Glossary Tenns as used in this book; if definitions are due to other authors, these are not cited here but generally in the text. absolute branch order, see branch order, abso­ bud, (in this book) the shoot apical meristem lute, and its immediate derivatives (leaf primordia, actinomorphic, radially symmetrical. bud scales). anemochores, plants with wind-dispersed propa­ bud complex, a group of closely juxtaposed gules, buds; may be either primary, e.g., a series apparent branch order, see branch order, appar- of buds all of the same branch order devel­ ent. oped within a single leaf axil, or secondary, apposition growth, see growth, apposition. the products of repeated branching producing architectural tree model, see model. an aggregate of buds belonging to several architecture, the visible, morphological, expres- branch orders. sion of the genetic blueprint of organic bud-scale, a modified leaf or other organ envel­ growth and development. oping and protecting a resting bud. articulated growth. rhythmic growth which re­ cauliflory, production of flowers on the trunk. sults in shoot units separated by morpho­ chablis, a gap in the forest produced by the logical discontinuities, e.g., bud-scale scars; fall of a tree; the fall of the tree itself and the hence, articulated shoots (cf. continuous resulting forest damage (from the French). growth). colleter, secretory, usually nonvasculated organ articulated shoot, shoot produced by articulated (gland or multicellular hair) associated with growth, usually with distinct bud-scale scars. a bud. axis, supporting part of an organ or complex, continuous growth, growth without visible e.g., leaf axis, stem. rhythm producing shoots without distinct ar­ bamboo, a member of the subfamily Bambu­ ticulations (cf. articulated growth). soideae, Gramineae. Corner's rules, axiomatic rules governing bamboo habit, distinctive architecture as ex­ branching frequency and axis-appendage cor­ emplified by a bamboo (cf. McClure's model, relations in relation to axis size (see p. 81). p. 139). crown area index (CAl), total projected crown bayonet-joint, articulation, usually in or­ area above unit area of ground surface; a thotropic shoots, where substitution growth measure of canopy density. has occurred; may be the result of sequential cryptocotylar germination, see hypogeal germi­ branching (in the model) or reiteration (after nation. damage). cryptogeal germination, germination in which biomass, dry or wet weight of organic matter the plumule is buried by late extension of produced by growth of an organism. the cotyledonary axes. biotope, the living space occupied by an organ­ cyclophysis, the organizational status of a meris­ Ism. tem in a tree detennined by its age. branch order, the numerical sequence of an axis; decussate (leaf) arrangement, in pairs, the suc­ hence absolute branch order, the morpholog­ cessive pairs at right angles. ical order of a branch as determined by pri­ dedifferentiation (of axes), change from one level mary development. of differentiation to a previous, "younger", apparent, relative or visible branch order, the level ~ often as an ecological response ex­ actual branch order determined by secondary pressed by the apical meristem (= rejuven­ changes and available for simple analysis. ation), e.g., from plagiotropy to orthotropy branching, sequential, the sequence of appear­ if the model sequence goes from orthotropy ance of branches as determined by the ar­ to plagiotropy. chitectural model; hence reiterative branch­ dendrochronology, determination of historical ing, or branching by reiteration, the appear­ events on the basis of annual growth incre­ ance of branches not determined by the ar­ ments in tree trunks. chitectural model, e.g., in damaged trees. diaspore, a unit of dispersal. 388 Glossary differentiation (of axes), morphological special­ habit, see growth habit. ization either as sequential expression of mer­ habitat, the community environment. istematic specialization or growth correla­ hapaxanthy, development of an axis which is tion (e.g., from orthotropic to plagiotropic determinate by terminal flowering, hence ha­ shoots). paxanthic shoot, a shoot which flowers termi­ distichous (leaf) arrangement, alternate, but nally (cf. pleonanthy). restricted to a single plane. heliophilous nomad, see nomad, heliophilous. dryad, a high forest tree occupying a precise heteroblastic, with a morphological difference ecotope. between juvenile and adult (e.g., in leaf shape ecological inversion point, see inversion point, and size). ecological. homeostasis, in an ecological sense, a commu­ ecological inversion surface, see inversion sur­ nity in a steady state, with minimal free en­ face, ecological. ergy (see p. 370). ecotope, combination of niche and habitat homeostatic forest, a forest in a condition with occupied by a plant. minimum free energy. emergent, an isolated tree standing above the hypogeal germination, in which the cotyledon(s) average forest canopy, but which did not nec­ remain within the seed coat and usually do essarily emerge. not appear above ground as photosynthetic energy flow, transfer of energy within the tree organs, e.g., palms (=cryptocotylar germina­ or between the tree and its environment tion). (p.284). hypopodium, the part of a branch which is local­ ensemble, see set. ized between its origin and its first leaf; epicormic, originating from the trunk, as in an usually long in sylleptic branches, it remains epicormic shoot developing from a latent mer­ very short in proleptic ones. istem. infi'astructural complement, the population of epicotyledonary axis, stem immediately above latent meristems in a forest, representing the cotyledonary node. potential growth. epigeal germination, in which the cotyledon(s) inf;'astructural set, the population of functioning escape from the seed coat and usually appear meristems in a forest, representing actual above ground as photosynthetic organs (= growth. phanerocotylar germination). initial complex, the visible complex of axes and epinasty, the effect of one branch on anothe, active meristems produced by a tree when which determines their final orientation. growing precisely according to its model (i.e., episodic growth, rhythmic growth. without reiteration). epitrophy, generalized response leading to the intermittent grOlvth, noncontinuous growth formation of erect axes. without the predictable regularity of rhythmic establishment growth, post-seedling growth of growth; hence intermittent branching. plants, usually without secondary thickening inversion point, ecological, the point in the forest meristems (cambiums), resulting in gradual where real vertical microclimatic gradients development of massive primary axes (e.g., (e.g., of humidity and light intensity) cross the monocotyledons). average vertical gradient (regression curve). flush, rapid primary shoot expansion and elon­ inversion point, morphological, the insertion of gation, usually in contrast to existing foliage. the lowest major limb of a tree above which growth, apposition, resulting in branching by all branch or reiterative complexes are pro­ displacement of a continued active terminal gressi vely smaller. meristem by a more vigorous lateral, i.e., no inversion surface, ecological, collective microcli­ meristem abortion involved, cf. growth, sub­ matic inversion points, as of light intensity stitution, resulting in branching by replace­ and humidity. ment of a terminal meristem which is determi­ inversion surface, morphological, collective in­ nate either by abortion or, most usually, by version points of individual trees in a forest, becoming a flower or inflorescence (see also indicative of that forest's status. plagiotropy by apposition or substitution). K selection, selective conditions which favor growth-habit, the ultimate form of a plant as longevity of individuals at expense of repro­ expressed in its physiognomy, i.e., growth­ ductive capacity. habit is not defined by a precise differentia­ K strategist, a species adapted to maximum sur­ tion sequence, but more or less by an overall vival of individuals at expense of reproductive appearance. capacity. Glossary 389 lammas shoot. late season flush of growth in nomad, biological. a pioneer tree on a disturbed a temperate tree which normally flushes an­ site (synonyms: scar species, weed tree). nually. nomad, heliophilous, frequently occurring but­ leaf area index (LAI), cumulative projection short-living tree species favoring regions of of leaf area above unit ground area, a mea­ high light intensity in a forest community, sure of leaf density. and generally without reiteration. leptocaul, a thin-twigged and usually much­ nomad. sciaphilous. frequently occurring some­ branched tree. what longer-living tree species tolerant of low linear sympodium. a single stem made up of suc­ light intensity in a forest community, and cessive, usually determinate, monoaxial units. generally without reiteration. long shoot, where there is shoot dimorphism, nonarticulated growth. continuous growth, re­ an extended shoot contributing to the ar­ sulting in a nonarticulated shoot. chitecture of a tree. organ complex, the total interacting complex of marcoltage, artificial propagation by stimula­ organs forming an individual tree or part of tion of aerial root formation in a woody axis. a tree, such as a branch system (e.g., pla­ model (botanical), short for architectural tree giotropic complex). model. generalized growth program which de­ orthostichy, vertical series of leaves or leaf scars. termines