Kirjojen Toimijuudet Ja Leikki Maailmojen Välisellä Rajalla Lemony Snicketin Lastenkirjasarjassa a Series of Unfortunate Events

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Kirjojen Toimijuudet Ja Leikki Maailmojen Välisellä Rajalla Lemony Snicketin Lastenkirjasarjassa a Series of Unfortunate Events Kirjojen toimijuudet ja leikki maailmojen välisellä rajalla Lemony Snicketin lastenkirjasarjassa A Series of Unfortunate Events Isla Parkkola Maisterintutkielma Kirjallisuus Musiikin, taiteen ja kulttuurin tutkimuksen laitos Jyväskylän yliopisto Marraskuu 2020 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellinen tiedekunta Musiikin, taiteen ja kulttuurintutkimuksen laitos Tekijä – Author Isla Parkkola Työn nimi – Title Kirjojen toimijuudet ja leikki maailmojen välisellä rajalla Lemony Snicketin lastenkirjasarjassa A Series of Unfortunate Events Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Kirjallisuus Maisterintutkielma Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages 11/2020 130 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman fokuksessa ovat kirjojen ja kerronnan toimijuudet sekä lukijan, kirjan ja fiktiivisen maailman väliset suhteet Lemony Snicketin lastenkirjasarjassa A Series of Unfortunate Events. Aihetta käsitellään kolmesta näkökulmasta: Ensinnäkin työssä tarkastellaan sarjan kertojahahmon ja yleisö-agentin toimintaa kirjojen narratiivissa sekä sitä, millaiseen vuorovaikutukseen kirjasarja kutsuu lukijaansa. Toiseksi siinä pureudutaan tapoihin, joilla kirjat ja kirjallisuus tuovat toimijuuttaan näkyville sarjan kirjoissa osallistumalla niissä kuvattuihin tapahtumiin ja jättämällä jälkensä henkilöhahmojen toimintaan. Kolmanneksi siinä selvitetään, millä tavoin fyysinen kirjaesine, adaptaatiot ja promotionaaliset tekstit osallistuvat sarjan maailman rakentamiseen ja hämärtävät rajaa fiktiivisen ja aktuaalisen maailman välillä. Työn tutkimusaineisto koostuu kolmestatoista lastenromaanista sekä niiden periteksteistä, epiteksteistä ja adaptaatioista, joiden tarkasteluun sovelletaan kertomusteoreettista analyysikäsitteistöä, toimijaverkkoteoreettista toimijuuskäsitystä sekä affordanssin konseptia. Aineistoa lähestyttäessä hyödynnetään pintalukemisen menetelmää, joka korostaa sitä, mikä tekstistä ja muusta materiaalista rakentuvassa kerronnallisessa kokonaisuudessa on ilmeistä ja näkyvää. Kerronnallinen kokonaisuus näyttäytyy tutkielmassa toimijaverkkona, jossa inhimilliset ja ei- inhimilliset toimijuudet kietoutuvat yhteen ja vaikuttavat toistensa toimintaan tasaväkisinä. Toimijuutta ei siinä nähdä ihmisen yksinoikeutena, vaan aktiivisen toimijan rooliin nousevat myös esimerkiksi kirjaesine ja kerronnalliset rakennelmat, jotka vuorovaikuttavat lukijan kanssa ja saavat aikaan konkreettisia vaikutuksia. Tutkielma tekee populaaria lastenkirjallisuutta koskevan tutkimuksen kautta näkyväksi fiktion ja todellisuuden välisiä leikkauspintoja ja ihmettelee lukijan kokemusta, jossa fiktio ja todellisuus ovat aina jossain määrin limittäin. Lisäksi se tuo uusia näkökulmia keskusteluun kirjaesineen mahdollisuuksista ja tarinamaailman levittäytymisestä kirjan sivuilta muihin medioihin muun muassa esittelemällä multimondiaalisuuden käsitteen, joka viittaa fiktiosta aktuaaliseen maailmaan nouseviin esineisiin. Asiasanat – Keywords Snicket, Lemony; Handler, Daniel; lastenkirjallisuus; kertomusteoria; toimijaverkkoteoria; pintalukeminen; toimijuus; kertoja; yleisö-agentti; lukija; kirjaesine; parateksti; periteksti; epiteksti; adaptaatio; affordanssi; multimodaalisuus; transmediaalisuus; multimondiaalisuus Säilytyspaikka – Depository JYX-julkaisuarkisto Muita tietoja – Additional information Sisällys 1 Johdanto ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Aineiston esittely .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Aikaisempi tutkimus ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Teoreettiset lähtökohdat ja tutkimusmetodi ........................................................................................... 8 1.4 Keskeiset käsitteet ja konseptit ............................................................................................................ 11 1.4.1 Toimijuus ................................................................................................................................................................ 12 1.4.2 Kertova viestintätilanne – kertoja, lukija ja yleisö-agentti ........................................................... 14 1.4.3 Affordanssin käsite ja kirjan ja lukijan välinen vuorovaikutus .................................................. 18 1.4.4 Paratekstit, transmedia ja multimondiaalisuus.................................................................................. 20 2 Kertovan tekstin toimijuudet ja maailmojen rajat ylittävä vuorovaikutus ........................................ 25 2.1 ”Lemony Snicket, Author, and Fugitive” – kertoja, henkilöhahmo ja fiktiivinen kirjailija ................. 25 2.1.1 Snicket kertojana – kerronnan taso, kertojan etäisyys kerrotusta ja kaikkitietävän henkilökerronnan ongelma ...................................................................................................................................... 27 2.1.2 Snicket henkilöhahmona ja tutkijana – fiktiivisen tutkimusprosessin kirjaimellinen luenta .................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 2.1.3 Snicket fiktiivisenä kirjailijana – kaikkitietävyys kuvitteluna ja tekijänimen suhde tekijyyteen ......................................................................................................................................................................... 40 2.2 Yksikön toinen persoona ja yleisö-agentin rooli.................................................................................. 43 2.3 Kerronnan affordanssit ja maailmojen rajat ylittävä vuorovaikutus .................................................. 49 3 Kirjojen toiminta kirjan sivuilla ............................................................................................................. 59 3.1 Esineiden ei-inhimillinen toimijuus ..................................................................................................... 59 3.2 Kirjat, kirjallisuus ja kirjastot toimijoina ASoUE:n narratiivissa....................................................... 63 3.2.1 Kirjat tapahtumien hidastajina ja eteenpäin viejinä ........................................................................ 64 3.2.2 Kirjallisuus avaa ovia, kätkee viestejä ja osallistuu ryhmänmuodostukseen ..................... 67 3.2.3 Kirjastot ja inhimillisen ja ei-inhimillisen yhteenkietoutuminen ............................................. 70 3.3 Intertekstuaalisuus kirjojen toimintana ............................................................................................... 76 3.3.1 Intertekstuaalisuus ja toimijaverkkoteoria .......................................................................................... 76 3.3.2 Intertekstuaalisuuden jäljet lukijan kokemuksessa ......................................................................... 79 3.3.3 Intertekstuaalinen monilähteisyys ja subtekstien yhteenkietoutuminen ............................ 81 4 Kirjaesine, transmedia ja leikki maailmojen välisellä rajalla .............................................................. 86 4.1 Kirjaesine maailmojen välisen rajan hämärtäjänä – Snicketin omaelämäkerta multimondiaalisena objektina .................................................................................................................................................... 86 4.2 Paratekstit ja adaptaatiot osana kerronnallista kokonaisuutta ........................................................... 95 4.2.1 Peritekstit ja leikki maailmojen välisellä rajalla................................................................................. 95 4.2.2 Medioiden ja maailmojen rajat ylittävä kertojahahmo ASoUE:n epiteksteissä ja adaptaatioissa ................................................................................................................................................................ 104 5 Päätäntö................................................................................................................................................... 116 6 Lähteet ..................................................................................................................................................... 124 1 1 JOHDANTO A Series of Unfortunate Events (1999–2006)1 on lapsille suunnattu kirjasarja, jonka kaikkien kolmentoista osan kanteen painettu kirjailijan nimi, Lemony Snicket, kuuluu tosiasiassa fiktiiviselle henkilölle. Niin Snicket kuin sarjakin ovat yhdysvaltalaisen kirjailijan, Daniel Handlerin, tuotosta, mutta itse kirjoista tämä ei käy ilmi. Handlerin sijasta tekijän paikalle siis asettuu henkilö, jota ei – eräässä mielessä – ole olemassa. Snicket ei ole vain Handlerin salanimi vaan myös kirjojen kertoja ja henkilöhahmo niiden maailmassa. Hahmon toiminta yhtäältä kirjan sivuilla, toisaalta sarjan parateksteissä avaa kiinnostavia näkökulmia niin sarjan kerrontatilanteeseen kuin tekijyyden kysymykseenkin. Tämän kirjojen kerronnalle tunnusmerkillinen tapa puhutella lukijaa varottavaan sävyyn taas suuntaa huomion puhutellun yleisön positioon sekä fiktiivisen yleisö-agetin ja todellisen lukijan väliseen suhteeseen. Kerronnan toimijuuksien lisäksi Snicketin sarja kiinnittää huomion kirjoihin toimijoina, mikä
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