Glossary Tenns as used in this book; if definitions are due to other authors, these are not cited here but generally in the text.

absolute branch order, see branch order, abso• bud, (in this book) the shoot apical meristem lute, and its immediate derivatives ( primordia, actinomorphic, radially symmetrical. bud scales). anemochores, with wind-dispersed propa• bud complex, a group of closely juxtaposed gules, buds; may be either primary, e.g., a series apparent branch order, see branch order, appar- of buds all of the same branch order devel• ent. oped within a single leaf axil, or secondary, apposition growth, see growth, apposition. the products of repeated branching producing architectural model, see model. an aggregate of buds belonging to several architecture, the visible, morphological, expres- branch orders. sion of the genetic blueprint of organic bud-scale, a modified leaf or other organ envel• growth and development. oping and protecting a resting bud. articulated growth. rhythmic growth which re• cauliflory, production of flowers on the trunk. sults in shoot units separated by morpho• chablis, a gap in the forest produced by the logical discontinuities, e.g., bud-scale scars; fall of a tree; the fall of the tree itself and the hence, articulated shoots (cf. continuous resulting forest damage (from the French). growth). colleter, secretory, usually nonvasculated organ articulated shoot, shoot produced by articulated (gland or multicellular hair) associated with growth, usually with distinct bud-scale scars. a bud. axis, supporting part of an organ or complex, continuous growth, growth without visible e.g., leaf axis, stem. rhythm producing shoots without distinct ar• bamboo, a member of the subfamily Bambu• ticulations (cf. articulated growth). soideae, Gramineae. Corner's rules, axiomatic rules governing bamboo habit, distinctive architecture as ex• branching frequency and axis-appendage cor• emplified by a bamboo (cf. McClure's model, relations in relation to axis size (see p. 81). p. 139). crown area index (CAl), total projected crown bayonet-joint, articulation, usually in or• area above unit area of ground surface; a thotropic shoots, where substitution growth measure of canopy density. has occurred; may be the result of sequential cryptocotylar , see hypogeal germi• branching (in the model) or reiteration (after nation. damage). cryptogeal germination, germination in which biomass, dry or wet weight of organic matter the plumule is buried by late extension of produced by growth of an organism. the cotyledonary axes. biotope, the living space occupied by an organ• cyclophysis, the organizational status of a meris• Ism. tem in a tree detennined by its age. branch order, the numerical sequence of an axis; decussate (leaf) arrangement, in pairs, the suc• hence absolute branch order, the morpholog• cessive pairs at right angles. ical order of a branch as determined by pri• dedifferentiation (of axes), change from one level mary development. of differentiation to a previous, "younger", apparent, relative or visible branch order, the level ~ often as an ecological response ex• actual branch order determined by secondary pressed by the apical meristem (= rejuven• changes and available for simple analysis. ation), e.g., from plagiotropy to orthotropy branching, sequential, the sequence of appear• if the model sequence goes from orthotropy ance of branches as determined by the ar• to plagiotropy. chitectural model; hence reiterative branch• dendrochronology, determination of historical ing, or branching by reiteration, the appear• events on the basis of annual growth incre• ance of branches not determined by the ar• ments in tree trunks. chitectural model, e.g., in damaged . diaspore, a unit of dispersal. 388 Glossary differentiation (of axes), morphological special• habit, see growth habit. ization either as sequential expression of mer• habitat, the community environment. istematic specialization or growth correla• hapaxanthy, development of an axis which is tion (e.g., from orthotropic to plagiotropic determinate by terminal flowering, hence ha• shoots). paxanthic shoot, a shoot which flowers termi• distichous (leaf) arrangement, alternate, but nally (cf. pleonanthy). restricted to a single plane. heliophilous nomad, see nomad, heliophilous. dryad, a high forest tree occupying a precise heteroblastic, with a morphological difference ecotope. between juvenile and adult (e.g., in leaf shape ecological inversion point, see inversion point, and size). ecological. homeostasis, in an ecological sense, a commu• ecological inversion surface, see inversion sur• nity in a steady state, with minimal free en• face, ecological. ergy (see p. 370). ecotope, combination of niche and habitat homeostatic forest, a forest in a condition with occupied by a . minimum free energy. emergent, an isolated tree standing above the , in which the (s) average forest canopy, but which did not nec• remain within the seed coat and usually do essarily emerge. not appear above ground as photosynthetic energy flow, transfer of energy within the tree organs, e.g., palms (=cryptocotylar germina• or between the tree and its environment tion). (p.284). hypopodium, the part of a branch which is local• ensemble, see set. ized between its origin and its first leaf; epicormic, originating from the trunk, as in an usually long in sylleptic branches, it remains epicormic shoot developing from a latent mer• very short in proleptic ones. istem. infi'astructural complement, the population of epicotyledonary axis, stem immediately above latent meristems in a forest, representing the cotyledonary node. potential growth. , in which the cotyledon(s) inf;'astructural set, the population of functioning escape from the seed coat and usually appear meristems in a forest, representing actual above ground as photosynthetic organs (= growth. phanerocotylar germination). initial complex, the visible complex of axes and epinasty, the effect of one branch on anothe, active meristems produced by a tree when which determines their final orientation. growing precisely according to its model (i.e., episodic growth, rhythmic growth. without reiteration). epitrophy, generalized response leading to the intermittent grOlvth, noncontinuous growth formation of erect axes. without the predictable regularity of rhythmic establishment growth, post- growth of growth; hence intermittent branching. plants, usually without secondary thickening inversion point, ecological, the point in the forest meristems (cambiums), resulting in gradual where real vertical microclimatic gradients development of massive primary axes (e.g., (e.g., of humidity and light intensity) cross the ). average vertical gradient (regression curve). flush, rapid primary shoot expansion and elon• inversion point, morphological, the insertion of gation, usually in contrast to existing foliage. the lowest major limb of a tree above which growth, apposition, resulting in branching by all branch or reiterative complexes are pro• displacement of a continued active terminal gressi vely smaller. meristem by a more vigorous lateral, i.e., no inversion surface, ecological, collective microcli• meristem abortion involved, cf. growth, sub• matic inversion points, as of light intensity stitution, resulting in branching by replace• and humidity. ment of a terminal meristem which is determi• inversion surface, morphological, collective in• nate either by abortion or, most usually, by version points of individual trees in a forest, becoming a flower or (see also indicative of that forest's status. plagiotropy by apposition or substitution). K selection, selective conditions which favor growth-habit, the ultimate form of a plant as longevity of individuals at expense of repro• expressed in its physiognomy, i.e., growth• ductive capacity. habit is not defined by a precise differentia• K strategist, a adapted to maximum sur• tion sequence, but more or less by an overall vival of individuals at expense of reproductive appearance. capacity. Glossary 389 lammas shoot. late season flush of growth in nomad, biological. a pioneer tree on a disturbed a temperate tree which normally flushes an• site (synonyms: scar species, weed tree). nually. nomad, heliophilous, frequently occurring but• leaf area index (LAI), cumulative projection short-living tree species favoring regions of of leaf area above unit ground area, a mea• high light intensity in a forest community, sure of leaf density. and generally without reiteration. leptocaul, a thin-twigged and usually much• nomad. sciaphilous. frequently occurring some• branched tree. what longer-living tree species tolerant of low linear sympodium. a single stem made up of suc• light intensity in a forest community, and cessive, usually determinate, monoaxial units. generally without reiteration. long shoot, where there is shoot dimorphism, nonarticulated growth. continuous growth, re• an extended shoot contributing to the ar• sulting in a nonarticulated shoot. chitecture of a tree. organ complex, the total interacting complex of marcoltage, artificial propagation by stimula• organs forming an individual tree or part of tion of aerial root formation in a woody axis. a tree, such as a branch system (e.g., pla• model (botanical), short for architectural tree giotropic complex). model. generalized growth program which de• orthostichy, vertical series of or leaf scars. termines successive architectural phases of a orthotropy, gravitational response which pro• tree. duces a vertical axis, hence orthotropic shoot modular construction, way of building trees or with the complex of characters resulting from branch complexes out of modules. this response, i.e., radial symmetry and verti• modulation (of humidity and light gradients), cal orientation (cf. plagiotropy). progressive but nonuniform change in micro• pachycaul, a thick-twigged, little-branched tree. climatic conditions throughout the forest ca• paedomorphism, persistence and/or elaboration nopy. of juvenile characters (may be ontogenetic module (=artic\e in French), shoot unit with or phylogenetic). determinate growth, either by apical abortion pagoda habit, tree physiognomy with regular or conversion of apex to an inflorescence. tiers of horizontal branches, the tiers progres• monocaul, with a single trunk. sively shorter distally, and the end of each monolayer. with leaves spread in a single hori• branch upright. zontal layer, i.e., without overlap; hence:• parastichy, regular oblique series of leaves or multilayer, with leaves distributed vertically leaf scars. and some degree of overlap. pauperization, reduction of vigor and size such monopodium. an axis established by a single in• that architecture is minimally expressed; may determinate meristem, i.e., branches remain also result in dedifferentiation and reiter• subordinate; hence monopodia I growth. ation. growth by continued activity of a single mer• periphysis, the organizational status of a tree istem. meristem influenced by environment. morphological inversion point. see InverSIOn phanerocotylar germination, see epigeal germina• point, morphological. tion. morphological inversion sUiface. see InverSIOn phyllol11orphic hranch, determinate short-lived surface, morphological. and strongly plagiotropic branch axis with multilayer. see monolayer. some or many of the biological characters naked bud, a resting meristem without obvious of a compound leaf. morphologically specialized protective or• pipe model theory, theory which relates units gans. of crown structure to vascular units, or neoformation. formation of an organ or part "pipes", in the axes supporting them (cf. unit of a shoot system immediately prior to its pipe). expansion (cf. preformation). plagiotropic complex, set of interacting meris• neoteny, precocious sexuality in animals or tems forming an extended plagiotropic plants; botanically it often implies loss of se• branch system, from not necessarily pla• veral preceding vegetative steps of the differ• giotropic axial components. entiation sequence; it may be an ontogenetic plagio tropy , gravitational response which pro• or a phylogenetic process. duces an oblique or horizontal axis, hence niche. the energetic position of a species in a plagiotropic shoot with the complex of charac• community. ters resulting from this response i.e., dor- 390 Glossary

siventral symmetry and horizontal orienta• sexual reproduction at expense of individual tion (cf. orthotropy). longevity. plagiotropy by apposition, character of a pla• sciaphilous nomad, see nomad, sciaphilous. giotropic complex determined by apposition semi-hypogeal germination, in which the hypo• growth. cotyl elongates during germination, e.g., du• plagiotropy by substitution, character of a pla• rian. giotropic complex determined by substitution sequential branching, see branching, sequential. growth. set (or ensemble), group of trees within a forest plastochrone, time interval between two succes• with equivalent developmental potential (e.g., sive similar events, as in leaf development, set of future, present and past). often used in a descriptive sense for its sexuality, in higher plants the transposition of morphological result. the individual or an axis to the flowering pleonanthy, development of an axis which is not condition. determinate by flowering, i.e., flowers or in• short shoot, where there is shoot dimorphism, florescences are lateral; hence pleonanthic an unextended, often specialized axis bearing shoot, a shoot with lateral flowers. leaves and usually flowers, not contributing plot, in vegetational analysis, the smallest sam• to the overall architecture of the tree. ple representative of a sylvigenetic phase. spiral (leaf) arrangement, alternate, but radially pneumatophore, aerating organ, usually an ae• arranged, i.e., forming a helix. rial root, best known in woody swamp or spirodistichous (leaf) arrangement, alternate, mangrove plants. two-ranked, but the ranks each describing a preformation, formation of the whole of an un• helix. expanded shoot system prior to its subse• strategy, the mechanisms by which an organ• quent complete expansion (cf. neoformation). ism's genotype is preserved (cf. r-strategist, prolepsis, development of a lateral branch only K-strategist). after a period of dormancy as a lateral bud; structural ensemble, a subdivision of the set of hence proleptic branch, a branch developed the present according to height. by prolepsis. substitution growth, see growth, substitution. pseudowhorl, a close set series produced mor• syconium, the inflorescence and subsequent in• phogenetically in sequence but simulating a fructescence of a fig. whorl. syllepsis, development of a lateral branch with• rami(lory, production of flowers on older out a period of dormancy, i.e., contempora• branches. neous with its parent axis; hence sylleptic reiteration, development of shoots outside the branch, a branch developed by syllepsis. normal expression of the architectural model sylvigenesis, the process of forest formation. of a tree, as a specialized environmental re• sylvigenetic cycle, one of the repeating processes sponse. in sylvigenesis. reiterative complex, the complex of meristems sylvigenetic model, the analogue of a tree model produced by reiteration. in the development of a forest. rejuvenation, see dedifferentiation. sylvigenetic phase, a subdivision of a sylvigenetic relative branch order, see branch order, relative. cycle, not necessarily repeated. relay axis, an axis taking over growth in sympodium, a single axis formed by a series of a tree, either according to the model or as lateral meristems in sequence; sympodial a result of reiteration. growth, growth from successive lateral meris• rhythmic branching, production of branches in tems. a regular sequence associated with rhythmic tier, a group of closely inserted branches or growth. branch complexes (whorled or pseudow• rhythmic growth (= episodic growth), growth hoded) widely separated from other groups of an axis determined by a rhythm which of branches. results in periodic shoot extension alternating topophysis, the organizational status of a meris• with dormancy. tem in a plant body determined by its position river-bank eflect, growth response of trees une• and stable through vegetative propagation. venly illuminated, as on a river-bank. tree (botanical), a tall, usually woody plant with I' selection, selective conditions which favor high a single trunk. reproductive rates at expense of individual tree (mathematical), a series of interconnected vegetative longevity. lines without loops, i.e., only one possible r strategist, a species adapted to high rates of pathway between any two points in the tree. Glossary 391 tree of the future, tree with potential for future mined by a single cycle of mitotic activity expansion within the forest mosaic. of the apical meristem. tree of the past, over-mature, decaying or unit pipe, the unit supporting and supplying one damaged tree in process of elimination from crown unit in the pipe model theory. the forest mosaic. verticillate or whorled (leaf) arrangement, se• tree ofthe present, dominant tree which co deter• veral appendages inserted at precisely the mines forest architecture, but without further same level. capability for expansion. vigor, excess of growth rate over death rate in treelet, a small tree. a tissue, organ or plant. visible branch order, see branch order, visible. unit of extension, a morphologically discrete whorled, see verticillate. growth increment. woody, with a high proportion of lignified tissue. unit of morphogenesis, a unit of growth deter- zygomorphic, bilaterally symmetrical. References

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and Function. New York-Heidelberg-Berlin: 248) : The vascular system in the axis of Dra• Springer, 1971 caena fragrans. (Agavaceae). 2. Distribution ZIMMERMANN, M.H., TOMLINSON, P.B. (124): and development of secondary tissue. J. Ar• Anatomy of the palm Rhapis excelsa. 1. Ma• nold Arbor. 51, 478-491 (1970) ture vegetative axis. 1. Arnold Arbor. 46, ZIMMERMANN, M.H., TOMLINSON, P.B. (76, 129, 160-177 (1965) 130): The vascular system of monocotyle• ZIMMERMANN, M.H., TOMLINSON, P.B. (76): donous stems. Botan. Gaz. 133, 141-155 Analysis of complex vascular systems in (1972) plants: optical shuttle method. Science 152, ZIMMERMANN, M.H., TOMLINSON, P.B. (70): 72-73 (1966) Vascular patterns in palm stems: variations ZIMMERMANN, M.H., TOMLINSON, P.B. (70, of the Rhapis principle. 1. Arnold Arbor. 55, 153): The vascular system in the axis of Dra• 402-424 (1974) caena fragrans (Agavaceae). 1. Distribution ZIMMERMANN, M.H., TOMLINSON, P.B., LE• and development of primary strands. 1. Ar• CLAIRE, 1. (154): Vascular construction and nold Arbor. 50, 370-383 (1969) development in the stems of certain Panda• ZIMMERMANN, M.H., TOMLINSON, P.B. (70, 153, naceae. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 68,21-41 (1974) Index of Plant Names and Their Models

Page numbers in italics refer to the figures.

A Agavaceae 18,40,60,70,87, constricta (PREVOST) 166 104, 108, 116, 133, 135, 136, ji/ipes (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Abies 40, 75, 191, 192, 198, 330 138, 146, 149, 150, 153, 248 macrophylla (KORIBA.) 158, 160 alba (MASSART) 199 Agave 104, 108 scholaris (PREVOST) 164, 166 balsamea (MASSART) 198, 199 attenuata (?HOLTTUM) 106 sericea (LEEUWENBERG) 154 pectinata (MASSART) 199 Ageratum conyzoides (STONE) 221 spathulata (PREVOST) 166 Abroma augusta (PETIT) 177 Aglaia 83, 210 . Altingiaceae 46 Abuta cf concolor (CHAMPA• Agrostistachys Alyxis GNAT) 239,240 borneensis (CORNER) 117 clusiophylla (RAUH) 226 Acacia 17,23,60,246 sessilifolia (CORNER) 117 ruscifolia (Roux) 204 pinnata (TROLL) 250 Aidia micrantha (PETIT) 177 Amaralia 177 Acalypha grandis (KORIBA) 145, Ailanthus 56 Amaranthaceae 7, 154 161 altissima (KORIBA) 160, 161 Amaryllidaceae 7 7, 127, 166, 240 Alangiaceae 199,204 Amherstia 25 Acanthospermum hispidum Alangium nobilis 25 (LEEUWENBERG) 149, 150, bussyanum (MASSART) 199 Amphorocalyx albus (LEEUWEN• 154,260 chinense (MASSART) 199 BERG) 155 Acer 14, 24, 34, 40, 59, 60, 210, salvifolium (Roux) 204 Amyris 22 221,369 Albizzia 248 Anacardiaceae 7, 10,40, 62, 85, pensylvanicum 34 adianthifolia (TROLL) 250 94, 112, Jl5, 117, 150, 154, pseudo-platanus (RAUH) 226 julibrissin (TROLL) 250 173, 190, 214, 216, 348, 376 rubrum (RAUH) 34, 41, 59, lebbek (TROLL) 250 Anacardium 216 72, 73, 226, 354 Alchornea cordifolia (CHAMPA• occidentale (SCARRONE) 14, Aceraceae 8, 226 GNAT) 239,240 216 Achyranthes aspera (LEEUWEN- Allagoptera 130 Ananas comosus (TOMLINSON) 127 BERG) 154 arenaria (SCHOUTE) 133 Anaxagorea acuminata (TROLL) Actinodaphne 227 Allamanda 63,255 243,244, 247, 249 Actinorhytis 37 cathartica 252 Ancistrocladaceae 257, 258 Adina Allexis cauliflora (CORNER) 112, Ancistrocladus 257 fagifolia (TROLL) 250 114, 118 abbreviatus 257, 258 microcephala (AUBREVILLE) 190 Alloplectus coccineus (CHAMPA• Andira 239 Adinandra dumosa (Roux) 200, GNAT) 239, 240 inermis (CHAMPAGNAT) 240 203,205 Alluaudia comosa (KORIBA) 161 surinamensis (CHAMPAGNA T) Aechmea lingulata (TOMLINSON) Alnus 45,46 240 127 glutinosa 45 Andromedeae 64 Aeonium incana (ATTIMS) 231 Androsiphonia adenostegia decorum (SCARRONE) 216 Aloe 147, 151,248 (COOK) 212 nobile (HOLTTUM) 109 dichotoma (LEEUWENBERG) Aneulophus africanus (Roux) tabulaeforme (HOLTTUM) 109 151, 154 205 urbicum (HOLTTUM) 109 eminens (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Angylocalyx oligophyllus (COR• Aesculus 34, 59 suzannae (LEEUWENBERG) 154 NER) 117 hippocastanum (SCARRONE) Alphitonia excelsa (Roux) 205 Aniba 227 82,217 cf incana (Roux) 205 bracteata (RAUH) 227 pavia (SCARRONE) 217 Alpinia boia (TOMLINSON) 1, rosaeodora (RAUH) 227, 368 Aframomum polyanthum (TOM- 124, 125, 127 Anisophyllea 49. 198, 200 LINSON) 127 Alsodeiopsis staudtii (TROLL) 250 corneri (MASSART) 196, 197, Afrobrunnichia erecta 256 Alsophila 200 Afzelia bella 73 australis (CORNER) 116 disticha (MASSART) 40, 49, Agathis 191, 300 microdonta (TOMLINSON) 127 200 australis (MASSART) 191, 192 Alstonia 22, 160, 161, 166 Anisophyllea cf. disticha 49 lqnceolata (MASSART) 199 angustiloba (PREVOST) 166 Anisophylleaceae 49 moorei (MASSART) 199 boonei (PREVOST) 50, 88, 164, Annona 262 ovata (MASSART) 199 166,177 arenaria (TROLL) 247, 249 414 Index of Plant Names and Their Models

Annona 48,54,92, 191, 192, 199 254, 255 glabra 7 hunsteinii (RAUH) 226, 278 Altalea 82 muricata (TROLL) 97, 249 Araucariaceae 54,92, 191, 192, Aucoumea klaineana (RAuH) paludosa (TROLL) 247, 249, 193, 197, 199, 226 224, 226 294 Arbutus unedo (SCARRONE) 217 Aucuba japonica (LEEUWEN• Annonaceae 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 20, Archaeopteridales 266, 267, 268 BERG) 154 23, 40, 55, 64, 97, 176, 204, Archaeopteris macilenta (Roux) Autranella 185 212,238,243,244,247,249, 266, 267, 268 congolensis (AUBREVILLE) 190 252, 255, 322, 350, 383 A rchboldiodendron cf caloseri• Averrhoa carambola (TROLL) Anopyxis ceum (ATTIMS) 232 97, 245, 246, 247, 250 klaineana (ATTlMS) 232 Archidendron beguinii 112 Avicennia 46,231, 336 Anthocephalus 376 Archytaea vahlii (AUBREVILLE) germinans (ATTlMS) 66, 67, Anthocleista 146,151,153,217 191 72, 231 amplexicaulis (SCARRONE) 217 Ardisia (syn, nitida) 72 djalonenis (LEEUWENBERG) crenata (MASSART) 200 A vicenniaceae 47, 72, 231 155 polycephala (MASSART) 200 liebrechtsiana (LEEUWEN• Areca 119 B BERG) 155 catechu (CORNER) 116 nobilis (LEEUWENBERG) 155 Arecoideae 109, 119, 123 Bactris 119 pro cera (LEEUWENBERG) 146, Arenga 23, 106, 107 coloniata 120 155 obtusifolia 106 gasipaes (TOMLINSON) 127 vogelii (LEEUWENBERG) 155 pinnata (HOLTTUM) 106, 109 Baillonella toxisperma (AUBRE• Anthostema retroflorescens 106 VILLE) 185, 190 aubryanum (NOZERAN) 179, Argostemma involucrata Balanites aegyptica (CHAMPA• 182 (TROLL) 250 GNAT) 239, 241, 242 senegalensis (NOZERAN) 182 Argyroxiphium sandwicense Balanocarpus heimit 379 Antiaris welwitschii (Roux) 205 (HOLTTUM) 109 Bambusa 142 Antidesma montanum (TROLL) Aristolochia arundinacea (MCCLURE) 88, 249 arborea (TROLL) 249 140, 142, 143, 145 Aparisthmium cordatum (KORI• tricaudata (TROLL) 249 vulgaris (MCCLURE) 143, 145 BA) 160, 161 Aristolochiaceae 249 Bambusoideae 6, 88, 139, 141, Apeiba 376 Artabotrys insignis (Roux) 253, 143, 145 burchellii (TROLL) 247, 251 255 Banara guianensis (TROLL) 250 tibourbou 383 Arlocarpus 20, 82, 221 Banksia Aphloia theaeformis (TROLL) heterophyllus (RAUH) 225, dentala (LEEUWENBERG) 155 250 227 littoralis (FAGERLIND) 173 Apocynaceae 4, 7, 20, 22, 63, incisa (RAUH) 223, 224, 227, Baphia nitida (TROLL) 247, 250 89,108,129,139,150,151, 379 Barringtonia 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, sepikana (Roux) 205 calyptrocalyx (CORNER) 112, 164,166,171,178,181,182, utilis (RAUH) 227 117 19~ 198, 199, 20~ 215, 21~ Arum maculatum (CHAMBER• edulis (LEEUWENBERG) 155 226, 240, 249, 252, 255, 383, LAIN) 139 Barteria 208 384 Ascarina solmsiana (SCARRONE) fistulosa (COOK) 206, 209, Aporrhiza talboti 210 216 212 Aporusa 199 Asclepiadaceae 7, 20 Bauhinia 14, 247, 248, 255 Aptandra zenkeri (TROLL) 250 Asclepias 130 blakeana (TROLL) 250 Aquifoliaceae 20, 199, 226 Asimina triloba 6 hookeri (TROLL) 250 Araceae 7,23, 135, 136, 138, Asparagus 144, 260 purpurea (TROLL) 250 341, 380 officinalis (MCCLURE) 145 ru(escens (TROLL) 250 Araeococcus micranthus (TOM• Aspidiales 254 Beaucarnea (LEEUWENBERG) 71, LINSON) 127 Aspidosperma 192, 196, 199, 150 Araliaceae 7, 8,21,26,33,47, 384 Begoniaceae 7 106, 109, 117, 139, 146, 149, megalocarpon (MASSART) 199, Beilschmiedia manllii (AUBREvIL• 150, 153, 154,216,257,258, 384 LE) 190 293, 352, 376 Asteriscus pygmaeus (LEEUWEN• Bellucia caeatin (LEEUWENBERG) Araucaria 75,191,192,198, BERG) 154 155 217,303,327,328 Astrocarvum 292, 346 Bennettitales 264, 265 araucana (RAUH) 226 paramacca 348, 376 Berberidaceae 112, 117, 139 bidwillii (RAUH) 226 A traclogyne Berberis 60, 112 columnaris (MASSART) 192, bracteata (PETIT) 176, 177, bealei (CORNER) 117 193, 197, 199 253,255 Bersama cunninghamii (RAUH) 226 gabonii (PETIT) 177 abyssinica (RAUH) 227 excelsa 48, 191 A troxima 236 yangambiellsis (CHAMBER• heterophylla (MASSART) 17, !iberica (MANGENOT) 238, LAIN) 139 Index of Plant Names and Their Models 415

Bertholletia 18, 202 Bucida 57 glabrifolium (COOK) 207, 212 excelsa (Roux) 93, 205 buceras 57 orthacanthum (MANGENOT) Bertiera 116 spinosa 57 236, 237, 238 orthopetala (PETIT) 177 Bulnesia 262 Capparidaceae 8, 139, 204, 249 racemosa (PETIT) 177 Bumelia 47, 57, 60 Capparis racemosa (Roux) 205 Burseraceae 7, 8, 10, 44, corymbosa (TROLL) 249 simplicicaulis (CORNER) 118 224-226, 249, 352, 384 decidua (Roux) 204 Betula 34, 56, 60, 369 Butyrospermum tomentosa (Roux) 204 Betulaceae 231 paradoxum 14 Caprifoliaceae 18, 19, 20, 44, Bidens (SCARRONE) 214, 215, parkii (AUBREVILLE) 190 154, 240 216, 260 Buxaceae 238 Capsicum frutescens (LEEUWEN• Bignoniaceae 7, 8,20, 23, 44, Byblidaceae 117 BERG) 155 47,60, 117, 136, 138, 139, Byblis liniflora (CORNER) 117 Captaincookia margaretae (COR• 146, 154, 160, 216, 239,240, Byrsonima 170 NER) 118 252, 255, 287, 308, 376 spicata (AUBREVILLE) 190 Carallia cf urophylloides (MAS• Bikkia cf verbascifolia (FAGERLlND) SART) 200 macrophylla (CORNER) 118 173 Carapa tubiflora (RAUH) 228 Byttneria 177 guianensis (SCARRONE) 217, Biophytum 118, 309 298 Bocconia 8, 118 c procera 210 Boea 127 Cardiopetalum surinamense elegans (CHAMBERLAIN) 139 Cactaceae 7, 130, 133, 154, 248 (Roux) 204 havilandi (HOLTTUM) 109 Caesalpinia 14 Carica 18, 63, 117 lanata (CORNER) 117 pulcherrima (CHAMPAGNAT) papaya (CORNER) 83, 85, 109, suffruticosa (RAUH) 227 240 113,117,298 Bombacaceae 53, 54, 92, 160, Caesalpiniaceae 298, 352, 376 Caricaceae 18,63,85, 113, 117 173, 190, 192, 199, 204, 226, Caesalpinioideae 6, 8, 73, 97, Carissa 130 299, 384 150,155,176,177,217,227, edulis (PREVOST) 166 Bombax 230, 231,240,243,244, Carlina buonopozense 67 246-248, 250, 255, 362 acanthifolia (TOMLINSON) 127 valetonii (AUBREVILLE) 190 Calamitaceae 265, 267 racemosa (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Bontia daphnoides (RAUH) 227 Calamites 266 salicifolia (SCARRONE) 216 Boraginaceae 8, 9, 106, 109, Calamitina 267 Carludovica 341 146, 149, 154, 161, 164, 166, Calamus palmata (CHAMBERLAIN) 253 173, 216, 240, 276 ciliaris (TOMLINSON) 127 Carpolobia lutea (TROLL) 250 Borassoideae 110, 113, 129, 130 deeratus (TOMLINSON) 254 Carpotroche Borassus 110, 116 Callisia 262 aff amazonicum (RAUH) 225, aethiopium (CORNER) 110, Callistemon 24, 62 227 113,116 pancheri (RAuH) 228 longifolium (CHAMPAGNAT) Bosquiea angolense (TROLL) 250 viminalis 35 239, 240 Bothrodendraceae 266 Callitris cupressiformis 246 Carya 34, 321, 356 Bothrodendron minutifolium Calluna vulgaris (RAUH) 227 cf glabra 354, 356 (MASSART) 266 Caloncoba wehvitschii (RAuH) Caryophyllaceae 7, 8, 263 Bougainvillea 23 227 Caryota 106,119, glabra (CHAMPAGNAT) 96, Calophyllum 231 mitis 119, 120 242 Camellia 24, 33 urens (HOLTTUM) 106, 109, spectabi/is (CHAMPAGNAT) sinensis 33, 34 119 239,240 thea 34 Caryotoideae 106, 115, 120 Bowenia 134 Campanulaceae 7,8, 154,221, Casearia 205, 383 Brassaia palmata (CORNER) 117 231 bracteifera (Roux) 205 Breynia Campnosperma 40, 376 papuana (Roux) 201, 203, nivosa (TROLL) 249 brevipetiolata (AUBREVILLE) 205 patens (TROLL) 249 190 Cassia 221 Bridelia micrantha (TROLL) 247, Campylospermum chrysocarpa (CHAMPAGNAT) 249 duparquetianum (CORNER) 240 Brighamia rockii (CORNER) 117 117 javanica (TROLL) 250 7,68, 104, 105, sacleuxii (CORNER) 117 mimosoides (TROLL) 250 108, 124,125, 127,261,374 subcordatum (CORNER) 117 occidentalis (RAUH) 227 124. 125 zenkeri (CORNER) 118 siamea (SCARRONE) 217 Brucea antidysenterica (COR• Cananga odorata (Roux) 204 Cassinopsis madagascariensis NER) 118 Canarium schweinfurthii (RAUH) (ATTIMS) 231 Bruguiera 186 226 Cassipourea 202 sexangula (AUBREVILLE) 185, Cannaceae 124 barteri (Roux) 205 189, 190 Canthium nialatou (Roux) 205 416 Index of Plant Names and Their Models

Cassytha filiformis (Roux) 205 Chisocheton 210, 298 buntingii (CORNER) 118 Castanea 34 spicatllm 210 caricaefolia (CORNER) 118 Castilla 210 Chlamydocola chlamydantha mahoundensis (CORNER) 118 elastica (COOK) 55, 93, 206, (CORNER) 112, 114, 118 nitida (RAUH) 228 208, 209, 212 Chloranthaceae 216 Colea ulei (COOK) 212 Chlorophora 244 lantziana (CORNER) 117 Casuarina equisetifolia (ATTIMS) excelsa (TROLL) 247, 250 nana (CORNER) 117 231 regia (Roux) 205 Colletoecema dewevrei (Roux) Casuarinaceae 227,231 Chorisia speciosa (MASSART) 205 Catalpa 56 199 Colubrina asiatica (Roux) 205 bignonioides (KORIBA) 160 Christiana africana (RAuH) 228 Columnea 250 punctata (KORIBA) 160 Chrysalidocarpus 119 Combretaceae 7, 8,22, 56, 57, Cathaya 60 lutescens 122 71, 91, 105, 187, 190, 228, Caulopteris 264 Chrysobalanaceae 8, 352 229, 231, 246-249, 384 Cecropia 20, 82, 222, 224, 225, Chrysophyllum 244 Combretodendl'On 158, 160 328, 369, 375, 376, 378, 379, cainito (TROLL) 243, 244, africanum (KORIBA) 161 382, 384 247, 250 Combretum 14 palmata (RAuH) 227 olivaeforme (TROLL) 250 Commelinaceae 61,262 peltata (RAuH) 227 subnudum (Roux) 205 Commersonia 376 sciodaphylla (RAUH) 227 talen.~e (AUBREvILLE) 190 bartramia (TROLL) 245, 246, surinamensis (RAuH) 227 Chytranthus 263 251 Cedrela aff. barbata (CHAMBER• longiracemosus (CORNER) Compositae 6, 18,83,94, 109, LAIN) 139 114, 118 117, 120, 127, 146, 149, 150, Cedrus 60 mangenotii (CORNER) 118 154, 157, 158, 161,214,215, Ceiba 192, 198,384 pilgerianus (CORNER) 118 216,218,220,221,231,260, pentandra (MASSART) 53, 54, Cicca 208 330 92, 198, 199, 384 acida (COOK) 212 Coniferales 60, 266, 267 Celastraceae 7, 58, 60, 75, 204, Cinnamomum 25 Connaraceae 117, 132, 136 384 Cissus 71 Connarus 138 Celastrus crenatus (Roux) 204 Citharexylum fruticosum 44 fasciculatus 132, 136 Celtis 56, 79, 244 Citronella 166 Conohoria 8, 168, 170, 172 australis (TROLL) 251 suaveolens (NOZERAN) 171, flavescens (FAGERLIND) 173 integrifolia (Roux) 204, 206 178,182 riana (FAGERLIND) 168, 169, zenkeri (TROLL) 251 Citrus 16, 23, 36 171,173 Cephaelis 161 Clavija 293 Convolvulaceae 7, 240 tomentosa (LEEUWENBERG) lancifolia (CORNER) 112, 118 Copernicia 110, 114, 116 149, 150, 155 longifolia (CORNER) 118 Cordaitales 266, 267 Cephalonema polyandrllm (SCAR• Cleidion lasiphyllllm (CORNER) Cordaites 266, 267 RONE) 217 117 Cordia 79, 161, 164, 166, 198, Cephalotaxaceae 199 Cleistopholis patens (TROLL) 97, 276 Cephalotaxus 192, 198 247, 249 abyssinica (PREVOST) 166 drupacea (MASSART) 199 Clematis 14 alliodora (FAGERLIND) 173, fortunei (MASSART) 199 Clerodendron 38 198 Ceratozamia 134, 138 japonicllm (CHAMBERLAIN) bantamensis (CHAMPAGNAT) Cerbera manghas (KORIBA) 160 139 240 Cerberiopsis Clusia 21,224,279 cf collococca (PREVOST) 166 candelabrum (SCARRONE) 108, Coccoloba 8, 21 exaltata (PREVOST) 163, 166, 216 latifolia (Roux) 205 226,312 comptonii (SCARRONE) 214, Cocconerion balansae (RAuH) cf goeldiana 198 215,216 227 laevifrons (PREVOST) 166 Cercidiphyllllm 34 Cochlospermaceae 160 macrostachya (CHAMPAGNAT) Ceriops 22,227,230,231 Cochlospermull1 vitifolium (KORI• 240 tagal (ATTIMS) 232 BA) 158, 160 cf nervosa (PREVOST) 166 Cestrum latifolium var. Cocos nucifera (CORNER) 37, nodosa 161, 165, 166 tenuiflorum (Roux) 205 79, 85, 117 tetrandra (PREVOST) 162, 166 Chamaecyparis 41 Cocosoideae 37 tomentosa (CHAMPAGNAT) Chamaedorea cataractarum Coelocaryon 29 240 (SCHOUTE) 130, 133 oxycarpum (MASSART) 199 Cordyline 13, 14, 40, 60, 70, 71, Chamaesyce 262 Coffea 23, 40, 200, 202 136, 150, 151, 153 Chapeliera muelleri (Roux) 205 arabica (Roux) 93, 201, 202, australis (LEEUWENBERG) 13, Cheiranthlls cheirii (SCARRONE) 204,205 146, 151, 153 217 liberica (Roux) 202, 205 indivisa (CHAMBERLAIN) 87, Chimarrhis cymosa (PETIT) 177 macl'Ocarpa (CORNER) 118 135, 136, 138, 146 Chiococca alba 252 Cola terminalis 13, 60 Index of Plant Names and Their Models 417

Cornaceae 46,90, 150, 154, 250 Delissea undulata (CORNER) 117 170, 172,231 Cupressaceae 246 Delonix 248 Cornus 59, 150, 173,262 Cussonia 150,216 regia (TROLL) 97,246, 247, alternifolius (FAGERLIND) 46, bancoensis (LEEUWENBERG) 250 90, 170, 172, 173, 262 26, 154 Delpydora canadensis 262 barteri (LEEUWENBERG) 154 gracilis (CoRNER) 118 capitata (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Cyanea giffardii (CORNER) 117 macrophylla (CORNER) 118 florida 262 Cyanotis 262 Dendrocalamlls stolonifera (LEEUWENBERG) Cyathea 2, II 0, III giganteus (MCCLURE) 140 148, 154 camerooniana (CORNER) 116 strictus (MCCLURE) 143, 145 Corokia virgata (ATTIMS) 231 cf cooperi (CORNER) 27 Dendrocnide Coryilis 56, 60 manniana (TOMLINSON) 119, longifolia (AUBREVILLE) 191 Corypha 41, 62, 83, 104, 107 127 microstigma (AUBREVILLE) elata (HOLTTUM) 102, 104, Cyatheaceae 27. 70, 110, III, 186, 189, 191 107-109,316 116, 127 Desmostachys vogelii (MANGE• umbraclilifera (HOLTTUM) 84, Cybianthus 190 NOT) 238 102, 109 cf nitidlls (RAUH) 227 Desplatsia chrysochlamys (MAS- Coryphoideae 102, 120, 125, Cycadaceae 85,87, ll5, 133, SART) 196, 197, 200 130 134.136 Dialypetallim 127 Costaceae 124, 127, 144, 145, Cycadales 116, 138,264 Dichapetalaceae 205, 210, 212 260 Cycadeoidea jenneyana (COR• Dichapetalum 205 Costus 144 NER) 264 angolense (Roux) 205 dinklagei (TOMLINSON) 127 Cycas 2,87,110,112,114,135, Dichostemma glaucescens (NOZE- Couepia cf versicolor (TROLL) 137 RAN) 180, 182 250 circinalis cJ (CHAMBERLAIN) Dicksonia 110, 116 COlila 202 134. 136. 138 Dicksoniaceae 70, 116 edlilis (Roux) 205 circinalis ~ (CORNER) 85, 110, Dicranolepis 236 COlima guianensis (RAuH) 226 ll5. 116, 133 persei (MANGENOT) 233, 233, Couratari 14, 198, 384 revoilita cJ (CHAMBERLAIN) 238 cf stellata (MASSART) 199, 138 stenosiphon (MANGENOT) 238 384 revoluta ~ (CORNER) 110, cf vestita (MANGENOT) 238 COllroupita 221 116, 138 Dicranopygillm 341 guianensis (RAuH) 63, 225, Cyclanthaceae 135, 138, 252, Dictyoloma 155 227 254, 341, 380 Dictyophleba 252 Craeterogyne kameruniana Cynodon dactylon (TOMLINSON) leonensis (LEEUWENBERG) 255 (TROLL) 250 127 stiplilosa (LEEUWENBERG) 255 Craspidosperma verticil/ata Cyperaceae 6, 70, 116, 127, 263 Didelotia brevipaniculata (SCARRONE) 216 Cyperus (TROLL) 250 Crasslilaceae 7, 109, 127, 139, alternifolius (TOMLINSON) 127 Didiereaceae 161,240 154, 216, 222, 227 esculentus (TOMLINSON) 127 Didymopanax 293 Crataegus 47, 60 nudicalilis (TOMLINSON) 127 atlenllatum 153 Crateriphytllm moluccanllm rotllndus (TOMLINSON) 127 morototoni 352, 376 (SCARRONE) 217 Cyphomandra abllti/oides (LEEU• Dieffenbachia 135 Craterispermum 196, 198 WENBERG) 155 picta (CHAMBERLAIN) 138 calldatllm (MASSART) 200 sangllina 135 Crescentia 239 D Dillenia indica (SCARRONE) 217 cujete (CHAMPAGNAT) 60, Dilleniaceae 21, 217, 231 239, 240, 241 Dacryodes klaineana (RAUH) Diodia Criocera dipladenii~florus (LEEU• 226 maritima 263 WENBERG) 154 Dahlia imperialis (TOMLINSON) vagillalis 263 Crossostemma laurifolillm 256 127 Diollcophyllaceae 256, 257 Crossostylis biflora (ATTIMS) Daphnopsis caribaea (KORIBA) Dioon 134 229. 230, 232 160,161 edlile (CHAMBERLAIN) 138 Croton 150, 160, 260, 297,299 Dasylirion 70, 71, 150 spinliloslim (CHAMBERLAIN) hirtus (LEEUWENBERG) 154, longissimllm (CHAMBERLAIN) 133, 138 260 138 Dioscorea 58 Crllcicalamites 266, 267 Dasypogon 68, 110 Dioscoreaceae 144 Crllciferae 7, 8, 217 bromeliifolius (CORNER) 117 Dioscoreophyllllm cllmmillsii Cryptocarya 205 Datiscaceae 199 256 ClIclirbitaceae 7 Davidia invollicrata (Roux) 204 Diospyros 55, 56, 192, 196, 198, Cuervea macrophylla (Roux) Davidiaceae 204 199, 379 205, 254, 255 Decarya madagascariensis canaliclilata (MASSART) 199 Clinoniaceae 8,117,231 (CHAMPAGNAT) 240 conocarpa (MASSART) 199 Cliphea carthagenensis (TROLL) Deinbollia 118 dichroa (MASSART) 199 418 Index of Plant Names and Their Models

Diospyros Durio zibethinus (Roux) 204, vagans (RAUH) 227 discolor (MASSART) 199 275 Ericaceae 7,64, 154,213,217, heudelotii (MASSART) 199 Duroia 170, 173 227, 234, 238, 249, 258 hoyleana (MASSART) 198, 199 aquatica (FAGERLlND) 173 Eriobotrya japonica (F AGER- macrocarpa (MASSART) 199 Dysoxylum urens (CORNER) 117 LIND) 170, 173 matherana (MASSART) 195, Eriocaulaceae 7 198, 199 E Eriogonum 8 physocalicina (MASSART) 199 Eriospora pilosa (CHAMBERLAIN) cf pseudoxylopia (MASSART) Ebenaceae 7, 192, 194, 195, 199 139 199 Echium 106, 109 Eriotheca 226 sanzaminika (MASSART) 199 acanthocarpum (SCARRONE) Erodianthus funifer (CHAMBER• sericea (MASSART) 194, 199 216 LAIN) 254 xanthochlamys (MASSART) bourgaeanum (HOLTTUM) 106, Erythroxylaceae 8, 21, 40, 227, 199 109 249 Diplocalamites 266 Ehretiaceae 8, 161 - 163, 166, Erythroxylum 21,40 Diplothemium 130 173 coca (TROLL) 249 Dipsacaceae 154, 217 Elaeis 110 mannii (RAUH) 227 Dipterocarpaceae 10, 17, 56, guineensis (CORNER) 37, 85, Escalloniaceae 205 192, 197, 198-200,203,205, 117 Eschweilera 72, 247, 250 384 Elaeocarpaceae 47, 190, 376 Espeletia 18, 116, 146 Dipterocarpus Elaeocarpus 25 atropurpurea 120 costulatus (MASSART) 199 littoralis (AUBREVILLE) 190 humbertii 146 trinervis (MASSART) 199 pedunculatus (AUBREVILLE) schultzii (CORNER) 116, 117 zeylanicus (Roux) 205 190 spicata (CORNER) 117 Dipteryx odO/'ata (ATTIMS) 230, pseudopaniculatus (AUBREVIL• Euadenia eminens (CHAMBER• 231 LE) 190 LAIN) 139 Dodonea madagascariensis (Ko• rugosus (AUBREVILLE) 190 Eucalyptus 22,47,230,231, RIBA) 161 Elaeophorbia grandifolia 260, 336, 379 Dorstenia contrajerva (CORNER) (RAUH) 227 cladocalyx 17 117 Elmerillia papuana (Roux) 205 globulus (ATTIMS) 230, 232, Dovyalis zenkeri (TROLL) 250 Elytraria lyrata (TOMLINSON) 379 Dracaena 70, 71 127 regnans (ATTIMS) 22, 58, 230, draco (LEEUWENBERG) 71, 88, Emblica 232 146, 149, 150, 153 officinalis (TROLL) 249 Euclinia longiflora (FAGERLlND) fragrans (LEEUWENBERG) 153 Encephalartos 135 173 wnbraculifera (CHAMBERLAIN) laurentianus (CORNER) 116, Eugenia 62, 190 136, 138, 146 135 confusa (MASSART) 200 Dracophyllum 18 Endospermum malaccense (Au• jambolana (MANGENOT) 238 involucratum (LEEUWENBERG) BREVILLE) 190 Euodia 154 Englerophytum hallei (AUBREVIL• madagascariensis (A TTIMS) ramosum (LEEUWENBERG) 154 LE) 190 232 verticil/alum (HOLTTUM) 109 Ensete 106, 107 suaveolens var, ridleyi (AT• Drepanthus 212 edule 106 TIMS) 232 Drosera gil/etii (HOLTTUM) 108 Eupatorium odoratum 331 indica (CHAMBERLAIN) 139 ventricosum (HOLTTUM) 108 Euphorbia 79, 92, 150, 186, 190, intermedia (CHAMBERLAIN) 139 Entandrophragma 224, 384 262 madagascariensis (CHAMBER- angolense (RAUH) 227 ahyssinica (RAUH) 224, 227, LAIN) 139 utile (RAuH) 221,222,223, 262 rotundifolia (CHAMBERLAIN) 227 ankarensis (CORNER) 117 139 Entelea arborescens (LEEUWEN- aphylla (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Droseraceae 139 BERG) 155 bubalina (MASSART) 199 Drymonia 250 Enterolobium 293 bupleurifolia (CORNER) 117 Dryobalanops Epacridaceae 18, 109, 154,227 canariensis (ATTIMS) 231 aromatica (Roux) 205 Eperua 25, 362 candelabrum (RAUH) 227 lanceolata (Roux) 205 Equisetales 264-267 cluiracias (TOMLINSON) 120, Drypetes 22, 379 Equisetum 2 127 aylmeri (Roux) 205 Erechthites hieracifolia 331 coe/urescens (TOMLINSON) 127 chevalieri (Roux) 205 Eremopanax decaryana (AUBREVILLE) 186, Duabanga 192 angustata (CHAMBERLAIN) 139 189, 190 sonneratioides (MASSART) Erica decaryi (TOMLINSON) 127 191, 195,200 arborea (RAUH) 227 dendroides (LEEUWENBERG) Duguetia 322, 383 herbacea (RAUH) 227 146, 154 cf obovata (Roux) 204 multiflora (RAUH) 227 didiereoides (RAUH) 227 rhizantha 64 tetralix (LEEUWENBERG) 154 durani (RAUH) 227 Index of Plant Names and Their Models 419

emirnensis (LEEUWEN BERG) Fagara 216 cymosum (MCCLURE) 145 154 pentandra (SCARRONE) 217 Geniostoma ligustrifolia (AT• enterophora (RAUH) 227 rhoifolia (SCARRONE) 214, TIMS) 229, 230, 231 excelsa (RAUH) 227 216, 217 Genipa americana (FAGERLIND) fulgens (CHAMPAGNAT) 240 Fagraea 170, 173 173 hedyotoides (AUBREVILLE) 190 crenulata (F AGERLIND) 90, Gentianaceae 7, 8, 18, 19, 40, hypericifolia (CHAMBERLAIN) 167, 169, 170 201,203 139 fragrans (AUSREVILLE) 190 Geonoma 119 intisy (LEEUWENBERG) 154 racemosa (Roux) 205 stricta (TOMLINSON) 119 kraussiana (LEEUWENBERG) Fagus 16, 34, 59, 60, 379 Geophila 262 155 grandifolia (TROLL) 126, 250, Geraniaceae 8, 109, 117, 127 leucocephala (LEEUWENBERG) 379 Geranium 155 sylvatica (TROLL) 250 anemonaefolium (TOMLINSON) leucodendron (RAUH) 227 Ficus 4,63,71,279,362,365, 127 lophogona (CORNER) 117 366 canariense (CORNER) 117 mellifera (LEEUWENBERG) 155 anguina 365 rubescens (HOLTTUM) 109 meloformis (CORNER) 117 aurea (RAUH) 227 Gesneriaceae 7,109,117,127, millii var. breoni (TOMLINSON) citrifolia (RAUH) 227 139,227,239,240,249,250, 127 glome rata 63 342 moratii (CORNER) 117 repens 258 Gilbertiodendron splendidum obtusifolia (LEEUWENBERG) theophrastoides (CORNER) 117 (TROLL) 73, 247, 250 155 vogelii (RAUH) 227 Ginkgo 34, 60, 300 oncoclada (RAUH) 227 Firmiana fulgens (AUBREVILLE) Ginkgoales 60 orthoclada (TOMLINSON) 127 191 Gleditsia 46 plagiantha (KORIBA) 161 Flacourtia inermis (TROLL) 250 Glochidion 205, 208 pulcherrima (PREvoST) 89, Flacourtiaceae 7, 8, 54, 64, 114, laevigatum (COOK) 212 166 115, 117,190,201,203,205, Gloriosa superba (LEEUWEN• stenoclada (ATTIMS) 231 210,212,225,227,240,250 BERG) 255 stolonifera (TOMLINSON) 127 Flagellaria indica (SCHOUTE) Glossocalyx longicuspis (COOK) stricta (LEEUWENBERG) 155 130, 132, 133, 255 208, 209, 212 symmetrica (CORNER) 117 Flagellariaceae 130, 132, 133, Gmelina 376 wakejieldii (MASSART) 199 255 Gnetaceae 204 xylophylloides (RAUH) 227 Flindersia pubescens (SCARRO• Gnetum 300 Euphorbiaceae 6, 9, 10, 22, 30, NE) 217 gnemon (Roux) 204 31, 55, 62, 75, 88, 89, 92, Fourcroya 104, 108 Gnidia bakeri (LEEUWENBERG) 95, 117, 127, 136, 139, 145, Fraxinus 23, 24, 33, 34, 221 155 146,150,154,156,158-161, americana (RAUH) 32, 33, Goethea strictiflora (CORNER) 164-166,176,178,179,180, 228 112,113,177 181,182,186,189,190,199, excelsior (RAUH) 228 Gomphandra cf quadrifida (PE• 200, 205, 212, 221, 222, 224, Freycinetia 58, 258 TIT) 176 227,229-231,240,243,244, marquisensis (PETIT) 176 Gonocarpus 180 247, 249, 252, 255, 260, 262, Funtumia elastica (PREVOST) Gonocaryum littorale (NOZE• 299, 384 166,171 RAN) 50,178,180,181,182 Eupomatia law'ina (TROLL) 250 Fusaea longifolia (PETIT) 176 Gonzalagunia dicocca (Roux) Eupomatiaceae 250 201, 203, 205 Eurya japonica (MANGENOT) G Goodeniaceae 186,189, 190, 238 227 Eurycoma longifolia (CORNER) Gaertnera 205 Gossypium 23, 90 118 Galearia jiliformis (Roux) 205 anomalum (PETIT) 177 Euterpe 126 Galium 6,8 arboreum (PETIT) 177 globosa 126 Garcinia 21 australe (PETIT) 177 oleracea (TOMLINSON) 71, gnetoides (A TTIMS) 231 barbadense (PETIT) 177 119, 123, 126, 127 Gardenia 14 herbaceum (PETIT) 177 Evodianthus fimifer (CHAMBER• conferta (CORNER) 118 hirsutum (PETIT) 56, 174, 175, LAIN) 135, 254 imperialis (SCARRONE) 214, 176, 177 Ewlobus crispiflorus (TROLL) 215,217 raimondii (PETIT) 177 249 Gardenieae 174 somalense (PETIT) 177 Excoecaria bicolor (PREVOST) Gastonia 150, 151, 154 thurberi (PETIT) 177 164, 165, 166 spectabilis (LEEUWENBERG) Gouania longipetala 256 149, 150, 154,154 Goupia 202, 204 F Geissospermum 180 glabra (Roux) 58, 75, 204, sericeum (NOZERAN) 178. 384 Fagaceae 36, 66, 72, 224, 227, 181, 182 Gramineae 6,88, 127, 139, 141, 231, 250, 339 Geitonoplesium 143. 145, 259 420 Index of Plant Names and Their Models

Grewia 205 Hildegardia barteri (RAUH) 228 lodes 138 Grias 117 Hillia 20 fiberica 132, 136, 258 Grossera vignei (KORIBA) 161 Himatanthus 158, 160 Ipomoea arborescens (CHAMPA- Guaiacum 262 articulalus (KORIBA) 156, GNAT) 240 Guarea 210,211,239,298 157, 160 Irim·tea 293 guara (CHAMPA GNAT) 240 hraeteatus (KORIBA) 160 I ridaceae 7, 70 rhopalocarpa 210 Hippocastanaceae 8, 82, 217 Irvingia gabonensis (TROLL) 250 riehm'diana (CORNER) 112, Hippocrateaceae 205, 255 I rvingiaceae 250 113,1l7 Hirtella Iryanthera 322, 350, 365, 382, Gualteria 236, 238 cauliflora (MANGENOT) 238 383 ef ouregou (Roux) 204 velutina (TROLL) 250 hoslmannii (MASSART) 198, Guazuma ulmiJolia (Roux) 205 Holoptelea grandis (TROLL) 247, 199 Guettarda speciosa (AUBlU:VIL- 251 Isoetales 264 LE) 190 Homalium 212 Ixora 173 Guiera 14 molle (Roux) 205 Gustavia 269 Homalanthus populneus (KORI- GuttiJerae 7-9, 21, 43, 155, 173, BA) 161 J 199, 202, 205, 224, 227, 231, HOllckenya peploides 263 238, 248, 250, 261 Hopea odorata (Raux) 205 Jacaranda 136 copaia 145, 376 Guzmannia lingulata (TOMLIN- Horsfieldia globularia (MAS- SON) 127 SART) 199 mimosaefolia (SCARRONE) 216 Gymnostoma deplancheana Howeia 23, 110 Jacquinia pungens 365 Jambosa 234 (RAUH) 227 Hugonia planchonii 256 GJlnotroches Hura 160 acris (CORNER) 117 . axillar is (MASSART) 200 crepitans (KORIBA) 50, 78. 89, longiJolia (MANGENOT) 234, 158, 159, 160, 161, 384 237, 238 H Hydnocarpus 54 Jatropha 138 anthelminticus (Roux) 205 curcas (LEEUWENBERG) 155 gossypiJofia (LEEUWENBERG) Hagenia abyssinica (RAUH) 228 Hymenaea 20 Hagiophyton 264 cOlll'baril (TROLL) 250, 376 146, 155 Halleria tetragona (Roux) 205 Hymenanthera 8 multifida (CHAMBERLAIN) 136, Hamamelidaceae 250 Hymenosporum 168-170, 172 139. 146 Harmsiopanax 106, 109 flavum (FAGERLIND) 168, 169, Jollydora duparquetiana (COR• NER) 117 ingens (HOLTTUM) 106, 109 173 Hedera helix 257, 258 Hypericaceae 8 Juncaceae 127 Heisteria 202. 244 Hypericum 8,261 Jussiaea abyssinica (ATTIMS) caulijlora (TROLL) 248, 250 Hyphaene 128, 130, 132,263 232 coccinea (MASSART) 200 guineensis (TOMLINSON) 127 parvifolia (TROLL) 245, 246, shatan 128 K 247, 250 thebaica (SCHOUTE) 87, 128, trillesiana (Roux) 201,203, 129,130,133 Kalanchoe 205 ventrieosa (SCHOUTE) 130, beharensis (RAUH) 223, 224, Helianthus 82 133 227 Heliconia 127 Hypolytrum heteromorphum fedtschenkoi (TOMLINSON) 127 Heliconiaceae 124. 127 (CORNER) 116 gastonisbonnieri (HOL TTUM) Helleborus foetidus (TOMLIN- Hypselodelphis violaeea 109 SON) 120, 127 (MCCLURE) 142, 144, 145 rhombopilosa (CHAMBERLAIN) Henriettella (1 patrisiana 139 (RAUH) 225, 227 streptal1lha (LEEUWENBERG) Herrania albijlora (CORNER) 154 118 Icacina synsepala (TOMLINSON) 127 Heteropsis 341 mannii (MANGENOT) 254, 255 Kaliphora madagascariensis Hevea 16, 24, 32, 36, 62, 73, Icacinaceae 7,23,47, 132, 136, (Roux) 205 221,224,225, 274 164--166,171,174--176,181, Khaya 221, 224, 225. 384 brasiliensis (RAUH) 25-30, 31, 182,205,231,234,236,237, ivorensis (RAuH) 224, 227 79, 95, 224, 272 238, 250, 252, 255-257 Kibara 161 Hibbertia curiacea (ATTIMS) 231 lIex 34 Kingia 68. 110 Hibiscus 63 aquifolium (MASSART) 199 australis (CORNER) 117 grewiaefolius (TROLL) 250 cornuta (MASSART) 199 Klattia 70 tiliaceus (SCARRONE) 217 mitis (RAUH) 226 Klugia c( notoniana (TROLL) Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia (COR• paraguaiensis (RAUH) 226 250 NER) 110,113,118 Illiciaceae 227 Koompassia 2 Hierochloa borealis (TOMLIN• Illicium anisatum (RAUH) 227 Kyllingia erecta (TOMLINSON) SON) 127 Ingonia digitata (CORNER) 118 127 Index of Plant Names and Their Models 421

L Licania 352 populifolia (AUBREVILLE) 190 cf ovalifolia (TROLL) 250 spinosa 41 Labiatae 6, 155, 240 Ligustrum 34 M aelura pomifera 60 Laburnum anagyroides (LEEU• Liliaceae 6, 124, 144, 145, 147, Maeoubea guianensis (SCARRO- WENBERG) 155 151, 154, 248, 254, 260 NE) 216 Lacmellea 198 Linaceae 8, 9, 205, 256 Maerocentrum 155 aculeata (MASSART) 199, 383 Liquidambar 46, 379 Mac/'Ozamia 71, 116, 135 Lagerstroemia 239, 240 Liriodendron 34, 46, 278 Maesa lanceolata (ATTIMS) 231 indica (CHAMPAGNAT) 240 Lisianthius 8 Maesopsis Laguncularia 231 Lithocarpus teysmannii (RAUH) eminii (Roux) 205 Landolphia 252, 253 227 Magnolia 20, 168, 170, 173 duleis (LEEUWEN BERG) 154, Litsea 198 grandiflora (F AGERLIND) 168, 252 sebifera (MASSART) 192, 195, 169, 173 duleis val'. barteri 255 199 Magnoliaceae 20,46, 168, 169, Larix 60, 300 Lobelia 18, 106, 128 173, 205, 227 larieina 32 deckenii (HOLTTUM) 106, 109 Maieta 236 Lasianthera 166 giberroa (TOMLINSON) 86, guianensis (MANGENOT) 238 a,(ricana (PREvosT) 164, 165, 120,121,123,127 Mallotus 376 166 rhynchopetalum (HOLTTUM) Malouetia tamaquarina (KORI- Lasiodiscus mildbraedii (Roux) 109 BA) 160 205 scaevolifolia (ATTIMS) 231 Malpighiaceae 7,21,173,190 Lauraceae 7, 8, 10, 20, 46, 47, Lobeliaceae 18, 86, 106, 109, Malus pumila (RAUH) 198 53, 62, 190, 192, 195, 198, 117,120,121.123,127 7, 20, 56, 63, 90, 199, 205, 227, 304, 305 Lochnera rosea (CHAMPAGNAT) 112, II 3, 117, 139, 174, 175, Leandra solenifera (STONE) 221 240 177,217,248,250,260 Lebachia piniformis (MASSART) Loganiaceae 7,21,90,96, 136, Mammea 21,221 266,267 139,146, ISS, 167, 169, 173, americana (RAUH) 227 Lebachiaceae 266, 267 190,199,205,217,229-231, Mammillaria 130 Lecythidaceae 7, 8, 18, 63, 72, 236, 237, 238, 250, 255 parkinsonii (SCHOUTE) 133 93, 112, 117, 155, 161, 195, Lomariopsidaceae 254 perbella (SCHOUTE) 133 196, 199, 205, 225, 227, 247, Lomariopsis guineensis (COR• Mangifera 24, 25, 94, 214 250, 384 NER) 254 indica (SCARRONE) 62, 213, Lecythis 15, 73, 247, 250, 384 Lonehocarpus (1 ehrysophyllus 216,261,280, 308 cf davisii 382, 384 (TROLL) 255 Manicaria 292 cf pisonis (TROLL) 250 Lophira 14 Manihot 17,62,150,151 Leea guineensis (CHAMBERLAIN) alata (KoRlBA) 160, 161 eseulenta (LEEUWENBERG) 88, 139 Loranthaceae 7, 155 150, 153, 155 Leeaeeae 139 Loropetalum glaziovii (LEEUWENBERG) 150, Leguminosae 6, 9, 10, 20, 23, chinense (TROLL) 250 155 40,44,60,73,97, 110, 113, Luehea speciosa (TROLL) 251 l'vf ani/kara 117,150,155,176,177,205, Lumnitzera 231 bahamensis (AUBREVILLE) 190 217,227,230,231,240,243, littorea 228 bidelllata (AUBREVILLE) 185, 244, 246-250, 255, 348 racemosa (ATTIMS) 228,229, 187, 190 Lepidodendraceae 263, 265, 231 huberi (AUBREVILLE) 185, 190 265-267 Lyginopteris 264 laeem (AUBREVILLE) 190 Lepidodendrales 264--267 oldhamii (CORNER) 264 mochisia (AUBREVILLE) 190 Lepidodendron 2, 130, 265, 266 Lyonia mariana 64 zapota (AUBREVILLE) 191 Lepidoearyoideae 102-104, 123, Lysimaehia punctata (TOMLIN• Mantalania samirallellsis 254, 265 SO:-.J) 127 (RAUH) 227 Lepidophloios pachydermatikos Lythraeeae 8, 229-231, 240, 250 Mapallea baldll'illii (CORNER) (MASSART) 263, 267 Lythrum 8 116 Lepidozamia 134 Marantaeeae 124, 143, 144, Leptaclina M 145, 260 al'l1oldiana (PETIT) 177 Marattiales 264, 265 Leptaulus Mabea 180 Marcgravia 258 bangouensis (PETIT) 176 caudata (NOZERAN) 182 Marcgraviaceae 258 daphnoides (PETIT) 174, 175. piriri (NOZERAN) 178, 181, Mareya brevipes (KoRlBA) 161 176 182 Martretia 198 Leptonychia pubeseens (TROLL) taquari (NOZERAN) 178 quadricomis (MASSART) 199 251 val'. angustifolia 182, 252, Masearenhasia arboreseells (PRE• Leptospermoideae 62 253, 255 VOST) 166 Leptospermwn 41 Macamnga 221,225, 376, 382 Massularia Lelleothoe cateshaei (TROLL) aleuritoides (RAUH) 220, 223, aeuminata (PETIT) 177 249 227 Matthaea ealophylla (MANGE- 422 Index of Plant Names and Their Models

NOT) 238 (Roux) 205 Myrtaceae 7, 10,20,40,61,62, Mauritia 110 Monstera 135 117, 196, 200, 232, 234, 237, flexuosa (CORNER) 71,116, Montrichardia arborescens 135 238, 243, 244, 250, 258 117 Montrouziera Myrtoideae 61,62,244 Maximiliana 82 caulijlora (RAuH) 227 Medeola 126, 314 sphaeroides (LEEUWEN BERG) N M edullosa 264 155 noei (CORNER) 264 verticillata (LEEUWENBERG) Nandina domestiea (CHAMBER• Medusanthera laxijlora (Roux) 155 LAIN) 139 205 Moraceae 4, 7, 8, 20, 44, 47, Nannorrhops 41,83, 131 Megaphyton 264, 265 55, 60, 63, 73, 82, 93, 117, ritchiana (SCHOUTE) 131, 132, Melaleuca 62 190, 205, 209, 212, 222, 224, 133 Melastomaeeae 7, 20, 155, 173, 225, 227, 245, 246, 247, 250, Napoleona 198 217,221,225,227,235,236, 258, 352 leonensis (MASSART) 195, 196, 238, 342 Morenia 23 198, 199 Meliaceae 7, 8, 18, 20,44, 47, Morierina montana (ATTlMS) vogelii (MASSART) 199 82,83,112,113, 117, 139, 232 Nauclea 20 210,211,217,221,222, 225, Morinda latifolia (CHAMPA GNAT) 242 227, 250, 298, 384 citrifolia (PETIT) 174, 175, Neckia serrata (CORNER) 118 Melianthaceae 127, 139, 227 176, 177 Neolemmoniera ogouensis (Au• Melianthus major (TOMLINSON) lucida (PETIT) 177 BREVILLE) 191 127 Morus 34 pauciflora (TOMLIN• M emecylanthus balansae (LEEU• Mouriri 235 SON) 124, 125, 127 WENBERG) 154 crassifolia (MANGENOT) 236, Neorosea 21 Memecylon 236 238 andongensis 21, 22 guineensis (MANGENOT) 238 ji'ancavillana (MANGENOT) Neosloetiopsis kamerunensis Menispermaceae 117, 240, 256 238 (TROLL) 250 Meryta balansae (CHAMBER• guianensis (MANGENOT) 238 Neostaehvanthus occidentalis LAIN) 139 Muehlenbeckia platyclados 256 - Messersmidia argentea (LEEU- (TROLL) 248, 250 Nerium oleander (LEEUWEN• WENBERG) 146, 149, 154 Muntingia calabura (TROLL) BERG) 154 Metasequoia 60, 300 251 Newtonia 354, 364 Metrosideros scandens 258 Musa 106, 107, 122, 124, 127 suaveolens 280, 352 Metroxylon 41,83, 102, 107, erecta 125 N ieo tiana 82 120 ingens 124 Nispero achras (AUBREVILLE) sagu (TOMLINSON) 127 itinerans 124 185, 191 salomonense (HOLTTUM) 103, mac/ayi (TOMLINSON) 122, Nolina 104, 109 125, 127 beldingi (LEEUWENBERG) 153 vitiense (HOLTTUM) 104, 109 sapien tum 86 recurvata (CORNER) 116 Michelia velutina (Roux) 205 Musaceae 86, 106, 108, /25, Notobuxus 202, 204 Mieonia plukenelii (LEEUWEN• 127 acuminata (Raux) 204 BERG) 155 Musanga 20, 73,221,222, 328, Nyctaginaceae 96, 155, 240, 262 Microcvcas 134 376, 384 Nypa 13, 128-130, 132,262 Microdesmis 202. 204 cecropioides (RAUH) 82, 227, ji'uticans (SCHOUTE) 58, 87, puberula (Roux) 205 379 128, 130, 132, 133 Microdraeoides squamosus 70 Myoporaceae 227 Nypoideae 131 Mikania cordata (STONE) 94, Myrcianthes 62 218, 220, 221 Myrica o Milletia laurentii (TROLL) 250 braeleata 383 Mimosaceae 352, 354, 364 cerifera (RAUH) 225, 227 Ochna kirkii (Roux) 205 Mimosoideae 6,23,60, 110, Mvricaceae 225, 227 Ochnaceae 117,155,205 112, //3, 117,246,250 Myrislica 198 Ochroma 158, 160 Mimusops huberi (AUBREVILLE) fatua (MASSART) 200 lagopus (KORlBA) 50, 160, 191 ji'agrans (MASSART) 55, 92, 383 Minquartia 180 200 Ochrosia 160 guianensis (NOZERAN) 178, subalulata (MASSART) 192, balansae (KORIBA) 160 182,288,291,310,3// 195, 200 coccinea (KORlBA) 157, 158, Monimiaceae 47, 161,205,208, Myristicaceae 10, 13,28,29, 160 209, 212, 238 53, 55, 92, 192, 195, 198, Ocimum micranthum (LEEUWEN• Monnieria trifolia (LEEUWEN• 199, 252, 255, 276, 322, 350, BERG) 155 BERG) 155 365, 383 Oeolea 54 Monodora myristica (TROLL) Myrsinaceae 7, 8, 23,47, 112, guianensis (MASSART) 53, 54, 249 II3, 117, 155, 190,200,227, 198, 199 Monosalpynx guillaumetii 231 rodiaei (AUBREVILLE) 190 Index of Plant Names and Their Models 423

rubra (AUBREVILLE) 54, 304, insignis (AUBREVILLE) 190, 240, 247, 250 305, 305 199 Paraphyadanthe flagelliflora 64 splendens (MASSART) 53, 54, Pachylobus edulis (RAuH) 226 Paravallaris microphylla (LEEU• 198, 199 Pachypodanthium 202 WENBERG) 154 Octocnema 202 staudtii (Roux) 204 Parinari 249 Octo enema borealis (Roux) 205 Pachypodium excelsa (TROLL) 16,97,246, Octocnemataceae 205, 236, 238 brevicaule (LEEUWENBERG) 247, 250 Octolobus cf heteromerus 154 Parthenocissus 251 (KORIBA) 158, 161 decaryi (CHAMBERLAIN) 139 tricuspidata 251 Octomeles 376 rosulatum (LEEUWENBERG) Passiflora 14 sumatrana (MASSART) 199 154 Passifloraceae 206, 209, 212, Odontospermum aquaticum Pachysima 208 256 (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Palaeocycas integer (CORNER) Paullinia pinnata 256 Oenocarpus 264 Paulownia 34 distichus (CORNER) 40, 99, Palaquium gutta (AUBREVILLE) Pauridiantha 109, 114, 117 191 callicarpoides (COOK) 212 oligocarpa 376 Palisota 262 hirtella (Roux) 205 Okoubaka aubrevillei (MANGE• Paliurus 173 Pavetta 21 NOT) 14, 236, 238 australis (Roux) 205 Pavonia cf flavispina (CHAMBER• Olacaceae 23,60, 182,200,201, Palmae 7, 8, 58, 61, 68, 84-87, LAIN) 139 203, 205, 242, 245, 246, 247, 102-105,107,109,110,113, Pectis ciliaris (LEEUWENBERG) 248,250,291,311 ll5, 116, 119, 123, 125, 127, 154 Olax viridis (TROLL) 250 129, 130, 133, 254, 376 Pedilanthus tithymaloides o ldenlandia 150 Pancheria hirsuta (CORNER) 117 (TROLL) 247, 249 Oleaceae 23, 228 Panda 208 Peekeliopanax 150 Oleandra pistillaris (RAUH) 222, oleosa (COOK) 14,208,210, Peltophorum ferrugineum (SCAR• 224, 226, 260 212 RONE) 217 Oleandraceae 226 Pandaceae 212 Pemphis acidula (ATTIMS) 229, Omphalocarpum elatum (AUBRE• Pandanaceae 7, 8, 68, 94, 117, 230,231 VILLE) 191 154, 176,213,216,217,218, Penianthus 117 Onagraceae 8, 232 221, 258 Pentaclethra 248 Oncosperma Pandanus 40, 58,60,68,69, 71, macroloba 269 filamentosa 119 72, 79, 213, 214, 215, 216, macrophylla (TROLL) 250 tigillaria (TOMLINSON) 119, 217, 220, 264 Pentadesma 98 127 androcephalanthos (LEEUWEN- butyracea (RAUH) 227 Oncostemon 117 BERG) 154 Pentagonia Orchidaceae 6, 124 bakeri (SCARRONE) 216 gigantifolia (CORNER) 118 Oreopanax 24,33,35, 150 bilamellatus (SCARRONE) 216 Pentaspadon 173 nymphifolius (LEEUWENBERG) candelabrum (SCARRONE) 69, Peperomia 341 154 216 Perebea guianensis (Roux) 205, Ormosia 14 centrifugalis (LEEUWENBERG) 272 Oroxylon 138, 139 154 Pereskia bleo (LEEUWENBERG) indicum (CHAMBERLAIN) 136, danckelmannianus (CORNER) 154 139, 146 117 Perriereastrum oreophilum Orthosiphon grandiflorus (CHAM- gemmiferus 60 (LEEUWENBERG) 155 PAGNAT) 240 guillaumetii (SCARRONE) 216 Persea 221 Osmundales 264 imirniensis (STONE) 220, 221 americana (RAuH) 62, 225, Ostrya virginiana 356 mammillaris (LEEUWENBERG) 227 Otophora spectabilis (CHAMBER- 154 borbonia (RAuH) 227 LAIN) 139 platyphyllus (LEEUWENBERG) Phaseolus 14 OU/'atea a[finis (Roux) 205 154 Phenako:,permum 68, 124 Oxalidaceae 7,97, 118,245, princeps (CORNER) 117 guianense (TOMLINSON) 122, 246, 247, 250 pulcher (STONE) 94,217,218, 125, 127 Oxera 221 Philesiaceae 144, 145, 260 coriacea (CORNER) 118 punctulatus (SCARRONE) 216 Philodendron 135, 341 palmatinervia (CHAMPAGNAT) rollotii (LEEUWENBERG) 154 selloum (CHAMBERLAIN) 135, 239,241,242 tectorius (STONE) 69, 219, 136, 138 Oxydendrum 64 220, 221 Phoenicoideae 119 vandamii (SCARRONE) 94,213, Phoenicoseris pinnata (HOLT• p 214,215,216 TUM) 109 Pangium edule (AUBREVILLE) Phoenix 114 Pachira 190 canariensis 114 aquatica (AUBREVILLE) 190, Papaveraceae 8 dactylifera (TOMLINSON) 86, 199 Papilionoideae 6, 8, 117, 227, 122,127 424 Index of Plant Names and Their Models

Phoenix Pisonia grandis (LEEUWENBERG) Prllnus 14,34,47 recUnata (TOMLINSON) 114, 155 Psaronius 264 119,122,127 Pithecellobium 14 Pseudima ji-utescens (LEEUWEN• PhyUca ericoides (LEEUWEN• hansemanii (CORNER) 110, BERG) 155 BERG) 155 113,117 Pseudo larix 60, 300 Phyllanthus 55, 58, 79, 200, Pittosporaeeae 155, 168, 169, PseudomantaUa macrophylla 204, 208, 210, 244, 260, 309 173 (CORNER) 118 alpestris (TROLL) 249 Pitto:,porllm pronyense (LEEU• Pseudotsuga menziesii 32 caroUniensis (TROLL) 249 WENBERG) 155 Psiadia altissima (LEEUWEN• discoldeus (Roux) 205 Plaeodiscus bancoensis (COR• BERG) 154 distich us (COOK) 260, 261 NER) 114, 118 Psidium 62. 244, 248 koghiensis (Roux) 205 Planchonella kuebiniensis guajava (TROLL) 240, 250 lacunarius (ATTIMS) 231 (RAUH) 228 guineellse (TROLL) 243, 244, mimosoides (COOK) 208,212 Platonia 198 250 muellerianus (COOK) 208, insignis (MASSART) 199 Psycho tria 21, 146, 153, 262 210,212,253,255 Plectocomia 104 braeteata (LEEUWENBERG) myrtifolius (TROLL) 243, 244, griffithii (HOLTTUM) 104 155 250 Pleuromeia sternbergi (HOLT• nervosa (LEEUWENBERG) 146, niruroides 208 TUM) 264, 265 155 niruri 75, 260 Pleuromeiaceae 265 sulzneri (LEEUWENBERG) 155 polygonoides (ATTIMS) 229, Plumeria 22 Pteriodospermales 264 230, 231, 260 alba 153 Pterocarpus 14 urinaria (COOK) 208,212 rllbra (LEEUWEN BERG) 154 illdieus (TROLL) 250 Phyllarthron madagascariensis Podocarpaceae 226 officinalis (TROLL) 250 (LEEUWEN BERG) 154 Podoclllpus 300 Pterospermum semisagittatum Phyllobotryon (Phyllobotryum) salici/olius (RAUH) 226 (TROLL) 251 210 Polyalthia 322 Ptychosperma 119 soyauxianllm (CORNER) 117 lateriflora (Roux) 204 Puya raimondii (HOL TTUM) 68, spathlllatllm (CORNER) 114, longifolia (Roux) 204 104, IDS, 108 115, 117 Polygala 8 Pycnanthus 192, 196, 198 Phyllostachys bambusoides 145 myrtifolia (SCARRONE) 217 angolellsis (MASSART) 200, Phytelephas macrocarpa (COR• pepUs val', boinensis (LEEU• 383 NER) 117 WENBERG) 155 dinklagei (MASSART) 196, Phytolacea venenosa (CHAMBERLAIN) 139 198, 200, 252, 253, 255 decandra (LEEUWEN BERG) 155 Polygalaceae 8, 9, 56, 139, 155, Pycnoeoma angustifoUa (COR• dioica (KORIBA) 161 217, 236, 238, 250, 254, 255 NER) 117 Phytolaeeaceae 155, 161 Polygonaceae 8, 21, 88, Pyrenacantha mangenotiana 256 Picea 40, 192, 330 143-145,205,214,248,250, Pyrus 60 Pierolemma ef pseudoco//ea 256 (CHAMBERLAIN) 139 Polygonum 8 Q Pieris cuspidatum (MCCLURE) 88, Jloribunda (LEEUWENBERG) 143-145 Qualea 198.353 64,154 Polypodiaceae 224 (f rosea (MASSART) 196,200, phillyre((olills 258 Polyscias fidva (LEEUWE1\BERG) 352 Pilm microphylla (TROLL) 251 154 Quararibea 170, 173 Piliostigma 14 Populus 24, 33, 34, 60, 379 guianensis (FAGERLIND) 170, Pinaceae 95, 199,226,246 trichoclIIpa 33, 34 173, 298 Pinus 32, 45, 60, 75. 221, 226, Potalia amara (CHAMBERLAIN) tllrbinata (FAGERLIND) 173, 301. 328. 330 136, 139 297. 299. 384 caribaea (RAUH) 95, 226, Potomolphe peltata (TOMLIN• QlIassia aji-icana (LEEUWEN• 327, 328 SON) 127 BERG) 155 elliottii (RAUH) 226, 327 Pourouma minor (AUBREVILLE) Quercus 14,18,221,227,369 merkusii (RAUH) 226 190. 352 rllbra (RAUH) 227, 282, 356, pinaster 327 Pres toea montana 126 364 radiata (RAUH) 226, 327 Primulaceae 8, 127 sessiliflora (RAUII) 36. 72, 79, silvestris (RAUH) 226, 327 Prionium serratum (TOMLINSON) 225, 227. 321 strobus (RAUH) 226,278, 327, 127 subsericea (RAUH) 227 328 Pro tea madiensis (LEEUWEN• velutina 338 Piper 164, 177, 250 BERG) 155 virginiana (RAUH) 66, 224. aduncum (PETIT) 177 Proteaceae 7,82. 110,113, 118, 227 Piperaceae 7, 127, 164, 177, 155, 173 Quiina oiapoqllellsis (CHAMBER• 250, 341 Protium 249, 352 LAIN) 139 Piptadeniastrum a(ricanum stapfiana Quiinaeeae 139 (TROLL) 250 (RAUH) 227 Quisqualis 14 Index of Plant Names and Their Models 425

R Rhopalocarpaceae 250 Ryania 208 Rhopalocarpus lucidus (TROLL) speciosa (Roux) 205 Radlkofera calodendron (COR• 250 speciosa val'. hicolor NER) 118 Rhopalostylis 69, 110 (COOK) 210,212 Randia 167, 198 Rhus 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, jitzalani (FAGERLIND) 173 379 ruiziana (MAssART) 200 copal/ina (LEEUWENBERG) s Ranunculaceae 7, 8, 127 153, 154 Rapanea 23 eoriaria (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Sabal 63, 69, 110 asymmetrica (ATTlMS) 231 teratana (SCARRONE) 216 palmetto (CORNER) 114, 117 grandi(olia (CORNER) 117 typhina (LEEUWEN BERG) 151, Salada cf pronyensis (Roux) Raphia 83, 104, 107, 120 152, 153 205 gigantea (TOMLINSON) 119, Rhyticarium longifolium (MAN• Salix 34, 56 123, 127 GENOT) 234, 237, 238 Salvadora persica (CHAMPA• humitis (HOLTTUM) 104 Richeria grandis (AUBREVILLE) GNAT) 238, 240, 241, 242 regalis (HOLTTUM) 104, 105, 190 Salvadoraceae 239, 240, 242 109, 139 Ricinodendron heudelotii Sambucus 34, 239 taedigera (HOLTTUM) 104 (RAUH) 227 nigra (CHAMPAGNAT) 239 Rauvolfia Ricinus 62, 151, 153 Sapindaceae 7, 8,47,87, 118, cf macrophylla (LEEUWEN• communis (LEEUWENBERG) 136, 136, 139, 155, 161,210, BERG) 154 88, 150, 155 256, 348 obscura (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Rinorea 8 Sap indus 14 vomitoria (LEEUWENBERG) bengalensis (TROLL) 246 Sapium 154 var. disticha 245, 251 aucuparium (MAssART) 199 Ravenala 40, 68, 122 javanica (TROLL) 251 comutum (TROLL) 247, 250 madagascariensis (TOMLIN• riana 168, 171 discolor (KoRIBA) 156, 161 SON) 122, 127 Ripogonum 58 Sapotaceae 7, 8, 10, 47, 60, Remirea maritima 263 scandens (MCCLURE) 70, 142, 118, 185, 187, 190,205,243, Rhamnaceae 7, 155, 173, 198, 145 244, 247, 250, 348, 384 200, 205, 212, 255, 256 Rivinia 155 Saraca taipingensis (TROLL) 25, Rhamnus 14 Rodognaphalon lukayense (MAs• 243, 244, 250 Fangu/a (MAssART) 198,200 SART) 199 Sararanga 68 Rhaphiostylis 236 Rosa 239 sinuosa (LEEUWENBERG) 154 beninensis (MANGENoT) 236, canina (CHAMPAGNAT) 242 Sarauia 191 238, 253, 254, 255 Rosaceae 7, 8, 60, 170, 173, Sarauiaceae 191 Rhapis 122 198, 238, 242, 246-248, 250 Sarcococcus confusa (MANGE• exce/sa 120, 125 Rothmannia NOT) 238 Rhaptopetalum beguei (TROLL) hispida (PETIT) 176, 177 SassaFas 46 250 longiflora (F AGERLIND) 170, of{lcinale (AUBREVILLE) 190 Rheedia 14 173 Saxifragaceae 8 cf macrophylla (ATTIMS) 231 Rouppelina boivini (PREvosT) Scabiosa Rhipsalis 248 166 cretica (SCARRONE) 217 Rhizophora 22-24, 33, 39, 46, Roystonea 110, 114 prolifera (LEEUWENBERG) 154 47, 57, 58, 63, 66, 71, 72, oleracea (CORNER) 117 Scaevola 230-232, 266, 273, 274, 279, regia 116 plumieri (AUBREVILLE) 186, 292 Rubia 14 189, 190 mangle (ATTIMS) 33, 38, 51, Rubiaceae 6, 8, 9, 20-23, 40, saieea (AUBREvILLE) 190 63, 72, 230, 232, 27 3, 310, 55,61,93, 114, 118, 146, subcapitata (RAUH) 227 311, 314 149,150,155,161,173,174, Scaphium 82 racemosa (ATTIMS) 72, 95, 175, 177, 190, 196,200,201, Seaplzopetalw/l amoenum (CHAM• 228, 230, 232 201,203,205,206,207,209, PAGNAT) 242 Rhizophoraceae 20-22, 24, 38, 212,214,215,217,232,236, Selz~fJlera 150, 153 47,49,95, 185, 189, 190, 237, 238, 242, 250, 252, 255, attenuata (LEEUWENBERG) 196, 197,205,229,232,311 260, 263, 342 153, 154 Rhododendron Rubus 239 morototoni (LEEUWENBERG) aurigeranum (LEEUWE'-IBERG) idaeus (CHAMPAGNAT) 242 154, 293, 376 154 saxatilis (CHAMPAGNAT) 249 paraensis (LEEUWENBERG) ferrugineum (SCARRONE) 217 Rulingia madagaseariensis 154. 376 hirsutum (SCARRONE) 217 (TROLL) 251 Schizocasia lauterbaehiana loehae (SCARRONE) 217 Rumex 8 (CHAMBERLAIN) 135, 139 maximum (LEEUWENBERG) Ruscaceae 260 Schizolobium 151, 216, 217 154 Ruscus 260 exeelsum (LEEUWENBERG) mucronulatum (SCARRO"lE) Rutaceae 7, 22, 84, 105, 106, 150,151,155 217 109,155,214,217,232 Schoepfia 23 426 Index of Plant Names and Their Models

Schumanniophyton massonii (AUBRiNILLE) 190 Strephonema 248 hirsutum (PETIT) 177 cl sinemariensis (AUBREVIL• pseudocola (TROLL) 246, 247, magnijicum (COOK) 206, 208, LE) 190 249 209,210,212 (trans, PETIT) Smeathmannia pubescens Strombosia 177 (COOK) 212 glaucescens (Roux) 205 problematicum (PETIT) 22, Smilacaceae 70, 142, 145 pustulata 41 176, 177 Smilax 58 Strychnos 199, 236, 237, 238, Schuurmansia heningsii (LEEU• SoC/'atea 69 250 WENBERG) 155 exorrhiza (CORNER) 117 congolana (MANGENOT) 238, Scitamineae 61, 119, 122, 124, Sohnreyia excelsa (HOLTTUM) 255 342 84, 105, 106, 109 horsjieldiana (MASSART) 199 Sclerolobium 20, 21, 174, 176, Solanaceae 7, 155, 205 variabilis (MANGENOT) 96, 177,210,298 Solanum 153, 260 238 Scrophulariaceae 6, 8, 205 atropurpureum (LEEUWEN• Stryphnodendron excelsum 269 Scytopetalaceae 250 BERG) 155 Stylocalamites 264, 265 Scytopetalum tieghemii (TROLL) aviculare (LEEUWENBERG) 155 Styphelia pancheri (RAUH) 227 251 bahamense (LEEUWENBERG) Styracaceae 205 Securidaca longepedunculatus 155 Styrax benzoin (Roux) 205 (TROLL) 250 erianthum (LEEUWENBERG) Suriana 160 Selaginella 196 155 maritima (KORIBA) 157, 158, Semecarpus magnificus (COR• Sonneratia 71 160, 161 NER) 112,117 caseolaris (ATTIMS) 232 Surianaceae 158 Senecio 18, 146, 149, 157, 158 griffithii (RAUH) 228 Swartzia 352 canaliculatus (LEEUWENBERG) Sonneratiaceae 8, 191, 195,200, prouacensis (TROLL) 248, 250 154 232 Sy<'ietenia 18,25,62,221,224, erica-rosenii (KORIBA) 157, Sophora 14 225, 384 158, 161 Spathelia 106 macrophylla (RAUH) 227 johnstonii (LEEUWENBERG) brittonii (HOLTTUM) \09 mahagoni (RAUH) 66, 227 146, 149, 154 simplex (HOLTTUM) 109 Symphonia 202 keniodendron (LEEUWENBERG) Spathodea \38 globulifera (Roux) 205,261 146, 149, 154 Sphenoclea Synedrella nodiflora (LEEUWEN• leucadendron (LEEUWENBERG) zeylanica (LEEUWENBERG) 154 BERG) 154 154 zeylanica (STONE) 221 Synsepalum dulcificum (AUBRE• redevivus (A TTIMS) 231 Spigelia anthelmia (LEEUWEN• VILLE) 191 Sequoia 198, 304, 336, 379 BERG) 155 Syringa 16 sempervirens (MASSART) 199 Spilanthes acmella (LEEUWEN• Syzygium 234 Serenoa 263 BERG) 154 Sesbania 205 Spondianthus preussii (RAUH) grandiflora (RAUH) 227 227 T Shorea 198, 384 Spondias 214, 216 acuminata 10 mombin (SCARRONE) 216, 376 Tabebuia 376 Joxworthii (Roux) 205 Stachytarpheta urticifolia (LEEU• domzel-smithii (KORIBA) 160 leprosula 379 WENBERG) 155 serratifolia (KORIBA) 284, ovalis (MASSART) 192, 197, Stangeria 134 287,308 199 Staudtia gabonensis (MASSART) Tabernaemontana 152, 153 pinanga (Roux) 200, 201, 200 crassa (LEEUWENBERG) 129, 203, 205 Stenomeridaceae 144 151, 154 Sida 260 Sterculia 14 iboga (LEEUWENBERG) 154 carpinifolia (TROLL) 249, 250 Joetida (AUBREVILLE) 191 zmdulata (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Sigesbeckia orientalis (STONE) tragacantha (AUBREVILLE) Tachia 8 218, 220, 221 191 guianensis (Roux) 18, 19, 40, Sigillaria elegans (MASSART) Sterculiaceae 7, 8, 20, 36, 40, 201,203,205 265,266 91, Il2, 118, 161, 175, Taclzigalia Sigillariaceae 265, 266 176-178,181,182,191,200, bracteolata (PETIT) 177 Simarouba 23 242,245,246,251,260 cl multijuga (PETIT) 177 amara (SCARRONE) 217 Strasburgeria robusta (ATTIMS) paniculata (PETIT) 177 glauca (SCARRONE) 217 232 Talauma plumierii (RAUH) 227 Simaroubaceae 7, 8, 23, 118, Strasburgeriaceae 232 Talisia 139, 155, 157, 158, 161,217 Strelitzia 68, 122, 130 aJI elephantipes (CHAMBER• Siparuna 236, 244 nicolai (TOMLINSON) 122, 123, LAIN) \39 cristata (MANGENOT) 236, 127 mollis (CHAMBERLAIN) 87, 238 reginae (SCHOUTE) 133 \36, 136, 139 guianensis (Roux) 205 Strelitziaceae 40, 68, 122, 123, Tamarix 41 Sloanea 376 125, 127, 133,261 Tapeinocheilos 144 Index of Plant Names and Their Models 427

hollrungii (MCCLURE) 144, Thomandersia 166 228 145 anachoreta (PREVOST) 166 Trymatocoeeus oligandrus pungens (McCLuRE) 144, 145 butayei (PREvOST) 166 (TROLL) 245, 246, 247, 250 Tapeinosperma congolana (PREVOST) 166 Tsuga 64, 328 cristobalense (CORNER) 117 Thunbergia 240 canadensis 40, 246, 328, 329 pachycaulum (CORNER) 112, erecta (CHAMPA GNAT) 239, Turnera ulmifolia (ATTIMS) 232 113,117 240 Turneraceae 232 psaladense (LEEUWENBERG) Thunbergiaeeae 240 Turraea 155 Thymeleaceae 155, 161, 233, heterophylla (CHAMPAGNAT) veillardii (RAUH) 227 233,238 240 Tapirira guianensis 376 Tieghemella 185 sericea (TROLL) 250 Tapura guianensis (COOK) 210, heekelii (AUBREVILLE) 191 212 TWa 306 u Taxaceae 41 platyphyllos (TROLL) 251 Taxodiaceae 199 Tiliaceae 155, 196, 197, 200, Uapaca Taxodium 60, 300 205,217,247,248,251,376 bojeri (RAUH) 227 Taxus 192, 198 Tillandsia 261 guineensis (RAuH) 227 baecata (MASSAR T) 41, 199 usneoides 261 Ulex 47 Tecoma 252, 255 Tina striata (LEEUWENBERG) Ulmaceae 48, 54, 73, 202, 204, Teetona grandis 67 155 206, 247, 248, 251 Terminalia 14,46,56, 57, 183, Tococa guianensis (SCARRONE) Ulmus 59 184, 293, 365 217 americana (TROLL) 251 amazonia (AUBREVILLE) 184, Tournefortia argentea (LEEUWEN• effusa (TROLL) 242, 247, 251 185, 187, 190,293,384 BERG) 146, 149 foliacea (TROLL) 247, 251 archipelagi (AUBREVILLE) 190 Toulicia guianensis (LEEUWEN• Ulodendraceae 266 arjuna 71 BERG) 155 Ulodendron major (MASSART) belleriea (AUBREVILLE) 190 Tovomita 173 266 calamansanay (AUBREVILLE) plumierii (F AGERLIND) 173 Umbelliferae 7-9, 106, 183 190 Trattinickia cf demerarae Urophyllum 205 catappa (AUBREVILLE) 56, 75, (RAUH) 226 Urtica 8 91, 184, 188, 190,282 Treculia africana (TROLL) 247, Urticaceae 8, 186, 189, 191,251 ivorensis (AUBREVILLE) 184, 250 188, 190 Trema 48, 54, 73, 202, 204, v mantalay (AUBREVILLE) 190 376, 382 cf pamea (AUBREVILLE) 190, cannabina (Roux) 206 Vaeciniaceae 233, 234 365 jloridana (Roux) 206 Vaceinium 236 superba (AUBREVILLE) 184, micrantha (Roux) 204, 206 corymbosum (MANGENOT) 187, 190 occidentalis 55, 383 233, 234, 238 Ternstroemia merrilliana (Au• orientalis (Roux) 204, 206 Velloziaceae 70 BREVILLE) 191 Tribroma 178, 180 Ventilago africana (COOK) 212, Ternstroemiaeeae 191 bicolor (NOZERAN) 178,181, 255 Tetragastris altissima (RAuH) 182 Verbena 8 226 Tribulus terrestris 262 7,8,44,67,118, Tetrorchidium Tricalysia gossweilerii (Roux) 139, 155, 240, 242 didymostemon (PETIT) 176 205 Vernonia appendiculata (LEEU• oppositifolium (PETIT) 176 Trichilia monadelpha (RAuH) WENBERG) 154 Thamnopteris sehlechtendalii 227 Viburnum 20, 44 (CORNER) 264 Trichosanthes 14 rhytidophyllum 18, 19 Theaceae 7, 34, 203, 205, 232, Trichoscypha ferruginea (COR• Viola 8 238 NER) 85, 112, 114, 115, 117 Violaceae 8, 9, 112, 118, 168, Theobroma 14, 24, 40, 79, 178, Trigonobalanus verticillatus (AT• 169, 171, 173, 245, 246, 251 180 TIMS) 231 Virola 192, 196, 198, 276, 350, cacao (NOZERAN) 36, 79, 91, Trilliaceae 126 383 177,180,182 Tripetalum cymosum (ATTIMS) melinonii (MASSART) 200 grandiflorum (MASSART) 196, 231 surinamensis (MASSART) 28, 200 Triphyophyllum peltalUm 256, 191, 20~ 276, 312, 383 mariae (CORNER) 118 257 Viscum album (LEEUWENBERG) microcarpa (MASSART) 200 Triplaris 8,21,216 155 speciosum (NOZERAN) 180, surinamensis (SCARRONE) 214 Vismia 236, 244 181, 182 Triploc hiton 221 augusta (Roux) 43, 202, 205 Theophrastaceae 8, 112, 118, scleroxylon (RAuH) 228 confertiflora (MANGENOT) 293, 365 Triumfetta cordifolia (LEEUWEN• 238 Thevetia peruviana (SCARRONE) BERG) 155 cf ferruginea (MANGENOT) 216 Trouettea heteromera (RAUH) 238 428 Index of Plant Names and Their Models

Vismia hobdyi (TOMLINSON) 127 y guineensis (TROLL) 248, 250 Williamsonia sewardiana (COR• Vitaceae 251 NER) 264 Yucca 14, 70, 71, 151 Vitis 34 Williamsoniella coronata (LEEU- aloifolia (LEEUWENBERG) 153 Voacanga WENBERG) 264 brevifolia (SCHOUTE) 133 africana (LEEUWENBERG) 150, Winteraceae 161 filamentosa (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Witsenia 70 151 thouarsis (LEEUWENBERG) 154 Wrightia Vochysia 25, 284, 285 religiosa (TROLL) 249 Vochysiaceae 196, 352 tomentosa (TROLL) 249 Vonitra 130 z utilis (SCHOUTE) 133 Zamia 134, 135 Vouacapoua americana (TROLL) floridana (CHAMBERLAIN) 135, 246, 250, 382 x 138 Xanthophyllum curtisii 56 Zea mays (TOMLINSON) 127 w Xanthorrhoea 70, 71, 151,248 Zeyherella mayombense (AUBRE- australis 136, 146 VILLE) 191 Wallichia 264 media (CHAMBERLAIN) 139 Zingiber officinale 124 disticha (HOLTTUM/CORNER) preissii 146, 15 I Zingiberaceae 7, 124, 125, 127 40, 106, 115 re sinosa 136 Zingiberales 124, 261 indica (PETIT) 175, Xanthorrhoeaceae 68, 70, 110, Zizyphus papuanus (COOK) 212, 176, 177, 256 117, 136, 139, 146, 151,248 255 Washinglonia 292 Ximenia 23, 47, 60 Zuccarinia macrophylla (COOK) Weinmannia 231 americana (CHAMPAGNAT) 212 Wielandiella augustifolia (LEEU• 242 Zygocactus 248 WENBERG) 264,265 Xylopia 55 Zygogonium 161 Wilkesia aethiopica (Roux) 204 Zygophyllaceae 239, 240, 242, gymnoxiphium (HOLTTUM) 109 discreta (Roux) 204 262 Subject Index

Page numbers in italics refer to the figures.

A Apposition growth 52,53, 56, 182 267. 274, 282, 292, 311 in branch complex 56, 167 branch differentiation in 292 Abortion, apical 156, 163 Arabian coffee 202,255 definition of 228 Abscission 37, 61 Araliad 146 plagiotropy in 292 of branches 41, 55,208, 210 Arborescent monocotyledons strategy of 231 of Hevea leaves 26 60, 110,220 AUBREVILLE'S model 51,56,84, of Philodendron leaves 135 with secondary growth 70 91, 101, 173, 182, 183. 184, of shoots 60 Arborescent reiteration 277, 185, 186, 187. 188, 189, 190, of stipules 20 279,340 198, 226, 230, 260, 262, 274, of terminal bud 247 Architectural 280, 281, 282, 305 Absolute branch order 41 analysis 75, 99, 272, 292 definition of 182 Acaulescent 116, 135 continuum 74, 79, 216, 263 strategy of 186 Acaulous 105 development 99 Avocado 5, 13, 62, 225, 227 definition 99 Architectural model 4, 55, 74, Axial conformity 83 Accessory bud 23, 58 76, 80, 98, 108 Axillary buds 22, 23 Acropetal 104, 106, 123 definition of 75, 81 flowering 242, 244 Acrotony 46, 87, 89, 133 key to 84 Axis 86,99,130,139,142,186,217 Adult phase 17,236,257 method of description ex- branch 50,53, 145,224,232, Aerialroots 60,69,71,72,135,279 plained 98 234, 255, 332, 369 in Pandanus 69 method of illustration 98 change in orientation 5, 254 African-oil palm 37,85,117 methods of analysis 77 cone-bearing 59 Age 16-18 range of examples 97 creeping 59 of branch meristem 55 relation to vigor 314 differentiation 50 determination of 65, 66 in roots 73, 379 dorsiventral 128 to first flowering 16 sources of information 98 epicotyledonary 14, 16,25, 146 related with changes of vigor 313 Architecture I, 110, 174, 309, 150, 151, 167,224,246,252 upper limit of parenchym 332, 375, 380 hapaxanthic 126 cells 306 conforming to model 75,310 initial juvenile 252 Allelopathic 16 definition of 74-75 lianescent 258 Amazon Basin 11 dynamics of 383 megaphyllous 301 American beech 250, 379 evolutionary analysis 261 Axis American elm 251 forest 332 mixed 5, 139, 140,232, 234, Ampere 79 fossil trees 263, 264, 265, 267 244, 246, 253, 273 Anacardiaceous tree 348, 350 of gymnosperms 327 orthotropic 188, 208, 236, Anemochores 331 herbs 259 242, 252, 249, 262, 292, 293, Angiosperm 60, 176, 268 inherited tree 74 295,365 bioenergetics of 301, 302 lianes 251 pachycaulous 301 Animals in forest 372-374 parameters of 82 plagiotropic 53, 292, 242 Anisophylly 40, 49, 52, 53, 197, relation to energy 302, 309 primary 161 202 relation to size 309 primary diameter of 82 Annual rings 65 relation to taxonomy 75 relay 5, 6, 112, 145, 146, 155, Ants 161, 163, 195 relation to tree survival 315 238, 242, 246, 248, 249, 254 ants' nest 165. 208, 209 senescent 372 single 4, 81, 109 Apex 163 Aroids, morphology of 135 trunk 50, 145, 173, 184,232 latent 36 Article 5 types in woody plants 50 organizing 151 Articulate growth 25, 36, 44, 161 unbranched 4 Apical Articulation 164, 168 control 46, 48, 54, 72 Ashes 5, 225, 226 B complex 151 Asparagus 145 dominance 46, 335 Asymmetric crowns 360, 362, Bacteria in leaf nodules 21,22 Apqxogenesis 266 364, 365, 367 Balata 185, 187 Appendage 32 ATTIMS' model 95, 101, 184, Balsa 160 Apple 5 220,226,230,231,260,266, Balsam fir 198, 199 430 Subject Index

Baluru 122, 125 phyllomorphic 50, 206, 294, dormant 42, 156, 178, 270, Bamboo 6,24,40,58, 88, 139, 328 314 140, 144, 260, 379 plagiotropic 50, 53, 145, 186, lateral 18, 22, 44, 225, 273 aggressive 144 252, 294, 295, 327 mUltiple 22 essential construction of 3, 4 polymorphism 48, 59 naked 19, 20, 22 establishment growth 140 precocious 45 primary complex 23 leptomorph 142 proleptic 44, 50, 273 protection of 18 morphology of 83, 140 shed 325 reserve 22, 23, 190 pachymorph 142 sylleptic 44, 50, 273 resting 30, 33, 112, 122, 223 secondary bud complex 24 systems 99, 214 secondary complex 23 Banana I, 2, 86, 106, 125, 127 Branch chronology 57 serial 23, 58, 210, 254 Bananenform 100 in tree construction 81 supernumerary 23, 210 Banji 34 Branch dimorphism 206 terminal 18, 32, 140,211, Basiflory 114 Branch order 151 225, 273 Basipetal 106 chronology 40 transverse complex 23 Basitony 46, 86, 88, 140 in Eucalyptus 58 trees without 18 Bayonet-junctions (bayonet- terminology 40 varnish-covered 22 joints) 136, 178, 269, 270, Branch orientation, changes in Bud composition 22, 32 271,275,276,283,297, 321 160 constant 231 in reiteration 269, 270, 271, Branching 50, 80, 81, 110, 130, Bud-scale scars 25, 26, 44, 172 283,297 145, 148, 151, 153, 156, 163, Bud-scales 18, 22, 43, 44, 82, Bean 72 167, 216, 232, 233, 235, 239, 137, 150, 186 Beech 6, 74, 250, 379 264, 266, 272, 290, 303 on proleptic branches 15, 44, Betel-nut palm 116 axillary 87, 128 225 Bifurcation 128, 129, 130, 185, basal 118, 120, 122, 139, 144, Bugloss 106 186 176, 235 Building phase 368 in palms 130 continuous 47, 173, 174, 204, Bulbil 60, 106, 110 Bioenergetics 321, 326, 328 208, 220, 228, 230, 272, 293, Buttresses 288, 290, 293 Biological age 341 295 surface area of 290 cycle 77 dichotomous 128 Biological nomads 383 diffuse 47, 203, 220, 228, 292 c Biomass 107, 212, 279, 372, 374 discontinuous 176 and energetics 302ff. distichous 178 Cabbage palm 117 metabolic and non-metabolic dynamics 40 Cabbage-trees 100, 151, 153, 306,307 intermittent 47 327 production of 304 irregular 176 C.A,I, (Crown Area Index) 350 74 monopodial 167, 184 Calabash-tree 60, 239, 240, 241 Bird chillies 155 pattern 17, 78, 150, 151, 152, Calamites 2 Birth rate, per capita (A) 315 170 Cambial activity 80, 210, 298, Black oak 339 precocious 130 300, 304, 306, 324 Blueberry 233, 234, 235, 238 by reiteration 272 in relation to shoot extension Bois-anguille 384 in relation to shoot growth 32 Bole 2 185 in tropical trees 67 Boomvarens 100 rhythmic 25, 28, 29, 197, Cambial dormancy 65,314 Botanic garden, function of 220,272 Cambial initials 288 78 sequential 42, 273, 274, 290, Cambial rest 65 Bottle brush 35 328, 330 Cambium I, 130,288 Bougainvillea 240, 242 sympodial 4, 70, 109 in energy exchange 304 Bramble 242 "Terminalia "-type 183 production by 288 Branch 5,50, 51, 53, 55, 142 tiered 293 vascular 119 chronology of development vegeta ti ve 102 Candelabra-tree 79 81 Brazil-nut 93, 205 Cannon-ball tree 63, 225, 227 complex 24,51,53,55,119, Bread-fruit 223, 224, 227 Canopy 105, 180,269,270, 139, 142, 156, 183, 184, 185, Broad-leaved dicotyledons 327 274, 278, 282, 284, 285, 334, 213,213,214,232,234 energetics of 300 338, 340, 348, 354, 356, 358, determinate 142 Bud(s) 360, 362, 364, 365, 369, 372, divergent 253 accessory 23, 58 37~ 378, 37~ 38~ 383, 385 dynamics 40 adventitious 63, 138 and flushing 25 erratism of 308 axillary 22, 23 Carambola 97, 245, 246 lowest (major) 325, 327 burst 35 Carpel 112 meristem differentiation 5, 48 components of 22 Carrying capacity of environ• orthotropic 5, 50, 53, 145, covered 20 ment 107 156, 230 definition of 18 Caryotoid palms 106 peri pheral 53, 344, 346 differential potential 23 Cashew 216 Subject Index 431

Cassava 5, 88, 150, 155 Composite plant diagram 174 Cuttings 48, 51 Castor-bean 88, 150 Compound leaves 210,211,212 Cycads 2,5,71,80, 110, 115, Castor oil 5, 155 with indeterminate growth 133, 134 Cauliflorous 110, 112, 178, 180, 210 sympodia1 branching 133 195, 234, 239, 244 with rhythmic growth 210 Cycles of sylvigenesis 377, 378 Cauliflory 22, 24, 63, 109, 110, Compression wood 246 Cyclones 366 114, 180, 225, 247 Cone 133 Cyclophysis 17 Ceara rubber 93, 150, 155 Cone-dome 133, 134, 137 Cells Coniferoid habit 217 D humidity 342, 346 Conifers 48, 55, 327 light 338, 341 model conformity in 75, 327 Date palm 2, 86, 127,292 shadow 338, 340-342, 346 Continuous branching 47,220 Death Central American rubber-tree Continuous flowering 63 in archi tectura1 terms 310 206,209 Continuous growth 25, 27, 36, in forest trees 310 Century plant 104, 107 65, 81, 85, 108, 110, 114, Death rate per capita (J.l) 315 Chablis 282, 358, 365-369, 372, 129, 173, 176, 272 Deciduous 286, 327 374-376, 377, 379, 382, 385 in palms 37 Decussate leaf arrangement 39, definition of 368 in Rhizophora 38 48,54, 167, 173, 196,201, description of 368 COOK'S model 47,48, 55, 93, 202, 236, 242, 240 illustrated 362, 371, 373 93, 101, 201, 204, 206, 207, Dedifferentiation 49, 55, 72, CHAMBERLAIN'S model 84,87, 208, 209, 210, 212, 253, 255, 273, 280 87, 100, 101, 110, 115, 133, 260, 274, 290, 309, 328 Definition 76 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 145, definition of 206 Dendrochronology 65 146, 253, 254, 270, 274, 297 energetics in 301 and cambial activity 304 bayonet joints in stra tegy of 212 Dendrometer 67 definition of 133 Copal 250 Determinate growth 34, 35, 50, strategy of 138 Corn 127 55, 60, 81, 139, 140, 142 CHAMPAGNAT'S model 96,96, CORNERS' model 83, 85, 100, Diageotropy 48 101,232,238-240,241, 255, 101, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, Dichasia 61, 62 260,273 112,113,114,115,116,118, Dichotomous branching 130 definition of 238 126, 130, 132, 133, 138,212, terminal 129 strategy of 239 239, 254, 264, 265, 274, 286, Dichotomy 4, 87, 128, 129, Cincinni 61, 102 298, 309 130,130,264,272 Climate definition of 109 Dicotyledonous tree 101, 109, and flowering 63, 64 strategy of 116 268, 326 and leaf formation 35 CORNER'S rules 81, 82, 83, 146, energetics of 302, 320 non-seasonal 10, 25, 33 156,212,218,224,266,298, Dicotyledons 106, 120, 130, Singapore 11 309 176,286 and tree growth 10, 74 definition of 82 large temperate families 6 uniformity 11, 32, 74 ramification, dimunition on large tropical families 6 Climax community 370 83 short shoots in 59 Clone Correlation(s) and buds 22, 23 Differentiation 81 of bamboo 143 Cosmopolitan families 6 of axes 5, 50-52, 53 of Hevea 25, 78 Cotton 90, 174 of branch meristems 23, 45, propagation 122 Cotton tree 53, 54 48 Closed growth of animals 16 Crepe myrtle 240 of branches 290 Clumps 126 Crown 2, 4, 248, 280, 290, 324, of bud-scales 44 Coca 249 334, 336, 338, 344, 352, 360, chronology of 57 Cocoa 2, 5, 24, 36, 42, 50, 55, 369 of flowers 56 57,63,72,74,91, 178, 180, Crown Area Index (C.A.I.) trunk-branch 5, 50, 52, 58 182 350, 354, 356 Differentiation level 49, 50 morphology of 57, 58 Crown depth 326 Diffuse branching 47 root organization 72 diagram 358 Dimorphism 81,266 Coconut 4,37,38,62,85, 114, in gymnosperms 328 of branches 206 117 relation to total height 326 of leaves 32,49,196,201, continuous growth of 37 Crown projection 346, 348, 220 Coffee 2, 5, 13, 61, 64, 74, 202 349, 358 of shoots 124 Arabian 202, 205 methods 344 Dioecious 110, 128, 186,189 Liberian 202, 205 Crown shape 325 Dipterocarps 64, 309 Colleter 21 examples of 280, 295 Discontinuous branching 47 Complex(es) Cryptophyte 369 Dispersal mechanism - habitat branch 51,53,55 Cupua~u 180 - growth model 331 of organs 309 Cushion-plants 153, 224 Distichous plagiotropic 51,53, 55 Custard-apple 97 branching 178 432 Subject Index

Distichous Endosperm, reserves 13 cosmopolitan 6 leaf 264 Energetics 284 herbaceous 8, 9 phyllotaxis 178, 244 in architectural terms 380, large temperate 7 Distichous leaf arrangement 19, 381, 382 large tropical 7 28, 29, 39,48, 49,53, 81, Energy 274, 370, 382, 383 moderately large tropical 7 106, 122,123, 140,194, 196, allocation of in animals and pairs of 8, 9 200, 202, 206, 247 trees 317 size summarized 9 Disturbances 332,333,341, biochemical 374 temperate herbaceous 8, 9 348, 372, 374, 375 distribution 320 Fan palm, shapes of 292 in existing forests 366 fluctuations in supply 328 Fauna of homeostatic forest man made 335, 368 limits 75 372-374 in tree growth 74 pattern 322 Feedback 322, 324 Divaricating 17 Energy exchange 284, 288, 302, in energy flow 303, 317 Dogwood 90 303,304,306,318,320,321, Fenestra ted trunks 288 Dominance, apical 46, 335 325, 341, 370 Ferns 341 Dormancy 35,47, 168, 172 graphic expression 303 RAUH'S model in 221,222, Dormant 18, 58 in herbs 308 224 Dorsiventral 27,48,51,281 and production 302 Ficus secondary symmetry 39, 48, rate of 374 epiphytic 3, 4 49, 51, 53, 55, 178 relation to architecture 302 essential construction of 4 Dorsiventrality 180, 196, 208, in trees 303 Figs 236, 239, 244, 246, 248, 280, Energy flow in trees 284, 286, cauliflorous 63 282, 290, 328, 365 297, 302, 303, 308, 372 strangling 3, 362, 365 Douglas-fir 32 definition of 302 Fish leaf 34 Doum palm 87, 128, 130 Ensemble 335, 369 Floras Dragon tree 2, 88, ISO, 153 structural 336, 337 comparative composition 9 Drawings Ephemeral 107,208, 263 richness of in tropics 6 and dynamics 75 Epicormic 22, 43, 340 size of 6 Dryad 380 Epicotyledonary axis 14, 16, temperate 6 Durian 204 25,100,118,213,224,262 tropical 6 germination of 13 meristem 247 woodiness of tropical 8 Dwarf shoots 59 Epigenesis 176, 210 Floristics 330 trees 309 Epinasty 249, 254, 270 Flower Dyougoung-pete 367 Epiphyllous inflorescence 114, distribution of 61 210 lateral 62, 186,221 E Epiphytes I, 71, 340, 341, 354, periodicity 64 368, 374, 380 phenology 114 Early leaves, heterophylly 34 herbaceous 2,4,261,324 spurs 59, 178 Early seral component 386 Episodic growth 18,24,81, 167 terminal 56, 62 Early successional component .. Erratism" of branches 308 Flowering 102, 151, 153, 156, 379 Establishment growth 68 216, 284, 286 Early wood 65 bamboo 70 and architecture 75 Earth-figs 63 in tree fern 70 axillary 201, 223 Ecological chimney 297, 332 European ash 228 cauliflorous 63 Ecological gradients 345 European ivy 258 continuous 63 Ecological inversion surface Evergrowing 25, 36 gregarious 142 333, 345 in relation to bud composi• in Hel'ea 31 Ecological strategy tion 18 lateral 225, 228 of animals 315 Exogenous influence 25, 74 periodicity of 122 of plants 315 Extension growth 24, 52, 56, ramiflorous 63 of trees 315, 318, 330 67, 80, 322 seasonal 57, 63 Ecotope 216, 315, 316, 380, stoloniferous branches 63 381, 383 F Flush 24-26, 31, 32, 44, 224, Eglantine 242 252, 284, 287 Elderberry 240 FAGERLIND'S model 90, 101, color contrasts of 25 Elm 6,251 167,169-171,172,173,182, Fluted trunks 178, 288, 291 Emergent 334, 367, 383, 384, 183, 188, 260, 262, 274, 326 Forest architecture 232, 340, 385 definition of 167 344, 346, 356, 360, 366, 370, Emien 89 height-diameter relationships 375 Endocarp 32 297, 299 Forest plot 335 Endogenous 138 strategy of 173 Forest plot, analytical diagram development 77 False rings 65, 66 329 growth pattern 74 Families Montagne La Fumee 347, rhythm 24, 148, 173, 284 comparative distribution 9 349 Subject Index 433

Tom Swamp, Massachusetts Giant trees 75, 364, 383, 384 distribution of 65, 66 355 Ginger I, 124, 125 in ecological analysis 334 Trois Sauts 349, 353 Girth increment non-annual 67 Forest plot, crown projections as a productivity measure in South Florida 66 Montagne La Fumee 349 304 in tropical trees 66 Trois Sauts 349 rate in Ocotea 305 Growth substances 61 Forest plot, description Glands 81 Guava 240, 243. 244, 250 Montagne La Fumee 346, Gradients 332, 333 Gymnosperm 32,59,60,85, 360 light and humidity 339 326, 327, 335 Tom Swamp, Massachusetts Grafting 17,68 architecture of 75, 327 354,360 Grapnels 81,239,251, 258 deciduous 300 Trois Sauts 352, 364 Grasses 142 energetics of 298 Forest profile diagram arborescent 259 and forests 327 Harvard Pond, Massa• tufted 142,259 (steady) growth 329 chusetts 329 rhizomatous 259 Montagne La Fumee 346, Gregarious flowering 142, 144 347 Growth H Tom Swamp, Massachusetts articulated 25, 36 354,355 closed 16 Habitat 107, 122, 263, 374, 380, Trois Sauts 353 continuous 25,27, 36,65, 81, 381 Forest trees 275 85, 108, 110, 114, 118, 192, Hapaxanthic 41, 62, 87, 104, growth potential of 320 200,216,217,228,230,231, 106, 107, 109, 120, 123. 126, vigor and death 310 272, 301 133, 173, 312, 313, 314 Forking 270 criteria of 80 Hapaxanthy 62, 75, 80, 86, 101, in plagiotropic complexes 57 determinate 35, 55, 139, 140, 156, 161 Fossil trees 130,263, 264,265, 142,211 in branched trees, 75 267, 315 endogenous 35 in dicotyledons 106-108 architecture of 263 episodic 81 in multiple-stemmed palms Fragmentation 52,261,262, establishment 144 123 309 extension 24, 34, 322 in Scitamineae 125 of architectural models 309 habit 75 and vigor 312 Frake 187 indeterminate 188, 210, 247 Hawaiian silver sword 109 France, floristic composition 9 intermittent 24, 136 Height-diameter relationships Frangipani 154 non-articulated 36 294,297,299. 321,325,357 Fruiting 286 open 16,74 in broken trees 297,293 in relation to food availability periodicity of 221, 231, 247 in record trees 296 for animals 64 primary 80, 82, 232 in relation to models 296, in relation to seed harvesting primary thickening 2 297 time 64 radial 64, 80 Height-frequency curve 334, Frutescent reiteration 277, 279, rhythmic 18,25,26.31.32, 350, 356 323 65,81,85, 108, 110, 112, Heliophilous nomad 328, 369, 118,122,136,167,177, 378, 382 G 190-192, 194.213,220,221, Hemlock 246, 328, 329 224-226, 233, 254, 257, 262, Herbaceous reiteration 277. Gaps 282, 338, 342, 364, 367, 272 279, 282, 299. 323. 324, 340, 368 secondary 64, 230, 275, 321 374 and light gradients 338, 342 sympodial 188,246,247 complexes 279,314,318 Genetic synchronous 27, 224 plants 126, 335 organization 50, 74 Growth habit 212 Herbarium Geocarpy 63 columnar 100 no trees in 74 Geographic distribution of Growth hormones 14 voucher 78 material studied 98 Growth pattern 321 Herbs 47, 55, 80, 150, 217, 230 Geophyte 369 Growth phases 375, 376 anatomy of 259 Geotropy, negative 48, 60, 224 Growth potential of forest trees architecture of 80, 259, 309 Germination 275 320, 341 evolution of 8, 9 contrasted in one genus 14 Growth processes 77, 335 by fragmentation of models cryptocotylar 13, 15 Growth program 75 261 cryptogeal 14 Growth rate 38, 379 inflorescence in 331 epigeal 13 Growth rings 30,31.65,210, by loss of trunk orientation hypogeal 13 342,376 262 morphological types 13, 15 in Amazon Basin 66 by neoteny 260 'phanerocotylar 13, 15 analysis of 340 by origin of new models 263 semi-hypogeal 13 annual 65 real and reiterated 308 Gewone Palmen 100 in Avicennia 67 reduction in size 259, 309 434 Subject Index

Herbs Inflorescence 61, 80, 99, 101, K relation to trees 8, 9, 55 130, 130, 149, ISO, 161, 174, Hetero blastic changes 17 178, 180,210, 239, 279 K, equilibrium population size Heterogenous vegetative axes 88 apical 209 315 Heterophylly in Populus 34 axillary 212, 245 K-selection 107,316,318 Hevea cauliflorous 63 correlates 318,319 rhythmic growth of 32 cymose 146, 149, 163 K-strategist 107, 116 rubber 227 definition of 61 K-strategy 116, 132, 144, 166, Hickory 321,354,356 decussate 182, 186 182, 188, 198,204,216,317, Holly 199 epiphyllous 114, 210 318 HOLTTUM's model 75,84, 100, globose 244 Kapok 2, 74,92, 199 101, 103, 104, 105, 106-109, in herbs 261, 331 Key to architectural models 84 115, 116, 118, 120, 126, 133, lateral 62,85, 114, 115, 118, Klinki pine 226 153,254,264,265,274, 280, 128, 182, 184, 188, 198, 202, Kola nut 228 298,315,316 220,224 KORIBA'S model 64, 80, 81, 89, definition of 10 1 pendulous 181, 186 101, 132, 156, 157, 159, 160, strategy of 107 pseudo lateral 247 161,167, 170,216,242,260, and vigor 312 pseudoterminal 225 274, 287 Homeorrhesis 370 secondary 164 definition of ISS Homeostasis 335, 341, 354, and syllepsis 47 height-diameter relationships 364, 370, 372, 374, 379 terminal 56, 84, 87, 105, 106, 297,299 definition of 335, 370 118,124,130,145,146,174, strategy of 160 in forest plots 354 182, 188, 198,201,202,213, Krummholz 199 variable meaning of 370 214, 217, 226, 235, 247, 252, Homeostatic architecture, varia• 262 tions 360 Infrastructural complement Homeostatic forest plot 335, 342, 368, 369, 373 L 336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342, Infrastructural ensemble 376 346, 367 Infrastructural set 341, 369 )" per capita birth rate 315 Homeostatic forests 335,341, definition of 342 L.A.I. (leaf area index) 326 342, 347, 350, 353, 355, 358, diagrammatic illustration Lammas shoot 36, 44, 273 363, 365, 366, 369, 372, 375, 345,373 Lamp-brush 32 382 Initial complex 275 Late leaves, heterophylly 34 fauna of 372, 374, 376 Intermittent branching 47 Late seral component 379 vertical gradients 342, 345, Intermittent growth 24 Late wood 65 351 Internodes 81 Latency 30, 50 Homoblastic changes 17 distal 106 level of 310 Homogenous vegetative axes 88 length 52, 53, 57, 82 Latex 18 Homophylly 34 twisting 19, 40 Layering 369 Honduran pine 95, 226, 327 Intertwining structural ensem• in forests 333, 335, 374 Hong Kong orchid tree 250 bles 354, 363, 364 of roots 324 Hooks 81,251,253 Inversion point 325, 352, 354, Leaf Hoop pine 226 380 adult 44 Horse-chestnut 82, 217 morphological 328, 348, 356, area 322, 324 Horse-tails 2 360 arrangement in gymnosperms Horton order 41 Inversion surface 358, 359, 366, 40,60, 142 Hurricanes 65, 320, 328, 342, 380,381 density 186 354, 366, 375 ecological 344, 356, 358, 380, dimorphism 34,49,220 Hylaea 185 381 nodules 21 Hypopodium 43, 184 level 382 number 34 Hypotonic 51 morphological 356, 358, 360, primary orientation 39, 53, 380 54 Iroko 205, 250 primordia 33, 44 Ivory-nut palm 117 production 314 Illustration of models 98 secondary orientation 19, 39, Illustrations, stylistic methods 50,53,54 98 J spear 38 Imbrication of forest canopies uniformity of in tropics II 354, 356, 362, 363 Jacaranda 216 Leaf area index (L.A.I.) 326 on slopes 360 Jak-fruit 225, 227 Leaf base zones of 356, 360, 362, 363, Jorquette 58 clasping 35 364,367 Joshua tree lSI protective 18, 21 Indeterminate growth 50, 81 Judas tree 250 Leaf orientation Indumentum 163 Juvenility 16, 274, 275 primary 39 Subject Index 435

secondary 19, 39, 50 M long-lived vegetative 259 Leaf scars (continuous) 27, 135, mixed potential 4 182, 184, 210, 236 M-factor 288 population units 318,341 Leaf size 11, 43, 53, 82, 146, 11, per capita death rate 315 resting 342 218, 225, 266 Mahoe 217 sexual 108 complex 338 Mahogany 5, 64, 74, 225, 227 short-lived 259 shape 338 Maize 72 single 4, 5, 109 shedder 365 Mamee apple 227 subapical 81 shedding 314, 364 MANGENOT'S model 96, 101, substitution of 55 surface 82 161, 166,232,233-235,237, subterranean 342 LEEUWENBERG'S model 62, 80, 238, 242, 253, 254, 255, 260, terminal 34, 80, 81,99, 101, 88,101,118,128,138,146, 273, 328 171,182,184,213,220,226, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152-154, definition of 233 228, 273, 280 156, 160, 166, 167, 213, 214, strategy of 238 transformation of 138 216,239,252,253,255,260, Mango 5, 24, 62, 64, 78, 94, unequal potential 4 264, 265, 270, 274, 281, 282 214, 21~ 213, 261, 280 vegetative 108, 190 definition of 145 Mangrove 130, 185, 186, 189, Mesophyll 286 strategy of 153 228-230 Metabolic mass 306, 308, 313 Leptocau1 298 Mangrove roots 71, 72 Microclimate 74, 335, 341, 344 ecological status 382 Man-made disturbances 335, 368 Microsporophylls 133, 137 energetics of 382 Maples 5, 59, 225, 226 Midnight horror 136 Leptocaul gymnosperm 328 MASSART'S model 28, 29, 48, Miniaturization 77, 259, 309 Leptomorph 142 92,101,191,192,193,194, Miracle fruit 191 Level 89 195, 196, 197, 198-202,233, Mitotic activity 36, 224 of differentiation 89 235, 252, 253, 255, 260, 262, in growth units 30, 35 of vigor 312 266, 267, 272, 274, 276, 294, Mixed axes 5, 101, 119,232, Lianes 1, 71, 80, 132, 142, 236, 322, 327, 352, 365 233, 235, 236, 238, 273 239,251,255,257, 325, 340, in conifers 298 definition of 232 376 definition of 191 Mobile plants 341 architectural models 80, 254, fluted trunks in 288 Mobility, vegetative 126, 380 255 in gymnosperms 191, 192, Model 76,80 architecture of 251 199, 327 conformity to 298 conforming to tree models strategy of the model 198 conformity in gymnosperms 252 Mate 226 75, 192,327 efficiency of 251 Maturity 16 cybernetic use of 77 growth strategy 251 Mayore 223 definition of 76 juvenile form plagiotropic MCCLURE'S model 58,80,88, growth criteria used in their 257 99, 101, 126, 141, 144, 145, recognition 59 juvenile orthotropic 255 232, 259, 260, 266, 274 ideal 77 not conforming to known tree definition of 139 names 79 models 254, 255 strategy of 144 performance of 378 Liberian coffee 202, 205 Megaphyll 286, 298 of trees 2, 76, 145, 232, 332, Light extinction 346 rigid surface of 298 354 average 344 Megaphytes 100 Modular construction 5, 16, 62, real 344 Megasporophyll 110, 133 89, 173, 177 Light gradients 344, 345 Mequoi 291 Modular growth 146, 155, 167 Light intensity 357 Meristems 4, 16, 18,44,59,80, compared to nonmodular curve 344 107,151,174,232,341,342, 167 Light interception by tree 369, 373, 378, 382 twice modular 167 crowns 280, 344, 354, 356, abortion of 80, 136, 151 Modulation 345,351,358 364 abscission 151 of light gradients 335 Lightning 368 apical 4, 5, 18, 80, 99-102, Modules 4, 86, 88, 118, 145, Lignin 1 109,129,130,132,151,168; 146, 149, 150, 155, 156, 158, Limba 187 176, 184, 188, 190, 226, 247, 161,167,174,176,178,188, Linde 251 264, 292, 302, 342 252, 254, 276 Linear sympodium 5,81,101, competition between 151 branch 161,165,168,170, 220 continuous 228 177, 182, 186, 188,282 Live oak 224, 227 differentiation 50-55, 81 dominant 156 Long shoot 48, 239 dormant 188 flowering 178 definition of 59 functional 342, 345, 373 growth of 150 Longevity 107, 316 latent 273, 274, 341 hapaxantic 167, 213 Loquat 170, 173 lateral 44, 100, 110, 118, 225, sterile 151, 152, 156 Lowest (major) branch 325, 233, 247, 270, 273 trunk 156, 164, 166 327 life-span 145 vigor of 151 436 Subject Index

Mombin 216 in monocotyledons 261 217,233 Monkey playground 279 Nesting crown 192 Orthotropy 48, 53, 140, 178, Monoaxial 4, 38, 84,99, 100, Niche 379, 380, 381 198, 232, 233, 236, 247, 248, 101,212,224,276 Nomad 380, 382, 383 269 definition of 99 biological 382, 383 in cocoa 50, 178 Monocarpic 101, 104, 106-109 heliophilous 328, 369, 382, definition 48 Monocaulous 87, 99, 100, 106, 384 strict 50, 51, 53 109,110,112,133,146,212, sciaphylous 378, 382, 383 in tree construction 81 263,266,275,298,312 Nomenclature of models 79 definition 99 Non-articulated growth 36 p Monochasia 61 Non-metabolic mass 306,313 Monocotyledons 60,80, 101, Nono 174 Pachycaul 298 120,129,130,176 Non-synchrony 287 energetics of 298, 382 arborescent 60, 70, 119, 220 of branch complexes 284 Pachymorph 142 establishment growth in 60, 285 Paedomorphosis 260, 261 140 phenology 308 Pagoda-habit 169, 170 herbaceous 259, 261 in tree crowns 24, 287 Pagoda-tree 75, 184 large temperate families 7 in flowering and fruiting 284 Palm 1,2,7,18,23,33,37,38, large tropical families 7 Norfolk Island pine 92, 191, 40,41, 58, 68, 69, 74, 80, neotenous form 248, 302 199 102, 104, lO5, 106, 107, 110, and plagiotropy 58 Norms for trees II, 43, 45 115, 116, 126, 130, 263, 292, secondary growth 70 NOZERAN'S model 48,91, 101, 295, 301, 306, 348 short shoots 60 161,170,171,177,178,179, arecoid 114, 120 woody 2, 119, 248, 302 181,182,253,255,260,262, bioenergetics of 304 Monocotyledonous trees 286 270,274,291,294,310,311 branching 120 Monolayer 294, 326 definition of 177 clustering 119 Monopodial 55, 80, 100, 110, fluted trunks in 288 date 127 167,173,182,192,198,200, strategy of 180 energy exchange in 304 202,206,214,216,228,238 Nutmeg 55, 92, 200 essential construction of 2, 3 growth 167, 168,214,276 Nutrient circuit 126 flowering 63 trunk 213,214,216,217, Nyctinastic 116 germination 13 221,228,246,247,262 Nypah palm 87,130, 132 hapaxanthic 41, 83 Monopodium 102, 174, 296 limits to life span of 304 and branching 41 o multiple-stemmed 2 regular 174 rhizomatous 120 trunk 5 Oak-maple forests 340, 343, rigid surface/volume 298 unstable 168, 171 355, 369, 375, 379 root system 71 Monterey pine 226, 3'27 5, 74, 226, 321 seedling growth 13, 68, 69 Morphogenesis Ochrea 21 single-stemmed 62, 110 in leaves 14 Oil-palm 2, 4, 38, 85, 292 stoloniferous 109, 116, 120 in trees 310 growth of 37 Traveller's 122 Morphological inversion point Okoume 226 Palmenform 100 325, 328 Old field pine 328 Palmoid 100 Morphological inversion sur• Oleander 154 Palmyra palm 113, 116 face 356, 358, 360, 380 Ontogenesis 259, 318 Pandans 18, 68, 74 Mosaic 374 Open growth of plants 16, 74 Papaya 85, 109, 110, 116 of leaf rosettes 57, 183, 185 Orchids 6 Para rubber 95 of crowns 338 Order Paradise tree 217 Movie technique 76 branch 40 Paramo 104, 116 Multilayer 294,326 Horton 41 Parasol pine 327 Multilayered foliage 34 Ordinary palms 100 Parastichy 39 Multiple-stemmed palm 2, 119 Organ complexes 275, 309 Parenchymatization of apex Museum concept of tropical for- Organization level 49, 57, 61 151, 152 ests 315 Orthotropic 4, 5, 16, 53, 81, 86, Patashte 178,180,181,182 87,100,118,119,173,183, Pauperization 52,310,312 N 188,194,201,202,206,213, level of vigor 314 246, 247, 249, 257, 263, 293, of the model 311, 320 Nectar, availability in different 294, 295, 365 Paw-paw 2,113,117 tree species 64 branch 53, 145, 161,206, Pea 72 Needle leaves 286,301, 328 213,216,217,230,262 Perennial 124 Neoformation 32ff. shoot 48, 199,211,232,249, Peripheral surface 294 definition of 32 262 Periphysis 17 examples of 32 trunk 128,145,161, 167, Petiole 210 Neoteny 259-261,277,279,280 177, 178, 188, 198, 200, 212, PETIT'S model 90, 101, 116, Subject Index 437

173, 174, 176, 200-202, 253, shoot 5,48,202,232,273 stra tegy of 166 255,260 tier 63, 168, 187, 188, 252 Pride-of-Barbados 240 definition of 173 trunk 128, 145 Primary bud complex 23 strategy of 176 Plagiotropoid 213 Primary thickening growth 68 Phase in sylvigenesis 376, 377, Plagiotropy 48, 52, 53, 53-57, Primordia(l) 18, 22, 30, 32 379, 384 81, 118, 120, 140, 161, 166, floral 64 dynamic 377 174,177,178,183,188,192, Pri-pri 369 of expansion 376 196, 198-200,202,204,208, Production in trees 302 homeostatic 378 232, 234, 240, 242, 246-248, in relation to model 310 pioneer 376, 377 258, 269, 282, 290, 292, 318 schematic 303, 307 Phases in plant development by apposition 39, 53, 56, 182 Profile 329, 344 16,75 in cocoa roots 72 Profile diagram 328, 329, Phenology 16, 24, 38 criteria for 48, 59 333-335, 346, 354, 356, 364, floral 64 irreversible 49, 53, 54 367 of flowering in Ericaceae 64 in MASSART'S model 28, 29, analytical tool 334 of flushing 25 191, 192, 196, 198 Prolepsis 57,81, 148, 171, 178, non-synchronous 24, 308 in monocotyledons 58 206, 225, 273, 274 Photoperiod 36, 63 reversible 49, 52, 53 compared with hypogeal Photo receptors 44 in Roux's model 202 germination 14, 15 Photosynthesis 40 strict 54 definition of 42 area of 24 by substitution 56 historical usage 44 in short shoots 59 and syllepsis 50, 57 Proleptic branch 15, 30, 44, 273 in sti pules 20 Plaintains 127 Proleptic shoot 273 Phyllomorphic branches 55, Planimetric method 350, 357 Proliferate 55, 56, 74 206, 208, 209, 212, 242, 294, Plastochrone 39, 129 Propagation 78 301 Pleonanthic 107 clonal 122 in gymnosperms 328 axes 63, 86, 109, 123 Prophyll 43,128-130,135,174, Phyllomorphic shoots 244 shoots 64 186,247 phyllogenesis 259 Pleonanthy 62, 80, 86, 120 scales 170 Phyllotaxis 39,48, 50, 54, 81, Plot in vegetation analysis 332, Prop-root 69 99,109,115,173,174,186, 333 Prostrated 140, 260 194, 201, 206, 262, 266 Pneumatophore 71,72, 119, Pseudomonopodium 56 and branching angle 57, 161 122, 123, 186, 189, 290 Pseudo-trees 100 decussate 242 in palms 119, 123 Pseudowhorl 161, 163, 164, 168 distichous 178, 232, 233, 236, Poinciana 97, 246, 250 Puma 104 242, 244, 254 Poinsettia 166 Pyrophytic 14 spiral 178, 182, 184, 232-234, Polyaxial 4, 99, 100, 101 236, 238, 254, 262 trees 84, 118 Q Physiognomy 1,51,75,99, 182, Polycaulous 99 284 Polymorphism 48,81 Quiescence 36 Pine I, 74, 379 of branches 48, 59 Honduras 95, 226, 327 in monocotyledons 60 R model conformity 327 and short shoots 61 Norfolk Island 92, 191, 199 and syllepsis 57 r, rate of population increase white 342 Population 315 Pineapple 127 biology 13, 107,315 r-selection 107, 316 Pioneer 216,345.372,373,376, equilibrium size of (K) 315 correlates 318,319 378, 380, 381 of Oreopanax 35 r-strategist 107, 108, 144, 188 species 328, 383, 384 unit 318 r-strategy 132, 153,204,317, Pipe model theory 3, 284, 293, Population increase 107 318,331 294, 335 rate of (r) 315 Racemosa (epithet) 228 purpose of 294 Predator avoidance 317 Rachillae 102 in TROLL'S model 294 Predators Radial symmetry 39 Plagiotropic 5, 16,81, 87, 101, on seed 20,317 Rain forest 333, 334, 346 174, 176, 242, 244, 246, 248, on seedlings 317 tropical 332 249 Preformation 22, 32,41 Ramification, diminution on 83 branch 19, 28, 29, 49, 53, in bamboos 139, 140 Ramiflory 63, 180,247 145, 167, 172, 173, 176-178, definition of 32 Raspberry 242 180, 182, 188, 190, 194, 195, examples of 32ff. Rattan palm 104 197, 198,200,201,202,203, in gymnosperms 32 RAuH's model 51,53,80,95, 233, 236, 242, 244, 252, 254, PREVOST'S model 81,89, 101, 101,184,191,192,198,211, 276, 294, 295, 327 161, 162, 166, 167, 170, 171, 216,217,220,221,222,223, branch complex 52, 53, 177,260,262,274,276 225, 226, 228, 230, 239, 249, 55-59, 185 definition of 161 260, 262, 266, 267, 274, 438 Subject Index

RAUH's model Reserves in seeds 13, 14 Rosettentrager 100 282, 294, 305, 321, 352, 369 Rest 35, 42, 57 Rotation-surface 294, 295 definition of 221 Rhizomatous 126, 314, 379, 380 Roux's model 43. 47, 93. 101, in Pines 226, 327 Rhizome 1,59,60, 76, 124, 200,201,202,203,204,212, strategy of 225 130,261,266,379 233, 242, 244, 253, 254, 255, Reaction fibers in monocotyle- aerial 60 260-262, 268, 272, 274, 275, dons 248 sympodial 140 277, 294, 309, 322 Reaction wood 64, 248 Rhythm, superimposed 36 definition of 200 Readjustment 77 Rhythmic branching 25, 28. 29 and size 309 Red bay 227 Rhythmic growth 18,24,26, strategy of 204 Red buckeye 217 32,53,62,81, 173, 182, Royal palm 116, 117 Red maple 226 184, 186,214,260-262,272 Rubber 1,2,5,24,25-30,31. Red oak 226, 227, 282, 356, in Callistemon 35 32, 64, 67, 73, 78, 221 364, 369 in cocoa 35 root growth 73 crown interaction 364 in Fraxinus 32, 33 Rules of thumb, plagiotropy/syl• Red-oak maple forest 343, 354, in Gymnosperms 32 lepsis 58 355 in Hevea 25,31 Redwood 199, 304 in Myristicaceae 28, 29 s Regeneration 136, 270, 272, in Oreopanax 33 312, 379, 382 in Populus 33 Sago-palm 102, 127 Reiterated complex 153,275, in Quercus 36 Sago-tree 106 278-280, 284, 292, 308, 311, in tea 33, 34 Sand-box tree 2, 74, 89, 158, 314,324, 325, 326 in tree construction 81 161 model 309, 3 II, 382 Ring porous trees 65, 67, 290, Sapotilla 191 shoot 254 301 Satin leaf 250 Reiteration 77,100,110,136,153, flexible energetics of 300, 301 Scale leaf, 18, 20, 34, 55, 82, 178,195,212,232,234,235, River-bank effect 270, 280, 281. 164, 176, 212, 225, 256 254,255,268,270,271,272-274, 282, 283, 284, 285 in seedling 14, 15,254 290, 297, 299, 300, 302, 306, in canopies 360. 363, 365 size of 149 307,308,309, 318, 326, 340, River-side behaviour 362 Scar 60, 112,210 34~ 348, 350, 352, 35~ 35~ Root climbers 135,253.257, Scar species 383 36~ 378, 379, 382, 383 258 SCARRONE'S model 94, 10 I. 213. basal 118 epiphytic 135 213, 216. 217, 226. 228. 260, definition of 269 Root development 364 274, 280, 282 in a forest tree 249, 275, 277, in trees of the present 324 definition of 213 310 Root growth 348 strategy of 216 in a free standing tree 280, in relation to shoot growth Schijnbomen 100 281, 310, 321 30-32 SCHOUTE'S model 87, 101, 128, in gymnosperms 327 Root suckers 73, 223, 224, 229, 129,130,131,132,133,136. morphological features of 55, 243,244,270,271,274,369, 255, 258, 262, 264, 265, 267. 269, 270, 271 379, 383 270,274 and production 303, 307, 323 reiteration as 318 definition of 128 relation to energy 317, 382 Root system 2,4,71-73,270, strategy of 132 of taproot 303 279, 290, 324, 368 Sciaphilous nomad 350 Rejuvenation 17, 368, 379 in tropical trees 71ff. description 322 vegetative 308 Rooting 16 lrvanthera 322 Rejuvenescence 16 Rooting experiments in Arauca• Scots pine 226, 327 in trees of the future 320 ria 48, 54 Screw-pine 40 waves of 322, 324 Roots Sea-almond 91 Relative branch order 40 adventitious 150, 152, 258 Seasonality 25, 38. 44, 45, 67, Relative humidity 341 aerial 71, 142, 144 233 vertical gradients 346 anchoring 135, 251, 258 Secondary bud complex 23, 24 Relayaxis 5, 145, 151, 153, feeding 135 Secondary forest 370 155, 156, 158, 166, 178, 232, geotropism in 72 Secondary growth 54, 248. 275, 235. 236, 239 horizontal 72 321 Relay module 151 mangrove 71 in arborescent monocotyle• Relict contrasted with emergent orthotropic 72 dons 69, 70 385 plagiotropic 72, 186 in relation to growth periodi- Replacement tuberous 186 city 65 of leader shoot 50. 54 Rose wood 368 Secondary thickening 52, 322 of meristems 55, 74 Rosette Sedges 263 shoots 255, 256 leaf- 57 Seed-ferns 2 in sylvigenesis 375 terminal 35 Seed-grown trees 75, 78 Reserve buds 22 Rosette-trees 83. 100 Seed reserves 13 Subject Index 439

Seedling morphology 13, 78 Shoot growth in relation to in Rubiaceae 20 in cocoa 57 branching 46 scars of 230 in Hevea 25 Shoot system, decussate 244 secretory hairs of 21-22 Self-replacement of forest 375, Short shoots 23, 34, 39, 57, St. John shoot 44, 45 379 236, 239 Stolon 120 Senescence 284, 327, 372 definition of 59 Stoloniferous 104, 124, 126, Senility 16 in dicotyledons 59 256, 259 Sequential branching 42, 328, in gymnosperms 59 STONE'S model 58,80,94, 101, 330 lateral 59 216,217,218,219,220,221, definition of 273 in monocotyledons 60 260, 261, 263, 274, 286 kinds of 274 in temperate trees 60 definition of 217 Sessile oak 227 terminal 59, 188 strategy of 220 Set 335, 336, 344 Short-day 153 Strangler fig 3, 227 of the future 335, 336,337, Shortleaf fig 227 Strangling figs in homeostatic 340, 341, 342, 344, 346, 348, 186, 340, 352 forest 362, 365 350, 352, 354, 356, 365, 375, arbitrary categorization 336 Strata in forests 333-336, 360 376, 378, 379, 384 spider-like 230 Strategy 81,107,116,251,378 of the past 335, 336, 337, 341 Sigmoid axes 139, 140 of animals 315 of the present 335, 336, 337, Single-stemmed palms 62, 109, ecological 315, 318 338, 339, 340-342, 348, 352, I 10, 116, 119 of the model 318 354, 356 flowering of 62 of plants 315 Sexual reproduction 310 Sipo 221,223,225,227 Strawberry tree 217 Sexuality 17,81,109,275,314 Size Structural ensemble 324, 336, in differentiation 81 and architectural proportion 338, 340, 342, 344, 348, 350, in modular construction 5, 6 75,81, 309 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 364, Shadow pattern in forest ca- family summary 6-8 366, 367, 369, 372, 374, 376, nopies 338 in herbs 259 378, 379, 384 Shape, a static concept 75 of leaves II, 82 intertwining 354, 363, 364 Shea butter tree 190 in relation to architecture Subfrutescent reiteration 277 Shoot 32 309 Substitution growth 41, 81, 214 complex 172, 275 in relation to model 74, 75, in branch complex 55 current year 43, 225 309 definition of 55 determinate 33 in tree definition I in experiments 49 dimorphism 48 Slash pine 226, 327 of leader shoot 50 hapaxanthic 82 Slat-house 78 proleptic 188 indeterminate 33 Sleep movement 210 sympodial 314 lammas 44, 45 South Florida Succession 322, 333, 370, 375, long 59,254 growth rings 66 378 orthotropic 48, 199, 21J, 232 tree flora of 46 Suckers 34, 36,46, 104, 107, phyllomorphic 244 South temperate woody floras 122, 270, 271, 272 plagiotropic 232 47 Sumac 150 pleonanthic Spines 59,81,236,237 Supernumerary bud 23 proleptic 273 Spiral leaf arrangement 29, 39, Suppressed tree 276 renewal 178, 233, 233, 234, 48, 60, 106, 109, 167, 170, of the future 321 238, 254 173, 178, 180, 208, 246, 247, Surface 286, 288, 295 replacement 56, 255, 256 256 peripheral 294 seedling 36 Spiral tristichy 217 rotation 294, 295 sexually determinate 259 Spirodistichous leaf arrange- of tree crowns 292, 295 short 59, 184, 186, 236, 239, ment 40 Surface-volume 294 254, 327, 328 Sporophyll 109, 110 flexibility 297, 300, 301 St. John 44, 45 Star-apple 244, 250 Surface-volume relations 65, sylleptic 184 Stilt-palm 117 294,298, 301,328 symmetry 39 Stilt-root 69, 186, 189, 219, in gymnosperms 298 system 34, 222, 234, 272, 279 230, 264, 266 Sword-tree 79 tuberous 256 Stinging hairs 186 Sycamore 226 vigor 39, 46 Stipules 6, 18-22, 38, 176, 186 Syconium 63 Shoot apex 106, 130, 189, 231 abscission of 20 Syllepsis 81,146,156,160,178, abortion of 153 absence of 18 18~ 186, 191, 225, 273, 274 parenchymatization of 151, adaxial 20 compared with epigeal germi- 152 biology of 20 nation 14, 15 Shoot extension 34, 186, 224 inconspicuous 20 definition of 42 in Hevea 30, 224 interpetiolar 6, 20 historical usage 44 in relation to cambial activ• massive 20 and plagiotropy 57 ity 30 presence of 18 and polymorphism 58 440 Subject Index

Sylleptic branch 15, 23, 43, 57, abortion of 238 110, Ill, 119, 286, 292 67, 158, 164, 171, 182, 191, abscission of 247 essential construction of 2 206, 208, 273 protection of 18 establishment growth 70 Sylvigenesis 278, 342, 366, 368, Terminalia-branching 51,52, Tree of heaven 161 369, 375, 383, 385 53, 56, 59, 184, 187, 189, Treelet 2, 77, 112, Il3, 114, in chablis 373, 376 230 149, 150, 156, 214, 215, 223, in Malesia 376 Theoretical model I 92, 92 224,252 processes of 379 Theoretical model II 84 Trees of the future 323, 325, by replacement 375 Theoretical model III 217 326, 329, 335, 340, 341, 344, in tropical America 376 Theoretical models 217 346, 347, 348, 351, 353, 356, Sylvigenetic 369 Thorns 16, 169 365, 377, 384 cycles 375, 377, 378, 382, 384 Tiers of branches 25, 26, 47, architectural plasticity of model 332 54, 56, 161, 167, 169, 172, 325 phases 360, 372, 384 173, 178, 184, 186,213,221, definition 320 Symbiosis inside stipules 21, 22 224, 225, 236, 252, 276, 280, description 320 Symmetry 300 suppressed 321 of shoots 39,50,53,130, distal 177 Trees of the past 323, 335, 341, 191, 282 plagiotropic 252 348, 369, 372, 379 of trees 75 of roots 73 definition 320 Sympodial 55, 80, 84, 100, 110, Tillering 126 description 325 124, 146, 155, 167, 172, 174, Tomato 72 Trees of the present 314, 321, 178, 182, 192,201,203,217, TOMLINSON'S model 86,99, 101, 323, 326, 328,329, 335, 336, 254, 257, 258, 276 104, 106, 110, 114, 115, 118, 338, 340, 341, 346, 347, 348, by apposition 56, 166, 177, 120, 121. 122, 123. 125. 128, 352, 353, 354, 356, 358, 365, 186, 188, 254 133, 144,254,259,261,264, 369, 372 branch complex 53, 258 265,266,274,298,314 definition 320 branching 5,41,55,165,198, definition of 118 description 322 202,213 stra tegy of 124 Tristichy spiral 217 in cycads 110, 133, 135 Topophysis 17, 258 TROLL'S model 64, 75, 80, 97, rhizomes 124 Tracheid 298,301, 328 101, 110, 140, 144, 178, 230, by substitution 56, 188, 314 as transport unit 298, 301 232, 240, 242, 244, 245, 246, trunk 162, 164, 165, 247 Transfer of functions in meris- 248, 255, 260, 270, 273, 292. Sympodium 5, 177, 258 terns 292 294, 295, 328 linear 5,81, 87, 164,220 Transition between models 146 branch differentiation in nonlinear 88 Traveler's palm 122 273 trunk 5 Tree (s) crown shape in 295 Synchronous branching 42 apical meristems of, in con- definition of 242 struction of tree 4 and pipe model theory 295 T basic construction of 4 strategy of 248 branched 5, 186 Tropical Talipot palm 84, 102 commercially valuable climate 6, 10 Tannins 66 definition of I forest tree 313, 334 unpalatability of 20 Ficus kind 3 rainforest 332, 336, 375 Taproot 303 forester's definition of richness of forms 74 Taxonomy and architecture 75 and herbs 55, 75 soil 348 Tea 24,34 individuals L 78 Tropical floras Teak 67 mathematical 1 richness of 6 ecology of 368 methods of height growth 2, woodiness of 8 Temperate floras 3, 171 Tropical-temperate family pairs and original botany 74 monocau10us 41 8 poorness of 6 open growth of 16, 74 Trunk 1,2,4,5,50,81,84,99, Temperate trees 5, 34, 44, 356, poly axial 4, 41 135,139, lSI, 167,290,341, 369 preformed 3 342, 348, 367, 383 forest 313, 329, 332, 354, in relation to climate 10, 78 differentiation 158 355,369 size 1, 74 fenestrated 288 most frequent models 221, temperate tree, strangeness fluted 178, 288, 291 249 of 11,12,45 forked 327 periodic growth of 65 towering 383, 384 monopodial 167, 182, 206, Tendril 8, 130, 132, 138,236, unbranched 5,99,212 221, 266, 268 251, 252, 253, 256, 258 without secondary growth 3 proleptic 161 terminal 252 Tree crops 78 reiterated 327, 354 Tension wood 158 Tree crowns as rotation sur• tapering 142 Terminal bud 18,32, 186, 191, faces 292, 295 Tuft-trees 100 221,238,273 Tree fern 2,68,71,80, 100, Typification, definition of 76 Subject Index 441 u of shoots 39, 46, 156 floristic composition 9 in tempera te forest trees 313, West Indian mahogany 227 Umbrella tree 227 314 Whistling pine 231 Underground axes 58 in tropical forest trees 313, White ash 228 Underground stems 99 314 White pine 226, 327 Unit Vine 219, 220 Whorled branches 182 of extension 26, 39, 62 Violets 8 Wild date palm 127 of morphogenesis 27 Visible branch order 41 Wind 367 pipes 293 Viviparous 186 in sylvigenesis 366 Vivipary 13,63, 132 Windthrow 334, 368 v Volt 79 Wood I, 30, 65 V oucher specimen 78 Vegetative mobility 380 x Vegetative propagation 107, w 110, 186, 189, 270 Xylem Vertical gradients Wall-flower 217 early wood 65 in homeostatic forests 335, Wassai 123 in Hevea 30 340 Water secondary 65 of light intensity 346, 354, stress 284 358 stress and rhythms 32 of relative humidity 336, 358 in sylvigenesis 366 Y Verticillate leaf arrangement 40 Watt 79 Vessels 239,290 Wax myrtle 227 Yew 199 in gymnosperms 300 Weed (s) 75, 144, 150 Ylang-ylang 204 Vigor 272, 274, 326, 374, 376 Weed tree(s) 48, 150, 219, 220, concept of 310 221,223,225,383,384 z at germination 273, 274 Weedy 186 levels of 312 Zingiberales 124 of modules 151, 156 cambial activity 67 Zoomorphic 16 Ecological Volume 1 Studies Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems Analysis and Synthesis Editor: D. E. Reichle Editors: W.D.Billings, 1st corrected reprint F.Golley,O.L.Lange, 91 figures. XII, 304 pages. 1973 lS.Olson ISBN 3-540-04793-X

Contents: Analysis of an Ecosystem. - Primary Producers. - Consumer Organisms. - Decomposer Populations. - Nutrient Cycling. - Hydrologic Cycles.

Volume 6 K Stern, L. Roche Genetics of Forest Ecosystems 70 figures. :x, 330 pages. 1974 ISBN 3-540-06095-2

Contents: The Ecological Niche. - Adaptations. - Genetic Systems. - Adaptive Strategies. - Forest Ecosys• tems. - How Man Affects Forest Ecosystems.

Volume 11 Tropical Ecological Systems Trends in Terrestrial and Aquatic Research Editors: F. B. Golley, E. Medina 131 figures. XV, 398 pages. 1975 ISBN 3-540-06706-X

Springer-Verlag Contents: Berlin Physiological Ecology. - Dynamics of Populations. - Interaction Between Species. - Tropical Forest Ana• Heidelberg lysis. - Savannas. -=- Tropical Water Bodies. - Island New York Ecosystems. - Applications. Modem Methods in Forest M. H. Zimmermann, C. L. Brown Genetics Trees Editor: 1. P. Miksche Structure and Function

With contributions by F. Bergmann, With a chapter on irreversible thermo• G.P.Berlyn, W.Blicking, RACecich, dynamics of transport phenomena by L. S. Dochinger, F. H. Evers, P. P. Feret, M. T. Tyree RB.Hall, KM.Hansen, O.Huhtinen, K F. Jensen, E. G. Kirby, 1. Lunderstiidt, Springer Study Edition 1. P. Miksche, R P. Pharis, B. R Roberts, A E. Squillace, R G. Stanley, 2nd printing, 134 figures. XIII, A M. Townsend, R B. Walker, 336 pages. 1974 K von Weissenberg, L. Winton, ISBN 3-540-07063-X W. Zelawski. Contents: Primary Growth. - Secondary Growth. - Growth and Form. - Trans• 38 figures. XIV, 288 pages. 1976 port in the Xylem. - Transport in the (Proceedings in Life Seciences) Phloem. - The Steady State Thermo• ISBN 3-540-07708-1 dynamics of Translocation in Plants. - Storage, Mobilization and Circulation of Assimilates. Contents: Optical Techniques for Meas• uring DNA Quantity. - Nucleic Acid Extraction, Purification, Reannealing, and Hybridization Methods. - Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins and Enzy• mes. - Extraction and Analysis of Free and Protein-Bound Amino Acids from Norway Spruce Foliage. - Photosyn• thesis, Respiration, and Dry Matter Production. - Analyses ofMonoter• penes of Conifers by Gas-Liquid Chro• matography. - Isolation and Analysis of Plant Phenolics from Foliage in Relation to Species Characterization and to Resistance Against Insects and Pathogens. - Mineral Analyses. - Pollution Responses. - Indirect Selec• tion for Improvement of Desired Traits. - Pollen Handling Techniques Springer-Verlag in Forest Genetics, with Special Refer• ence to Incompatibility. - Tissue Cul• Berlin ture of Trees. - Manipulation of Flower• Heidelberg ing in Conifers Through the Use of Plant Hormones. New York