Ja Teatriakadeemia Sigrid Kuulmann Kõlakujunduse Võimalused

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Ja Teatriakadeemia Sigrid Kuulmann Kõlakujunduse Võimalused Eesti Muusika- ja Teatriakadeemia Sigrid Kuulmann Kõlakujunduse võimalused viiulimängus Yfrah Neamani aplikatuuride põhjal Töö doktorikraadi taotlemiseks Juhendaja: prof. Kristel Pappel Tallinn 2014 1 Abstrakt Käesolev töö „Kõlakujunduse võimalused viiulimängus Yfrah Neamani aplikatuuride põhjal“ (Exploring the tone quality in violin playing after Yfrah Neaman`s fingerings) on pühendatud minu õpetajale viiuliprofessor Yfrah Neamanile (1923–2003), kelle juhendamisel mul oli võimalik õppida kaks aastat Londoni Guildhalli Muusika- ja Teatrikoolis (Guildhall School of Music and Drama). Töö on osa loomingulis-uurimuslikust doktoriprojektist. Käsitlen Yfrah Neamani metoodikat ja õpetuse põhiprintsiipe ning uurin, kuidas neid rakendada interpretatsiooniprotsessis. Töö eesmärk on näidata Neamani vaadete väärtust esituskunstis, kusjuures peamine rõhk on Neamani aplikatuuridel. Neaman pööras erilist tähelepanu soovitavale kõlalisele tulemusele ning selleni jõudmisele vastavate aplikatuuride, štrihhide ja teiste muusikaliste väljendusvahendite abil. Analüüsin detailselt Neamani soovitatud aplikatuure ning nende seost viiulimängu väljendusvahenditega nagu intonatsioon, toon, artikulatsioon, ajaline vabadus, glissando ja muusikaline atmosfäär. Neid vahendeid ei ole lihtne eraldi võetuna analüüsida, sest nad sõltuvad üksteisest. Siiski vaatlen neid käesolevas töös Neamani õpetust süstematiseerides eraldi. Tuleb silmas pidada, et seni pole Neamani metoodikat ja põhimõtteid kirja pandud ega süstematiseeritud. Neamani metoodika väärib aga uurimist just oma efektiivsuse ja tulemuslikkuse pärast. Peamise uurimismaterjalina kasutasin 60 tundi audiosalvestisi Neamani tundidest ning rohkem kui 20 Neamani redigeeritud noodiväljaannet, samuti tema kirjalike märkustega noote õppeprotsessist. Neamani vaadete selgemaks formuleerimiseks võrdlesin tema redaktsioone ka teiste toimetajate väljaannetega. Kuna töö eesmärk on seotud viiulimängu praktikaga, valisin võrdluseks just igapäevaselt interpreeditöös kasutatavad redaktsioonid ning artiklid, mille autorid on Carl Flesch, Izrail Jampolski, Vladimir Alumäe, aga ka vähem kättesaadavad materjalid, nagu näiteks Mari Tampere erakogust pärit Igor Bezrodny märgetega noodikoopia Abram Jampolski aplikatuuridest. Teoreetiliseks taustaks tõin välja Alumäe ja I. Jampolski seisukohti. Töös on kaks keskset peatükki (teine ja kolmas), mis järgnevad sissejuhatavale esimesele peatükile. Teises peatükis toon välja Neamani põhimõtted koos konkreetsete näidetega, mis demonstreerivad aplikatuuri seost kõlakujundusega ning analüüsin tema soovitatud aplikatuure toonitekitamise, intonatsiooni, fraseerimise, artikulatsiooni, rubato ja muusikalise atmosfääri seisukohalt. Kolmandas peatükis peatun pikemalt Neamani õpetuse rakendamisel, analüüsides enda interpreedikogemusele tuginedes kahte komplitseeritud helikeelega, nii tehniliselt kui ka sisuliselt keerukat teost – Eduard Tubina soolosonaati ja Luciano Berio teost Sequenza VIII sooloviiulile. Näitan, kuidas olen interpretatsioonis ja vahendite valikus lähtunud oma õpetaja metoodikast. 2 Sisukord 1. Sissejuhatus......................................................................................................................................4 1.1. Töö teema ja eesmärk........................................................................................................5 1.2. Uurimismaterjal ja meetod................................................................................................8 1.3. Yfrah Neamani üldpõhimõtted aplikatuurist..................................................................10 1.4. Vladimir Alumäe ja Izrail Jampolski seisukohti aplikatuurist........................................11 2. Aplikatuuri roll kõlakujunduses Yfrah Neamani redaktsioonide ja õpetuse põhjal.......................15 2.1. Toon................................................................................................................................15 2.2. Intonatsioon.....................................................................................................................16 2.3. Fraseerimine....................................................................................................................17 2.4. Artikulatsioon..................................................................................................................22 2.5. Glissando.........................................................................................................................27 2.6. Aja kasutamine................................................................................................................29 2.7. Muusikaline atmosfäär....................................................................................................30 2.8. Järeldused........................................................................................................................32 3. Yfrah Neamani õpetuse rakendamine interpreeditegevuses...........................................................33 3.1. Eduard Tubin, soolosonaat..............................................................................................33 3.2. Luciano Berio, Sequenza VIII.........................................................................................37 4. Kokkuvõte......................................................................................................................................42 Allikad................................................................................................................................................46 Kirjandus............................................................................................................................................47 Summary.............................................................................................................................................49 Lisa 1. Eduard Tubin, soolosonaadi noot...........................................................................................53 Lisa 2. Luciano Berio, Sequenza VIII noot.........................................................................................61 3 1. Sissejuhatus Käesolev töö on pühendatud minu õpetajale viiuliprofessor Yfrah Neamanile, kelle juhendamisel mul oli võimalik õppida kaks aastat Londoni Guildhalli Muusika- ja Teatrikoolis (Guildhall School of Music and Drama).1 Yfrah Neaman (13.02.1923–4.01.2003) oli pärit Palestiina juutide perekonnast. Sündinud Liibanonis, alustas ta viiuliõpingutega kuueaastaselt Tel Avivis. Tema esimeseks õpetajaks oli nimekas viiuldaja, helilooja ja muusikaajakirjanik Yariv Ezrahi (1904–?).2 Üheksa-aastaselt (1932) asus ta koos oma perekonnaga elama Pariisi, et õppida Pariisi konservatooriumis, kus teda juhendas Jacques Thibaut. Neljateistkümne-aastaselt (1937) omistati talle läbi aegade noorima võitjana Pariisi konservatooriumi Premier Prix. Neamani Pariisi-debüüt leidis aset 1939. aastal. Samal aastal põgenes ta Pariisist Saksa okupatsiooni eest Londonisse, kus ta jätkas õpinguid Carl Fleschi (1873–1944) ja tolle õpilase Max Rostali (1905–1991) juhendamisel.3 Teise maailmasõja ajal esines ta pianist Myra Hessi organi- seeritud legendaarsetel pärastlõunakontsertidel Londoni Rahvusgaleriis. Neamani debüüt solistina leidis aset 1944. aastal, mil ta esitas koos Londoni Sümfooniaorkestriga Beethoveni viiulikontserdi, asendades oma õpetajat Max Rostali. Peale Teist Maailmasõda kuulus Yfrah Neaman New Yorgis asuva organisatsiooni Columbia Artists Management solistide hulka, esitades peamiselt ameerika komponistide – Walter Piston, Aaron Copland ja Leonhard Bernstein – teoseid. Ta on mitmete heliloojate (Michael Blake Watkins, Howard Ferguson, Michael Berkeley, Arnold Cooke ja Malcolm Lipkin) teoste esmaettekandja. Aastal 1958 sai temast Max Rostali järglane Guildhalli Muusika- ja Teatrikooli viiuliprofessorina, 1962–1978 oli ta keelpilliosakonna juhataja. Neaman oli Carl Fleschi nimelise rahvusvahelise konkursi kauaaegne kunstiline juht. Peale selle asutas ta koos Yehudi Menuhiniga keelpillikvartettide konkursi. Tema juures on õppinud tunnustatud soliste ja pedagooge nagu Krzysztof Smietana, Andrew Watkinson, Philip Dukes, Simon Fischer ja Takashi Shimizu; Fleschi- nimelise rahvusvahelise konkursi võitjad Mincho Minchev (1974) and Xue Wei (1986), samuti 1 Guildhalli Muusika- ja Teatrikoolis saab kõrgema muusikalise hariduse bakalaureuseõppe, magistri- ja doktoriõppe tasemel. Magistriõpet tähistatakse seal nimetusega “Advanced Instrumental Studies“. 2 Yfrah Neamani nekroloogis ajalehes The Guardian mainitakse, et Neamani õpetaja Ezrahi oli õppinud viiulit Joseph Joachimi (1831–1907) juures (Smietana 2003: 7.01.) . See on aga ebatõenäoline, sest Joachim suri, kui Ezrahi oli 3- aastane. Jascha Nemtsovi andmetel oli Ezrahi õpetajaks Mosche Hopenko Tel Avivis (Nemtsov 2009: 193). 3 Võimalik, et Neaman oli Fleschi juures õppinud juba varem, mandri-Euroopas. Siinkohal väärib mainimist, et nii Flesch kui ka Thibaut olid omakorda õppinud Pariisis Martin Marsicki juhendamisel (Stowell 1992: 88–89). Huvitava vahemärkusena võib lisada, et Antonio Stradivari viiul, millel mängis Marsick, kuulus Hiljem David Oistrahhile ja täna mängib sellel Igor Bezrodny ja Dorothy Delay õpilane Pavel Berman. 4 Guildhalli Muusika- ja Teatrikooli kaks juhtivat professorit David Takeno ja Mark Knight. Neamani juures on õppinud eesti viiuldajatest ka Anna-Liisa Bezrodny. Minu õpetajaks oli Neaman aastatel 1997–1999. Yfrah Neaman kuulub vanuseliselt sellisesse viiuldajate põlvkonda nagu Isaac Stern (1920–2001),
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