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100 Years of Demographic Development in Czechia and Slovakia ÚVODNÍK 100 YEARS OF DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT IN CZECHIA AND SLOVAKIA intensively promoted the Catholic Church, which led Zdeněk Pavlík to substantial opposition among the population and a considerable amount of emigration. Only later did this pressure weaken and religious tolerance set in. The year 1918, 100 years ago, is very important in the The school attendance became compulsory in the history of Czechia and Slovakia because it is the year middle of the 18th century in Austria. The state con- the state regained sovereignty after almost 400 years. sisted of many nationalities and this created problems Austrian Archduke Ferdinand I, from the Habsburg during the period of the national revivals in the 18th dynasty, founded a powerful Central European mo- and 19th centuries followed by the nationalistic ide- narchy. He was elected the King of Bohemia in 1526 ology based on ethnic principles. There were three and of Hungary the same year. Slovakia was a part of dominant nationalities in the Monarchy: Germans, Hungary at that time. He ruled in a strict and absolu- Czechs, and Hungarians. Because the Central Court tist manner and this generated a lot of opposition from was in Vienna, German was the dominant language. the aristocracy and the townspeople. He established Many Czechs moved to Vienna. Czechia was the most the Central Court in Vienna. He was a relatively economically and socially developed region in the Mo- successful ruler and he became Holy Roman Emperor narchy, but it had a complicated language problem. in 1556. Only one of his successors, Rudolf II, moved Germans made up an important minority in several the imperial court to Prague at the end of 17th century. Czech regions (and in some regions they were the de- The Habsburg dynasty ruled Czechia (Bohemia, cisive majority) and in a few cities, including Prague. Moravia and Silesia) and Slovakia together with Aus- They felt supported by Vienna, so it was very difficult tria and some other regions up until the end of the to settle language problems. First World War in 1918 (except for a few short periods The situation in Hungary was different, as there in the 16th and 17th centuries). Economic and social Germans made up a small minority. After Austria development occurred right across Europe during lost the war with Prussia in 1866, Hungarians took this long period and Austria was a part of it. Many a chance and secured for itself a union with Austria wars took place, some of them lasted several deca- and autonomous status. A new dualist state, Austria- des, and the borders of states consequently changed. Hungary, was established in 1868. According to the Important events took place in Europe at that time, new constitution, the new state shared only its ruler, such as the English revolution and the establishment the army, and finance. The new constitution intro- of a constitutional monarchy in the second half of the duced a series of positive changes in the field of hu- 17th century, the French Revolution one hundred years man rights (personal liberty, freedom of religion, free later, and the revolutionary movement around 1848 in compulsory schooling, and the free right for people many European countries and especially in Austria. to move and choose their profession), the judiciary The gradual abolition of serfdom was another (the independence of judges), and the rules for repre- important event. The liberated rural population sentative assemblies, etc. moved from the countryside into the cities, where the Despite the positive provisions in the new con- first manufactories and later industry were growing. stitution, the Czech population was deceived. The The Habsburgs had from the beginning always situation in Austria was not yet ready for federation 155 2018 60 (3) ÚVODNÍK at that time. The discussion of how to solve the lan- of arrest, he had to leave Czechia too, and in Septem- guage problems continued in Czechia, where strong ber of the same year he went to Paris. efforts were being felt to promote the German lan- The president of the United States, Woodrow Wil- guage. The assertion of the Hungarian language was son, suggested that he act as a mediator between the very strong in Hungary, where there were several non- two fighting parties in 1916. He laid out the preliminary Hungarian minorities. This also occurred in Slova- conditions, which among other things included the kia, where, for example, there were then no Slovak liberation of the nations in Austria-Hungary from schools. The Czech National Revival was strong but foreign domination. The Austrian minister of foreign it did not impede good cooperation between Czechs affairs, Ottokar Czernin, reformulated the arranged and Germans in Czechia in the economic and so- refusal of the Czech union towards Wilson´s sugges- cial spheres. However, the constitutional changes tions. However, Wilson´s initiative was important for prepared in 1871 were not accepted in Vienna. The the Czech fight abroad for independence. The Cze- language problems became more and more compli- choslovak Council was established in Paris in 1916 cated over time as the working class grew. In addi- and Czechoslovak legions were created in Russia, tion, the process of democratisation continued and France, Italy, Romania and Serbia made up of Czechs led to the first direct general secret vote in Austria– and Slovaks who had deserted the Austrian army and Hungary in 1907. Czechs and Slovaks living abroad. They had tens of The last significant effort to settle the language si- thousands of soldiers at the end of the war and played tuation came only not long before the end of the empi- a significant role in the liberation of Czechoslovakia. re in 1890. A high-ranking commission was established The result of the war became more and more evi- at the initiative of the government made up of repre- dent as time moved ahead. Italy joined the Entente in sentatives from the Czech and German aristocracy 1915, Romania in 1916 and the United States in 1917. and important politicians. Count Eduard Franz Taa- The National Council of Czechia was established in ffe, the prime minister and four other ministers took Paris in February 1916, based on former Czech de- part in the negotiations. They worked on an extensive legation. On 17 May 1917 a manifesto was issued by programme of 11 points discussed in 14 successive 222 Czech writers to Czech deputies, appealing for sessions, but only a few not very important issues were an awareness of Czech interests and European demo- resolved. The so-called ‘punktace’ in Czech and ‘die cracy. The French government officially recognised Punktationen’ in German continued later in several a representative of the Czechoslovak nation on 29 June similar deliberations (1898, 1900, 1903, 1909, 1912 1918. The National Committee was reorganised on and 1914) with similar lack of success. 13 July 1918 in Prague (to make it more represen- The assassination of the emperor´s successor Francis tative). Ferdinand d´Este on 28 June 1914 in Belgrade became The Vienna government and even the new emperor the pretext for issuing Serbia a 48-hour ultimatum Charles I suggested the federalisation of the monarchy, on 23 July 1918. Even though Serbia accepted almost but nobody was willing to speak with them. It was all of the ultimatum’s demands, Austria-Hungary too late. The provisional Czechoslovak govern- declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. This marked ment was created on 29 September 1918, and was the start of the First World War, which would have formally presented to the Entente’s governments on fatal consequences for Austria-Hungary. 14 October 1918. The provisional government Based on long experience with the Habsburg Mo- was made up of premier and minister of finance narchy and the pressure of the Vienna government on T. G. Masaryk, minister of foreign affairs Edvard Be- Czechia, Thomas Garrigue Masaryk, with the support neš and minister of military affairs Milan Rastislav of some politicians, decided to start the fight for Štefánik. This government was recognised by France freedom. He was convinced that the monarchy would the next day and by other governments in the days lose the war. He left Czechia in December 1914. His that followed. It issued a declaration (called the young collaborator Edvard Beneš created a secret orga- Washington Declaration) in Paris on 18 October 1918. nisation called Maffia in 1915. However, under threat Its content is a strong critique of the Habsburg dynasty 156 and the rejection of any possible federation in Austria- system adapted to the new situation and Czechoslova- Hungary, and it underlined important characteristic kia became a democratic country in Central Europe. features of the future Czechoslovakia. Representatives of the German population even took Any date could have been used for the important part in the government. However, two new challenges event of Czechs and Slovaks regaining their independence emerged. The Communist Party was formed in 1921 and liberty, but 28 October was chosen as the day on out of the left wing of the traditional Social Demo- which political power was peacefully handed over to cratic Party and immediately joined the Commintern. the National Committee in Prague. Austrian military It was an anti-system party directed from Moscow power still existed, but it was completely disoriented. with no coalition potential. The second challenge It took a few days to settle this status. The provisional was more dangerous at that time. Adolf Hitler took Czechoslovak government had moreover not expected power in 1933, installed a racist totalitarian regime in such a quick evolution. Germany, and proclaimed himself a dictator (officially The 100 years of the development of Czechia and Führer).
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