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The Forging of Castilian Law: Land Disputes Before the Royal Audiencia and the Transmission of a Legal Tradition James E University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-11-2013 THE FORGING OF CASTILIAN LAW: LAND DISPUTES BEFORE THE ROYAL AUDIENCIA AND THE TRANSMISSION OF A LEGAL TRADITION JAMES E. DORY-GARDUÑO Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation DORY-GARDUÑO, JAMES E.. "THE FORGING OF CASTILIAN LAW: LAND DISPUTES BEFORE THE ROYAL AUDIENCIA AND THE TRANSMISSION OF A LEGAL TRADITION." (2013). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/24 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. James E. Dory-Garduño Candidate History Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Timothy C. Graham, Chairperson Michael A. Ryan Durwood L. Ball Anthony J. Cárdenas-Rotunno Charles R. Cutter i THE FORGING OF CASTILIAN LAW: LAND DISPUTES BEFORE THE ROYAL AUDIENCIA AND THE TRANSMISSION OF A LEGAL TRADITION by JAMES E. DORY-GARDUÑO B.A., History with English Minor, University of New Mexico, 2000 M.A., History, Saint Louis University, 2002 Juris Doctor, University of New Mexico, 2009 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2013 ii Copyright 2012-2013 JAMES E. DORY-GARDUÑO iii DEDICATION To Marcella for patience and support iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my dissertation committee, Drs. Timothy C. Graham, Durwood Ball, Anthony J. Cárdenas-Rotunno, Charles R. Cutter, and Michael A. Ryan, for their guidance and suggestions on this dissertation. I am particularly grateful to Dr. Graham for serving as Director of this dissertation and for his guidance in my academic endeavors. I thank Dr. Cárdenas-Rotunno for constant encouragement and for the long talks on Castilian literature and history. Muchas gracias a mi familia for their support and patience, particularly Meg Garduño, Joseph Dory, Marcella Baca-Dory, and Samuel Salcido. I also thank Beth Silbergleit, Samuel Sisneros, and the Center for Southwest Research for their support and assistance over the years. Muchas gracias to the staff at the Archivo de la Real Chancillería in Valladolid, Spain for generously facilitating the examination of documents and assisting in other matters associated with this research. I also thank the staff at the New Mexico State Records Center and Archives in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Many thanks to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for its generous support in the final year of my work, and also thanks to Drs. Adriana de Ramírez de Arellano and Michael Graves for their guidance. I express gratitude to Prof. Barbara Blumenfeld from the UNM School of Law for her encouragement, trust, and inspiration in studying the history of law. I am thankful for the comments and suggestions of Dennis Trujillo, Rick Hendricks, and Malcolm Ebright regarding my historical research over the years. I also thank my friends and fellow classmates on the North and Main campuses, and the greater UNM community for its support. And also, Deo Gratias. Rio Rancho, New Mexico Spring, 2013 v THE FORGING OF CASTILIAN LAW: LAND DISPUTES BEFORE THE ROYAL AUDIENCIA AND THE TRANSMISSION OF A LEGAL TRADITION by JAMES E. DORY-GARDUÑO B.A., History with English Minor, University of New Mexico, 2000 M.A., History, Saint Louis University, 2002 Juris Doctor, University of New Mexico, 2009 Ph.D., History, University of New Mexico, 2013 ABSTRACT The study of legal history has attracted scholars who have surveyed legal writings and their development over time as a body of literature. Others have taken this further by analyzing how the principles contained in these legal writings have been applied, by attempting to analyze cases with similar issues, usually in regards to a specific region or jurisdiction. This study combines both approaches by analyzing how Castilian law formed in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries and was applied first through the royal court and then through the Audiencia Real Castellana (high tribunal). While there have been studies that analyze Castilian institutions, such as the curia regis (royal assembly), the cortes, and the Audiencia, these focus primarily on the development of the respective institutions with the analysis of legal elements where they contribute to the institution’s history. Royal concessions, legislation, and cases have also been studied, but primarily to support the vi analysis of the reign of a particular monarch or the history of a specific region or kingdom. This study analyzes how the Castilian royal court and Audiencia Real Castellana applied law primarlily in deciding land disputes. It draws mainly from unpublished documents in the Archivo de la Real Audiencia y Chancillería in Valladolid, Spain. Other archival sources published and unpublished and secondary sources are analyzed as well. This research also incorporates formal legal analysis of royal concessions, lawsuits, and legislation, and it considers the impact of this legal tradition on the overseas possessions of the Castilian Crown, particularly in New Spain and New Mexico. The investigation focuses on land law, as land tenure on a practical level allowed the sovereigns of Castile to establish jurisdiction in other matters. It also held a central place in a royal policy that enabled the incorporation of enormous amounts of land in the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas by giving generous land grants to subjects of the crown. Territorial jurisdiction had to be established before a criminal case could be heard. Fernando III, Alfonso X, and Alfonso XI played significant roles in the formation of Castilian law and its dissemination in Castilian Spanish. Alfonso XI’s ordering of Castilian law through legislation promulgated at the cortes of Alcalá de Henares in 1348 enabled Enrique II to formally establish the Royal Audiencia in the cortes of Toro of 1371. Land disputes represented a significant number of cases that the court decided. They were critical to the crown’s claims of jurisdiction, upon which all other types of cases would then rely. Cases involving title, possession of land, usage rights, frequently adjudicated by the royal court, were now routinely adjudicated by the Audiencia. Title to communal lands, such as ejidos, pastos, and montes, were also disputed by villages, towns, and cities. The Audiencia consistently applied principles found in fueros (charters enumerating specific rights), royal vii concessions, and bodies of law such as the Fuero Juzgo, Espéculo de las Leyes, and the Siete Partidas. These principles were transmitted to the New World in concessions and written law through the authority of the Crown of Castile, which, through the Treaty of Tordesillas, claimed exclusive jurisdiction in the lands it claimed in the Americas. The crown established audiencias throughout the Americas. Viceroys and governors executed royal concessions to Natives and European settlers in what today is Latin America and also numerous states in the southwestern region of the United States. The final section of this study examines the province of New Mexico after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. As all of the records from the Spanish Archives prior to the revolt have been lost or destroyed, an analysis of the documents in the archive after this event will show what legal system, particularly concerning land, Spaniards established. After analysis of documents from the Spanish Archives of New Mexico, Archivo General de la Nación of México, I make comparisons to Castilian land law prior to 1492. These comparisons show similarities in the royal concessions, accompanying documents, adjudications, and terminology that indicate that officials and inhabitants—Native, European, Mixed-Race (castas)—followed to a large degree legal precepts established in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. They reflect one legal tradition that followed long established royal policy, one that spans conventional historical periodizations. To understand the controversial adjudications by the United States of Spanish land grants, one must take into account the legal tradition and royal policies of the Crown of Castile before as well as after 1492. This also allows us to better understand the rich history of this lengthy era. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES…………….………………………………………………………….xii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………xv Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………….…………………………………….1 Historiography: Institutional and Legal Histories of the Kingdom of Castile . .1 Methodology and Theory. 20 Chapter Descriptions. .22 Chapter 2: The Castilian Judiciary and the Founding of the Audiencia Real Castellana: The Advancement of Royal Administration.….………………...………………. 35 Historical Background and the Castilian Judiciary to 1371. 35 Bishop Arias v. Count Vela Ovéquiz and Vermudo Ovéquiz . 38 A Formal Audiencia . 55 Valladolid and the Castilian Audiencias. 58 Chapter 3: The Castilian Legal Tradition to the End of the Reign of Isabel I…………65 The Lex Visigothorum. .70 Las Siete Partidas. .73 Ownership, Possession, and Title. 79 Corpus Iuris Civilis and other Influences. 80 Ejidos and other communal lands. 80 Ordenamiento de Alcalá de Henares. 94 Ordenanzas Reales de Castilla. 98 ix Chapter 4: Land disputes before the Audiencia Real Castellana involving Villages, Towns, and Cities……...…………………………….…………………………………….100 Reconquista and Settlement in Castile . 100 Villa of Galisteo v. Arias Barahona . 108 Algodre v. Coreses . 112 Concejo de Lantadilla v. Concejo de Itero de la Vega . 131 Ownership and Usage Rights, Concerning montes, ejidos, pastos, and aguas . .135 Chapter 5: Land Tenure and the Individual to the End of the Reign of Isabel I……..138 The Repartimientos de Tierras . .138 Molina v.Vera. 144 The Carta de Venta and the Act of Possession. 149 Consejo de Moguer v. Diego Oyón. .153 Isabel I and the Castilian Possessions in the New World .
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