvoretsky is also a pupilof Botvinnik, defensivechances. andin recentyears has been assistant to hisold coach. Dvoretskygives great 22$95+ €h7 23 &f5+ €98 24b4 Hc7 25 gss+ gh7 Thecreative co-operation of Yusupovand 26 g'fs+ oleasureto bothof them,and the coach has often said what a fine Th! plaverwho hashad such positions himself will forgive White bupilhe hasand whatloy he geisfrom theirget-togethers. We this repetitionof moveswhich helpsto keepaway the spectreof havespoken of the friendshipof thesetwo, but we reallyshould timetrouble. However the repetittonleads him astray as he could speakof three,since another Botvinnik pupil Sergei Dolmatov has alreadydecide the gamein a few movestry 26 6S4l hg 27 fldS beena regularcompanion to Yusupov.The closenessof their andth; threatof 28 gh4+ iskilling. Should we deprecate this slip? careerscan be gaugedfrom the fact that at the l9TBWorldJunior No, sincethe inaccuracygives the opportunityto admirean Championshipthe goldmedal went to Dolmatovand the silverto exceotionallvf ine tinish. Yusupov,while in the previousevent in 1977 Yusupovhad been playersare olten seen 26 . . . €gB 27 $s5+ &h7 2A 9f5+ €g8 29 trd6! recipientof the gold medal.So the three Anotherline stroke.lf the rookis capturedwe get a quickwin togetherand the coach can give them the same tasks, especjally the f rom the linewe alreadyknow - 29 $xd6 3O $94! So keyassignment - to playin boldfashion and to continueto learn Blackhas to be reconciledto this strengtheningof the attacking allfacets of chessmastery. forces. Yusupovbegan quite early and has only recently left his teens ln 29 . . . Ac8 30 gss+ €h7 1973at theage of thirteenhe representedMoscow in theall-Union Youth Gamesand four yearslater he took the World Junior 66 Championshipso becomingan internationalmaster. Ouite soon t /t@ afterthat he beganhis push to go furtherand he scoredhis first 'x2 grandmasternorm in a tournamentin Holland. ,frH,X A realtriumoh came his way in the 1979USSR Super League at .,&t.,/tzlt72ffi'2 wr. Minskwhere nine famous grandmasters were in contentionfor the '2 '2 ?r..lt Soviettitle, amongst them Tal and Geller.Young Yusupov kept on ,.fu levelterms with them throughoutand only Geller'sfine playjust '.& Theimpresston made on 2 &,A/I.t outdistancedhis rrval who camesecond. histeachers and commentatorswas immense,and they notedln 31 Ad7!! particularhis fine endgame play Theknight is put en priseto four differentpieces, yet cannot be Hereis an example in hiswin over Tal: takenby anyof them!A fine position,which shows the immense forceof theharmoniously placed white pieces. 67 31 . .. gtxdT Tryingto prolongresistance by a queensacrifice. lf 31 E Xd7 then 32 E Xf6 AXf6 33 AxfG with forcedmate. lt is easyto seethe win againstother movese.S. ?2 , Eg8 33 Axf6+ Axf6 34 gxh5+ gs7 35 Axf 6+ el8 36 g'h6+ 32 EXdT! Avoidingthe trap 32 flxf6 whichlooks a simplewin, but then comes32 AxfO 33 Qxf6 $g4l 32 . . . AxdT 33 Axf6 Axf6 34 $xf6 fl xc4 35 ge7 1'O White'sadvantage does r]ot seemso greatand you can only admirehow Yusupovmade use of thisinsignificant plus. Artur Yusupov 21 Edl ! h6 22 $c4! g/b7 23 l9ds! TheMoscow player Yusupov can probablybe consideredmore Onecannot but markthe threeparts of the queenmanoeuvre 94 Botvinnik's ChessSchool Arthur Yusupov 95 with exclamationmarks. White intendsto exchangequeens since rt Thischange of frontby the rook to keepthe passed pawns under is in the rook ending that he can best exploit his positional controlfrom the side brings no easing of thesituation. White simply advantage.Black cannot give way with his queen,say to b8, as playshis freed king to supportthe passeda-pawn. then White'spieces will occupythe 7th rankwith greateffect. 53 €c2 Hd7 54 Sc3 h5 55 €c4 gh3 56 f6 h4 57 $cb 23 . . . grxds 24 E xds f6 25 Hd7 a5 26 a4 e4 €h2 58 Eh8 1-O Thereis no doubtthat this weakens the e-pawn, but Taldecidec Althoughthrs endgame does not containany strikingmoves or on this concessiononly aftera long assessmentof this difficuLt manoeuvresit is an eloquenttribute to Yusupov'sexcellent position.To leavethe pawnon e5 wouldlet the white king come In technique. viathe white squares to e4 andthence either penetrate further on the €-side or go overto win the a5 pawnso forminga winning Harry Kasparov. Dassedoawn. Flohrhad the quizzicalcomment'As far as I canunderstand this 27 trds Bf7 28 g4 g5 29 €g2 €96 30 h4! gameif Kasparovcannot yet be calledan Academicianyet the title Onceagain accurate play. The threat is to forcethe enemyking of professoris certainly his alreadyl backto the lastrank and havea strongcramping pawn at h5. So Thiscomment referred to a playerwho wasonly sixteen at the Blackhas to captureat onceand so weakenhis $-side pawns timeyet had already an impressivelist of tournamentsuccesses. Tal further. claimedthat any successby the lad in the 1979 SuperLeague 30...sh31gh3Ebg wouldbe a sensation.ln the eventhe shared3rd-4th place with With heavyheart Tal decides to surrenderan importantpawn Balashov,yet it is no secretthat somepeople expected even moTe but he had no choicebut to go for an activerook position.lf he from him,esoeciallv after his three wins at the start of the event. remainspassive White takes on h4 andthen plays the king round to Howeverthe youngman has not yet learnedfully how to control f4 to {orcethe win of thee-pawn. hisemotions and makes slips occasionally. 32 €xh4 Ebl 33 EXaS trh1 + 34 €s3 trsl + 35 €)h3 Botvinnik'scomment on this is that evervonemakes slips from trhl+ 36€g2 tra1 37€h2 Ha238€g3 Eal 39€g2 Ea2 timeto time.The hard working Yusupov often has them, so Harry's 40 €g3 Eal 41 tra8! occasionalones should not worry usespecially, he willmature and Thiswas the sealedmove. Analysis of the adjournedposition theywill disappear. enabledWhite to finda winningplan. First of all he advanceshis ln factKasparov's play has already made such an impressionthat passedpawn as far as possibleto reducethe mobilityof theenemy hisstyle and his victories are a talkingpoint notjusi in the USSRbut kingand rook by thethreat of queening. alsoabroad. 41 ... f5 His greatestsuccess abroad was the spring1979 BanjaLuka After manyhours of analysisTal realisedthat passiveplay wtli tournamentwhere he took first placeahead of a fieldof strong lose.Thus if Blackremains passive White advances the pawnto a6 grandmastersincluding Petrosian, Andersson and Browne. His play with the threatof a7 followedby Eg8+ queening.This forces was the high spot of tne eventand the spectatorscrowded in to Blackto keephis king on 96 or 97. ThenWhite will go $f4, watchhim. We shalldoubtless read many books and articles in the exchangehis f2 pawnfor thee4 prawnand penetratewith hisking futureabout his play. A guaranteeof thatis the continuing friendly ertheron theS-side or by gorngover to theaO pawn. contactwhich Kasparov is maintainingwith BoWinnik.He worked 42 gf+ $xf5 zlil a5 fl91 + 44 gh3 Ehl + 45 €g2 Ea1 formallyin the schoolfor fiveyears, and stillregards himself as a 46 a6 $94 pupil,in the sensethat after nearlyevery game he phonesup lf the kingretreats to 97 or h7 to preventthe standardwin (say Botvinnikhoping to hearhis mentor's praise, but also ready to hear with Black'sking on f7 or e7JoI a7 followedby fih8 fi xa7 withgratitude any critical comments that may come. Eh7+, thenWhite simply exchanges the a6 pawnfor thee4 one Flohrpoints out thatthe youngman is full of concentrationand andthe two unitedpassed pawns ensure an easywin. seriousin hisattitude. Some players prefer to walkround when it is 47 a7 @h44aftl theopponent's turn to move,and even chat (though not about the In thisposition the simplestwinning method. lf now 48 . ef+ gamein progress,of course)wth friendsand colleagues. Kasparov thenthe e3 pawnwill soon advance and torce a win. zl8 'franslatar's . . . fla2+ 49 $1 flal+ 50 €e2 Ea2+ 51 €dl tra6 ryole RussLal]soL-rrces gve the frsl name as Gary or Gark. but 52 f5 Hd6+ (asparovhas sgned h msef Harry n ettefswf tte \ n Erg sh to a Westerrrpublsher. KasprovKasProv 97 Botvinnik'sChess School Harry the threatof 22 sitsat the boardand thinksin the way that Botvinnikused to. Only Now the queenhas to be savedf rom HSa'gho when he has a clearadvantage does he permit himselfto get up "r*tl*dlt'1#ifrI*uor 26 and takea quick strollround the stage.Then it is noticeablethat he 24 Eczts'h625 *tl '.c7 is nervousand excitedand he hasnot yet learnedhow to hidethis Hc€ The expertshave some admiring comments to makeabout him o6 i&, though tinged at times with exp€ctation.Petrosian, for example '&xE2 'Harry 'ili is a greattalent. In terms of talentI would comparehim wlth Tal,buttalent alone does not guaranteethe highestachievements. A 7Z""///tt /&, greatdeal will dependupon his reaction,especially how he reactsto /E. 1 'tria & the I by fame". 7l'r.z7,/t 13 Despitehis youth Kasparovhas already played many fine games. % :,//t:..7,/..2:,t: We selectone of the latestfrom the 1979 Spartakiadwhere his 'marble' stylewas shown to perfection. Whitehas built a threetoldbattery on thef'tile and Blackhas.no movesthat Kasparov-Butnorius, Aueen's lndian Defence counterto this.White has achieved this with simple impressiontaken singly With hls 1 d4 2 c4 eG3 Af3 Ab4+ 4 Abd2O-o 5 e3 bG6 Ad3 a"f." no particularlystrong af6 Blackhas to losematerlal' Ab7 7 O-Od5 8 a3 Sxd2 9 Axd2 AbdT lO cd Axds 11 b4 deiensivescheme refuted c5 12 cd 13lxd4 26 ... t5 27 ell flacl passedpawn will cost a greatdeal of material' Whitehas played the openingunpretentiously, achieving nicely ihe simolest-i;;6as the gxta placedpieces without any noticeablead\€ntage. One senses ii. . . td i+ &n 2e Ae7 es ao er st White'sdesire to makethe middlegame the sceneof the real AxdG-The g/xd6 32gd3l playerswho aTe siirplestway of realisinghis advantage White improves his struggle.Well, that is a normalapproach by forces consciousof their strategicalability. White's confidence is soon 'oiece placinq, which are in starkcontrast to theenemy - justified clashes. i,".: . S"i ss gc4 €?h694 svt4 )e6 35 ercSE/do 35 aftersome complicated strategical + 39 13 . . . AeS 14 Sa5 [e4 15 Ael 8g5 16 f4l gtg-+ €,g"e-iire5+ Srfs 38 ijxrg Ed1 $f2;5d2-r An accuratelycalculated pawn thrust.White therebylifts the aO€s3 $e1 + 41 gh3 1-O piecepressure against 92. . . . 17 fe 18 19 Serqei Dolmatov 16 8g6 lcS Ag3 6xa6 Afs! wasasked about Black'schosen line cannot be approved- he hasforced his Aiterthe 1979Soviet Championship Dvoretsky performancesof histwo charges,Yusupov and knightto theedge of theboard from where it doesnot get into play the comparative 'Recently game. that the Ooftitot. Hisrebly - Artur hasbeen wo-rking hard.,at to the very end of the PossiblyBlack assumed Ine pawn was compensationfor the distant thewideninq of hrsopening repertoire and I wasconfldenl tnal spoiledwhite formation that he knight.Yet Kasparovhas assessed the positionmore deeply. Apart i"iurti*ouio show.As io-rSerger Dolmatov I cannotsay workedas hard,even though his results up to thlsev€nt were from the knightat a6 thereis the slightlyawkward placing of the has pornt pieces oooO"nO he hadjust taken first place In the First LeagJe The queenand the generallack of co operationof the black was meansthat White is able to developa threateninginitiative. In tact is that for the Super Leaguehls theoretlcalbaggage the basisof White'spressure is theapparently weak pawns which inadeouate:-iri"l" tor White'spieces. "otrn.nts are valuablein their stresson independent createsound support in theWest Whitecould generate his pressure in variousways, one of which work,the sortof criticalcomment that you rarelyhear young in .ii.i .'i.irri" by oneof theirgrandmasters Of courseDolmalov's wouldbe along the c-f ile. Instead the masterdecides to act with Tal thevicinity of the kingand movesall his pieces in thatdirection. .n'"r"0 i+in- r sin' placein thiTop Leagueeven if shared 19... flae8 wasan unpleasantresult for him gotu,nnithas this comment on hisformer pupil,'Dolmatov studied Capturingon f5 wouldgive White all the centreand put thea6 poor position. prepares poor *,tii rrl" for a year' He is a good iacticianbut ha,s,a knightin a critical The text to retirethe hardonl horseto b8. understandtnq- of pos'ton, and thisl-swhal ne oLgnt to work Muscovitewill overcomethrs 20 Ad6 fie7 21 flr4! o;;;;;t"h"& that the talented 98 Botvtnnik's Chess School SergeiDolmatov 99 recentfailure and get backto hisformer form, an exampleof which Whiteplays accurately and scoresa convincingvictory. is this gameagainst Anikayev in the 1979 FirstLeague. 34 h4! Ac6 35 hs trhB 36 Sh2 a5 37 s4 a4 38 Ad3 €rds 39 Ef' a3 40 Ef1 e5 69 "'..&t',& AlthoughBlack has some play the split pawnsare not as //tt2 formidableas White's united ones. i///ta%tz"ry 41 €?93 e4 42 Ae2 Ea8 z|il g5 Aa4 44 g6 Axc2 45 97 a2 w 2h&",& 6 hGe3 47 Hf8! trxf8 48 gxfS$ al$ 49 Sf3+ ftz l, Thefight is finished off by thecombined atbck of two pieceson the enemyking in the centre.Dolmatov has worked out all the z xa% consequences. /&t2 7'Z 49 . .. ge6 lf 49 . . . gc4 then 50 gb4+ forcesmate next move. Obviouslythe blackqueen is wellaway from the $-side ano 5O Ag4+ €d5 51 grdS+ €c6 52 Af3+ gbs 53 grds+ cannothelp in the defencethere. This factor justifies White in $a4 54 $c4+ 1-O playinga sacrificialattack starting with a rooksacrifice. 2O trf6!€g8 YelenaAkhmilovskaya It is not hardto establishthat the rookcould not be captured Botvinnikhas had a numberof girl pupilsas we havealready without thatvery piece persists in his indicated.Here is what one of our strongestlady players has to say swiftfatal consequences. but 'l destructiveoperations. aboutherself, am veryfond of classicalmusic, and listening to it is realrelaxation for meduring a tournament.lt is a realdelight for me 21 Hxh6! 'Giselle: Later on analysisshowed that the strongestmove \Masthe to visitthe ballet I am alsovery keen to playtennis, which I preparatory21 Ae4 whichwould have rendered the rook sacrifice playat a highlevel and love no lessthan chess. I regretthe fact that at h6 evenstronger, but one cannotreally criticise White for his lbecame familiarwith this form of sport so lateon. Generally boldline of play. speakingI devote a lot of attentionto physicalpreparation, and this 21 ... gh22g/xh6f523ef flxf624Ah7+ helpsme to playbetter: At firstsight it seemssimpler to takethe rook by 24 gh7+ €XB Lenais now one of ourstrongest players, and competes not only 25 gh8+ Sf7 26 8xa8, but then Blackwould get excellent againstwomen, in whichfield she has won the grandmastertitle, counter-chancesby 26 . Ac5. but alsoagainst men. She seems to havethe ambitionto emulate 24 . . . W 25 Axf6 Axf6 26 Efl Bc5+ 27 €,hl g{8 28 NonaGaprindashvili who hasthe grandmaster title not just for her Ss6+ Se7 29 Bh7+ 8g7 longtenure of women'sworld champion but alsofor playagainst With his king pTessuTeit is easyto understand men. undersevere 'l Black'sdesire to simplifyinto an endgame.but thisis a badchoice Lena'scomment on this, have plavedin severalmen's sincethe endgame is hopeless for him.He had to try hischances in tournaments.lam notsatisfied with my resultsthere, but I enjoyed the complicatedvariation 29 . . . €dg 30 Ae4 8e7 31 Sg8+ playing.Men rarelymake just good simplemoves - they try to @c7 32 Sxag gg7. Wouldthis savehim? Hardly. since White makemoves which, while perhaps not beingthe very best then at couldcontinue the attack by 33 Axf6 Axf6 (33 gx96 34 Eastare really good ones. Playing with menis excellent trainingl $g8l isgood for White)34 fid 1 with unpleasantthreats. Then 34 ._ Go throughthis gameagainst Petrovich in the 1979 USSR- €b6 ismet by 35 a5+ €xas 36 grdS+,while 34 . . lds Yugoslaviamatch and in everyone of White'smoves you will see 35 Ae4 isalso bad for Black.The best defence is 34 . . . Ad5 (not the triumphof strategicthought, accurate exploitation of insigni- 1 g'fs+ 37 and Trcantadvantages and inventiveness in attack. 34 $xg2+ 35 $x92 $xg6 36 €f $e1 'the the kingescapes the checks)when after 35 E xds White has ^ In some of the movesyou are sure to detect hand of everyjustification for hopingfor a win. uotvinnrk'at work. 3O$xg7+ $xg7 31 Hf/+ €d6 32 flxg7 lxc3 33 bc * 1 e4 c6 2 6f3 g6 3 d4 $97 4 Nc3 d6 5 Ae2 af6 5 O-OO-O lXxa4 / a4 abdT 8 a5 e5 9 ge3 $e7 1Ofie1 h6 11Afl Ag4 12d5 Black'scounter-chances on the $-side are clearly inadequate tor Whitehas formed the longterm planof blockadeof the white the struggleagainst two unitedpassed pawns on the otherside. squareson the$-side, and in orderto carrythis out isready to give

_L- lOO BotvinnikbChess School YelenaAkhmilovskaw I Ol

up thevaluable black-square bishop for a knight.Closing the centre 07- cannotdefend the white squares. is partof the plansince there is the consideration that the attacker 33 . . . *d8 34 Axg6 8e7 35 $c8+ AtB 36 .!}fs &g7 37 on thewing must always fear a counter-strokein the centre. g,b7 hs 38 h4 €f6 39 gGAh6 40 -Ad7Bh7 41 Ae8 t9gs 42 Thisplan of $-side pressure.of course,was regularlyadopted AxhsAf443 8/a7 1o by Botvinnikagainst the best players in theworld. A{ter43 Pt9344 gf7+ Wh,tequeens on aB. 12 ... Axe3 13 flxe3 c5 14 a6 b6 15 abs AfO 16 h3 Thisgame has a greatlogic about it, and leads to theconclusion le8 17 c3! that underBotvinnik's tuition the ditferencein abilitybetween men For the successof the operationby White'spieces on the g-side andwomen players is reducedto nil. an nnon {ilo ic ^aa.la.l 17 . . . Q1c718 b4 Axbs 19 AxbS flb8 2Obc bc 21 Sc4 Bc7 70 %t:.,t"& '4t:..'&. 72,' rytru,% 7Aryrtry /&, Ha%lA A. 7%AA 22ad2l The knightaims to get to c6, so that whenexchanged on that squarefurther lines will be opened,along which White's pieces wjll developwinning pressure. Play against weakened squares was a specialityof Botuinnik's.and hispupils carry on thismethod. 22 . . . Ad7 23 Ab3 Hb6 24 Aas Hfbs 2s Ac6! Bold and decisivelThe posltionalgains resultingfrom the exchangeon c6 far outweighthe sacrificedpawn:- the bishopat c4 has its scopeincreased towards f7, the rook at d3 qets the chanceto attackd6 as wellas f7. Blackavoids this for on6move. but thenrealises that the intrusiveknight cannot long be tolerated at c6. 25 . . . trfg 26 flb1 Sxc6 27 dc gxc6 28 tr xb6 gxb6 29 Ed3 Ed8 30 8g4! White'spieces strike at the opponent'sfortifications from all directions.There is the threatof gxg6, whileif 30 . . . gf8 the 31 flf3 wins since31 . . . Hd7 is now not possible.The only defensivechance was the return of theextra oawn bv 30 . . d5 so that the queencan be broughtto bear in the defenceof the beleagured$-side. 30...9h831 Hf3! Nowthe f7 pawnfalls in sucha waythat all the avenues of attack on the kingare open to White. 31 ... trf832trxf/ Exf733Axr/ Theexchange of rookshas not easedBlack's task as the queen and bishopare sufficientmating force, especialiy as the bishopat Kart'sChess School 103

Thiscreative competition between themselves is a markedfeature of all Kart'sPuPils. Juniorcolleague Dvoretsky has drawn attention to Kart'ssuccess in developingthe best sidesto his pupilsdespite their different nersonalities' and styles of play. I canconfirm this and mustexpress my admirationfor the spirit of friendship,understanding and mutualrespect which applies in 10 Kart'sChess School thisfamous collective. When talking to Kari'spupils I am invariably struckby thefeeling of love,clearly mutual, which is so noticeable amongthem with regardto theircoach. Let us now examinesome of the betterknown of Kart'spupils, who in recentyears have joined the ranks of the strongest ViktorEmmanuelovich Kart is nowadays a well-known chess trainer grandmastersin the world. and mustbe considereda surprisingand uniquephenomenon in chess,the likeof which we havenot seenbefore. and may be just Alexander Belyavsky as rarein the future.The pointis that he is a playerwho never YoungSasha feels that he was luckyin hischildhood since he scoreda victory in strong tournaments,never even approached was onlyeight in 1961 whenhe learnedhow to playchess and grandmasterlevel in hisplaying standard and does not evenhave joinedthe chesscircle in the Lvov Palaceof Pioneersrun by the mastertitle. Yet he developeda wholegroup of outstanding V.L.Kart.The youngster's chess abilities were soon developed and grandmasterswho havecarried the fame of the Lvov schoolto all the typical spirit of competitionin the circle led to considerable Dartsof the world. successin eventsat cityand republiclevel.. Hispupils speak of himwith suchadmiration. Lateron he became a pupilat the Number2 SpecialistSchool \ rasonce asked who coachedhim now that he hadthe grandmaster whereKart was on the staff,and then he startedscoring successes title.His reply: 'My attitude in chess a nd mywhole upbringing in the at nationallevel. gameare the productof HonouredTrainer of the SovretUnion ln 1973 SashaBelyavsky became World JuniorChampion at Viktor EmmanuelovichKart, and if thereare any failingsin this Teesside,England, a greatachievement which normally presages upbringingthen the fault lies in thepupils, not in theteacher who is entrv to the too circle of internationaltournaments. Sasha soon a marvellous.generous and outstanding pedagogue: confirmedhis reputationas an outsbndingtalent by sharingfirst Finewords of thesort that every teacher would like to hearfrom placein the 1974 SovietChampionship with Tal so winningthe hischarges, yet theydo not explainfully the fruitfulresults of his grandmastertitle. workover the years. After all he hasproduced in the lastdecade a His successessince then have been numerousand can be whole set of outsbndingplayers, namely grandmasters Oleg attributedfirst of all to hls nativetalent and his scrupuloushard Romanishin,Alexander Belyavsky, losif Dorfman, Adrian Mikhal- workat chess.He knows that to lastout a tournamentwhich might chishin,Martha Litinskaya and manyother young masters. What last getting on for a month you have to have good healthand arehis methods, what does he concentrate on? strongnerves. That is why hisdaily routine includes skiing in winter His answer:'The mainfeature of our work is verv likelvthe and tennisor swimmingin summer.lt is no coincidencethat he developmentof characterand love of hard work. Only strong graduatedfrom the Lvovlnstitute of PhysicalCulture. charactersare capableof producingtop competitiveresultsl Possiblyhis studiesin highereducation put a brakeon his Confirmationof this is seenin the attitudeof toughcompetition advancementas a plaversince from 1974he hashad his ups and betweenthe two mosttalented pupils of hisOleg Romanishin and downs.This decline has recentlybeen halted and he has some SashaBelyavsky. When the slightlyyounger Oleg gainedthe recentsuccesses which can onlv be calledrecord-breaking such as mastertiile his achievementwas soon matchedby the then the perfectsccre of 13 pointsout of 13 at the 1978 Alicante fourteen year old Belyavsky.Later on the same pattern was tournamentin Soain,five clear points ahead of the nextplayer! followed,as the h,vovied for varioustitles and too olacesln 'franslator's tournaments.Yet the spiritof competitionbetween them did not Note Lvov s the largestc ty tn the WesterrrUkra ne (formerlypart of preventthem remainingfriends and workingon chesstogether. Poand). 104 Kart'sChess School AbxanderBelyavsky l05 Belyavskyspends a greatdeal of timeon privatestudy, so it wrll I ah^/ayslike to quotethis example:- in 1967at the Palmade be interestingto hear his opinionabout this aspectof chess Majorcatournament three of us,Botvinnik, Smyslov and l, always training,especially as it is a weak point in manyof the world's analysedthe adjournedgame together, during the ninetyminute juniorsand younger players. break.Or ratherthat is how the first hour was spent Then He has exoressedhis opinionthus: 'The differencebetween Botvinnikwould ask us to leavehim and in the halfhour remaining workingat chessin the quietof your studyand duringan actual beforeresumption of playhe wouldcomplete the analysis himself . gameis very significant.lt is hardlyever the casethat you wrll Howdifferent at timeswere the lineshe wentinto by comparlson achievethe levelof concentrationat homethat appliesduring a with what the threeof us had workedout! game.This is becauseof the absenceof the powerfulstimulus Belyavskydoes not getdiscouraged by thefact that his analysis suppliedby the playingfactor. As a resultthe greatadvantage of is not alwaysaccurate and that htstournament results are not as homestudy - theavailability of a lotof time- islargely nullified. In ooodas he wouldwish. His consolation is thecomment that even any event,whether it is a questionof an actualgame or home Botvinnikonce said that he learnedhow to do properresearch analysis,it is not usefulto work at it morethan five to sixhours a workin chessonly when he hadreached the age of aboutthirty So day.After that the productivityof extratime put in is too low.Also Belyavskyat theage of twenty-sixstill has some time to go whatmight take you a dayin a tournamentto work out takestwo As to styleof playBelyavsky is probablymore universal in his or threedays at home: aporoachthan his other colleagues. He knowshow to conducta Thiscomment is very interesting.Let us developthis lineof fierceattack on the kingwithout counting the cost in sacrificed thoughtfurther. Has the reader,I wcnder, had playgames material,then nextgame he can put up a stubborndefence, then ever to in in theabsence of an opponent,that is playagainst himself, making again,as in the gamequoted below, he canshow great mastery movesf irst for Whiteand then for Black?Circumstances have been weavingtricky patterns in a trickyendgame. suchthat I haveoften found this the only method of trainingthat I could use.How did it work out? No matterhow I tried to be Belpvsky-Makarychev USSRSuper League 1979 objectiveand forced myself to thinkas much for oneside as for the Oueen'slndran Defence otherI couldnot easily maintain the rightsort of attitude. 1 d4 Af6 2 c4 e6 3 93 Ab4+ 4 i.}'d2c5 5 a4 Sxd2+ 6 Belvavskvhas comment 'The gxd2 cd 7 Afs b5 'rejoinder'from a on this too: absenceof a an opponentoften leads you intoassuming things Thisstriving for originalityin thefinai analysis brings Black some overthe bestmove in homeanalysrs. A chessplayer is hardly trouble.7.. d5wassimPler. ever gb4! impartial.Even in analysishe is tryingto finda win for Whiteor a 8 cb Sb7 9 $xd4 $a5+ 10 drawfor Black.In the course of analysishis sympathies for oneside An originaland accuratedecision. Black will have to make may change,but will not disappear- impartialityis foreignto considerableefforts to recoverthe pawnin the endingand in the research. interimWhite can consolidate certain positional advantages Thereis a greatdeal of interestin thesecomments and they 10 . . . grxb4+ 11 ab a6 12 ba Nxa6 13 Ad2 Ae4 14 b5 revealBelyavsky's common sense. yet he seemsto missthe most Ac7 15 E xa8+ $xa8 16 Ab4 A xbs 17 Ag2 4)gs importantpoint. No matterhow you try in joint analysiswith a Blackhurries to exchangeone of White'sbishops but thereby favouredhelp€r or experiencedcoach you will always see more and losestime. He could get better defensive chances by 17 : d6 1B figurethings out betteron your own, thanwith the besthelpers. Ad2f5 19lxe4fxe4 2C&d2&d7,or 18@d719 [a1f5 Thereare many reasonsfor this, the greaterconcentration of andthen 20 trc8. thoughtby an individual,the natureof thoughtand perceptionin 18 Ah4 j\xs2 19 lxg2 Ne4 20 f3 lif6 21 &d2 dG 22 the humanbrain. Then there is the factorof resoonsibilitv.How tra1 €d7 23 Ae3 Eb8 24 €d3 manyerroTs have occurred in the analysisof adjournedgames, Whiie'spositional advantage is insignificant,so it isall the more evenat the highestlevel, because the analysthas assumed that if surprisingto seethe easewith whichBelyavsky duly exploits this therewas anlthing special in a gjvenposition it wouldbe spotted by minimalplus. hiscollaborator. By restingyour faith in a collaboratoryou reduce 24 ... Ag8 the efficiencyof yourown work,and youfail to realisethe simple Hopingto drivethe bishopfrom itsstrong position by he7-c6. factthat he ismaking the same assumption about you, is relying on 25 q;4 r^e7 26 Hd1 f6 27 e4 d5 28 1-le3Nc6 29 Scs d4 vouin thesame facile wav. A double-edqedmove. lt lookssounder to exchangeon e4 1OO Kart'sChess khool OIegRomanishin 1O7

30 6c4 e531 f4 $e6 32 tral Ac7 33 Ad6 Eb3+ 34 €c2 chess. - Hb7 35 tra4 s5 36 fs fg We willnot go throughhis tournament performanc€s theyare ,-- oreateuei thouoh-hissupporters were gravely disappointed at 71 ''/2t t'ir ?ulrrr"in the 1979 SovietZonal tournament. He reallyshould z?,x % i.iar,egot into the Candidatesby now. Howeverhe is sureto have zhrugz'..2 /,& '/&z miny"au"""ta"ain thefuture, and hisfans are confident that what lZ iiii'ult"vt delightedthem most of all, his creativeplay, will Efua'.&fi/t 2 contlnue.' 'fu i thoughta lot aboutwhich of hisgames to presentto readers, 7l:,. and- then-decided simply to askhim what was his favourite game % J nominatedhis gameagainst Petrosian at the Yerevan,1975, SovietChampionship thdt we havealready mentioned 37 b4l White has rnsidiouslyprepared this torcefuladrance of hrs Romanishin-Petrosian Oueen'slndian Defence passedpawn and now heforces the decision in just a few moves. 1 c4 Nf6 2lc3 e6 3 a]f3 b6 4 e4 Ab7 5 Ad3 37...h538€)b3d3 Not a iew id&, but very effectivein this particularposition The The threat of 39 $Xc7 ExcT 40 fla6 followedby a swrft Olsnop*iff go laterto c2 frbmwhere it willassistin developinga S- pushof theb-pawn cannot be met.Black decides to try anddistract side- attack. the opponentfrom this by a pawnoffer. S ... Ue6 $c2 c5 7 d4 ed8 Sxd4 Se7 9 O'OO-O 10 b3 39 SxcT fl xs7 40 $c3 6c6.-On 1 1 Ab2 a6 12 €hl Bc7 13 f4 flad8 Obviouslythis is srmplerthan 40 HaGd2. thi-face of it White'tmovesjust look hkestraightforward 40 ... 4d441 €,xd3 Af3 42b5 1-O developingmoves of the sortnecessary to gethis.piece:.oyt lrom Analysisduring the indicated that it washopeless to theirinitiai squares, yet thisapparent simplicity hides a trickyrdea DIavon. ihe unexpeciednature of hiscombinative buildups is one of the markedfeatures of Romanishin'sstyle. Oleg Romanishin 14 trcl *b8 14 trf3 g6 A reallyembarrassing state of affairsoccurred at the sbrt of the BbcThaslut hisstrongest piece on theedge of theboard at bB USSRSuper League, 1975, in Yerevan.A 23 yearold master from whereit is unableto helpinthe action which is about to takeplace Lvovscored seven wins against famous players. This master was on the €-side. This fictor inducesRomanishin to decideon OlegRomanishin the EuropeanJunior Champion of 1973,and the extrememeasures in hisS-side pressure listof hisvictims is as follows - Petrosian,Furman, Polugayevsky, Balashov,Geller, Alburt a nd Klovan.Not just the wins were striking, ".&t but the mannerof theirachievement brought repeated bursts of 7./i:.:,. applausefrom thea udience. ",./2A:'&tx Romanishinwas to givehis own reaction later: A win givesone a 2 feelingof self-affirmation,and success - feeling 4l\+ + a of self-expression, )\ "z) t\ 2! but onlya sensibleharmonisation between these urges can bring reallygreat achievements in chessl D.H'::'., He hasnot alwaysmanaged to scorevictories. His style tends ,4".r.': towardsthe combinationaland tact'cal,and it is welfknownthat thispreference does not always result in first prizes in tournaments. 16 Ads! ed 17 ed Sowe mustconcede that he hashis ups and downs, greater than in As F'omanishinhimseli admitted this move is witnessto a 17 manycontemporary leading players, but hisstyle of playand the morieniof weakness.In hisopinion a secondknight sacrif ice '17 contentwhich he putsinto every move has gained the admiration Af5l- "qt would be a quickerway of achievinghis aim Thusafter of fans aroundthe world. He has that rich gift of fantasythat teed trtegrg Hsg* €f's 20dCJL>c6 21-l-f5 Hg8 enableshim to discoverfascinating new possibilities inthe depths of 22 *ths Wh]ie would have a winn'rg attack so the knrght 1OB Kart's Chesskhool Iosif Dodman l Og could not be captured. Blackwould still have some abilitiesis Providedby the followirrggame, Dodman-Chekhov, 'muddying Possibly chancesby the waters'in the variation17 aI5 dxe4 Minsk,1976. 18fixeT+ AxeT 19g/d4 d5 20 grxf6 d4 etc. ..,.e, 17 .. . Axd4 18 \9xd4 trde8 19 f5! 73 i Theonly way. 19 94 wouldbare his own kingtoo muchand 2 Blackcould then play 19 . . . $aB 20 95QxdS+ 21 cdgxds+ with unclearconseouences. 7 19 . . . Ad8 20 Sh4 Ees z It is hardto breakthrough against such a defenderas Petrosian. + 7llr., By blockingthe maindiagonal Black can start lookingforward 7.2., + confidently. 21 th6 8c7? 'Eventhe wisestcan makemistakes!' That defensive specialist Whiteexploits his advantages with a seriesot simpleclear moves. gfdg 18 c5l Petrosianslips up here.The correct move 21 . . . fl94 wouldgive 17 b4!'18 $e6 Whitea lotto thinkabout, especially if he wa nted to avoidthe draw Or . . . dc 19 bc andthe knightgets an excellentoutpost on in theenemy rook. by repetition229f4 aI6 23 th6 Ag . After the text the attack b6 hemminq .gxa2 breaksthrough. 19 Af4 Ac4 2O Ecl Axa2 21 Sa4 e5 22 el 23 22 Hfdl ! fls3 ScB pieces.Black's forces Blackhas not only to defendthe point 97, but h7 aswell, and the Achrevingan ideallyharmonious layout of choiceof defensivemoves demands great accuracy. Fhus 22 . aresolit and cannot cope with the pressure wouldlose at onceafter 23 1 24 3. 23 . . . lg 24 hg d5 25 sxds! 5rg5 26 =.c4! Ae8 Ef Af6 tr pieceto the f-file 23 Qxe5 de24ls fxs6 25 $xg6 lg4 Anotherexcellent manoeuvre transferring this Thisclever attempt will not help as the knight rs too vulnerable on --as part of a massedattack on f7 theopen file. 56-.. . H.ie'zznAg.t zatrd3 a529 trd{3 ad8 30 b5 26 Ahs Ht6 27 Wd2 trf4 28 d6! Ec8 31 c6 bc 32 bc [c7 33 H,c4Se5 34 ficS E/d6 35 Showingthat Whitehas yei anotherattacking resource in hrs gxaS! formidablepassed d-pawn. White's mastery enabled him to foresee 74 suchresources which change the direction of theattack. 'Ut"%z.tE tt 24...*s729d7A:b7 'HA7z, Or 29 . AxdT 30 Qxga ,{xg4 31 Hxg4 gxg4 32 % fld 1 winninga piece,while White also wins after 29 . . WxdT 77% 30g/xd7 AxdT 31$xs4 fixs4 32 Ed1Ah4 33 trxd7 % %HW, $xg3 3ahs fl xs3 35trd6. 72fr/& 30 g'xf4 1-O(30 ef 31 qxg4 Ag5 32 Ed1 is a % simplewin). A finalsacrificial operation based otr accurate calculation g'es losif Dorfman 35 . . . ab7 36 ib tr xc5 37 AxfT+ ! €g7 38 gra1 + Whatcan you sayabout the playof grandmasterlosif Dorfman 39 SXe5 trxe5 4O AdS! wasa questionI once put to my friendSalo Flohr. His answer was Alittletrick based on line-closing(to ruleout Eb5). that this was an interesting,tough player,who had somehow 40 ... trb841 trf7+ €lhg 42e4 Hee843 Ss2 1-O recentlytallen back. He had sharedthe gold medalof Soviet Championand then begun to playunconvincingly. Adrian Mikhalchishin Well suchthings do happenfrom time to time with younger Yet anotherKart pupil, Mikhalchishin' has like Dorfman mixed players(and with older ones too, the reader may add). One can only goodresults with failures. One must wish him success in hiseffons hopethat thistalented pupil of Kartwill be ableto overcomethe to reducehis variability. temporarycrisis and will regainhis bestform. Evidenceof his Hiscapabilities are shown by thlsgame against Timoshchenko tn v-

| 10 Kart'sChess khool Marta Litinskaya 1I the 1978Top Leagueat Tbilisi. 2 75 "/'&t% .rx, %i"'& '',,&t x'2%% x.../lLt, 1/Z%t7 %i 'z '7w%247 7 ffi %a''& ft7:.,

26 ... Hxa2l27 c3 White'sdangerous gives the chance to havethe Acceptanceof the rooksacrifice leads lo 27 @xa2 $aB+ 28 initiativefor a longtime, and he makes accurate use of this €b 1 Ac3+ 29 bxc3 SXc3 andmate on a 1.The text is no better the 21 dOEcg 2. adb Hc2 122. . . Ec4 wasbetter\ ?3 6)e7+ sinceBlack's next move blocks the exit of the whiteking from €hB 24 8e4 trc4 firstrank and then doubling rooks on thea-file decides. 24 .. flxa2 wouldlose quickly - 25 6gb i5 26 AS6+ 27 . . . b3t 18 Qxcs lxcs 29 A1d2 Ad3 O-1 €98- 278e6+. 2s g'xoz g'd7 26 g,xd7 AxdT 27 Htel trcS 28 6d4 AfO- 29 Ab3 trc230 Ad5 Axds 31 Exds EXa2- Thishaste to re-establishmaterral equality is fatal.31 h4 leavesbetter defensive chances. 32 Acs Ag4 33 d7 Thislormidablepawn which has served as the basis of White's manoeuvresnow becomesunstoppaDle. 33 . . . tre2 34 fl xe2 Sxe2 35 Ab7 h4 36 sh 4xh4 37 d8g/ axdS 38 AidS €lg7 39 Ac6 a6 40 bd4 Qc4 41 flcS A€ 42 Hc3 -tg6 zl(t 6c6 Ae8 zl4 [a3 fle1 + 45 €lh2 Ee2 46€93 flc2 47 6e5 AfS 48 E xa6 and \y'Vhitewon. Marta Litinskaya Manycountries have had the opportunity of seeingthis lady pupil of Kartin action.She has won a numberof titles,but ot latewe haverarely seen her name at thevery head of thetournament table. Shehad seemedto havemissed out on the chanceof qualifying for the women'sCandidate Matches after her fourth placein the 1979 Interzonalin Alicante,but took the chanceof comingin as reservewhen one of theoriginal qualifiers withdrew, and she won a dramaticmatch against the West GermanGiselle Fischdick after being3-O down! Suchfighting spirit is perhapsa signthat sheis overcomingthe crisisand starting to playat herold strength. Hertactical awaTeness is seen in thrsgame, Lysenko- Litinskaya, from the 1979USSR Zonal tournament. Heregrandmaster Litinskaya {the grandmaster title for women playerswas introducedby FIDEin 1976)carried out a mating attack. Karseladzes Chess School 113

excellentunderstanding of position,all reinforcedby tactical inventiveness.This is confirmed in theexamples we nowgtve from theirgames. :&,t"'..& 296t'/Z 11 Karseladze'sChess School 7 t tt

We havealready mentioned the remarkablenature of the Kart schoolin that a playerwithout even the mastertitle developed a This is Gaprindashvili-Chiburdanidze, 4th matchgame, 1978 wholeseries of grandmasters.No lesssurprising is the other chess TeenagerMaya (Black) plays an interestingpawn sacrifice to exploit schoolwhich we now dealwith, thistme in Georgia.This is the White'! poor pieceplacement and the weaknessof the central schoolof V.Karseladze. squa res. We mustbe honestand saythat the Caucasian republic has not 20 . . . Ab4l21 Axb4 cb 22 Efel yet produceda singleplayer of worldclass, though they have well- Refusalof the sacrificemakes White's position even weaker' knowngrandmasters in T.Georgadze,B.Gurgenidze and E.Gufeld Whiteshould accept even though she would still stand worse in {wholearned his chess in the Ukraine). thatevent. Yetin the ranksof the playersof the GeorgianChess Federation 22 ... AdTl wefind many of thebest players in theworld amongst women, and An excellentmanoeuvTe, bringing the knightto c5 fromwhere tt thewomen's world title has been held for almosttwo decadesby a willexert great pressure on White'scentre. Georgian.ln 1962the famous Nona Gaprindashvili won theworld 23 $c2 lcS 24 b3 a6! title.As yetshe is the only player to holdthe grandmaster title both A frJshstrategical manoeuvre which is now decisiveBy driving for playagainst men and against women. Recently she has not had thewhite knight f romits strong position Chiburdanidze brings total an easytime of it amongstwomen and her challengersfor the disorderto White'sra nks. worldtitle have been her fellow Georgians. In 1975she beat off the 25 Ac3 b5 26 at]'ab 27 $1e3 Q1a41 challengeof NanaAlexandria, but three yearslater she had to Simpleand convincing.Black wins ,whereas the surrenderthe title to thethen sixteen vear old MavaChiburdanidze. obvious27 tlxd3i wouldgive White counter-plaY atter 28 Whatlies in thefuture? The present champion is Chiburdanidze -H Xd3. whileher eight challengers in the 1980series of knock-outmatches 2a $la2€lc3 29 gas axd 1 30 H xd 1 glb3 31gt)endria and the youngplayers Nanaloselani and NiniGurieli, all four of themgrandmasters! Nona Gaprindashvili How can one explainthis floweringof femaletalent in the The 11thgame of the samematch saw Nona take her revenge Caucasusrepublic, and the unevendevelopment as regardsmen with a fine alrack.(78) and womenolavers there? There seem to be two reasons- the 26 ... b4 (withthe [hrcat27 Ac3+)27 $a1 flcs-!- activeand dedicatedwork of the lateVakhtang Karseladze who Thisrs a lreshptece o[ cunntng.There is the prettvma !e 2q. broughton NonaGaprindashvili and then the example of theworld Ac3 29 bc bc 30 flb 1 $xa2+ | 31 € xa2 Eas in ,theottrng championherself on the next generation.She is \€ry popularIn tfrhit" onc" againfin-ds a iemporarydefence but the fullextent of her nativeIand, and it is no surprisethat from theirearliest years the unpleasantnessthreatened cannot be avoided. Georgiangirls try to followher example. 28 Ebl 6b6 29 Sg3 EbcS 30 fibd1 lc4 31 f4 Connoisseursnote the specialfeatures of the style of the Thisallows a simpleif eleganttactical stroke, but othermoves Georgianlady players - thedepth of theirstrategic concepts, therr would not saveWhite eithei.Thus 31 $f4 is met by 3 1 174 Karsebdze's Chess khool NanaAlexandria 115 72 olayershowed in ihts gamea raregift of imaginationbased on E/t Lxact-'zsanalysis and a rareunderstanding of positon. 7 VZi/&, o. ulzsae3 Sxe3 2TfeSgt zeaxn &xy ?9_2 7,2.,t72 dr30 e trd8 31 €e3 Ac4 32 Ehdl €/f6 33 a3 sb3 34 zry%:., Efl+ €e635a5c2G1 242 + ?fu, Nanaloselani %ft% Thisyoung girl's career is onlyjust starting, but shealready has ft%.z.,.% sionificantsJc6esses to her credit ln particularher resultin the 1579 Women'sInterzonal put her in the lasteight to contestthe Axb2t 32 gxb2 ga3+ 33 gb1 tras 34 gfd6 gxa2+ 3b CandidateMatches. €c 1 trds! 36 tr xds ed37 Sf 5 b3and Black wins. Hereis the final part o{ hergame against L.Zaitseva in the 1979 31 ... ad2! 32Hxd2b3! 3:tg'xb3€lxd2 internationaltournament in Moscow. -Black's materral advanbge combrned with a neverending series of threatssoon force White to surrender. 80 34f5€'d4l35 fie1fle536Sf3trxc2! 37Axc2Exe1+ tTza%g% 384b1 gdl 39g/xd1 40fefe %t%r.%t EXdl O-1 ztv&t72, NanaAlexandria l.t 6 Thecharming Nana has already tried once, though unsucessfu|y, tfl, to unseatNona on the chessthrone. Her talentand caoacitvfor hardwork gi\€ grounds for hopingthat she will score btg successes in thef utureand e\€n get to a worldtitle mabh again. Her tactcal po\/ers are seenin thisgame against Mnogina in the 1g7g USSB Whitecarries out a decisivepush on the €-side Championshioat Tbilisi. 17 h5 sh 18 6xh5 6g7 19 Af4 c5 2Oc3 cd 21 cd abA 22 Af3-To 6c6 23 Ah4 Ad7 24€h2 79 transferthe rookto the importanth-file "zhi% 2t% 24 ... gfc8 25 Ehl Ae8 26 Af3 Be7 27 &g2 gb4 28 %a%'ru,42 4le2-After 4\a5 29 a3 *e7 tr& 29 gtb3 30 grd2 the Black€-side is indefensible '2% 30gd2 lxb3 31gxh6 }xal 3?Ax!91 %t"/.& A {ine combination- 32 ef 33 Axds+ Af7 34 g'h8 )1, m7t mate,or 32 . . Axfs 33 gh8+ $f7 34 ShS mate' & 32 . . . CdB 33 gthT+ &f7 34 $h5 mate'

Alexahdria(Black) now madethe interestingpiece offer 1g . . . Nino Gurieli - - quite technlque Ad4! 19 cd ed 20 Ah6+ gh8 21 QefS Theplay of thisyoung girl is markedby mature It becomesclear that othermoves aTe worse. Thus combinedwith tacticalinventiveness. This is shownIn her game 21 irdl is '1979 (81 met by 21 . . . €g7 22 gg4 fltea 23 €if I hS andWhite rs in a ""Whit"aoainstt|'l.Ga rcla in the Alicante international tou rnamenl' ) bad way. -ir.", convincinguse of her positionaladvantage on the 21 . . . d3 22 pxbT whichthe bishop at cannotin{luence Af3 b4 23 c3!! {9-side'iqiqt 97 18 A marvellousposition. White's pieces are unableto countertne AeE15 Hfdi trfue16 assl axss 17Qxssf6 aggressivespirit of theenemy foot soldiers. Ae3*Black b6 19 AxcT E(ac820 )d5 ic6 24 AxaS E xa8 woutdlose qurcklv aftef2O 5"65 21 Hxds Hxc2 Notonly does the extra rook not offer White winninq chances rn -22 flad1 Ec7 23 Af 1 and Blackcan resign' factthere is no wayfor Whiteto savethis position. T6e Georoian 2TA a?5 zz ffxosl ab23 Axb6 6c6 24Axd8 trxd8 / 76 Karsebdze'sChess *hool truLxr."&r. z %"'e, %r.%'ry Ta% 2t% 72 % ,&6&fi. "&t% /&a2 12 Withouta School

25b41 Theconnected passed pawns just roll forward unimpeded. 25 . . . €gg 26 a5 Q)a727 Afl €tr/ 28 tr<15€e8 The kinghurries over trying to helpform a blockade,but this We havedescribed the playof the'graduates'ofthe threemain cannotbe achieved. Sovietschools. Yet we havetwo othersrgnificant schools which are 29 tradl Afg 30 b5 pe7 31 b6 Ac6 32 Abs Abg 33 remarkableby wayof thef6me of theirheads. Some years ago the ExdT 1-0 students'sportsassociation Burevestnik organised a schoolunder Whitefinishes off elegantly.meeting 33 ... lXdT by 34 the directionof ex-worldchampion and a similar E xd7 E xd7 35a6. schoolfor youngtilents has been created for Sparbkheaded by anotherex-champion Tigran Petrosian. Both schoolswork on the samesort of basisas the Botuinnikschool, but whether this system will suitthem and what sort of 'product'weshall have from their endeavoursonly time will show.As yet theiractivity has not been goingon longenough tor usto judgethem. Howeverthe obviousdesire of our leadingfigures to passon therrknowledge to the youngergeneration is there. In thisrespect Petrosian'scomments are worth quoting: 'l considerthat in chess it ispossible to learneveMhing. That is what I belie\€and in my heart of heartsI cherishthe dreamthat someday I willcome across a pupilto whomI canpass on allthat I know,all that I learnedby dint of hardsearch after truth. I hopeto bringon sucha youngsterwho couldwork lointlywith me in variousresearches and who could thentry theseout in actualplay. Yet though I havenot yet come acrosssuch a playerI am stillliving in hopeand likethe workwith youngsters.The schoolhas been working for almostthree years and thereare somesuccesses. Borva Kantser from Frunzehas becomeUSSR J unior Champion, while two lads,Kuporosov and Novikov,have reached the masternorm: We can onlywish our veteransgood luck in the passingon of theirimmense experience to the youngthereby making a serious contributionto the furtherdevelopment and popularisationof the game. Obviouslystudies under such conditions are a seriousway of aimingfor the top, but thereare someof our playerswho have managedwithout long formal schooling and stillscored top-class results.We devotethe remainingpart of the bookto someof these independenttalents who havedone it allon theirown, or hadonly -Y llB WithoutaSchool lrinaLevitina 119 shortcontact with teachers who are not wellknown. 33 . . . Ac5 34 Sh6+ Se7 35 fl xe5+ Ae6 36 E xe6+ fe In this respectpride of placeshould probably go to the verv 37 grxe6+ €fB 38 grf6+ €g8 39 Ed3 1-o talentedgirl from Leningradwho has three timesbeen Sovtet Onemight mention various other well-known chess names who Ladies'Champion. are not a-ssociatedwith any school.The Yerevangrandmaster HafaelVaganyan is one exampleand we haveseen what he is lrina Levitina capableo1 in the fine combinationagainst Reshevsky (see What seemedthe key game,against world title holderMaya "'"r1r"o Chiburdanidze,was lostby lrinain annoyingcircumsbnces, by a ol-u"rr associatedwith the urals and Siberiaare grand- mistakein the adjournedsession in what was a comparatively mastersViialy Tseshkovsky(who sharedfirst placein the Soviet simpleposition. Then came a 'reaction'* sixwins in a row,and not Chamoionshipof 1978with MikhailTal and just failed to getto the againstweak players either. This was the 1979USSR Championship Candidatesin the Manila lnterzonalof 1976) and Yevgeny at Tbilisi,and broughtLevitina her third gold medalas USSB Sveshnikov.The aggressive play of bothmen has won themmany Champion.a remarkableachievement at the age of onlytwenty suDDorters. five.The firstwin came in 197'1,the second in 1978.There seems littledoubt that we shallsee her amongst the challengersone day Vitaly Tseshkovsky for theworld crown. Her style of play is markedby imagination,bold energetic 83 approachand combinationalinventiveness. These natural qualities '& were partly developedby her long associationwith mentor Pavel t"'n %t Kondratyev.To see them examinea positiontogether tn total %t"'/zi.'%2,,i% harmonyis to realisewhat a futurelies before her. t"'&'/.& %'/h8ry, Thebest side of herfighting qualities is seen in thisgame against % LarisaMuchnik in the 1979Soviet Chamoionshio. % ./& /&,t 82 Thisis Tseshkovskv-Belyavsky fromthe 1978First League of the g&Lffi1, SovietChampionship. The grandmasterfrom Omskconducted a %'e7 difficultattack on the$-side with realflair' 2%t%% 22 ab ab 23 EaOl trbg 24 flae1 Af6 25 EaSl HcbT 26 Y.1a7| & z^%ft A curiousposition. Black will find it hardto hit uponthe right frfr4,/ f't decisionhere. 26 . fxaT allows27 trXb8+ and28 $xbS' gd1 gxds 26 . . . Hea27 H xb7 gxbT 28 Ea5 e4 29 30 To startwith an energeticblow against the enemy $-side. AxbS Edg 31 ele2 \dte632 c4! d5 33 cd eieSl 34 g3 19 Afs! AXfs Anticipatingthe threatened 34 f4. Obviouslyfor the pawnto takewould lose at onceto 20 8g5+ 34 . . . ;dl-6 35 we3! {+xdsl 36 ic3 wd1 + 37 €9214 38 20 et Q1d721 h4b4z2h5! gt thS S5-r;Lc4+8,fg 40 ies brf3+ 41 urxf3 ef + 42EYt3 White'spush cannot be heldand Blackhas to openlines on the *AlthoughTheAxb4 rFl Ea7 Ae7 44 €S4 S-side. p-oiitionhas 6ecome much simplified White still has 22 . .. 9h23l6l formidablepressure. And nowthe Lopezbishop at c2 isopened up. 4a .. . tbe8 45 fla6 Ed2 45 f5! Af6+ 47 €{3! Ad7 48 23 .. . Axf6 24 6:g5 Afg 25 gxfS 26 JdS 49 ic7 .if6 50;b5+ &f7 51 ;f4! (&e7 Axfs axhT+ Ea8+* 27 Axf6 €xf6 28 gh6+ @e7 29 8g5+ €f8 30 Afs Whitfrxoloitslhe actiuivof hisbishops to the maximumBlack 31 b3 32 ab 33 I hasa onmposlflon. flb8 flacI Axb3 Hcdl '0 Whitestations her rooks in linewith the enemvkino which must 51 :. . Ad4 52 sa7'r E)f853 ie3 1 brinqbenefits sooner or later. Thefinai-blow comes f romthis brshop (53 Ed 1 54 Ah6+ Makarychev 121

€g8 55 Ac4+, andif 55 . . . €hB then56 l\g7 mate). Sergei-Jhe MakarYchev abilityof the Moscowgrandmaster to conducta systematlc Yevgeny Sveshnikov p";it;;;vi;";;,wnicrrrscliarlcie;i:tic?i,hls^:b/,letls"s^?el[:ls 1978Super Leasue at Ashkhabad GrandmasterYevgeny Sveshnikov from Chelyabinsk,alas. has ;;;;';:is;;;hnikov inthe combinedperiods of greatsuccess with avvfultailures, yet thrs cheerfulyoung man neverloses heart. You will often hearhim 85 ./t ',/Zi'"..&t criticisinghis own playand himself.This is a good signas self- criticismis the necessarypreliminary to puttingmatters right AiA : Whathe iscapable of at hisbest is shown in thisgame from the a,t g Top League,1978, at Ashkhabad. tt : A 84 "'.&a'/t '1h:& t &,t',,8 /& 7 gh3! tr& 2ob41521 6:;b6Ea722'grc2t329 AIts d5!24 de Axd4gxd4 27 Ads! 2 i& % 25Axe4--ffiuof.r Ad4Z5 washaid to n + *"t a com6iicatedhove thistactical stroke foresee. 2 . . . 28 Exb4 27 Axds Eadl gbq+ Blackwould do betteroY zd . Axs2 29 Ad5 30 survrvrng Whitestarts a bigpush on the€-side. ,\-ld"ni"as*ez3o x d5 *q4 + 3 1 €2h 1 €lh8 withsome hope oT - . 17 ld trf2 {5 19 sf EXfs 20 h4! af8 21 ah3 gTatwrz31 we3 'e732\e2ten33 s4! $a6 s-x".e=ia-iaGia"s-se g-e2iix;8 36 EXds+ {ep 37 Qc8! 22 le2! r-u A correctdecision not to take the exchangeas then Black's F x"8-r gxeS 38 t7c4+ €h8 39 €fl ue7 40 Eic6+ white-squarebishop would become too strong. 22 . . . trhs 23W1 e624 Eh2! Aa6 25 9f2 €'e7 26 6)g3 Tomaz- -tn Georqadze fsl frl voutfiCeorqadzestudled under his welf known countryman Eh6 27 He is an An excellentbreakthrough. Linesare opened to enablethe whtte v.i".."riJi", oui tit"r. on workedentirely on his own of calm A piecesto get at the enemykingand this decidesmatters pretty ;;;;;'i. il'fer1'nougn he givesan outwardappearance quickly. very ingeniousplayei one bf whosemost orlginal g-ames is that 1979 SovietSuper 27 ... et 28 Sxf5! gf 29 axh6 axh6 30 axfs 31 aoainst"V.t

-d.-

Without a khool

t7, /// - 7t 7t 2 &,4m^ 7ZA&fr.% Indexof Players % z 'H7 Vlz.,

game A marvelloussight, creating a positionthat rs a tribute to Referenceis to page numbers for games and extracts' harmoniouspiece play and centralisation. Black is quitehelplessin theface of sucha unifiedhost of minorpieces Karpov 19. 25, 43. 46,55,87 29 ... Ass 30 AxfT AXfT 31 trxb7 Ass 32 Hxn Akhmilovskaya99 Kasparov96 €xf/ 33 Af4+ €e8 34 $xa4+ gd7 35 Abs axf4 36 Alekhine22. 34, 51, 52, 59 Koltanowski62 AxdT+ @e737 el flc7 38Sf6+ 1-0. Ale)6ndriya1 14 Kotov2 1 Anikayev79, 98 Kupreichik121 Balashov89 Larsen 8O Bel)€vsky16, 1O5, 119 Laard 62 Boooliubow60 LeMtina1 18 Boilnnik 20. 45. 48.54,87 Lilientha| 45 '1O Browne19 Litinskaya1 Butnorius96 Lputyen91 Lutikov25 Capablanca48 Lysenko110 Chekhov109 Chiburdanid ze 113 Makarychev121 Dolmatov98 Mieses60 Dorfman 43, 1O9 Mikhalchishin11O Muchnik118 Eurue22 Petrosian20,7A, 1O7 Flltp 42 PetroVch99 Furman z I Platov62 Polugalevsky16. 80 Gaprindashvili113 baTcE I rc Razurayev9'1 Geller79 Reshevsky29 Georgadze121 Reti34 Grtinfeld16 Romanishin55, 89, 107 b uTre I rc Rubinstein6'1

loselani 115 Sokolsky54 lvkov78 S\r'esnnlKovtzv, tz I

I | 24 lndex of Players

Tal42, 48, 48.77, 33 Vaganian 29 Tarta ko\ ,er 59 Velimirovch77 Timoschenko 11O Vidmar51 Tseshkovsky119 Yates61 Unzicker 46 Yusupov93

.! i