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Bibliography

Unpublished Manuscripts

National Archives NA C/1/108/98. NA C270/29/5. NA Inquisitions Post Mortem 139/148/13. NA PROB 11/6/17. NA SC 6 (Ministers and Receivers Accounts) (Hen VIII) 5259.

National Library of Wales NLW MS GB 0210 Slebech, No. 5611. NLW MS 3026C: Digitised Online at https://www.llgc.org.uk/en/discover/ digital-gallery/manuscripts/the-middle-ages/a-gutun-owain-manuscript/ (date accessed 01.06.17). NLW MS 6608B (The Hendregadredd Manuscript). https://www.llgc.org.uk/ en/discover/digital-gallery/manuscripts/the-middle-ages/hendregadredd- manuscript/ NLW Llanstephan MS 27 (The Red Book of Talgarth). NLW MS 3297B (n.d.), “Account of Cup Coming from Glastonbury to Strata Florida During the Time of Abbot Whiting.” NLW Peniarth MS 5 (White Book of Rhydderch).

NLW Peniarth MS 15. NLW Peniarth MS 225 (1594–1610). NLW Peniarth MS 50. NLW Peniarth MS 57. https://www.llgc.org.uk/en/discover/digital-gallery/ manuscripts/the-middle-ages/dafydd-ap-gwilym-and-the-cywyddwyr/peniarth-ms-57/ NLW SD/CH/B/27i and 28ii (Collectanea Menevensia). NLW Ws1528.

West Glamorgan Archives West Glamorgan Archive Service, RISW GGF 3.

Cambridge Corpus Christi College Cambridge, MS 199.

Denbighshire Archives Denbighshire Archives: NTD. Denbighshire Record Office DD/DM/590.

Oxford Oxford Jesus Coll. MS 111 (RBH): Accessible online http://image.ox.ac.uk/sho w?collection=jesus&manuscript=ms111 (date accessed 01.08.17).

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A B Aaron’s Rod, 162 Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, Aberconway Abbey, 35 190 Aberdaron, 65, 102 Bangor, bishop of, 1, 20 Abererch, 53, 85 Bangor Cathedral, 20, 189 Aberystwyth, 65, 147 Bangor, dean of, 34 Adam of Usk, 30, 163, 186 Bangor, Dominican Priory at, 95 Africa, 160 Bardsey Island, 4, 18, 22, 28, 35, 52, Alhambra, 130 54, 59, 61, 89, 102, 118 Ambrose of Milan, 162 and Arthurian legend, 181 Andain Abbey, 160 as burial place for 20,000 saints, 28 Angharad ferch Dafydd ap Gronw, 158 crossing to, 65, 98 Angharad ferch Evan, 156 and indulgence, 28 Anglesey, 22, 23, 53 likened to Rome, 28 Anian II, bishop of St Asaph, 183 pilgrimage of Edward I and Eleanor Anne, wife of Gruffudd ap Rhys, 155 to, 181 Anthony Bek, bishop of Durham, 182 pilgrims to, 65 Aristotle, 82 as wilderness, 66 Arthur, King, 161, 181, 191 Barlow, William, bishop of St Davids, Arundel, cult of earl of, 189 100, 195 Augustinian canons, 35 Basingwerk Abbey, 35, 126

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Bath, healing water at, 57 grants indulgence to St Davids, 20, Battle of Barnet, 119 21 Battle of Bosworth, 125 Calixtus, catacomb of, 162 Battle of Camlann, 191 Candles, 1, 87 Battle of Edgecote, 118, 119 Canonisation, 20, 21 Battle of Mortimer’s Cross, 187 Canterbury, 63, 64, 209 Battle of Shrewsbury, 186 Canterbury Cathedral, 26, 81 Battle of Towton, 187 chapter of, 27 Beauchamp, Anne, 187 shrines at, 181 Beauchamp, Isabel, 187 Welsh pilgrimage to, 63 Beauchamp, Richard, earl of Warwick, Cantigas de Santa Maria, 155 187 Capel-y-Gwrhyd, 98 Beaufort, Margaret, 125 Captivity, and miracles, 58 Beddgelert Priory, indulgence for, 28 Cardiff, 63 Bek, Thomas, bishop of St Davids, 182 Cardigan Priory, statue of Virgin of Bells, 24 the Taper at, 25, 36, 97, 101 Benedictines, 35 Edward I’s pilgrimage to, 181 Bernard, bishop of St Davids, 19, 21 Carmarthen, rood of, 25 Birgitta of Sweden, 113 and cures, 67 Bleddyn Fardd, 89 decoration of, 87 Boniface VIII, Pope, 158 Carno, 60 Books, 24–25 Casnodyn, 157, 158 Brabant, 159 Cattle, 67 Braich-y-Pwll, 65 Caxton, Life of St Winifred, 125 Brecon, Rood of, 7, 8, 25, 28, 35, Chaucer, 61, 154 53–56, 85, 92, 101, 118 Chertsey Abbey, 194 and cures, 66 relics at, 181 decoration of, 86, 87 Chester, 34, 124, 209 and poems to, 35 Rood at, 55, 64, 86 Bridges, 98 True Cross at, 59, 162 Briton Ferry, 102 Children, 103, 121–124 Burgundy, 159, 160 resurrection of, 68 Duke of, 160 Chirbury Priory, 35 Burial sites, 22, 23, 28 Chirk, 58 Bury St Edmunds, 180, 184 Christ, and Crown of Thorns, 181 Bwlch y Groes, 98 blood of, 162 cloth of, 162 images of, 164 C speaking image of in Rome, 162 Caerleon, 101 veneration of, 25 Caernarfon, 184 Church of the Holy Cross, Rome, 163 Calendar, 30 Cistercians, 35 Calixtus II, Pope, 19, 162 Cleddau, 102 INDEX 251

Clement VI, Pope, 163 Dafydd ap Sion of Kilvey, as proxy Clergy, as promoters of pilgrimage, 34 pilgrim, 147 Clynnog Fawr, 34 Dafydd Epynt, 23, 25 indulgence for, 28, 85 Dafydd Llwyd, 161 Coity, 164 Dafydd Nanmor, 23, 67 Cologne, 161 Dafydd Trefor, 34 Colour, 82, 85–87 Danger and difficulty, 65 Conwy Castle, 121, 124 Daniel, bishop of Suriev, 149 Corunna, 118 Daron, Lewis, 53, 86, 159 Cragh, William, 194 David ap Gwrgeneu, 122 Croes Naid, 181 David ap Llywelyn ap Kenewreg, 185 Cromwell, Thomas, 191, 195 David, bishop of St Davids, 99 Crown of Thorns, 162 David Morgan of Llandaff, 34 Cures, 23, 25, 59, 66–69, 122–123 David the Scot, bishop of Bangor, 20 for blindness, 62, 67, 68 David, William, of London, 30 for children, 68 Delw y Byd, 8, 160 for deafness, 67, 68 Diego Gelmirez, bishop of Santiago de for eye complaints, 66, 68 Compostela, 19 at graves, 67 Dionysia, a pilgrim to Hereford, 121 for injured knee, 62 Distance, travelled in a day, 63 for lameness, 62, 67 Dol-Belidr, 128 for lovesickness, 68 Doncaster, 196 for maimed, 67 Donne, Henry, 118–119 for mutes, 67 William, 118 for pleurisy, 68 Drowning, 123 resurrecting the dead, 62, 132 Durham Cathedral, 81 for sick, 67 Cwmhir Abbey, picture of Christ at, 35 rood of, 25 E Cymer Abbey, 35 Easter Sepulchres, 164 Cynddelw, 94 Edudful ferch Cadwgan, 92 Cyngen, king of Powys, 2 Edward I, 114, 181 and pilgrimage in England, 184 and reasons for Welsh pilgrimages, D 181–182 Dafydd ab Owain, bishop of St Asaph, and relics of Welsh saints, 183 128 Edward IV, 119, 195 Dafydd ap Gruffydd, 184 and pilgrimage to St Winifred’s Dafydd ap Gwilym, 5, 7, 68, 98 Well, 187 Dafydd ap John of Kilvey, 55 Edward of Westminster, miracles of, 188 Dafydd ap Llweylyn ap Madog, 66, Egeria, 149 68, 86, 103 Eleanor, queen of England, 181 Dafydd ap Siôn, 160 Ellen ferch Rhys, 118 252 INDEX

Ellis Price of Plas Iolyn, 191 Gloucester Abbey, 182 Elliw ferch Henri, 156, 161 Godfrey, bishop of St Asaph, 20 Ely, 180 Gospel books, 25 English pilgrims, 26 Grace Dieu Abbey, 35 English School in Rome, 151 Graves, 67 Evesham, 176 Greece, 160 Ewenny Priory, 182 Gresford Church, 126–127 Eyes, 30, 66, 68 Griffin, 62 Gruffudd ap Maredudd, 163 Gruffudd ap Rhys, 161 F Gruffudd ap Rhys, pilgrimage to Famagusta, 116 Santiago, 159 Felix Fabri, 115 Gruffydd ap Cynan, 178 FitzRalph, William, of Chester, 193 as popular saint, 189 Flanders, 159 potential shrine of, 190 Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 26 Gruffydd ap Ieuan ap Llywelyn France, 160 Fychan, 7 Francis Godwin, bishop of Llandaff, Gruffydd ap Rhys, pilgrimage to 20 Santiago of, 155 Fynnon Fair, nr. Aberdaron, 65 Guidnerth, 2 Guldeford, Richard, 152 Gumfreston, holy wells at, 84 G Gunther, John Lewis, 117 Gamage, Edward, 151 Guto’r Glyn, 5, 7, 53, 54, 57–60, 62, Gamages, John de, 182 69, 160, 194–195, 212 Geddington, 180 Guy Mone, bishop of St Davids, 62 Gems, 82 Gwalchmai ap Meilyr, 157 Gerald of Wales, 15n30, 18, 20, 25, Gwenllian, 118 31, 90, 95, 96, 131, 160, 190 Gwerful ferch Huw, 156 on Henry II, 180 Gwerful ferch Rhys, 156 pilgrimage to Rome, 151 Gwilym Ddu, 154 as promoter of pilgrimage, 33–34 Gwilym Gwyn, 34 on relics, 8, 24 Gwilym Tew, 7, 54, 120, 147 on Rome, 158 Gwlad Ieuan Fendigain (Legend of and St Thomas Becket, 193 Prester John), 160 on the Vernicle, 163 Gwladus ferch Dafydd Gam, 117 Germany, 160 Gwytherin, 22, 62 Gervase, a pilgrim to Hereford, 121 Gethin, Tom, 147, 148 Gethyn, Howell, 60 H Gilding, 86 Hagiography, 2, 7, 19, 23, 31–32 Glass and jewels, 86 Hajj pilgrimage, 63 Glastonbury Abbey, 63, 181 Haverfordwest, 148 INDEX 253

Haverfordwest Priory, 25, 35 and lay patronage, 131–133 Haweia, Joan, 114 and women, 132 Helen, finder of the True Cross, 163 Hospitallers, 59, 102 Henry II, king of England, 193 Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, 33 and pilgrimage motivation, 180 Huw Cae Llwyd, 36, 54, 147, 162, and pilgrimage to St Davids, 61, 163 189–191 and pilgrimage to Rome, 122, 158, Henry IV, 185, 187 162 and pilgrimage to St Winifred’s Hywel ab Ieuan of Moeliwrch, 57, 62 Well, 186 Hywel ap Dafydd ap Ieuan Rhys, Henry V, and pilgrimage to St poem to Brecon Rood, 54 Winifred’s Well, 186 Hywel ap Rheinallt, 53 Henry VI, 8, 159 Hywel ap Rhys, 2, 7 altar of, 35 Hywel Dafi, 7, 25, 53, 54, 118, 156 king of England, 8 and description of Rome, 162 king of England, and sainthood, pilgrimage to Santiago, 54 194 pilgrimage to Rome, 54 miracles of, 188 Hywel Dda, 2 and Welsh poetry, 194 Hywel Grach, 118 Henry VII, 187 Hywel Rheinallt, 34, 63, 85–86 Henry VIII, 130, 187 Heraldry, 126–130 Herbert, Elizabeth Herbert, 117 I Morgan Herbert, 60, 69 Ieuan ap Gruffudd Goch, 118, 156 Richard, 119 Ieuan ap Gwilym, 147, 162 William (of Troy), 117 Ieuan ap Huw Cae Llwyd, 54, 85 William, earl of Pembroke, 117, 119 Ieuan ap Rhydderch, 27, 89, 101 Hereford, 64, 192 Ieuan ap Sulien, 24 bishop of, 29 Ieuan Brydydd Hir, 36 cathedral, 34, 53 Ieuan Gethin, 62, 124 diocese of, 53 Ifan Brydydd, 66, 68 Hervé, bishop of Bangor, 20 Imago Mundi, 8 Historiography, 3–6 Incense, 89, 90 Holland, Gwerful, 147 Indulgence, 19, 20, 25–28, 52, 100, Holland, John, 147 146, 158 Holyhead, 34, 85 comparative length of, 29 Holy Island, 181 granted by bishops, 26 Holywell, 57, 61, 62, 98, 99, 102 papal, 147 Hopcyn ap Thomas, 32 plenary, 26 Hopton, Elizabeth Hopton, 126 reason for seeking, 29 Hospice of the Holy Trinity, Rome, 147 the Vernicle and, 163 Hospitality, 57, 62 Innocent III, Pope, 157, 163 along pilgrimage routes in Wales, 63 Instruments of the Passion, 164 254 INDEX

Iolo Goch, 27, 89, 90 Llandaff, bishops of, 18, 20 pilgrimage to St Davids, 66 cathedral, 2, 18, 21, 31, 52, 131 Ipswich, 196 diocese of, 182 Ireland, 28, 35, 61, 178, 179 rivalry with St Davids, 18 Llandderfel, 60, 85, 191 Llanddewibrefi, 31, 96 J Llanddwyn, 34, 63 James IV, king of Scotland, 177 Llandegely, 33 Jerusalem, 51, 87, 94, 115–117, 120, Llandeilo Abercywyn, 119 147–151, 154, 155 Llandrinio, 60 John ap Thomas, 195 Llandyrnog, 68 John de Trevor, bishop of St Asaph, 30 Llaneilian, 34, 85, 91, 95 John, king of England, 193 Llanengan, 53 Johnys, Hugh, 116, 148, 164 Llanfechell, 23 Llanfaes, 54 rood at, 25, 116 K Llanfair, 102 Katherine of Aragon, queen of Llanfihangel-y-Gofion, 117 England, 130 Llanfwrog, 57 Kempe, Margery, 61 Llangathen, 23 Kidwelly Priory, 25, 36, 53, 102, 122 Llangurig, 58, 62 Kissing, 88, 92 Llangyfelach, 55 Knight of the Holy Sepulchre, Llangynin, 62 114–116, 148, 164 Llangynwyd, 54, 86, 120 parish of, 120 rood at, 5, 7, 25, 35, 54, 82, 116; L decoration of, 86; poems to, 54 Langland, William, 154 Llanhamlach, 191 Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Llanharan, 120 Canterbury, 33 Llanilltud, 191 Lapidiaries, 86 Llannor, 53 Lewis Glyn Cothi, 7, 55, 57, 67, 81, Llanrhaedr-yng-Nghinmerich, 24, 95 118, 155, 160, 163, 195 Llansamlet, 55 and description on Rome, 162 Llansantffraid, 60 and homecoming from pilgrimage, Llansilin, 57 161 Llantarnam Abbey, 35, 62, 196 and pilgrimage to Rome, 159 and hospitality, 62 as proxy pilgrim, 146 indulgence for, 29 Liber Landavensis, 19, 31 Llantwit Major, 2, 191 Life of St Ursula, 129 Llanystumdwy, statue of Virgin at, 25 Llanasa, 130 Llawdden, 58, 95 Llanbadarn Fawr, 23 Llech Lafar, 180 Llanbedrog, 23, 191 Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, 183, 190 INDEX 255

and potential for popular sainthood, Monasteries, as promoters of 189 pilgrimage, 35 Llywelyn ap Hywel ab Ieuan ab Monmouth Priory, 29, 36, 101 Gronwy, 54 Montfort, Simon de, 176, 189 Llywelyn ap Ifan, 151 Morgan Herbert, 60 Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, 35 Morgan, John, of Tredegar, 116, 147 Llywelyn ap Morgan, 101 Morgannwg, Lewys, 7, 54, 91, 97, Lombardy, 159 116, 120, 191, 195 Lőrinc Tari, 176 Lough Derg pilgrimage, 159 Louis VII, king of France, 190 N Lourdes, 52 Nantmel, 67 Neath Abbey, 35, 114, 133 Nefyn, 181 M Neville, Anne, 187 Mandeville, John, 160 Newborough, statue of St Peter at, Mandylion of Edessa, 164 25 Maredudd ab Ieuan ap Robert, 159 Newburgh, Lewis, 191 Maredudd Fychan ap Maredudd, 95 Newport, 22, 61, 156 Margam Abbey, 35, 133 Nicholas IV, Pope, 163 Margaret, queen of Scotland, 19 Nicholas V, Pope, 159 Martin V, Pope, 27 Niclas ab Elis, Rector of Llaneilian, 34 Martyrdom, 22 Mathew family, of Radyr court, 131, 196 O David, 131–133 Oblations, 181, 182 Elspeth, of Radyr Court, hospitality Oswestry, 58 of, 132 Owain Glyndŵr, 185, 186, 195 Renborn, 132 potential for popular sainthood, 189 Matilda, queen of England, 19 revolt of, 30, 128, 192, 195 Maxen Wledig (Emperor Maximus), Owain Gwynedd, 20 160, 163 as popular saint, 190 Meifod, 94 potential shrine of, 190 Meilyr Brydydd, 65 Owain of Dyfed, 163 Mendicant orders, 35 Oxford, 33 Merthyr Cynog, 25 Merthyr Dyfan, 164 Merthyr Mawr, 114 P Meurig, bishop of Bangor, 20 Patrishow, 22 Miracles, 18, 33 Pennant Melangell, 4, 23, 31, 59, 60, and authenticity, 99 91, 97, 210 and resurrection, 62, 68, 122–124, Pennant, Huw, 129 194 Pennant, Thomas, abbot of Mold, rood of, 25 Basingwerk, 126, 127, 129, 130 256 INDEX

Penrhys, Marian shrine at, 29, 52, 88, shrine side activities and, 91 97, 116, 118, 120, 131 Souvenir, 100 controlled by Llantarnam Abbey, 35 Pilgrimage, journey at decorative of, 87 dangers of, 55 distance of fame, 64 distance of, 51 hospitality at, 62 duration of, 51 poems to, 54 and modes of travel, 61, 64, 80 rescuing sailors, 68 and poetry, as travel guide, 160–161 setting of, 97 in Wales, 61, 102 Perry, Richard, 130 Pilgrimage, overseas, and description Pilgrimage of sights of, 162 armchair/virtual, 146, 148–150 homecoming from, 161 and authenticity, 80–81 routes, 159–161 and children, 121–124 and spiritual grace, 157 choice, 193 Pilgrimage, sites, visual setting of, 85 and Communitas, 145 and dancing, 91 and discomfort, 66 decoration of, 84 distance of, 61–64 Pilgrims, and status, 152 and dress, 60, 61, 180 overseas, and concern for, 161 as excuse, 177 Plonévez-du-Faou, Brittany, 23 experience of, 83–96 Poems, local focus of, 54 and family, 56, 67, 114, 117, 121, and armchair/virtual pilgrimage, 124, 147, 162 146, 149, 152–164 as a gendered activity, 121–122 English, on pilgrimage, 155 and hiraeth, 161 on overseas pilgrimage, 157–158 local, 51–55 Porth Meudwy, 65 and memory, 120–121 Portiuncula, 29 as mental habit, 164 Powel, David, 190–191 multiple, 28 Prester John, 8 narrative accounts of, 150 Promotion, 20, 25 and nature, 99 Puffin Island, 22, 35 as penance, 64 Purgatory, 158 and physical impairment, 64 Pwllheli, 53, 87 and physical pain, 66 statue of Virgin at, 25, 90 as a political statement, 177 and politics, 175–197 promotion of, 9, 17 R promotion, preaching in Wales and, Ramsey Island, 24 159 Ranulf, a Welsh knight, 123 and proximity, 96–100 Red Book of Hergest, 119 by proxy, 30, 61, 119, 146, 181; by Redman, Richard, bishop of St Asaph, poets, 156 128 and senses, 79–83 Rhayader, 67 INDEX 257

Rhine Valley, 159 and healing pilgrimage, 159 Rhirid Flaidd, 23 indulgences and, 151, 158 Rhisiart ap Rhys, 54, 63, 132 journey to, 63 Rhisiart Twberfil, 160 Jubilee years in, 26, 157, 158, 162 Rhiw, living image and well at, 102 proxy pilgrimage to, 156 Rhosyr, 53 roads to, 162 Rhuddlan, 183, 184 spiritual rewards of, 157–159 Rhys ap Gruffydd, 179, 190 Roods, 25, 35, 54, 67, 163–164 Rhys ap Maredudd, 23 Rub el hizb, 130 Rhys ap Meredudd of Tywyn, 67 Ruthin, 57, 147 Rhys ap Tewdwr, 178, 190 Rhys ap Thomas, 32 Rhys Brydydd, 54, 120 S Rhys Dafydd Llwyd, and pilgrimage to Safe conduct, 62 Rome, 158 Sailors, 68 Rhys Llwyd, 98 St Aaron, 101 Rhys Llwyd ap Rhys ap Rhicert, 65 St Andrew, 19 Rhys Nanmor, 156 shrine of, 162 Ribbesford, 60, 61 St Andrews, Scotland, 19 Richard I, King of England, 185 St Anna, arm bone of, 162 Richard II, King of England, 114, 185 St Asaph, 20, 30, 130 Richard III, 125, 187 bishop of, 30, 128–129, 184 Richard, earl of Chester, 99 cathedral of, 20, 183 Richard Cyffin, dean of Bangor, 34, diocese of, 157, 191 95 Edward I and Eleanor go on Richard Ingworth, bishop of Dover, pilgrimage to, 184 92 Edward I’s interest in, 183 Rieter family of Nuremburg, 113 and Gospel of (Gospel of River, 98 Evengalthen), 183 Severn, 60, 63 well of, at Cwm, 102 Taff, 63 St Asa’s Well, Cwm, 129–130 Robert ap Rhys, of Plas Iolyn, 125 St Athan, 114, 151 Robert of Shrewsbury, 59, 62 St. Athelstan, 181 Robin Ddu, 158 St Baglan, crozier of, 24 Robin Leia, 163 St Balbina of Rome, 92 Robinson, Nicholas, bishop of Bangor, St Beuno, 23, 28, 65, 84 1 St Brynach of Nevern, grave of, 23 Rocamadour, 155 St Cadfan, crozier of, 24 Rochester, 181 St Cadog, 68, 120 Rome, 2–4, 24, 26, 51, 54, 93–94, St Caradog, 19, 92 101, 116, 117, 149 attempted canonisation of, 21 churches of, 151 Life of (Gerald of Wales), 21, 31 female pilgrims, 156 St Cathen, 23 258 INDEX

St Cawrdaf, 24, 53, 85 and metropolitan status, 20 St Chad, at Hamner, 64 multiple pilgrimages to, 180 feast of, 185 as national shrine, 195 St Clears, 62 offerings to, 95 St Colman, 56 rebuilding work at, 84, 85 St Curig, 58, 59, 81, 95 relics of, 18 staff of, 24, 59, 62, 95 rivalry with Llandaff, 18 St Cuthbert at Durham, 181 route to, 98 St Cynllo, festival of, 67 and Welsh politics, 175, 177–186 St Cynog, 25, 54, 118 William I’s pilgrimage to, 178 St David, 2, 57, 96 St David’s hospital, Swansea, 29 arm of, 181 St Deiniol, 34 bell of, 24 St Denis, Paris, 181 body of, 21 St Derfel (Derfel Gadarn), 85, 191, canonisation of, 20 192 cure affected by, 68 as military saint, 192 discovery of relics of, 182 and Owain Glyndŵr’s rebellion, 192 Edward I contributed to shrine St Dochdwy’s, Llandough, 164 construction of, 182 St Doged, 23, 102 feast of, 185 St Donat’s, 114, 116, 121, 151 hagiography, 31 St Dubricius, 132 head of, 182–183 St Dwynwen, 34, 53, 63, 87 and Jerusalem, 93 and lovesickness, 68 miracles of, 4, 33, 53, 99, 103, offerings to, 94 122–123, 184–185 shrine, 90 relics of, lost, 17, 19 St Dyfnog, 66 rescuing sailors, 68 soil of, 69 shrine of, 53, 87 well of, 68, 84, 95, 103 St Davids, 19, 21, 26, 30, 52, 61, 62, St Dyfnog’s well, 24 89, 91, 92, 96, 101, 102, 210, St Dyfrig (Dubricius), 18 211 St Edward the Confessor, 30, 181, bishop of, 19, 28, 62, 99, 100, 182, 182 185 St Egwad, 67 cathedral, 18, 55, 61 St Eilian, 34, 95, 155 diocese of, 122 St Einion Frenin, 53 Edward I and Eleanor’s pilgrimage St Elgar the Hermit, 18 to, 181, 182 St Eluned, 28, 90–91, 99 Henry II’s first pilgrimage to, 178 St Euddogwy (Oudoceus), shrine of, Henry II’s second pilgrimage to, 18, 19, 132 178–181 St George, 56 indulgence for, 20, 25–28 St Gildas, 23, 24 lighting at, 88 St Godric of Finchale, 181 INDEX 259

St Govan, 68 St Oswald, 57–59, 181 St Gwyddfarch, vision of, 94 St Pabo, 23 St Harmon, 58 St Padarn, 2, 23 Saint Herbot, 23 staff of, 24, 93 St Hubert, Horn of, 160 St Paul, 26, 162 St Hywyn’s church, Aberdaron, 65 St Peter, 19, 26, 162 St Iestyn, 23 at Rhosyr, 53, 86, 101 St Illtyd, Life of, 32, 191 St Petroc, 23, 191 St James, 56, 130 St Petronilla, shrine of, 162 St Jerome, 162 St Radegund, 30 St John of Beverley, 181 St Samlet, 55 St John of Gwanas, 58–59 St Samson, 19 St John the Apostle, 30 St Sebastian, 162 St John the Evangelist, 30 St Seiriol, 81 St Jude, 162 St Silin, 53, 57, 59 St Julius, 101 St Simon, 162 St Justinian, 24, 179 St Stephen the Protomartyr, 19, 162 St Katherine of Alexandria, Life of, St Sulien’s Well, 84 32 St Teilo, 2, 18–20, 31, 32, 93, 132 St Lawrence, 130, 162 shrine of, 52, 131–132 St Leonard, 58, 61 St Thecla, 33 St Louis, 29 St Thomas Becket, 176, 180 St Luke, 162 and defence of the Welsh border, St Margaret of Antioch, 32 193 St Margaret’s Well, 35 relics at Whitchurch of, 193 St Martin, 58–59 and Welsh veneration of, 193 Life of, 58 St Thomas Cantilupe, 56, 60, 121, St Mary Magdelene, 32 124, 176, 188 St Mary of Egypt, 32 shrine of at Hereford, 53, 64 St Mary’s Well (Wigfair, Cefn and Welsh pilgrims, 194 Meiriadog), 84, 101–102 St Tyrnog, 53, 68 design of, 128, 130–131 St Veronica, veil of (Vernicle), 26, 151, St Matthias, 162 162, 163 St Mechyll, 67 St Werburgh, 99 St Melangell, 58, 59, 96, 97 St William of York, 182 Life of, 31 St Winifred, 2, 4, 8, 29, 31, 57, 58, shrine of, 23 84, 130 St Michael, 164, 194 anonymous Life, 33, 62, 93, 123 St Morderyn, 67, 86, 98 feast of, 185, 187 St Mwrog, 57 grave of, 62 St Neot’s (Camb.), 81 miracles of, 33, 62, 123 St Non, 55, 68 statue of, 84, 126 260 INDEX

St Winifred’s Well, 2, 4, 7, 23, 59, 62, Scotland, pilgrimage in, 116–117 64, 90, 96, 101–102 Sea-crossing, 155–156 building of, 84, 130 Senses, and hearing, 82–83, 88–90 controlled by Basingwerk Abbey, 35 medieval understanding of, 82; design of, 128 restoration of, 56 and English royal pilgrimage to, and music, 80, 88, 89, 104; and 185–187 virtual pilgrimage, 163 healing at, 59 sight, 81–83, 85, 87–88, 94, 104, Henry VII, 187 163 Henry VIII, 187 smell, 79, 81–83, 87–90, 101 indulgence for, 29 taste, 79, 82, 83, 90, 92, 93 patronage of, 124–127 touch, 79, 81, 83, 88, 91–93 properties of, 31 Sepulchre, relic of, 29 and Richard III, 187 Shikoku, Japan, 80 route to, 98 Shipping, 156 St Woolos (Gwynllyw), 22, 116 Shrine, clothing for, 187 St Wulfstan of Worcester, 60, 122, destruction of, 196 181, 184, 193 Sieffrai Cyffin ap Morus, of Oswestry, Saints, ‘political’/politicised 157–158, 160 deaths of, 23 Sin, remission of, 157, 158 and local protection, 53 Sion ap Hywel ap Llywelyn Fychan, and protection, 191 126 Salusbury, family, 125, 128–129, 212 Siôn Trefor, 58 Fulk, dean of St Asaph, 129 Skulls, drinking from, 92 of Galltfaenan, heraldry of, 129 Smithfield, 196 Henry, 128, 129 Soil, 69, 103 Jenet, 129 Spain, and influence on well-design, 130 Sanctuary, 31 Spiritual magnetism, 52 Santiago de Compostela, 2, 3, 19, 35, Standish, Henry, bishop of St Asaph, 51, 52, 54, 80, 89, 101, 114, 128, 130 148–150, 152, 155 Stanley family, 125–127, 129 Holy Year in, 157 William, 126, 127 journey to, 63 Stations of Rome, 155, 163 patriarch of, 93 Stone Priory, 181 pilgrimage to, 2, 3 Stradling family, 114–118 proxy pilgrimage to, 156 Edward (d. 1453), 116 route to, 59, 96, 155 Edward (d. 1535), 116 spiritual rewards for pilgrimage to, Edward, (d. 1609), 151 158, 159 Harry (Henry), 116–118, 121, 147, thurible at, 90, 101 148, 150, 163 Welsh pilgrims to, 54, 118–119, Peter de, 114 155, 159 and pilgrimage records, 116, 150 Sarum Missal, 31 William, 114–116 INDEX 261

Strata Marcella Abbey, 30, 35, 100 Roger, of Bredwardine, 117 Stratford, 181 Roger (Rosser), of Tretower, 118, Swabia, 159 119 Swansea, 148, 194 Thomas, of Hergest, 118 Watkin, Bredwardine, 118 William, 119, 147 T Virgin Mary, 25, 54, 58, 194 Thomas ab Ieaun ap Rhys, 120 at Cardigan, Edward I’s pilgrimage Thomas ap Philip, 118 to, 181 Thomas ap Rhys ap Dafydd of at Chatham, 181 Gwestun, 161 at Chirbury, 35 Thomas, William of Raglan, 117 at Haverfordwest, 35 Tintern Abbey, 25, 29, 35 at Kidwelly, 25, 36, 53, 102, 122 Tir Iarll, 120 milk of, 162 Trees, worship of, 97 miracles of, 33 Trefeglwys, 60 at Pwllheli, 53, 86 Trefnant, Lewis, 158, 161–162 at Tintern, 35 Trellech, 131 as universal figure, 195 True Cross, 24, 29, 35, 162 veneration of, 25 Croes Naid, 181 visited Wales, 94, 102 Tudor, Jasper, 119 at Walsingham, 92 Tudur Aled, 126, 129, 161, 187 Virgin Mary, at Penrhys, 29, 35, 52, Turnerian Paradigm, 6 195–196 Ty Illtyd, 191 poems, 54 Tywyn, 61 Votives, 55, 94–96

U W Urban, bishop of Llandaff, 18, 19 Wales, map of, 33–34 Usk Priory, 25, 28–30, 36 Walsingham, 26, 92, 196 Walter Map, 131 Warbeck, Perkin, 126 V Water, 84 Valle Crucis Abbey, altar of Henry VI Wattlesborough Hall, 57 at, 35, 194 Wax, 55, 95–96 abbot of, 53 Wey, William, and Welsh ships at speaking statue of Christ at, 35 Corunna, 156 rood of, 35 pilgrimage accounts of, 154 Vaughan family, 117–119 Whitchurch, 64, 192, 193, 209 John, 117 St Thomas Becket’s relics at, 62, 193 Maud, 118 Whitland Abbey, 35 Roger, 118 Whitwell hospice, 30 262 INDEX

William I, king of England Women, 32, 55, 118, 122, 156, 193 and pilgrimage to St Davids, 178, Worcester, William, 33, 122, 185 180 William of Malmesbury, 19 Wills, 60–61 X Winding-sheet of the Lord, relic of, Xerophthalmia, 68 29 Wogan, Elizabeth, 118 Joan, 118 Y John, 119 Y Drych Christianogawl, 28 Wolsey, cardinal, 30 York Minster, 81, 182, 194