CENSIJS 'OF INI)IA 1981
SERIES-4 BIHAR
PART X-C
Survey Report on Selected Villages
JAMKANALI (A VILLAGE RESTUDY)
V.~K .. BHARGAVA Dy. Director of Census Operation Directorate of Census Operations, Bihar 1981 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS OF BIHAR (All the Census Publications of this State will bear Series·4) Part I·A Administration Report-Enumeration }OffiCial use only. Part I·B Administration Report-Tabulation Part II·A · General Population Tables (A·Series Tables A·} to A.5) Part U-B · Primary Census Abstract
Part III.A & B(i) I General Economic Tables (B-Series Tables B-1 to B-6)
Part III A & B(ii) General Economic Tables (B-Series Tables B-7 to B-8 & B-ll to B.19) Part ill A & B(iH) . General Economic Tables (D-Series Tables B-20) Part III A & B(iv) j General Economic Tables (B-Series Tables B·21 & B-22)
Part IV·A :~'. Social and Cultural Tables (C. Series Tables C-l to C-6) Part IV-B · Social and Cultural Tables (CSeries Tables C· 7 to C-9) Part IV-C: . Household by composition and size (C-Series Table C·I0)
Part V·A & B Migration Tables (D·Series Tables D-I to D-8, D-13, & D.15) Part VI-A&B . Fertility Tables (F-Series Tables F-l to F-27) Part VII Tables on Houses and Disabled Population (H-Series Tables H·l and H-2) Part VIII-A Household Tables (HH-Series Tal>les HR-! to RH-16) Part VIII-B : Household Tables (RR·Series Table RH-·17) Part IX Special Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC and ST·Series Tables) Part X·A Town Directory Part X-B Survey Reports on selected towns Part X...c . Survey Reports on selected villages Part XI] Ethnographic notes and Special Studies on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Part XII .. Census Atlas Part XIII-A . District Census Handbook-Village and Town Directory
Part XlII~B District Census Handbook-General Population Tables (C.D. Block and Town levels) and village & Town-wise Primary Census Abstract). CONTENTS Page
Foreword (vii)
Preface (ix) Location of Jamkanali Village SanthaI Parana District Jamkanali Village Santhal Pargana District Figures at a glance (xi) Chapter I: Introduction Location 1
Physical aspects and cropping pattern 3
Transport and communication 5
Demographic details 5
Level of Development 6
Politico-cultural behaviour 6
Events/Developments during the decade . 6
Criteria for selection of the village for study and-re-study 7
Settlement pattern 7
Important public places 8
Source of water . 8
Flora and Fauna . 8
Ethnic composition 10
Origin & Historical Resume 11
Language • 12
Settlement History 12
A feel of the village 12
Photographs Chapter II: Social Demography & Vital Statistics Social Demography and Vital Statistics . 13
Distribution of population by age and sex 1~
Marital status ]6
Religion 16 Literacy and Educational level 16 Population control measures, attitude and practice 17
Vital Statistics 20 iv Pa&e Disease, sanitation and hytiene 20 Migration (including seasonal migration) 22 Chapter III : Economy
Economic resources : 23 Forest 23 Occupations 24 Crop production-its consumption ahd marketing 2S Animal Husbandry and Poultry 26 Household Industry 21 Trade and Commerce 27 Couree of income 27 Expenditure. 27 Indebtedness 28
Co-operative Societies 29. Employment position 29 Transfer of wealth 30 Photographs Chapter IV: Social and Cultural life
House type. 31 Dress and ornaments • 32 Ornaments • 33 Tattooing • 33 Household goods and furniture 33'
Food and Drink 33 Household composition 34 Net work of Social relations 'j 34 Marriage 3S Death 37 Religion and sacrament 37 Religious ceremony and festivals 39'
Leisure and.recreation 39' Influential and prestigious persons 40 Functioning of the Administrative and Developmental organisations 40 Caste and community Association and other voluntary organisations 41 Factions and cliques 4L l'olltical parties . 41 v
Page
Voting behaviour 41 Ratlge of contact 41 Knowledge, attitude and opinion about important matters of public interest . 41 Photographs
Chapter V : Conclusion Conclusion 42
Appendices : Appendix I : SaBtali words as a derivative of Sanskrit words and their equivalen t English words 44 Numerology 44
Appendix II : Glossary-Local terms with their English equivalents~ 45
Appendix III : Tables (Table No. 1 to 48) . 47
LOCATION OF JAMKANALI VILLAGE SANTHAL 'ARGANA DlSTAICT ~.., ,. Mil .. s 0 S M»e. DIS I Ii ~ -- .tI! l"1t'" It Kml.5 0 S Kms. '\.'-'-Il Ie,. !"\.Jr . 't L.", Sahibganj ~_ ..... c.. r '-'" ...... __ \..)\ .,-,r', i ll' .... .,.;:--. I ..... , \ ':0 i Meherma \. .!. ). , I ,...... -.. / Borlo .. " J \ L~J'''''i..·'(/ "'1'\ ,..., i ",- o f"''''ahagamaj ). ) '. "._.-.'\. i .i .) i \.. \ c:.. i Boarijorr"" (i Rajmahaf" \._--,.; .).. A.••• / ... ~ /Taljiiarl J I ) ._.oJ ,Sw' (' -''''_', Pathargama i .. . (I. '1...... i! ':-' ! '{ ?J!.J t. ~ ...... r l : \" \."""" ....;.. ..} ...... "\ (,. 8arhait (' ,A ...... I'-. \ ,I .-.1" .... r .'i. ,.; i '-..:, /' i' ..... ).t.. '" J"" ; Barharwa.l C:/\".,J\ Godda \Sundarpahar~,.S \ .. ~:~ '-.,Pathnai r \, (_.J' ...... I ,. .' ( v· "J ..; .... "\,. i ( ._._'" J" (. ...." .. c, ".' \. i,..~." I Poreyahat \", \ '. Litipara i ;. . . \ '\ (i i r \ ~ ~ / Hiranpur '. < ,.. i \ \ r.. .-. j ( I .-, . r..... Y' ". \ .{ 's-...... J .....~ i .J Pakaur::t ~ .~ .., l"" 1..' " ...... __.,...... 'i dAMKANALI* ~'f-· .... _.l._ ,I: «., L (. ._1, ( f \ i _) /' -.... '._ .,' <:J C r' '\,"4 ..\ •. ,....,,~ Saraiyahat "",\ .\ ! ("[" A!lrapara ,/ { ~~ ~ ",J' t Mohanpur f._ ...... /{- Ramgarh 1-;...... -:;:. ...· .... ·Y· Mahe$hpur iI. .t- ~ i 'i ;.1"- ...... ,' '-. i r·_,.} .~ i ~ <) . Deoghar . i .J (. .,j r' .""\. ;,' C ("\ 1""" ~ \. J"Gopika~da~ : • .)-...... J ..... ) ~. ,.1 'v'""'? Jarmundi \_. ..., ",,''''''y. -;- \ .... i ._) v. \ ..... -. ,J \.J.I '. ._. ~_.." , ..: " \ ""-") f ~ I -~;> .... j \... ~''-'-.) ;::: i Kathiku n? ~'\"' ...... I -~ ..... __ .""1.._." Sarwan ! "(') ". '\") i l. j Pakuna V. . " ) .' ).,.",. .- . . ., M dh '1 "'. '"Y~ \. (" i'", .! ./ " a upur t·.r-·~ / ~.""'-''''-"' . Jama c' ..... "';7,..'_ ..; ._.~! ,. \ ._'" (i!'! (.... '\ Dumka !" (._...,.~-~. _.. Lo' %1- r"'" ...... '-. \ "' \ _,J ," -u i .,...... / !'" .J ...... -.~. ') r"; I, 0- (. ( j (J I . "":"',,,,,! L i i _.""'\ Shikaripara .'\., ae: ) Karon (.? S h' pa Oj0rl J' \ , -I- , . .".j .J.J'\ arat,.. I' V·_·, ...... -t \ ,_ .. v. J ._.'- ;...... / i'f' Masalia '. ( \ .,. -'"" )-'-'-'-..{! I..~ i (..., .../"-. <,','", ~ CJO {. . I 5 (' .... r ...· ""-. \ ; I'" q;, . ! ' ...... ·-r I \ "1 '" -."...:.. \. Ranjshwar~ ...... J \...... , \..-..... i 'I. \ ._. l .", Narayanpuf~ \.-' ...... ,r .... ·, \, i " /' ,I "'\ ___.-("""_'.:- "~ - " ,,' 1.';:'.::.) \_..... _. :.... .'-.. _ .... t . •",._ ,'\. . r.... l.. I ~. () "',. \ ..·~_ .•• hamtaral\ C..,.Kundahlt:"",•• '7Lo " ... , '\ Nala .I \ () AI ...... \ t.., C", : / .s Iv \ ,;}'" . I ...'" r t? IJ ~". \ v ...... , r."V'.. ~ > <';, I C' )' AI () )."•• "", '_j" W E REFERENCE
Scundary:- SCate .. District ., C. O. Skok
1
JAMKANALI VILLAGE SANTHAL PARGANA DISTRICT
(NOT TO SCALE) /' _...... J"V(J !" ® ''-'-' ~ VILLAGE BOUNDARY -.-,- .".r 0 0.£\ ~o _ \ .' ooo~% 0 " I 0 0 0 ' ...... ,..._/ A 0 00 j 0 0 .0 ® '. • 0 0 .-, .. ". I 00 0 • MANJHl THAN . ~ ,! .~ ~ ~ \. 0 0 0 0 l o %01-1- \. o 0 :I:~ . ~ 2";20'.0_' ..···'0 08~~ °O'.~® \. ,- - '0 , '. ® 0 (~;~O • ~." . 0 0 ' " I r" '-.--' .,'. 8880 U,P, S.CHOO~. 8 PODO TOLA "._ \HESSA TOLA ® ''''.ill~. 0 ...... ,. ,/ HAND PIPE/? , ...... _ _._.-( 1 • f ...... -. I 0::' . 0:: ! 1\ f ~ ',\.. /~$ JAHIR THAN •.. _.,~_-':~Yooooooooooooooooogo •••. _____ . __ ._. ___ ... __ ._ • •i J$t..;; :" 'OO-6(:i6oooooo'(i600-0-60(i~-6:~ I ~ , 0 0 i 00 "":.. HODGO TOLA ® ® \>_ 00 00000 0 \\ 0 ______000000 ~ ______._- .. ..,:', I . - <) - C) -o-o'6'O"'''~ --.' o 0 0 00 ',", 00 INDIR TOLA:: o .' -.--_:.--:...... : ..;/
AMBAOIHA aEFI 2 69 HA-2 FOREWORD The Indian Census has a long tradition of dustrialisation. Besides, a number of other social providing population figures separately for rural welfare programmes were. implemented to provide and urban areas. There has been a growing need additional facilities in the area of education, for such a dichotomous data especially after inde_ health, transport and communication, drinking pendence to formulate different policies and pro water and power supply. Of late, family welfare grammes for planned development especially in programme was also introduced to check popu regard to rural areas. There has been, however, lation explosion which had all along been nulli a dearth for data relating to the way of life of the fying the results of planned development. rural masses for making cross-cultural and cross regional comparisons to understand the imbalan By the time of 1971 Census, it was envisaged ces in the level of socio-economic development that the socio-economic life of the people espe achieved by the people living in Indian villages cially of villages would show perceptible changes situated in different geographical areas. To bridge under the impact of Five Year Plans. It was, this gap a socio-economic survey of about 500 therefore. decided to undertake a re-study of villages from different parts of the country was some of the villages which had been surveyed in taken up for study by the Census Organisation connection with the 1961 Census to understand in connection with the 1961 Census. the manner and direction in which the Indian villages are changing under the influence of The villages thus studied were selected on pur different developmental inputs. The main posive sampling basis in order to give represen focus of this stUdy, apart from prob tation in the sample to villages with diverse ing deep into the patterns of change soclo-economic characteristics. These included taking places in the life cycle events multi-ethnic villages, tribal villages, villages in ~md economic pursuits, was to question habited by potters, fishermen etc., villages situa penetratingly into matters relatin~ to availabi ted near urban centres and tliose situated in lity of amenities and services in the villages remote areas where people had been living in a covered under these studies, attitude and opinion state of isolation and continued economic and of the villagers in regard to educa educational backwardness. It was envisaged that tion. health care activities and attitude. this study would provide bench-mark data on awareness and ;:Icceptance Of family the living conditions of the people inhabiting pJanning methods. Tn short, the study di1!erent geographical areas of the country under was aimed at to brin~ to relief the socio-economic diverse socio-economic conditions. processes taking place in the rural environment under the influence of planned development as well as industrialisation and urbanisation. After independence, the country pursued the The villages selected for the study were those path of planned develppment for improving the which are situated either near to an urban quaHty of life of her citizens and this transfor centre Or away from any urban centre or those mation was sought to be achieved through the which are located in an already identified drv implementation of Five Year Plans. Economic belt, area Or in areas covered bv Tnte~rated Rural emancipation, the main thrust of Five Year Development Programme and served bv minor Plans, was to be realised by increasing agricul irrigation projects and rura1 electrification prs tural and industrial outputs as well as by gene gramme. Some of these criteria for the selection rating more employment opportunities. While of villages for the study were adopted at the enhanced irrigation facilities and improved instance of the Planning Commission. methods of farming were introduced to boost up agricultural production, generation of employ Although 78 villages were initiallv identified" ment opportunities and increaSe in industrial for the restudy. due to certain const.raints this output were to b~ realised largely through in- project could not make much headway. There- (vii ) ( viii) fore, it was decided to continUe these studies as The work relating to the scrutiny of the an adjunct. to the 1981 Census. draft reports received from the Directorates of Census Operatiq NeW'De!J:fii, v. S. VERMA Dated the 1st of June 1988, REGIST1tAR~ GEN~, IN'f1IA PREFACE J~mkanali, a village situated in Sahebganj co-operation in the conduct of field survey. 1 am district '(old Santhal Pargana district), is one of also thankful to Public Relations Department, the three villages selected for re-study ancillary Bhagalpur and one private agency of Hiranpur to the 1981 Census. The other two villages are for photographic coverage. Parba in Gumla district and Ghutua in Palamu district. The village was first surveyed in 1962 4. The preliminary drafting of the report was alongwith a few other villages as an adjunct to done by Shrl U. C. Lal, Statistical Asstt. The the 1961 CellSus. It was selected for re-study final draft, which included additions and modi mainly as a representative Santal settlement fications as also reconciliatiOn as per sugges being situated far away from an effective urban tions of the Office' of the Registrar General, centre. India, was done by Shri A. L. Das, Asstt. Dfrector. Editing of the report was done by 2. For car:r.ying out the survey for re_study, Shri S. C. Saxena, Deputy Director. The manu two types of Schedules. viz .. Village Schedule script was typed by Shri Md. Hasan Azad, and Household Schedule were canvassed. The Stenographer. Shri G. C. Mishra, Asstt. Direc Village Schedule containing basic amenities was tor. Shri Basant Kumar Srivastava, Printing canvassed for the whole village. while the Inspector, ~ssisted by Sharbshri K. K. Prasad, Household Schedule, which contained informa_ D. B. Singh and B. K. Singha. Computors have tion on socio_economic aspects, was canvassed helped in getting the volume printed. I am in 100 selected households only. thankful to all of them. 3. Toe field survey was undertaken in 1984 first under the supervision of Shri R. B. Singh. 5. Dr. N. G. Nag, Ex-Deputy Registrar Gene Ex-Deputy Director assisted by S/Shri K. K. ral and Dr. K. P. Ittaman, present Deputy Das, Investigator, R. P. Roy. Statistical Assis_ Regi'strar General and Shri M. K. Jain, Senior tant and H. P. Singh. Computor. Later on, for Research Officer (Social Studies DiVision) of reconciliation of certain information as also the Office of the Registrar General, India pro for collection of some additional information, the vided technical guidance and suggestions. The field investigation was again undertaken under Social Studies Division scrutinIsed the draft the guidance of Shri D. R. Khanna, Asstt. report and gave valuable suggestions for impro_ Director assisted by S/Shri U. C. Lal, S. K. vements. They all deserve my sincere thanks. Singh. L. P. Gupta and Sant Ram, all Statistical Assistants. At the headquarters, the tabulation 6. I must record my deepest sense of grati of survey data was done by S/Shri S. K. Singh, tude to Shri P. Padmanabha, Ex-Registrar L. P. Gupta. Sant Ram, D. p. Choudhacy, R. P. C.reneral, India and Shri V. S. Verma, present Roy and Mrs. Moti Devi. all Statistical Assis_ Registrar General. India for their encouraging tants and S/Shri Rajiv Kumar Sinha. Lala Ashok guidance and valuable suggestions. Lastly, r am Kumar Srivastva and Deepak Kumar Sinha. also thankful to Shri B. P. Jain, Asstt. Director Computors. All of them deserve my thanks. My (PrintIng) in the Offioe of the 'Registrar thanks are also due to the local gentrY. S/Shri General. India and Mis. Govt. of India Press, Dubraj Tudu, Ex-Parganait and Surendra Prasad Minto Road, New Delhi, who helped in bringing Yadav, local V. L. W. who extended their fullest out this pUblication. Patna: V. K. Bhargava Deputy Director of Census September 16, 1988 Operations, J3ih~r 1981 Census 1984 Survey I Population PersollS 1.159 1,233 Males 595 622 Females 564 till U No. of households . 234 238 11I Area (hectare) 235.88 235.88 IV Distance from:- (i) District headquarters (Sahebganj) 93 Kms (ii) Subdivisional headquarters (puur) 42 Kma (iii) CD. Block headquarters (Aulrapara) 16 Kms V Nearest market -Parerkola (about 4 Kms) VI Nearest Bus route -Dumka-Pakur Road (metalled road); Bus stop at Paretkola ' aDd from there abOut 4 KIDs metalled road. ..J VII Nearest Post Office Parerkola (Branch Post office) 1 VUI Nearest Telegraph office Pakur (42 Kms) IX Nearest Telegraph facility -Hiranpur (about 22 KIDs) J X Nearest Railway Station -Pakur(44 kms) XI Nearest Medical facility -Parerkola (Primary Health Sub-Centre) XII Nearest Family Welfare Qinic -Parerkola (Attached to health Sub-Centre) XIII Neare.ort educational institution: (i) Primary School (2 in village itself) (ii) High School (1 at Parerekola) XIV Means of transPOrt Bus up to Parerkola and from H,.ere on foot (about 4 Kms) XV Main crops: Kharif: Rice. m3ize and millets. Robl: Gram (challa). red gram (a,.ha,.), black gram (U,fItI). grass pea «(Kkesari). Others: Kodo. Jwa,., Baf,.a. etc. --~------~------~------ (xi) CHAPTER-i Introduction Location Pakur. Its police station is at Amrapara. Saheb_ ganj, the d\strict headquarters, is approximately Situated on the bank of the rivulet, Salpatra, 93 Kms north of Jamkanali connected with a within a picturesque valley, Jamkanali is a metalled road. Jamkanali is in north_east direc tribal village, predominanatly inhabiting San_ tion at about 16 Kms from the C. D. Block tals. Maraiyas co-inhabit the village as a headquarters at Amrapara. It is about 4 Kms; service class. The village is typical represen_ south-east from Parerkola. The village lies ill tation of a Santal village. Amon.g the scheduled Chandpur Gram Panchayat. The Panchayat tribes of Bihar, the Santals are most numerous. Considering the position in India, the Santals headquarters is located at Sijua, 1 Km. north of J amkanali. J~mkanali is surrounded by rank third in population of scheduled tribes villages Sijua in the north, Ambadiha in the coming after Bhils and GO:lds. * Among the sche south, Bhorandiha in north_east, Jamugaria in duled castes of Bihar, only Chamars and south_east, Parerkola in north_west and Jobojit Dusadhs outnumber Santals in population, pur in the west. Villages Ambadiha and .fumka .. Santals have a long history of continuous mig nali are seParated by a rivulet, Salpatra. ration from one area to another. They are found in the Statesl of Bihar, West Bengal, Tripura and Orissa and outside the country in Bangla_ Jamkanali is divIded in eight tolas (hamlets), desh and Nepal. They belong to Dravidian stock viz., Podo Tola, Manjhi Tola (re-named as and are more akin to Mllndas of Palamu district Sarak Tola), Hesa Tola, Bhuiya Tala, Bathan and Hos of Singhbhum district. They are the next settlers to Paharias in the old district of Tola, Janun or Bir Tala. Indir Tola and Hodgo Santhal Pargana. In Rihar, the Santals are or Kamar Tola. It may be mentioned that after found in large number in the present Santhal 1962 Survey a new tola, named as Janun or Bir Pargana Division comprising the districts of Tola, has been carved out from Bhuiya Tola. Sahebganj, Dumka, Deo_e:har and Godda. The old Santhal Pargana district (now Santhal Pargana Division) was named after Santals· The headquarters of C. D. Block-cum-Anchal, Amrapara is located in village Amrapara it- The village lies in Parerkola Damin** Bun self. It is situated on the bank of the river Bansloi. The river rises in the southern por galow (or Parerkola Bungalow) under Amra_ tion of Godda district aI]-d derives its name para Community Development Block in Pakur from Bans Pahar, the place of its origin. It sub-division of Sahebganj district. Parerkola flows in a south-easterly direction and forms the northern boundary of Dunka district. It Bungalow lies in Sultanabad Pargana. Saheb enters Pakur subdivision at Amrapara and ganj district was carved out of the erstwhile finally joins the Bhagirathi in West Bengal. Santhal Pargana district with effect from 29th Winding its course through hills and forests, May 1983.£ it has picturesque valleys producing a very beautiful natural scene at Amrapara due to a stream falling from a height of about 6 feet. J The nearest marketing centre of Jamkanali hat. The main items of sale in this hat are grain, village is Parerkola. It falls on the 61st kilo cloth, fish, mahua seed, lac, basket; earthen meter from Dumka on Dumka_Pakur road. The pots, Kerosene oil, vegetables, etc· The Sunday distance from Parerkola to Jamkanali is about hat collects about 600 to 700 Visitors, while, in 4 Kms. In Parerkola, one weekly hat was held the Wednesday hat, the number of visitors goe::; earlier on every Wednesda,y but now it has up to 3,000 depending on the weather condi been converted into a bi-weekly hat being held tions. Weekly fbi-weekly hat days held in the On Wednesday and Sunday. Sunday hat is held neighbouring areas of Jamkanali village during on a smaller scale and is known as Chhota hat 1962 and 1984 surveys are given in Table I.1 but Wednesday hat is, held on a comparatively below: bigger scale and is, therefore, known as Bara Table 1.1 Weekly/bi.weekly hat days held in neighbouring areas of Jamkanali. ------._ Venue of hat (Ntme of village) Days of hat dUring 1982 survey Dr.ys of hat during 1984 survey . ----- .. ------_.. --' 1. Parerkola Wednesday wednesday and Sunday 2. Amrapara Tuesday & SaturdaY Tuesday and S1turday 3. DurgaPuf Tuesday and Saturday 4. Hiranpur Thursday ThrusdaY 5. Litipara Monday Monday Hats of parerkola and Hiranpur collect a big There is. no place of tourist interest in the gathering of local people. Durgapur hat is a village. However, Kanchangarh which is about comparatively new hat initiated by Sibu Soren 10 Kms away from Jamkanali, is often visited and other J.M.M. '(Jharkhand Mukti Morcha) by the tourists. It is in Littipara C. D. Block. leaders. The hat held at Amrapara is about It is an extensive hollow and cave ridden flat_ 16 Kms to the south, Parerkola hat about topped ~mJnence used as a fortress by the 4 Kms to the north_west and Litipara hat about ancient Paharia kings. Walking through the la Kms to the north of the village. miscellaneous forest· on top one gets a hollow sOund by be,ating the ground with a log of wood. The nearest banking centre for the village is the State Bank of India located at Amrapara. Nearly 3 Kms away in south_east direction from Jamkanali in Pakharia and other places, Bentonite is available in good quantity. It is a Religious activities are held in two Manjhi type of clay which has got the special property thans-one in Sarak Tola and another in Indj,r of colour absorption and smelling. It m Jamkanali is nqt having any metropolitan millets, pulses, etc. There are two c:lasses of centre nearby. Calcutta, which is the nearest Bari lands. First class Bari lands are those metropolitan centre, is at a distance of nearly which are around the village and are usually 312 Kms from the village. Impact of Cakutta cropped thrice a year. Second class Bari land can be noticed on Pakur. Sahebganj and Amra_ (also known as Dangul Bari) is of inferior cate_ para markets. Businessmen of these areas pur_ gory and is away fr9m the village site. This chase ready_made garments and hosiery goods land is cropped only once a year. from Calcutta. Agriculture is the mainstay of the villagers. Physical aspects and cropping pattern Khhrif and Rabi are the main agricultural seasons in the village and paddy is the main Jamkanali is situated on an undulating sur_ crop. Kharif cultivation is done during the rainS face whose average elevation is nearly 300 feet and Rabi in the winter. Kharif crops are raised above the sea level. A narrow stream passing in autumn as a result of the sowing done' in through the village divides jt in two parts. June-JUly. Main Kharif crops are rice, maize It flows from north to south. The uplands are and millets. Rabi crops are sown in October and generally used for settlement and low lands are November and harvested in April. Main Rabi put under cultivation. crops are gram (chana), red gram (ATha.r) , black gram (Urad), grass pea (Khesari) etc. A Cultivable lands are of two types viz. (i) few other important cropS grown are Kodo or Dhani and (ii) Bari Dhan'i or rice producing Kodo millet and gondly (millet). lands are sub-divided into three dasses. First class Dhani is known as 'Awal' 'Bhal' or 'Jol' The monsoon sets in the last week of May and comprises lands on lower levels. Second or in the first week of June. The winter starts class Dhani is called 'Doem' Kanali or Sakrat and in November and continues till February. covers field on the smaller undulation and December and January are the coldest months. lower terraced lands on the slopes. Third class Dhani known as 'Soem' 'Baad' is cultivated on higher terraced fields. The following table gives the rainfall statis tics/ recorded at the C. D. Block headquarters, Bari lands are unterraced high lands which " are used for growing maize, mustard seeds, Amrapara for the years 1977 to 1984. Table 1.2 Rainfall Statist/h' recorded at Amrapara Block (in mm) ----_._ "--- Month ___--.r-- ______- ______Year ~ ____.. ___- __ 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 ------~----.~--.- 2 j 4 5 6 7 8 9 ------_._---- _ .. _----_. __ .-.------_._.- .. -__ --- .JanUary 9.8 Nil 11.4 Nil Nil Nil 15.0 25.2 February. 8.8 0.8 Nil 9.8 9.4 2.4 Nil 17.0 March Nil 0.8 Nil 7.5 35.4 33.8 Nil Nil April 36.6 4.0 24..4 8.6 49.4 36.8 36.1 1.5 May 129.6 19.6 Nil 27.6 50.9 20.6 Nil 69.8 June 496.4 281.8 89.6 354.8 67.4 167.0 128 2 N.A. ,---"''_''''''--______--~------.------~-=---.. ----.-.- .. ~--_~O~·-·.,~.------·.,_ 4 ---" ------_------_-~~------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ----. ------~ ... -.------July 576.7 231.5 263.4 172.6 107.6 98.7 230.4 N.A. August 182.4 276.4 136.8 281.4 224.4 170.6 242.9 N.A. September 204.7 702.2 294.8 198.2 215.0 37.6 378.2 N.A. October 111.8 106.0 144.0 132.0 Nil 42.6 149.0 N.A. November Nil Nil 25.0 Nil Nil 45 6 Nil N.A. December. 0.3 Nil Nil Nil 24 2 0·2 3.0 N.A. - --_. -_. ~----.------~. ----_. Toeal 1757.0 1623.1 989.4 1192.5 783.7 655.9 1182.8 -.----..--.~.-- --.----._ .. ---'--'-- . ----_. --~ N.A. : -Not Available. The maximum and mImmum temperature data recorded at Dumka (the old district head qt.arters) for the years 1981 to 1984 are given in the fol.Lowin~ table: Table 1.3 Temperature (in degree Celsius) at Dumka Centre , •••----_, _ ... ___ .~ oo __ • ______ -----~.- ~ .. ~---~- .-.. ' ~---~~------1981 1982 1983 1984 - ---..A....----, ----...A.--_-, ----...A.-----, ----A.. __ -, Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Month mum mum mum mUm mum mum mum mum ------.. -._ ._-.---. '_--._------January 210 8.5 29.9 9.0 29.4 6.0 27.5 8.4 February. 35.5 10.0 32.8 9.0 32.8 8.5 30.0 9.0 March 35.8 14.0 37.1 13.0 39.5 12.5 416 11.0 April 39.5 19.0 41.0 18.0 42.5 16 0 44.3 19.0 May 39.5 20.0 43.5 22.0 42.6 20.0 55.5 17.3 June 42.2 24.0 40.0 22·0 454 24.0 40.9 24.0 July 34.5 20.0 41.7 24.0 37 0 24 0 34 6 23.5 August 35.5 24.0 36.7 240 37.5 22.0 35.<: 23.3 September 36 0 22.0 37.5 21.0 36 2 24.0 35 5 21 4 October 35.4 17.0 3',.2 19 0 34.6 16.0 35.4 18.1 Nov0mbcr 34.5 10.5 33·5 10 0 33.0 13.7 N.A. N.A. Decembor 29.0 8.0 28.1 9.0 29.5 8.0 30 0 7 2 Annuol 42.2 8.0 43.5 9.0 45.4 60 455 "i.2 -~------. _. --.~------~ Sourc'): Director, Regional Metrcorokgicr.1 Centre, P!'.tn The vil1~ge is not prone to flood but has faced People in general are accustomed to hard work. drouB;ht situations. During 1965-66 and 1966-07 'Roth male and female devote to agricultw'al acti the vUlage had to face severe drought conditions vities. Despite their hard labour and sustained with the rest of the 6tate. During these scarcity oP.fforts the agricultural produce is not high. It is periods people generally lived on millets, frUlts . partly due to people's ignorance of the improved and roots of some plant:? grown in the forest. plet40ds pf cl1~tivation: Moreover, due to po- verty conditions people in general can hardly Road. Buses ply regularly from Dumka to afford to purchase, with their meagre resources, Pakur and Sahebganj. The nearest bus stop is the modern agricultural implements and improv at Parerkola. The nearest post and Telegraph ed variety of seeds, fertilisers, etc. office is at Pakur. There is a Branch post Office at Parerkola. The nearest place where tele Transport and communication phonic facilities are available is Hiranpur which is at a dist:ance of about 22 Kms from the village. The road passing through the village is mostly non-metalled. The internal road of Hodgo tola Demographic details is gravelled cne and is comparatively in good condition. Only the road entering at Sarak tola Jamkanali js entirely a tribal village dominat l (not extended beyond Sara " tola) which links ed by Santals who account for 97.24 per cent of the village from parerkola is metalled one. The the total village population. The only other villagers generally cover the distance from tribal community in the village is that of MaraL Parerkola to Jamkanali (about 4 Kms.) on foot. Ya (Lohara or Lohra) who constitute a bare 2.76 No conveyance is available on this road. The per cent of the village population. The follow nearest railway station is pakur, about 44 Kms ing table gives the population of Jamkanali for away from the village, situated on the Kiul the last three cenS'llses together with the decadal Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway. Thi& variation in popUlation during 1961-71 and village is well connected with Dumka_pakur 1971-81. Table 1·4 Population 0/ Jamkanali at the last three censuses .. .__ .. .. --- . _. ---... ------_ - ._----_ --- - -_--- Census year PopulaHcn Dcc?c al Percen1 fge ~- - - -..A.. ------. vC1.riation varialicn P M F ------2 3 4 5 6 ------.---~------.------...... ------ 1961 999 503 496 1971 1,096 546 550 +97 +9.71 1,159 1981 595 564 +63 +5.75 ------_. --.---.. -- _. _. ------._- In 1961 Census the population of the village tola having been enumerated as a p~rt of .Jam_ was 999 which rose to 1,096 in the 1971 Census kanali in 1961 Census. and 1,159 in 1981 Census. The population fur ther rose to 1,233 in the present survey con_ ConSidering the positiOn for the entire period ducted in March-April, 1984. The decadal in from 1961 Census to the present survey con creaSe in populat!on during 1961-71 Was 9.71 ducted in 1984 the population of the village has per cent and during 1971-81 it was 5.75 per increased by 234 in absolute numbers, thus de cent. In the first survey conducted in l\:larch noting an increase of 23.42 per cent or 1.02 per April, 1962 the populat1~n of the village stood at cent per annum. During the period of three 909 showing a decline in population by 90 from years from 1981 Census to 1984 survey the popu_ what it was in 1961 Census. The fa,l1 in popula lation of the village had increased by 6.38 per tion may not be accounted for by temporary cent per denoting an increase of 2.13 per migratiOn because there is also a significant cent per annum. This increase is substantially variation in the number of households (the higher compared to the increaSe recorded during number having decreased from 190 in 1961 Cen 1971-81 (0.57 per cent per annum) but it is very sus to 173 in 1962 survey). Therefore, the dis much in tune with the State rural average (2.07 crep Level of Development siders who do not belong to the clan ,>1 tribals). The tribals believe that the so_ People of this village are generally tradition called dikus have deprived them from their tra bound and they change their ~utlook, pattern of ditional land, cheated them and outraged their living, social institution, etc. very slowly. Social prestige. Christian missionary is very active in and economic backwardness is the main reason the area. Due to their proselytising activities for this. As regards infrastructure, the village through schools, hospitals, orphanage and other is well connected with a metalled road coming charitable insHtutions they are able to convert from Parerkola and extending upto Sarak tola. Santals even living in remote villages very fast Electricity connection are yet to be extended to Iy. During 1962 survey, nOne returned his relL the village. Till the time of survey, electric gion as Christian, but during the present survey, poles had been erected. Under the Lead Bank out of 238 households 6 have returned their reli Programme the State Bank of India has opened gion as Christian. It was learnt during the sur its branch at Amrapara. The village lies under vey that the activity of the Christian missionary a very backward region of Amrapara block and multiplied after 1980. therefore considering its backwadrness it has been selected under I.T.D.P. (Integrated Trib31 Events/Develnpments of the area during the Development Programme under I.R.D.P.). Entire decade Sahebganj district has been declared by the State Government as industrially backward dis Some of the important events of the decade trict. Considering the degrees of industrial having bearing On the life of the people are backwardness the State Government has cate ;given below: gorised the districts in A, B & C categories. The State Government has made provision for sub_ (1) Change in the administrative district Sidy of 25 per cent, 15 per cent and 10 per cent headquarters from Dumka to Sahebganj respectively for the entrepreneurs of A, Band with effect from 29th May 1983. The C categories. Sahebganj district has been kept SUb-divisional and the C.D. Block head under 'B' category. During 1962 survey the quarters have remained the same. There village had a single primary school but now is a general feeling that the present dis there are two primary schools, one in 6arak tola trict headquarters, Sahebganj is located and another in Bathan tola. The adu1t literacy at a more uncommon and distant place. centre fUnctioning durng 1961 survey has now Dumka (the previous district headquar been closed. ters) is at a shorter distance (about 65 Kms) from the village compared to Sahebganj which is about 93 K'ms away. Politico.. Cultural Behaviour (2) The original Kutcha road from Parerkola The villagers are mostly supporters of the to Jamkanali (upto Sarak tola) has been metalled by the Rural EngIneering De_ Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Jharkhand Liberation partment. It has come as a great relief Front). Sam Murmu" ex-resident of Jamkanali, to the people of this village as also of had won previous Assembly Elections on Morcha the neighbouring viIlages. ticket. The present M.L.A., Simon Marandi, is also an active member of Jharkhand Mukti (3) A Project High School has been started Morcha. He is a resident of the neighbouring at Parerkola. The Headmaster of the said school is a Santa!. Previously, the Village. The Morcha has got a very dynamic and charismatic leader in Sibu Soren. He has great students of this area had to travel a impact on the masses. longer distance to go to Amrapara for scho:)ling. This school has now eased The word Jharkhand (land of forest) has been their problem to a great extent. coined on the basis of Bharat Khand (land of (4) Santal Women are now heSitating to Bharat). Jharkhahd movement is a class move participate in the folk dance in Melas ment directed towards diku$ (il out. ll (fairs) and other ceremOnies before dikus. This is a sequel to an earlier in The criteria £01' selection of village for re-study cident which had occurred On the occa were as follows: sion of a Mela when Santal girls, while dancing, were subjected to indecent (i) One village near effective urban centre treatment by dikus. with population cif 00,000 and above (proximi.ty to industrial towns and cities (5) Previously, dikus only were milking preferred). their milch animals but now Santals have also started doing it. It wCi.S re (ii) One village away from an effective ported during the survey that Munshi urban centre which may, nowever, be Soren of the village had first introduced near a small town (Within a distance of the practice of milking the cows and three to six miles). other milch animals. He is a Ghar J awai of the village. (iii) One village at, a distance of not less than 15 miles from any urban centre. (6) People in general mostly believe in their own traditional medicines (Ran in San Besides, the suggestions made by the Planning tali) and customary Vaidyas (Janguru). Commission to select three or fOUr villages-one But Allopathic drugs are also becoming in dry area, seCOnd in IADP area, third having common now in the area. The ofHcially irrigational faCilities & electrification and the sponSored family planning methods aTe fourth having welLdeveloped facilities for insti being practised by some people. Initial tutional financing for agricultural operations, ly, the vasectomy operation done to one were also kept in view. Mistri MaraiYa was a failure. This inci dent had an adverse effect on the people In selection of the village for re-study the but after great persuation by Govt. Offi fourth suggestion of the Planning Commission cials they have realised its importance has been taken into consideration. BeSides, it and some of them are now practising the was also intended to find out the -extent of family planning methods. change that has taken place in the social and economic behaviour of the people of the village (7) A Kutcha road from parerkola to pakur dominated by the tri"bal community-the Santals. via Hiranpur has been constructed which will soon be converted into a metalled Settlem'ent Pattern one. The road will lessen tne distance The village is divided into 8 tolas (hamlets)~ of Parerkola to pakur by about 25 Kms. Proceeding along the District BOard road the first tala to be met is Sarak Tola. Houses of this Criteria [for selection of the village for study and toba are situated on both sides of the road hence re-study it is christened as. Sarak tola (road hamlet). It was previously known as Manjhil tala since it During 1962, Jamkanali was selected as a was inhabited by Manjhis who shifted to Hessa representative Santal village to have a micro_ tola prior to 1962 survey. Now they are all settled in level intensive study of the socio-economic pat Indir tola. tern of the village. The otber criteria for selec In the north of this tala is podo tola which tion at that time was that the village should be contains only 9 households. Proceeding from fairly away from any urban centre. During these Manjhi tola, about one-third kilometer away, 22 years the Government has embarked liP on there is a road branching off towards the west many plans to uplift the teeming masses, partL from the District Board road. Along this road cularly for the upl'iftment of the tribaIs. The lies Hodgo_tola or Karnar tola. Its nomenclature Government of Bihar has created a Co-operative is due to the Kamar (Maraiya) households living Tribal Development COrporation of Which Am_ in it. About one and a half kilometer away from rapara C.D. Block has been declared as a consti the south-west of the road lies Indir tola. Hess(I; tuent tribal uni,t. tola lies in the nOrth_western portion Of the vil- la:ge. This tola consists of seven households. It have the right of grazing their cattle on this owes its name from the abundance of Hessa (Bo land. or Peepal) trees in the area. At present there is only one small Bo tree in Proceeding Hessa tala. There are two primary schoOls in the village. from Parerkola ODe has to cross paddy fields to One school is located in Sarak tola and another reach Hessa tala. Further south-west on fooL in Bathan tala· As reported, the primary school path across the fields one finds a village road, a of Sarak tala is not functioning properly because lit.tle before reaching Bathan tOla, where former the teacher of this school is not quite punctual in ly Bathan or cow_sheds were located. proceed attending the school. School building is in a ing along the road at a distance of about a kilo ruined condition. The school located in Bathan meter to the south, lies Bhuiya tola. It is assum tola is also not having a good house. During the ed that the Bhuiyas, wno inhabited the village 1962 survey one adult literacy centre was report prior to Santals' advent, resided there. Now a ed to be functiOning in Batha..n tola but this cen tre was not found to be in existencp during the days there are no Bhuiyas living in the village. It is believed that villagers were initially settled 1984 survey. in two hamlets, viz., Sarak tala and Hodgo tola. '.rhe other tolas sprang up later as the number of Source of water inhabitants grew. The two oldest hamlets, SaTak tola and Hodgo tola, contain more persons than There are two tube wells of the Public Health the six others put together. Both the hamlets Engmeering Department (PHED). There are 10 taken together account for 60.1 per cent of the wells of which 5 are pUCCa wells and 5 Kutcha total population contained in 57.4 per cent of total wells. Outside the settlement area there are households in the village. The hamlets do not three tanks. The tanks become dry during the appear to haVe been inhabited on clan and line_ summer season. Only wells are perennipl. The agE. basis. only change after the first survey conducted in 1962 is the sinking of two tube wells by PHED. Surface wells are known as Jharna, while those Important public places of artesian type in the depreSSions as Danri, Danris are generally located in low-lying areas where water is available almost throughout the Two Manjhi-thans (headman's place) and o~e year. Jahir-than (worship Place) are among the publIc places of ceremonies and worship. Manjhi-than consists of a small but about 10 feet square. Flora and fauna. Thatched roofs of both the ManjhLthans are in wretched condition and these are unable to give protection against rains. No public sacrifices, no Primitive men depended on nature more than festival, no'marriage ceremony etc. can be pro their modern counterparts. They invented food perly done without the Manjhis proPitiating Or from shrubs collected from nearby forests. The taking initiati_on. The stone pieces represent the area was previously rich in forest wealth. Due to bongas (spirit of the dead). They are believed impovement in road communication system, the to be symbolic of the original couple of the San natural vegetation in this area is sharply declin tal race, Marang buru, Jahir-era, Gosain era, etc. ing. Illegal felling of trees is being done either due to connivance of the forest auth-orities or indifferent behaviour of the local admi.nistrators. Jahir-than was left intact and uncleared at the Auto-rickshaws running On metalled roads pro_ time of original settlement in the village. It is vide easy transportation of logs. Transportation the abode of various bongas of which many are of log is also being do.ne through bullock carts malevolent. To ward off tfie danger of these during night hours. Before blossoming of mahua bongas people propitiate them !I"egularly. Tne (illipe butter or madhuea indice). The tribals ge charagah or grazing ground is a reserved area nerally burn the dry-fallen leaves which causes extending over 41.88 hectares. It was recorded as great damage to seedlings. Burning of ' leaves be Gochar land in the 'reCOrds of rights' prepared at neath mahua trees provide two_fold benefit to the time of the last survey and settlement ope flower collectors. The flowers blossom richly and rations carried out about 60 years bacK. It is a fall in a comparatively clean place. Climate is rent-free land. It can not be appropriated by now going out of hand for Sal-growing which any person far his own use. The entire villagers needs a natural bed. Different varieties 9 of wild plants of great importance have forest falls under the category of protected either extinguished Or are facing ex forest. According to the jurisdictional set_up tinction· The Range Officer of Hiranpur of the Forest Department the village lies under Range, State Forest Department, in course Hiranpur forest range· The area of protected of talk with the survey party, had informed forest in Jamkanali is 1056 hectares. Jahi'r than that Satsal (Dalbergia Latifolia) and l\Jurga is rich in young plants of Sal Bir tola is rich (Merocarpus marsupium) had nearly disap_ in Arjun, Sarak tala in tamarind and Pala;; and peared from the forests. He could find only one Podo tala in mango, black berry and bamboo. tree of Satsal in Kathikund forest Gamhar (Gmelina arborea) is facing its extinction. Sat The following table gives the description of traditionally linked with Santal life. may dis_ diflerent types of trees found in the village. Ilppear from the area very soon. Santali names of these trees with their corres ponding Hindi and English names and the sea Trees are found in the forest and also in the sons during which the trees yield fruit have home-!Stead hnd of the village. The village_ also been indicated in the statement. Table 1,5 " Names of trees found in the Village with their corresponding Hindi and English names Sl. Santali Name Hindi Name English Name Seasons for No. yielding fru it ------._--_.. _------_------.....------~------.:..... __ ._--- _. -~ ------ 2 3 4 5 ------_-_ ------Hessa Peepal, ashuaIta Bo-tree Summe 2 Pakri Paka Pakar Summer 3 Bari Bargead Banyan Summer 4 Sarjom . Sakhua, sal Sal Summer 5 001, UI. Am MaT'!,:o Summer 6 Matkom Mahua Illipe butter Summer 7 Neeme . Neem Margosa tree Summer 8 Kanthar Katahal Jack-tree Summer 9 Tiril Kendu' Nepal ebony Summer Persimmon 10 Murut Palas Flame of the Summer forest 11 Sinje Bel Wood apple Summer 12 1010 Imli 1 Tamarind Summer 13 (i) Kud Jamun (small Wild berry Summer size) (II) Sa Jamun (big size) Bl~ck berry 14 Atna Asan Asan Summer 15 Kohua. Arjun Arjun termitnalia Summer 16 Khajoor Khajoor Wild date Summer 17 Amra Amra Golden apple Summer 18 Janun Bair Jujube Winter 69 HA-4 10 ------"------1 2 3 4 5 Tar Palm 20 Mandargom Shari fa Sweet-sop Rainy 21 Munger. Sahjan Drum-stick Summer 22 Kasmar. Gamhar IV! alay bush Spring beech 23 Sapri Amrud Guava Throughout the year 24 Yedal Simnl, semal Red silk-cotton Sl nu.cT - -- ~_------_ ------_------ Decline of fauna is linked with the decline of s~lves scantily. While the males do not gene~ flora and the combined decline of both are res rally cover their body except putting a small ponsible for change in ecological balance. Leo piece of cloth around their waist, the females pards and bears which were once a common put on two pieces of cloth-one which they wrap hunt (Sendra in Santali) are now rare. One can round their waist ul?to the right shoulder and rarely find any wild animal in the village now. another whkh they wear to cover the portion Only pet animals like sheep, cows, oxen, buffa from waist to knee. loes, pigs, goats, dogs etc. can be seen which are domesticated py the villagers. Regarding The physical characteristics of Santal have birds one can witness pandook, pigeon, hen, been described by Col. E. T. Dalton* in the peacock, etc. During their hunt they often kill following terms: jackal l(toyOi in Santali), rabbit (kulai), hog or wild pig (bir sukri), pandook (patana), peacock "The Santals are noticeable for a great (mora), sna_ke (biyam) wild hen (heer sim), vagueness in chiselling of the features, beer. et.c. Area is often haunted by leopard a general tendency to roundness of (sana cheetah) or tiger (taru) which are killed outline where sharpness is mOre COn by either Paharias or Santals or by both. ducive to beauty, a blubbeliY style of face, and both in male and female a Ethnic Composition greater tendency to ,corpulency than we meet in their cognates. Their faces are Generally speaking, the Santals with their almost round. Cheekbones moderately reckless gaiety, their bluntness and simple prominent: eyes full and straight, not honesty and their undaunted zest for all ouL Obliquely set in the head; nose, if at all door amusement, particularly for hunting, are prominent, of somewhat a retroussee a very attractive race. They are, on the whole, style, but generally broad and depres truthful, law abiding and honest people. Their sed; mouth large, and lips vecy full word is their bond and knot on a string is as and projecting; hair straight and coarse good as receipt {extract taken from District and black. Mr. Mann notes of them, Gazetteer of 6'anthal Parganas, 1938-edited by and r concur in the remark that their Shri S. C. Mukherjee). cast of countenance almost _approaches the Negro type. The females, he says, A Santal will never settle alone in an uncuL have small hands and feet, and are tivated area· Whenever they have found a ox_eyed, and these are characteristics place, which by a curious, mixtwe of common which the tribes linguistically allied to sense and. superstition they judge ~o be good. them do not possess. Mr. Hunter descri they go there in a body and settle with a bes: them as about the same height as leader and his assistants. Santals are generally the ordinary Hindu, but r should feel of medium stature, sturdvbui1t and have light inclined to consider them as rather brown to jet black complexion. Some are fair below that standard, he furt.her wel1 complexioned too. Santals generally dress them- cliaracterises them as 'created to labour "'Dalton E .T. Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, 1872, page 211. 11 father than to think, better fitted to serve the manual exigencies of t:Q.e pre 2 3 4 5 sent than to speculate on the future or ----~- vep.erate the past." 4. Tudu 41 232 126 106 According to H. H. Risley, *"In point of 5. Hembrom 17 95 43 52 physical characteristics, the Santals may be 6. Kisku 16 73 39 34 regarded as typical example of the pure Dravi 1. Marandi 19 110 52 58 dian stock. The proportions of the skull appro ashing the dolicocephaHc type conclusively 8. Besra 7 42 23 19 refutes the hypothesis of their MongOloid ----._-_._-_.------_ .. descent." Maraiyas or Loharas belong to artisan caste. The population composition of Jamkanali Mara~yas were previously doing both black among two tribal communities--8antals and smithy and goldsmithy, but now they are only doing blacksmithy. AccOrding Maraiyas as revealed by the present survey is indicated in the following table. to the 1962 survey report there are four sets among the Maraiyas. These Table 1.6 are-Soren, Tudu, Sanr Matarwa and Som_Kata Magahia. But as the position existed during the Population by tribal community present survey the Maraiyas of the village are ~ quite ignorant abQut the ,concept of sept. This Name of tribe Population No. of r--- -..1<------., house- is supported by the fact that sept endogamy is P M F holds allowed among the Maraiya community while it is a taboo among the Santals. 2 3 4 5 ------~------Origin and Historical Resume 1. Sf'ntal. 1,199 606 593 233 2. Maraiya 34 16 18 5 Santals do not keep their recorded history of their origin, migration and settlement. ~ Dr. -----~-_:I--- --_____ - -- - -~ - - - - - Buchanan was the first person to record having Total 1,233 622 611 238 noticed 500 families Qf Santals who had migra. ted from Birbhum district in West Bengal :md The Santals have as many as eight septs. The settl.ed in D:umka sub-division. Due to Paharia's details of these septs alongwith the number of struggle for freedom John Petty Ward was households and popUlation within each sept are appointed in 1823 to demarcate the area inhabi given below: ted by aboriginals upto 1833, a vast tract of land 3471 equare Kms between 24.15' to 25.15' N Table t.7 latitUde and 87.20' to 87.15' E Jongitude Known Details of San tal septs with number of households and as Damin_LKoh' which is a Persian woni and Population means 'Skirts of the hills'. Mr. Potent was first SuperintendE!llt of the Damin area who was Name pf sept No. of Pop,ulation appointed in 1837. While Damin_LKoh was households ,----..A------. surveyed in 1820, as many as 30 Santal villages P M F were found within its precincts. Government ------.----~------ordered to attach these vill~ges and their assign_ 2 4 5 ments to the Paharias but the orders were ~ never implemented. The Paharias were unwill_ ------_------~~-'. ing to settle in Plains and, to set c;l.ll ex:ample 1. Murmu 53 249 118 131 by 1838, 427 predominant Santal villages had 2. Soren . 29 152 i1 15 been established. By 1851 several hundred 3. Hansda 51 246 128 118 Santal villages were reported i;o this area. .Although Santals had been settled in the area ·)nted in District Gaz~tteer of SanthaI Parganas, 1910' reserved hitherto for Paharias· but special page 101. ' C! ameni ties were not extended. £'( to the ~~n~ t as.1 12 The Santals were an honest, simple and hardy there is no ttace of these communities in the people. They became an easy pre;y to the Village. It appears that Bhuiya tola might have unscrupulous hillmen and non_Santal traders. been named because 'of previous existence of It was a prevalent practice amongst the Paha_ Bhuiyas in ~he village. riyas. to apply for grant of land on condition of cultivating it themselves but they frequently As regards Maraiyas, they have also been in gave it to Santals in the hope of collecting rent this area for quite a long lime, as is evidenced from them. Santals were abjectly pq.or, yet by the existence of sept names, Soren and Tudu. surrounded, by persons to have benefit from If the name of sept, viz., Som-Kata Magahia has their impoverishment. }3aniyas and Mahajans any significance, it might have originated from made heavy exaction from the innocent Santals. Magadh of the past which itself supports the There was a Kaminaiti system, i.e. repayment view that the Maraiyas are also the old settlers. of debt by physical l~bour. Even for small debt Although, Soren and Tudu septs are common in a debtor ha'd to work for generations. Being Santal community also, there is no evidence to cunning and crooked class, these Bartiyas and show that. the Maraiyas have any affiliation with Mahajans never miSSed any chance to exploit the Santals or they are a part of the Santal com the meekness {lIf ?antals. munity. Maraiyas have a distinct language which is a corrupt form of Hindi and is easily Language intelligible to a Hindi-knowing person. The mode The mother tongue of Santals is Santali. of worship of the Maraiyas has a likeness to the Wherever Santals moved they picked up some worship of the Goddess Bhagwati by the ortho words from the neighbouring society. Yet they dox Hindus. Their altar consists of three succes have their own distinct language. Individual sive platforms of earth, built one upon the other Santal village surrounded by Qther communi and anointed with vermilion marks. ties were not forced by them to part with their mother tongue. They have not developed, till A feel of the village now, their qwn distinct alphabet. It is said that in Orissa, Pandit' Raghunath Murmu had Jamkanali is representative of a typical tribal village. It is under Amrapara C.D. Block, a tribal invented an~ coined purely Santali .alphabet block of the present Sahebganj district. In a long but it could not flourish. Santali books are ... span of 37 years since independence nothing re mainly written in Roman alphabet. Now Deva- markable appears to have been done to uplift the nagri alphabet is also widely used. Their lan general milieu of the villages. Villagers are guage is deeply influenced by Bengali. economically deprived;. Isocially backward and The language of the aboriginal Santals which culturally undeveloped. A very few infrastruc is closeLy !\.'elated to Mundari, Ho, Karku, tural facilities have been provided to them which Savara, and Galjaba belongs to Austro-Asiatic they are still unable to fully utilize. Nothing family. Many Santali words can be traced as a viable has been done to improve agriculture derivative of, Sanskrit words. Details regarding which is their main source of livelihood. In spite this as also of Santal numerology are given in Of all pervasive urban impact and the influence Appendix_I. of Christian Missionary the pattern of living and outlook of people remains more or less unchan ged. Impact of modernity can be seen a bit in the Settlement History matter, of dress , entertainment and other ameni- ties. Santals and Maraiyas (Loharas) both are old settlers in the village. As people say, the village Despite all odds the villagers are full of life was constituted into a Santal settlement about and gaiety. They are a charmful lot. This fact 200 years ago and must have been one of the can be noticed in their folk lore, festivals and earliest villages to have settled by them in the commensality. To maint.ain and improve their locality. It was said that before the advent of cultural identity they have identified themselve~ Santals, the village was inhabited by t!le paharL with the Jharkhand movement. Jharkhand'move yas. and the Bhuiyas, although they were very" ment is their hope and aspiration. Through. this small in number. Both the communities subse_ movement they are looking forward for a better quently migrated to some other areas and now social and economic conditions. 1. An outer view of the nak-Banglow at Parerkala. 2. A view of village street. 3. A view of village street, 4. Manjhi than-a sa(:rf~d pla<:e of WOl1sWp. 5. Jabir-than-Under Sal groves where sacrifices are made. 6 . A band-pump in the street for common use. CHAPTER-II SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY AND VITAL STATISTICS Socia.l Demography and Vital Statistics village along with those of a few other villages which are under the influence of Pakur town. To have an idea about the demographic trend While the main P.C.A. data (together with the relat.ed percentages) have been presented in Ap.. of the village it would be better to discuss some pendix table I, the relevant demographic details of the population characteristics derived from the derived from the same are given in the following Primary Census Abstract. (P.C.A.) data of this table. .. " ~ Table n.I Demographic details of Jamkanali a/ong'lfilh those of ftve neighbouring villages (as in 1981 Census) ------.. --_ ... _------·Sl, Name of Village Population Proportion to Density Sex ratio Popula- Percen Percer No. total population of popu tion per tage of tage of ,--.--...... --~ lation household literacy total S.C. S.T. workers ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Jamkanali . 1,159 100.00 151 948 4.9 4.75 48·23 2 Bhorandiha 412 100.00 149 1,000 4.1 9.71 61.41 3 Parerkola 1,446 12.31 81.60 192 1,031 5.4 16.60 60.17 -4 Sijua. 119 100·00 136 970 s.s 5.98 70.65 5 Ambadiha . 812 100.00 163 971 4.9 9.48 61.33 6 C.D. Block Amrapara 40,417 2.64 86.04 148 963 5.1 12.88 60.42 It would appear that, except for Parerkola, all and Bhorandiha having a balanced sex ratio the other four villages have entire population (1,000), all the three other villages including belonging to tribes. In Parerkola, about 82 per Jamkanali have sex ratios favourable to males. cent of the population belong to tribal community As against the sex ratio of 963 in Amrapara C.D. and the rest are non-tribals including about 12 Block, the geX ratio of Jamkanali is 948, that of per cent belonging to scheduled caste commu Ambadiha is 971 and of Sijua 970. nity. As against this, in Amrapara C.D. Block, about 86 per cent of the population consist of The average household size of Jamkanali (4.9 scheduled tribes and among the rest about 3 per persons per household) is almost similar to that cent are scheduled castes. in Amrapara C.D. Block (5.1), while it is slightly higher in Sijua (5.5) and Parerkola (5.4). Of the The denSity of population of Jamkanali (157) remaining two villages, Ambadiha (4.9) has the is slightly higher than that in Amrapara C.D. Same household &ize as that of J amkanali, whUe Block (148), while it is substantially lower than Bhorandiha has a slightly lower household size that in Parerkola (192) and Ambadiha (63) .. (4.7) . Two other villages having lower densitie9 than that of Jamkanali are Sijua (13'6) and Bhoran Jamkanali has the lowest literacy rate of 4.75 diha (149). per cent which is about one third of that in Amrapara C.D. Block as a whole (12.88 per cent). Except Parerkola where the sex ratio is fav Parerkola is on the other extreme having the o\,n:able to females (1,031 femq,Ies per 1100Q' males) highest lit~racy r~te Qf 16.60 per Gent, Sijua, with 14 a literacy rate of 5.98 per cent falls in line with cent far males and 14.89 per cent for females as ,Tamkanali. Bhof2.ndiha (9.71 per ce 1li) and Am against 44.24 per cent males and 9.48 per cent badiha (0.48 per cent) have literacy rates almost females in Amrapara C.D. Block. The next pro clos2: to that of I,mrapara C.D. Block (12,.88 per minent sector of economy engaging more workers G~nt) . is that of agricultural labourers where 3.87 per cent males alld 4.43 per cent females are engaged in Jamkan21i. The Household Industry has pro ~>"!' Pr~erJr,J)la j~, situate,cl by: the. sjde of the District vided employment to 0.67 per cent workers con ~ard :rood wllere s.,ome o~ the emp~oyees of Am~ rapara C.D. Block reside with their families. Be- sisting of mal-es only. . sides, this village is ,nlso having 3 T4S~ar. Rearing and Production Centre and a Project High Among the mar.ginal workers the proportion School. The employees of these institutions living is significantly higher far females than for males. in the village have, therefore contributed to the This is as much true for Jamkanali as for other literacy rate of'the village. ' £ou'l" villages also:. In J amkanali, the proportion of marginal workers is 16.13 per cent for females as against only 7.06 per cent for males. The prop0r~ I .The pr.pportion ot WOrkers (including marginal tion of females marginal workers is the highest wdrkers) is the .lowest in JamkanaH (48.23 per . l ., in Sijua (5,3.47 per cent) followed by Bhorandiha it (70.65 cent);' while is the highest in Sijua per (41.26 per cent) and Parerkola (40.05 per cent) cent). In other three villages the proportion of as against 43.13 per cent in C.D. Block, Amrapara. workers i~ almost similar to that for Amrapara Female marginal workers are mostly engaged in C.]). Block as a whole (60.42 per cent): The wor the making of leaf-plate (dona) which is a popu~ kers' distribution in different sectors of economy lar household industry in these tribal villages. can be studied with reierence" to Appendix table r. -- For a comparative study, the demographic de~ tails. of Jamkanali for the last three cellsuses t' ,)., . ' , As will appear from the' table the cultivators (1961, 1971 and 1981) are given in table II. 2. The account for major share dr the ~orking popula basis of information of this table is the p.e.A. 'mon in aU,the five villages under 'discussion. In data which have been presented in Appendix (:!a.mkanali, the cultivators account for 46.22 per table 2. Table II. 2 ,. II Dethograpltic deiftflls o/iJamkanali for the last-three 'Censuses (1%1, !l911 and'l991). , ."1 I', " , .... ~ I -'----- ._------Cen$US Density of Sex ratio, Popula- Percen- Percen y.ear popula- tion por tage.of tage of tiQl,l., ho\.\Se- . literacy total hold workers ----_---_------_------,----_------2.' 3 4 5 7 ".,..,..jt- _-;.__o;,;._ ... ~.;..:t:::t4.:.;..~_~.;.L,:.,-~...I-.L-....,_..~-~_..:__ ... ~_- ___~ __ 0------1961 136 986 5.1 1.10 69.67 ,1911 149 1,001 4.7 474 30.29 1911 1-51/ '948 49 4.75' 48.23 The density of population of Jamkamili has . Farg~pa district. (246) and of Bihar State (359) ~~own a contim.lOus rise right f;rom the 1961 as .per 1981 Census. The low density of popula . C~nsl~s. The density waS! 135 in 19'6,1 whIch rose tion of Jamkanali is indicative of the ,fact that I to+ 149. . in 1,971 3n:'(.'- 157 in 19'81. ItJurther rose to the village is sparsely populated. \t6S' in the pre~x'ilt survQY cO"1duct.ed in 1984. Al- )~{~),hg~, the viIl~qe has g~Rdually gained in den Except for 1971 Census, When the sex ratio of sity, tne density as proT Hl34: sUrvey (168) is much Jamkanali was favourable to females (1,007 lower c( mpared to tlH;'! rural density of Santhal females per 1)000 males)! there was always a 15 favourable sex ratio for males (986 in 1961 and or if he had worked atleast for a day in regular 948 in 1981). The average population per house~ (non-seasonal) work during the preceding fort. hold had slightly decreased in 1971 compared to night. In 1971, a person was treated as a worker that in 1961 but there was again a moderate rise only if he spent his time mainly in work or if he in 1981 Census. worked at least for a d~y in regular (non-sea_ sonal) work during the preceding week. In 1981, As regards literacy it is significant to mention for main worker, the time criterion of engage~ that in 1951 Census, not a single person in the ment. in work was the major part of the year village was found literate. After a decade, i.e., i.e. at least 183 days in the preceding one year, in 1961 Census, 11 persons were returned as lite. while those who worked for some time dudng rate which indicated the literacy rate of 1.10 per the last year but not for the major part of the cent. The literacy position further improved in y.ear were treated as marginal workers. Due to the next Census (1971) when the literacy rate this difference in concept the number 01 ,workers of the village rose to 4.47 per cent, the same re was substantially reduced in 1971 from that in maining almost constant (4.75 per cent) in 1981 1961 Census.. Census also. In the matter of female literacy the position is still worse. In 1961 there was not a single literate person in the village. Both in 1971 and 1981 Censuses, one out of total female popu lation of the village in each was returned as literate. tl , " It is worthwhile to mention that during 1984 The proportion of workers has shown a steep survey, data on socia-economic aspects were fall from 69.67 per cent in 1961 to 30.29 per cent GolJ~ted qnly, in respect of 100 househc;>lds out in 19'71. During 1971-81 there has been a margi Qf- a .to~i1.LQL238 hous,eholds in the village. As nal rise with the proportion of workers (includ ,~i:t;l,St ,tQj~, ;t~e .1962 su~ey :was .conducted in all ing marginal workers) having increased to 48.23 t_he 173 households covering the entire village per cent. The sharp decline in the proportion of population. Thus, the age structure of populatioln ., workers during 1961-71 may possibly due to con presented in the following table will not be 'ceptual change in the definition of workers. In strict1y comparable. How-ever, the data presented lOOl·Census, a person was class.ified as a worker in -the .table will give a broad outline -for a com if he had worked regularly during the last season parative study of this aspeot. TabJe n.3 Age Structure ,QjjPp[!.ul{J,iq(l As , per .1962. survey As per 1984 survey Age ,group r- ---.----______.A.. __'._ ------...... r------___. __ .A. __• ____ ----- ...... Population Per.centage'to total: ~pulatiW1 Perq:p.t,age, to t9tal. r------.A.--- - ...... r-'-'-~'-.A.-----_ ...... r--- - -'__: -.A.----...... -- - -..A.. - ----...... Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Perseus Males Fema,l~ -----_ ------~------_------,------~-~- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 _---.------_ ------.-I---~,___..-- ..... ---~--...... -...... ,._ _ .. ---- - ~ ------0-14 393 208 185 43 23 45.51 40.93 181 90 91 35'63 36.59 34.73 15 -24 96 47 49 10 56 10 28 10.&4 85 34 51 16 73 13 82 19.47 25-59 385 187 198 42.35 40.92 43 &1 219 112 107 43.11 45.53 40.84 60+ 3:' 15 20 3.85 3.28 4 42 23 10 13 4.53 4.06 4,96 All ages 909 457 452 100.00 lGO.OO 100.00· 508 246 262 10.0.00 10.0.00 100,00 ,,__,....~-.. ------._ -~---..,..---~ ... .,..- "------"._---_.__ ~ '.--~'-,--. ----- 16 As will appear from the table, the pattern of the age group 25-29. Widowed females, as usual, distribution of population by age is not similar are in larger number in higher age groups, par in both the surveys. There is a wide ran.ge of ticularly in the age group 55-69'. variation in the proportion particularly in the age groups 0-14 and 15-24. In the former, the A study of age at marriage based on data from proportion of persons is 43.23 per cent in 1962 19H4 survey can be had from the following table. survey as against 35.63 per cent in 1984 survey, Table n 4 while in the latter, the proportion in 1962 survey is lO.5G per cent as against 16.73 per cent in 1984 Age at marri'!ge survey. The trend is similar for both the sexes. In the remaining two age groups, viz., 25-59 and AEe at marriage 1984 survey .A.-- 60 pluJS the range of variation in the proporUon Sanlal Maraiya is not so wide. ,------..A.,----, ,----..A. M F M F Dependency Ratio is a ratio of persons{P) in the age groups 0-14 and 60 plus divided by per 2 3 4 5 sons of the age group 15-59 i.e., Dependency Ratio-- P (0-14) + P (60+) .On this calculation Average 24 18 22 17 P (15-59) the De.pendency ratio in 1962 survey was 0.89 Minimum 14 11 18 12 which declined to 0.67 during 1984 survey. Maximum. 35 30 31 20 Aged-child ratio is a ratio of persons (P) of the age group 60 years and above divided by per The statist.ics thrown up by the above table sons of the age group 0-14, multiplied by 100, will indicate that the average and maximum age at marriage is higher among Santals as compared i.e. Aged-child rato P(60+ ) Thus, the -----xlGO to Maraiyas. Similar data obtained from the ! . P(O -14) , I): V earlier survey,. however, reveal a decline in the aged-child ratio computed for 1962 survey comes age at marriage which does not seem to be cor to 8.91 as against 12.71 for 1984 survey. This rect and could perhaps be due to reporting bias shows that the aged-child ratio has increased in in age at marriage. 1984 survey which gives an indication of impro vement in the general health conditions. Religion Marital status Appendix table 4 will give an idea about the religious pursuits of the people of J amkanali. As Appendix table 3 gives the distribution of will appear from the table, the Santals are mostly population by age, sex and marital status based Hindus. Of the total of 100 households, 91 house on the 19'84 survey data. From the table it will holds belonging to Santal community comprising appear that in Jamkanali there is higher inci 223 males and 237 females are Hindus and the dence of persons getting married after the age rest 4 households are Christians. All the 5 Ma groups is almost insignificant, there being only 2 raiya households belongs to Hindu community. of 19 years. Accordingly it will be, seen that the number of married persons in the lower age Uteracy and Educational level groups is almost insignifica,nt, there being only 2 females in the age group 10-14 and one male and The literacy and educational status can be female each in the age group 15-19. Married per studied from different angles. We may first take sons are almost evenly distributed in different. up the educational level of head of the household age groups from the age group 20-24 onwards. classified by type of household, as given in Ap However, they have their largest number (28 pendix table 5. From the table it will appear that males and 24 females) in the age group 2,5 .. 29 in the maximum number of households (87 out followed by age groups 35,-44 and 45-54. They are of 100) the head of the, household is illiterate. comparatively in lesser number in the age groups .' Most of these households either belong to nuclear 20-24 and 30-34. Married females have their lar type (36 households) or supplemented nuclear gest number in the age group 20·24 followed by t.ype (21 households). In 4 households the bead of 11 household is 'literate without educational level'. continuation of studies, one is fOr the reason that Of these, 3 belong to nuclear type and 1 to sub the person concerned has to graze, the cattle and nuclear type. In other 3 households the educa another is because of death of the child's father. t.ional level of head is 'primary' and in 5 house holds the educational level of head is 'middle.'. Appendix table 10 gives statistics relating to All these households belong to nucfear type ex average educational score both in respect of cept one which comes under supplemented household and popUlation. Before discussing the nuclear type. table we may have some idea about the method of calculation of score. With reference to educa Considernig this aspect in terms of population tional level each individual has been given point it will appear from Appendix table 6 that out of in the following manner: a total of 219 males of the age of 5 years and above, only 40 males are literate and all the rest Illiterate = O·, Literate without educational are illiterate. Among females, only one out of level = Ii Primary or Junior basiC 2; 223 females is literate. On these figures the ei'fec Middle=2; Matriculation or lligher Se tive literacy rate works out to 18.26 per cent for condary=3; Technical diploma not equal males and only 0.45 per cent for females. illite to degree=4; Graduate degree=5; Tech rate persons mostly fall in t.he age group 2,5-34 nical degree or diploma equal to degree= both in respect of males and females. Among 16 5; Post-graduate degree other than tech males whose educational attainment is 'literate nical degree=5; Post-graduate technical without educational level', 4 males belong to the degree=5,; Ph.D. or equivalent and age group 1()'14 and 3 each to the age groups 5-9, higher=6. 25-34 and 35-49. Among those having educational The commulative score of all individuals. level 'primary or junior basic', 6 each are in the males and females, would be divided by total age groups 15-19 and 25-34 and 2 each in the age number of individuals, males and females res groups 10-14 and 20-24. Those having educational level 'middle' are 3 in number in the age group pectively, to obtain the average per head score for total individuals, males and females. 2.5~34, 2. in the age group 35-49 and 1 each in the age groups 15-19, 20'-24 and 50 plus. The only Population aged 51 + years has been considered female member having read up t.o 'middle' falls for calculating the educational scq.re. in the age group 25-34. \' Based on the above formula the average edu Appendix table 7 gives the position regarding; non-enrolment of school-going children in the cational score per head is 0.15 for persons, 0.29 for males and 0.01 for females. The average village. Out of a total of 60 persons in the age group 5-9, only 12 persons are stUdying. Of them, educationa~ score' per household is 0.66 for per t,here are only 2 females as against 10 males. In sons, 0.64 for males and 0.02 for females. Since the next age group Le., 1~14, 7 out of '27 males all literate persons belong to Santal community: and lout of 28 females are stUdying. In the next these educational scores relate to Santal popu higher age groups the number of persons attend lation alone. ing institution is 5 in the age group 15-19 and 2 in the age group 20-24. AU of them are males. It Population Control measures, attitUde and is significant to note (as will appear from Ap practice pendix table 8) that all the 24 males and 3 females who are at.tending institutions belong to With a view to ensuring a positive check on Santal community. Not a single member of the growth of population, the adoption of Maraiya community is attending any institut voluntary but effective family planning method tion. The various reasons reported for never is essential. The Government of India has attendance and discontinuation of studies in adopted a policy to limit the areas of rapid respect of persons up to the age of 14 years can population growth and protect such ethnic be seen with reference to Appendix table 9. groups where the population is fast declining From the table it will appear that the most com~ by extending aU possible help. India's popula_ mon reason for never-attendance is the, head tiOn policy is mainly limiting the family size, of household being not particular about sending In the field of family planning several new their children to schools. Of the 2 cases of dis~ techniques have been introduced. The World 1S It~alth Organisation is promoting "Health for SUb-Cei1tre ~t Amrapara, 11 males of Jamkanati All" and this they htlpe to achieve by the' year under-Went vMectomy operations during 1981-82 2000. But a cbri1paign for good health cannot ahd 12 males du.tifig 1982-83. During 1983-84 succeed until family planning services are ade two males uhderwent vasectomy operation and quately arld easily available. Implementation fOur ladies got sterlised by laproscopic method. M Natioiial population PQlicy is under the ~ihiStry Of Health and F'amily Welfare. The G6v~mrnent is providing clinical methods to The table below gives the number of eligible vliiager's. The Santals and Maraiyas of the couples with the number of their children born v1lIage are ahke on the principle of adherillg to them' durihg the period 1983-84 under Chand_ to family planning methods. They are, however, pUr Gram Pahchayat. It may be mentioned not aware of all the famiLy planning techniques. that n'la.'rtied women below the age of 15 years They -are adopting clinical methods. According ana above 44 years are treated as belonging to to the data available from the Primary Health nOl1-'reprbducHve age group. Table n.5 Number 'oj couples Hith number of children classified by age groups of ldves during the period 1983-84 in Chandpur Gram 'Ptmch'ayat. - .-.-.~.~.-.------'klt,e gro-bp 'Of wiVes Number of couples with number of children Total Percen M ,.·0------2--.... 3 V' '--4-' • taget-o 5 6 tot11i eligible couples 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 148 19.05 58 118 15.19 56 11 126 16.21 49 58 32 190 24.45 32 22 47 16 14 155 19.95 1 6 10 12 40 5.15 196 100 87 26 26 777 100-00 -_ ---_.-.__ -_-_ -- _._------_._------_.. _------_. _.. _---- From the above table it will appear that the l<>wer a.ge groups. In the age group of wives proportidh bf 'eligible couples in the age group of 3a.;39.years there are 16 couples with five of wives of 30-34 r,years is the highest of 24.45 C'hildF~n an~ 14 'couples with six children. Sirni per cent. This is followed by eligible couples ih the age group 'of wives of 35-39 years With larly, in the age group of wives of 40-44 years, 19:.95 per cent and those in the age group of 10 couples have five children and 12. couples wives of 15~19 years with 19.05, per cerit. Couples have six children. On the other hand, in the in the age group of wives of 40-44 years have age group of wives of 15_19 years, the ma}(:imum the lowest proportion Cl,f 5.15 per cent. It may further appear that out of a total of 190' couples of 88 couples have one child only and 60 (where the -age group of wives is 30-34 years) couples have no child at all. 32 couples -have four children. As is natural, in the higher age group~ of wives, there are larger The follo~ing table gives the distribution of numb~r of children to eligible couples than in eligible couples in quinquennial age groups 19 :,by mIln~ . pi (;bildf#Jl £QI1". ;viImge Jamk.anali during the same period. Table II.~ Number of couples lI'ith number of children in quinquennialoge.. groups of dve;s during 1983,.!!4 in vJliageJamk(l1lfilii ." Ago group of wives Number of couples with Number of children Total Percen- ." t~to 0 2 3 ,4 5 (,' Total elidbe GQ~~ " 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ~ 10 .0; i' 15-19 9 33 42 18.59 20-24 4 3 13 1 21 9.29 25-29 4 20 24 48 .21,·.r4 30-34 7 16 11 17 3 54 23.89 35-39 2 5 13 8 11 4 5 48 " 21.24 40-44 1 2 3 2 4 . 13 5.75 Total 26 78 62 28 17 6 9 226 100.00 Similar to the position noti,eed in the case couples hav~ng four children in the age group of ·Chandpur Panehayat, in ·Ji,amkanali village of wive~ of 30.. 34 ;years, 20 couples with more also, ,t);l.e pr.oportion of elig~Qle C.OUIl>~~~ is t4e tl\an four children in the age g~oup of w~v~ R~e$t (~3:89 per fent) in tl'fe ~e . ~ro4.p of of 3~-S9 YE!ars ~nd 9, ~oupl~s t h~yjpg ,~jm!JF.r wiyes .of ,.30-3.4. years. In. the a~e . gr0t;lV of number of children in ~he age .~~,<>,~P of w!v.~s wives of 25-29 years and 35-39 years the propor of 40-44 years. . tion is similar (21.24 per cent each). This is ·fQllowed by the age group of wives of 15-19 The following tabl€! gives the distribution of ,y.e~s with 1;8.59. per c~nt. ,Co;uples in the age gr~qp pi. wives o.f 40-44 years hav:e the lowt:st operated couples by age groups and the nu~ber proportion of 5.75 per cent. There are three of children to couples for vma,~e Jamkanali. Table II.' Cou,ples )' itk (lumber of children ~aving I.(1Idergone,lamily planning operatIon (position as in the year 1983) in village I . . '., ' ....,... •.• , Iamkanali ------_. - -. ---- Age group of wives ~~mlJer of childnm of ~pup~s who have undergcne family plann!llg ,\)v,er;l,tion o 2 3 4 5 t'i+ ,Total ;~~-19 ~10-24 ·25-29 1 2 2 'J30-34 " 4 1 Total 3 3 .6 -----_------69 HA-6 the table shows that in the year 1983 there data relating to vital events in jamkanii fot tbe were 6 couples in the village whose spouse had period 1979 .to 1983 are given below: undergo.ne family planning operation. Of these 6 couples, one belonged to the age-group of wives of 25-29 years, 4 to the age_group of wives Year Birth Death Birth(-) of 30-34 years and one again to the' age-group , Death of wives of 35-39 years. In the age group of wives of 25-29 years the spouse of the onty couple had undergolle family planning {}ipera 1979 . 24 12 12 tion after having three childen. In the age group of wives of 30-34 years, the spouses of two 1980 . 16 8 8 couples had undergo.ne family planning opera_ tion after 3 children and those of other two 1981 . 19 10 9 couples after four children. The spouse of the only couple in the age group of wives of 35-39 1982 11 6 5 had got operated for family planning after having four children. 1983 13 9 4 Surgical operation is the most prevalent method of family planning in the village. The 83 45 38 villagers have adopted two. methods of opera ---- ~--. _- ---_._--_._ tion, viz., vasectomy and laproscopic method. Other permanent methods such as loop, copper_T, The above statistics will show that the incL tubectomy are not being practised by the villa_ dence of birth has recorded a sharp fall from gers. The use of nirodh and oral pills, etc. has 24 in 1979 to 16 in 1980· With the slight rise also not been tried as yet. It seems that the in 1981 it has shown a substantial decline again clinical methods of family planning were in 1982, while in 1983 it recorded only a mar accepted by the villagers faT the first time in ginal rise. Similary, the incidence of death has the year 1977. Failure of vasectomy operation also. recorded a fluctuating trend. During the done to one Ministry Maraiya of the village period of four Iyears from 1979 to 1983, out of had given a jolt to the family planning concept 83 events of birth there were 45 incidences of among the villagers. Later on, by persuasion, death, indicating a net addition o.f 38 in the they have realised its usefulness. population. This does not, however, reflect the real position since all these vital events of Of the total 5,084 eligible couples in Amra_ the area do no.t get proper registration in the para C. D. Block, the spouses of 335 couples Panchayat records. were operated for family planning during 1983-84. Amo.ng the operated spouses there Disease, sanitation and hygiene were 239 tribal and 96 non_tribal Hindus. In The villagers generally get their patients the Muslim community the spouse of only one treated in the Govt. Dispensary at Parorkola, couple had undergone family planning opera_ Primary Health Centre at Amrapara, Jisu Jahir tion. Amo.ng the. Christians none was reported Hospital at Soharghati, MiSSion Hospital, Hiran pur and, in some cases, by the quacks available to have undergone family planning operation. in the village ~tself. Some orthodox persons do not like to take any medicine and fully statistics Vital depend on herbal treatment done by J angUTU (Vaidya) of the village. The following'table As per records available in Chandpur Pan_ gives the monthwise position of patients treated <:hayat (of which Jamkanali is a ,constituent), for different diseases in the Primary Health 21 Centre at Amrapara during the year 1983 per taining to Amrapara Block as a whole. Table n.8 Monthwise position oj persons treated at Primary Health Centre, Amrapara during the year 1983. SI. Name of disease Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total No. for tho year 2 3 4 5 6 789 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 (a) Fever 52 67 84 79 111 122 95 133 172 180 100 89 1,284 (b) Malaria 1624231 20 2 Dysentery . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ M W a u 667 (a) Scabies 27 51 S6 18 33 17 35 18 28 24 25 16 348 (b) Pydodermr . 13 16 3 5 15 18 20 23 16 3 7 2 141 (c) Dermatitis. 3 7 10 3 T.B .. 23 5 8 4 2 1 4 47 4 Filaria 7 5 3 2 7 6 6 4 6 1 2 5 54 5 Whooping cough 1 1 3 1 7 6 Measles 3 7 Gastroentritis 10 2 12 8 Gonorrhoea 1 2 9 Influenza 3 3 Total :- 158 170 202 139 250 241 245 323 291 245 180 154 2,598 .1------From the above table it will appear that out Besides, there were 348 cases of scabi'es, 141 of 2,598 cases treated in 1983 as many as 1,284 cases of pydoderma and 10 cases of dermatitis. cases related to fever alone. There were 20 cases of malarial fever. The fever .cases were gene rally very high in the methods of August, On a deeper probe, it was gathered during September and October. The largest number the survey that there were some cases of goitre of 6 cases of malarial fever were treated in the and sexually transmitted diseases, such as month of June and a slightly lower i.e. 4 cases syphils ancl gonorrhoea and lympho granuloma in August. Ingivala, etc. Sexually transmited diseases pre_ valent among the tribals are caused mainly due , There wer_e altogether 667 dysentery cases of to pre-marital sex indulgement and tacit sex which the maximum of 140 occurred in the relationship with elder brother's wife (Hilly in month of August. Out of 47 T.B. cases as many Santali) w}?ich is allowed among the Santals. as 23 cases were treated in the month of Janu Although the Santals do not allow free mixing acy and the rest 24 cases were treated in the of their yo;;'ng girls with the outsiders, stray months of February, Marc:h, April, J'une, cases of such nature were still reported with November and December. There were 54 cases hushed silence during the present survey. of filaria followed by 12 .cases of gastroentritis, 7 cases of )Whooping' cough, 3 cases each of During the survey itself one person was measles and influenza and 2 cases of gonorrhoea. found sqifering from leprosy, one from malaria, 22 two person_s from filaria and three others .from· As'per Settlement, ~cord-;published on ~ goitre. April 1927, 4 persons had in-migrated to t~e village at that time, namely G ~ic resoerces Itttle· ,impaet Ott the Village Et!onl:>my. The- 'fbl 'It>wifilfUil:51e; giv~ tHe'HtftEl Use'ilatlf"df' Jan\1tatlh- Agriculture is the basic economic resource of H' both a.s pet 1962 and 1984 surveys. the village. Industry and business have a very '.). ' Table Itt. I Area by different kindtr1Jj land use. ~--' .-._- ---.--~- Kind of b.nd 1962 1984 Increase/ "Per001'(>' • .:Ferteft.! survey survey Decrease tage in- tage of (aroa in (area in crease/, land4tst- l\&f ifteS) . Hectares, ' -de'Ctoore ribiltibn -(i.984 survey). 2 3' It' 5' 6 t. 'Onctiltivable 270.18 33L96 ,f-ti1.18 +12.s:7- 4S.~ .', ,~a) Forest· . m::56 10!~ 1':411:- '. tt» 'VnC'6ldvaJjIe waste 113.04 192:52 +19.48 +10.31 2(d6 (0) lIomestead and other land put to non-agricultural l!lS'es. 80.98 63.28 -17.70 "·"U~· 8~(l() (d)' "a:sturos" 65.60 65.60 11-91 tl. ltulhvab~e land (Uncultivated) 115.08 10~.79 -9.29 -8.07 .14.3S. (a) Cultivable waste 32.83 77.37 +44.54 +135.67 .LQ..5-1 . ~)'.0td falloWS (2-5 ;!'S.) 6 52 10.19 cj .3.67 -)56.::19 ·L~ (c) Current' tallows 75.73 18.23 --:-<57.5() -75.'16 2-4g· m. Cultivated 350,61 298.12 -52:49 -Im'97 49< 51- G'riiM 'total :- 735.87 73.587 _- 100-00 ---'-'-.:___._--_._ ...... _------_ .._------._------.-,-_._-----, _-_'_' Comparing the 1984 survey data with those of ginal,incr-ease (56,2S} pet c~nt)· in fu'e olef,laltow .962 survey it will appear that out of the tQUaI land. It is worthwhile to m€.'!l'lttion :that the -area; uncultivable land, the homestead land has de. under cultivation also recorded a decrease from creased by 17.70 hectares indicat~ng a decrease of 350.61 he¢tar-es in' 1962':'~lVey"1bl 298:12"'htft!tatles 21.86 per cent. The loss has been compensated by in 1984 survey indicating, Ii net,·dE!er-e~\ of 5S.~' un cultivable waste land which has inereased by hectares or 14.97 per cent· between the two- Sw:'-, 79.48 hecta.res (+ 70.31 per cent). There has been ,:,,~ys. Itc)'1.oorettse in th.~ area'tiflder f<>rest ana: 'pasture Mnd~ Sfthilarly, out of 'the total cultivable lan'd' ~&e has be'eh reduction in the area under cur ~f tAllow 1!d the extent' 0'1 7'5.93 per cent, while The iurest Iandrf'c6vel'iJtg 10:~ ~c~s: flails t1iM~ has be~h substantial . inctease (J35.67 per unddr Hir-anpur FOI'est R.ange ana'" is'' P'To~tt cent) iIt the cultivable waste land and a mar- fewest; , The viU.ager8!haw a' rigM't~''eOIreet'ffti' 24 and obtain fruits from the forest. They have area under different seasonal crops for 1962 and the privilege to obtain timber at half the rate at 1984 surveys. which it is available to outsiders. The forest area Table m:z comprises 1.44 per cent of the total land area of Area under each kind of seasonal crop. the village. Seasonal Area in hectares Increase Percen- . The pasture land comprises 8·91 per cent of denomination Jo.... (+) tage the total land area of tlle village. It is known as 1962 1984 Decrease survey survey (-) Gochar Or Charagah where the villagers have free access for grazing their cattle. This land is the common property of the villagers and nobody Agahani 289.86 266.70 -23·16 -7.99 has the right to obtain any portion of it by sale Bha(lai 57.75 104.95 +48.20 +83.46 nor can it be encroached upon by anybody. The villagers keep strict vigil against any misuse of Rabi. 44.02 9.21 -34.81 -79.08 the pasture land. Garma 0.19 +0.19 The land actually put under cultivation is 4'0.51 per cent of the total land area. Despite best T<>tal 391.63 382.05 -9.58 -2.45 efforts of the villagers to put more and more area under cultivation the total acreage of the From the above table it will appear that bet cultivated lana has decreased substantially in ween the two surveys the cultivation of agahani 1984 survey from what it was in the 1962 sur crop has decreased by aOout 8 per cent and that vey. The change is mainly due to weather con of rabi crop by a little over 79 per cent. The area ditions, such ·as untimely and scantv rain fall etc. under Bhadai crop has shOWn a substantial in and lack of proper i,rrigatiomu facilities. Due to crease by as much as 83.46 per cent. A neW' irratic monsoonal conditions a large tract of variety of maize crop has been under cultivation agricultural land of the Village ~ould not be put covering Em area 0.19 hectare in the 1984 survey. under cultivation. This crop is harvested during summer and is, therefore, knoWn as garma. crap. Accordin~ to Of the eight constituent villages of Chandpur the land use data, 298.12 hectares of land have Panchayat, Jamkanali has the largest land area been shown under cultivation but in the preced ing table the total acreage under the four sea of 735.88 hectares followed by Bohra having sonal crops has oeen shown as 382.05 hectares. 593.55 hectares and Sijua 529.80 hectares. parbad The difference is due to 83.93 hectares of land (Parabandh) has the lowest land are<;l of 39.21 being under double or triple cropping. hectares. The cultivated area of village Bohra Efforts have been made by the Government only exceeds that of Jam'Kanali. The cultivation agencies to bring more area under cultivation. of Ganua crop (summer harvested crop) is done The Amrapara unit of the Soil Conservation de only in two villages of- Chanapur Panchayat. viz. partment of the Bihar Government had reclaim_ Chandpur and Jamkanali. ed 9 hectares of waste land in the year 1983 and 11 hectares in 1984. The land so reclaimed has As discussed earlier, there are two classes of not been put under cultivation as yet. land in the village-dhan'i i.e, low land used for rice producing, and bari i.e. upland used for Bha Occupations dai crops. Similar to the position of the 1962 Agriculture: As mentioned earlier, there are survey, the bulk of the cultivated -land in the two classes Of land, knoWn as dhani (low land) village is dhani. The main crops of the village and bari (upland). The dhani lands are used are afJahani, bhadai and rabi. The harVesting of mainly for the cultivation of paddy; and barl lands for the cultivation of Bhadai crop. The agahani crop is done in Agrahan (December_ homestead lands which form part of upland are, January) and that of bhadai crop in Bhadra equally fertile due to regular manuring done (August-SeptemBer). Rabi crop is harvested in through compost prepared from COW Or buffalQ Chaitra (April-May). The table below gives the dung. The tools and implements used for agricultural supplied by the C.D. Block authorities for de · operations are of old model. There is no serious monstration purposes. Transplantation of ,paddy ~~ffort on the part of the Villagers to introduce the crop is done by males and females boh. -modern and improved tools for agricultural ope- rations. SOhle people are, however, handicapped Weeding-Weeding is done by both males and to procure improved tools and implements due to females. For this, spades Or Khurpi are used. In poverty and lack of consciousness. maize fields weeding is done with the help of implements while in paddy fields it is done by Ploughing: The villagers generally use the hand. traditional ploughs for ploughing their fields. The wooden portions of the plough are prepared by Thrashing-Thrashing is done by striking the the cultivators themselves while the iron parts plants against st.ones Or logs of wood specially are manufactured by the village blacksmiths. In fixed for the purpose. For thrashing purpose the some cases the iron parts are purchased from oxen and other draught cattle are used. The pro local markets also depending on the urgency of cess adopted is that the plants are spread on the work. For ploughing, oxen are mainly used but, ground in a circular order with a big bamboo in some cases, draught. cows and buffaloes are pole in the middle and the required number of also used. The bullocks and cows found in the oxen, fastened together by their neck and ulti area are of small sizes and are, therefore,. not mately t.ied to the bamboo pole, are allowed to capable of drawing heavy carriages. Ploughing is mOVe on the plants till the grains are removed done by males and females both. In the plain from the plants. This is the traditional method of -field, contour ploughing is done while, in the thrashing which is generally being adopted in ·slope, field ploughing is done by cross method the village by comparatively bigger cultivators. i.e. starting from one corner on the upper slope .and ending on the adjacent. corner on the lower WinnOWing-Winnowing is a process to remove slope. from the grain the dust and other small particles which get mixed up wit.h the grain at the time of Irrigation: The main source of irrigation in the thrashing. For this again, people mainly depend village is danri or nalah. There is one irrigation on natural wind. Grains are dropped from a con well but it is not used for irrigation purposes. siderable height against the direction of the wind .People generally use the water of this well for and the grains being heavier fallon the ground drinking purposes. The danri flowing in the almost strainghtway while the dust and other village is not perennial. During the summer sub9tance fall some distance. Thereafter, further · season it generally dries up making the irriga processing is done manually by the houseWives. tion difficult. Therefore, for cultivation, people .generally depend on monsoon. Storing-Grains are stored in either mud built containers Or these are wrapped in st.raw . Bundinlg-tBlunding on all the \foul" sides of containers specially designed for the purpose. ·the field is done in order to get the water stored Crop.production-its consumption and in a particular field for transplantation of paddy. Marketing 'This work is mainly done by ~he cultivators themselves but in a few cases it. is done by hired Appendix table 12 gives the details regarding agricultural labourers also. For bunding, the production Of different crops, their consumption villagers use spades locally made by the village and marketing in respect of 100 sample bouse- blackSmiths. . , holds classified by religion, tribe and community. Paddy is the main crop of the village. The culti Sowing-Sowing is done either by broadca~ ~ vation of paddy engages 99 per cent households ting method Or by dropping the seeds in furrows in the village. Among them 94 households belong l5ehind the ploughs. The method generally adop- to Santal community and 5 households to Maraiya '. . ·tea is that while ploughing is done by males, the community. Of the total Santa! households enga· spwing of seeds is done simultaneously by their ged in paddy cultivation, 90 households are female counterparts. Seeds used by the villagers Hindus and 4 are Christians. All the 5 Maraiya are generally of old variety. Improved seeds are households engaged in paddy cultivation belong used only in exceptional cases where these are to Hindu religion. TAA ~VfWHle l~eW, qi ~.Qy per cuUiV~ti~g '-}.wusehold -m the -ease of SaRtal (Hindu) house- " 'i Tl1e :fQll.ow~ng t,~Ple giV~s ap, j~e~. ~J:>.o~t t~ holds is 12.28 qUintal per year, against which the q,ifferent ~inds' of cattJ.e weaIth av~ilab~e in the _c:on~~p;tpt.iqn .. 'per c'!~tiva~i:r~g.: Q~:lll.Whol~ is 10.42 vjna~e £()r both 1962 ~~cl 1~,84 sury~y~. 'fiUl~l qp'~ ~M.\p,;tW~t~~ $rpius is, 1!76.qut~~1. Table m.3 :$i(piJarLy, in, tb.e cease of Santal -(0hristian) Number of livestock available in the village. \ households, as against the total yield of n·50 .-.j, quintal of paddy per cultivating households the . ~o .. of ,HY9S~ · hauseholds, ·the 'average yield of paddy per cuI- ,I •• tivatin~ household is slj,ghtly h~gh~r (13.00 ,1. Milch catlle 187 ! 363 'l~~mt~l) . i~S, a~lm;t .i~e Pr.9.@~tJ..9n t1;t.e ~Il~ 2. Bullock 293 282 I f7~ t ~ f t~F. ~ase ls. 9.80 q14int.al ~and the 'mar 3. ,Gf1ats -wd $l\oop .,153 4il~ · keta~le . sUFplns 3' ..20 quintal. :4. ,Pigs 211 1'55 5. Fowl 1383 . 'Maize is, the chief Bhadai crop which is culti ------.. ---.-.. ~ .yat.~,Q. Jw 91 ~.an~9-1 :Q.o1):;eholds (87 Sant-al The ~bove table will show that the number of fJiW;l\\s ~nd 4 Sant~l-Christians) and 5 Maraiya ibuilDcks .and pigs has declined in the· 1984 sur (Hindu) households. The marketable surplus of v~y while the number of milch cattle, goats and · maize . Cllop ..js .. (L40 quintal only in the Gase of 'mwls has increased substantially. As per report "Santal . (Hindu) households, while there is no of the villagers, oxen and draught cows, both are used for ploughing purposes. . s.'l;lTP~1,lS' of this crop eitlll:!r in respect of Maraiya · 'ff~n,du) ~ Santal (Christian) households. As : regards the method of livestock rearing a re£ere~ can be made to Appendix table 13. No \AmoUlg th.e B,abi crops the cultivation of gram sufficient details as per requirement of this table is mor~ common in which 4.5 per cent house eQuId be available during the survey. However, hold1> are e;nga,ged, mQst of whom belonging to on the: basis of the available data we find that 40 Santal (Hindu) community (42 households). households' have bullocks for agricultur:al pur PQses and·.64 households have cows for agricUl W~At in ,Q!(i~r of: impq:r~ance ~s K,hesari crop which tural purposes as well as for domestic consump is, mlWva~en ,by ~8A~an~1 housellold (36 belong tion of meat. Besides, cows, some other animals ing·to"'HiNttu.and 2 to Christian community). No ate also used for domestic consumption, e .• g't :pig in 43, ho,useholds, ,goat in 36 househJ:)lds, sheep Maraiya \l,ljW,se;l;l.old .is eP.-,glilg¢ in t.b.e ~¢~yation in 12 liOti~olds, buffalo in 5 households and :swme It to menti~that of this crop. is significant there in 4 household9. Apart from domestic consump is no culth~ation of Arhar ~rop in this village. tion, tJ;!.ese animals (except· buffalo) are also· J;>e M1tl~t~r4 ~~~d is tpe «;!:Q.ief 9i1 crDP which is culti i;ng used· for sale by some of the households. v~Wd b.y: p··S~ll.tal house-holds (9 nouseholds PDll~p;'Y~-r-earing is ,done by 57 households of which 11 households use them both for dome$tic con ~IDnging' to Hindu community and 2. to Chris sumption and sale and the rest use them solely ti.an ·cemmunity) and 2 Maraiya (Hindu) house- for domestic co:qsumption Qf meat. ll,9},Q,§l .• Qt\>,er ~rc;>ps. huWva,t~_d ~n the village are -KfIJ:tki, ~Q,or, Red gram, Ghagra, M.iLlet, Tur:i, Straw is the common fod4er for the. c~W.e. /4.{l)htua,J'l'isi and Kado. The cultivation of wheat Straw is generally served to tbe animals OiDly d,ll.ring .night laours. In the day time. the aDi~ is not at. all popular in the village, only 2 house are"set free to graze in the jungle. The ani.mala p whole-day grazing of cattle makes up much of and commerce classified by religion and tribej the iodder requirement of the villagers. community of heads of househoJd and the volume of transaction. Sale and purchase of cattle is done locally in the village hat (market). The average cost Per From the above table it will appear that 2 head of cow is Rs. 300 to 400 and that of bullocks households are engaged in running tea shops is Rs. 600 to 800 depending on breed and general which gives an average earning of Rs. 6801_ per physi~ue of the cattle. year. One household is engaged in selling of Ranu (intoxicating material) with an average Treatment of ailing animals is generally done annual earn.ing of Rs. -1,200/ _. All the house in the village itself by local method. However, holds engaged in these trades belong to Santal in the case of serious diseases the animals are community. taken to the Veterinary Hospital at Parekola for treatment. Source of income To have an idea about the family income it Household Industry would be convenient to classify the households into three broad income groups, viz., I(i) low in· The industrial life of the village is limited come group (annual income, up to Rs. 2,000), only to the traditional household industries (ii) middle income group (Rs. 2,001 to 4,000) and which are run by the members of the households high income group (Rs. 4,001 and abQve). Ap themselves and in which no. hired labour is en pendix table 16 gives the distribution of house gaged at any stage. Such household il\dustries holds by different income groups and the average include carpentry, blacksmithy, oil crushing, annual income derived from each source of in_ come. rope Ina~ing, mat making etc. Although tradi tional village industries do not provide full-time employment to workers, they give part-time em It will appear from the table that ployment mostly to agricultural labourers and all households, except one, derive their skilled artisans. Maraiyas (Loharas) by their income from CUltivation. of them, the profession are engaged in their traditional house_ maximum of 55 households fall in the hold industry of blacksmithy. Appendix table the middle income group and a fairly large num_ 14 will give an idea about the households engag_ ber of households J31) fall in high income group Apart from cultivation, a few prominent occupa_ ed in smalLscale industries by types of product. tions providing income to a considerabJ;y large number of households in each income group are As many as 60 households out of a total of 100 agricultural labour, livestock rearing, forestry, hQuseholds are engaged in different kinds of household industry relating to preparation of househOld industries· Of them, the bulk i.e. 50 leaf plate etc. Carpentary and blacksmithy, house holds are engaged in the making of dona (making plates from leaves collected from the which also form part of the household industry. provide income to 7 ho.useholdS-5 households fC\'Cest). 5 househq,lds are engaged in black falling in middle income group and 2 in high in_ smithy including making of agricultural i.mpl~ come group. Of the 12 households deriving in ments. One household each is engaged In 011 of crushing, rope making and mat making and 2 come from cutting soil, 10 belong to middle households in carpentry. It will be seen that income group and one each to low and high in the households engaged in blacksmithy belong come groups. One household engaged in trade to Maraiya community alone. and commerce belonging to middle income group with an average annual earning of Rs. 960 and One households engaged in rope making belongs Tracle and commerce to low income group with an average annual earning of Rs. 800. The village trade is generally carried on through local markets (hats) located at Parer_ Expenditure lola Amrapara and Hiranpur. Items of daily consumption are available in theSe hats. Ap An idea about the pattern of expenditure can pendix table 15 gives the descnption of trade be had from Appendix table 17. From the table 69 HA-7 it will appear that food, clothing and drinks are lopment Programme (IRDP). The Community the major items on which more than 80 per cent Development, BU)ak. Amrapara (under which of the family income is spent under each income J1amkanali falls) has been selected as a tribal group of the household. Other prominent items taking a considerably hig share of family income component under the_ I.R.D.P. Under this uro are travel and recreation and construction & im gramme a survey.is conducted in each C.D. Block provement of building and other structures. to list out the h.ouseholds and thereafter the The expenditure on education is alma.st negligi villagewise lists are published for the entire C.D. ble-not even 1 per cent in any income group. On medical care, etc. the proportion of expendi Block in the form of a booklet. On the basis of ture is less than 1 per cent in most cases and a these lists, plans for economic upliftment of rural little more than 1 per cent in a few cases. population are chalked out and the institutional finance for them is secured. A list of benefi Indebtedn~ ciaries under this programme relating to village In recent ;years lQans have been advanced to Jamkanali for three years preceding the year of the villagers under the Integrated Rural Deve- survey (1984) is given below: Table llIA Belle'iciaries under I.R.D.P. Programme. -----_._------_ .. ------.--~--- _._------_ Year Name Father's Name Purpose Amount of Subsldy loan 2 3 4 5 6 1981 1. Hopna Mrumu Tika Murmu (i) Purchase cf pumping set 3750·00 1 1000'00 (ij) Crop loan 2000·00 J 2. Balhu Murmu Cluram Murmu (i) Purchase of pumping set 3750 001 2500·00 (ii) O'op loan 2oo0'OOJ 1982 1. Sakal Soren Dandu Soren Purchase of ox 750·00 750'00 2. John Soten Som Soren -do- 750'00 750·00 3. Matal Hansda Tode Hansda -do- 750'00 750·00 4. Chunb Kisku Jitan Kisku Purchase of ox 150'00 750·00 5. Chunka Murmu Babula! Murmu -do- 750·00 750·00 6. Bable Murmu Munshi Munnu -do- 750'00 750·00 1983 1. Romeshwar rvlarang Hansda -do- 737'00 Hansda 2. Ravan Murmu Manjhi Murmu -do~ 740·00 3. Sorjam Murmu Saheb Murmu -do- 725'00 4. Swastin Tudu Ragta Tudu -do- 730'00 ------~ - .. - Appendix table 18 gives the number of house which 3 households belong to loW' ineome group, holds in debt classified by occupation of the head 18 to middle income group and 2 households to of household and the purpOSe of loan taken. high income group. Of these 23 households, 12 households have taken loan fq.r agricultural pur_ Out of 85 households with cultivation as the poses, 3 households for purchase of livestock and main occupation, 23 households are in debt of 8 households for meeting the expendi tune on food '29 items. Of the 3 households belonging to the the villClgers for the purchase of cattle and othe..i· agricultural labour dass, one hou1?ehold has agricultural purposes. taken loan fOlr meeting the expenditure on pur_ c~se of' food articles. The households belong Co~operative Societies ing to other oCC1.lpational groups are very few in number, most of whom have taken loan for agrL During the 1962 survey there was one co cultural purposes. operative society existing in the village. In 1984 s'urvey this co-operative society was found to ..Appendix tabJe 19 gives the classi_Q.cation e:f have become defunct. One Large Area Multi hQus~holds indebted by source .and the term.3 purpose Co-operative Society is, however, func and conditions. tioning at Parerkola and its membership is ex tended to some of the neighbouring villages It will appear from the table that there are aL including Jamkanali. This co-operative society together 15 households who have taken loan ran ~as started in 1978 and has been functioning gins from Rs. 100 to 500 frOm 10C.al mahajans .quite properly since then. It has two types .of (money lenders). These households have to. pa:y .members-ordinary members and business mem- very bigh rates of interest (ranging between 31 bers. The number of ordinary members is 2,163 and 5S0 per cent). These local mahajans adva~lce and that of business members is 25. The approved loans to the villagers mostly on personal secunty. shar:e capiJal of this Co-operative Society is R,s. 1 Only one household has taken loan on mortgage lakh and its pa,id-up .capital Rs. 92,2'18/-. The of valuables. The co_operative society has value of each share is Rs. 10/-. The 'Society gene_ advanced loan to 2 households and the public rally advances loans to ordinary members main sector Banks to 6 households. The rate of ly for agricultural purposes and to business mem_ interest for loan by co-operative society is 10 per bers for business purposes. cent in the case of one household and 14.5 per cent in the case of next one household. It may be mentioned that, after 31st March, 1984, the Employment position Co_operative Society had revised their Appendix tables 20 and 21 will give a compara rate of interest from 10 per cent to tive picture on employment position in the vil 14.5 per cent. Accordingly, the loan which was lage. From the tables it will appear that out of advanced to the next household after 31st March. 100 sample households only one household is: 1984 bears a higher rate of interest, i.e. 14.5 per without any worker. In all other households there cent. The rate of interest on loan advanced by are workers, their number varying from 1 to 9. the Bank is 10 per cent. All the loans advanced Th~ maximum number of 82 households have 2 either by the -co-operative soc1zty or the Bank to 4 workers and the rest 14 householdS- have 5 are On personal securities. The Community to 9 workers. Most of these workers are those Development Block has advanced loan to 6 who, for want of better employment, are enga households on 10 per cent interest. n,d in their own agricultural ., . ,~.,"'; or house hold industries. This content.ion finds a good In course of survey it was gathered that there support by the position emerging from Appendix were two main mahajans in the area who used to table 21 dealing with unemployment depth. From advance loans to the needy poor people on high the table it will be seen that in as many as 77 rates of interest. One is Khokhua Bhagat of households there are no unemployed persons or Dumarchir and the next one is Chethru Bhagat job seekers. In another 21 households the num of Pokhna. In' order to let their business ber of non-working p,erson is limited to 1 only. flourish, they have created a scare among the There are only 2 households where there are 2 people o,f the village that taking loans from Gov to 3 unemployed persons. In one out of these ernment agencies is risky enough and, in caS2 of two households the number of unemployed is 2 default in repayment of loan, the loanees can C1gainst 6 adult members and in the next one be either arrested or their property attached. bousehold the number of unemployed is 3 against Even in the face of these misundertandings 6 adult members. For further elucidation a re created by the local money lender~ the bank ference may be made to Appendix table 22 which o.fficials of Amrapara unit of the State Bank of gives the number of workers seeking employment, India have been able to advance small loans to classified by n~tllre of . present occupation and age groups. From the table it will appear that of livestock, to the purchase of tools and imple among the workers engaged in different occupa ments both for cultivation and carpentry work. tions very few (11 out of a total of 312 worker The total money value frOm sale of livestock Or 3.53 percent) workers are seefing better em come to Rs. 13,546. Most of these selling has been ployment. Thus, On the face of it one can say that dOIlie by the households engaged in cultivation. the village is not facing unemployment problem. As regards purchase the households engaged in Even if some of the people may not be properly carpent~y have reported purchase of machinery employed they find easy engagement in their own worth Rs. 6,250. The cultivators, on the other cultivation and household industry. hand, have reported purchase of livestock worth Rs. 2,685 and of machinery worth Rs. 4,000. As Transfer of wealth will appear from Appendix table 25 the sources of finance for these purchases, as also for expen Reference in this regard can be made to two diture on other items, are mainly loans taken tables, (Appendix tables 23 and 24) which give from Bank, Co-operative Society and under information regarding sale and purchase of valu l.R.D.P. Besides a sum of Rs. 5,671 has also been able assets. Data presented in these tables will shown as perso~al savings of the households, indicate that out of 100 selected households, 45 a major part of which (Rs. 5,130) has been spent households have reported sale and only 9 house on the construction and improvement of build holds have reported purchase of valuable assets. ing and other structure. A total sum of Rs. 8,083 While the sale relates only t.o the sale of lives has been spent on the purchase of land and other tock, the purchase relates, besides the purchase productive assets. 7. A J\.laraiya family making agricultural implements with the help of J,elJows anel bammer. 8 . A Sautat Cultivator setting his plougb rtahf. 9. Scene of plougbing of land with the help of cows SInd buffaloes instead of bullocks. .10. A Santal with the agricultural tools and implements. 11. A s~ntal woman winnowing rice. 69 HA--8 13. A SantaI family preparing plates and Cups from Sal leaves. 14. A Santal separatiina coven of corollas before Crushing them for oil. 15. A Scene of Santal women ca~Dg Sal leaves fOf' preparin.g plates and cups. 16. A Maraiya household on job (Blacksmithy). CHAPTER-IV Social and Cultural life ilPuse-ty.P'e head of the family lives has a portion partL tioned by a low wall. That portion of the house. House-type is the key indicator for assessing known as bhitar (interior) is used as sacred the social and cultural life of an individual. It place far orak bonga (family deity) and hapram provides first hand information about the socio bonga (ancestral spirit). Entry of female to economic status of the inmates. Although the bhitar is forbidden because it is feared that the Scmtals are a poor lot, they take great care in bongas in contact with female will get polluted. the construction of their houses and their clean_ In the verandah there happens to be a husking Upess compared to their counterparts, Maraiyas. lever (dhenki). Rooms generally have a, single For construction of a new house the selection entrance with no provision for windo,w. Small Q£ site. is dOone after testing the soil by local holes (one or two in number), somewhere near method. and getting fully satisfied about the the roof, work as ventilator. The reason for correct site. This is done under the advice of not providing windows is that the tribals, being Ju,nguru (the village doctor and religious a superstitious lot, are afraid of the fact that qdviser). If the site is found to be auspicious the malevolent bongas (evil spirits) may enter their construction of house starts, followed hy pro_ houses through the windo,ws and trouble them pitiation nf the bongas with the sacrifice of one in night. Due to this apprehension the;y avoid pair of pigeon and one pair of hen. If the site to have door facing the road because they feel is found to be inauspicious and the household, that the maievolent bonga will then have an in view of certain compelling reasons, has nO easy acceSs to their houses. The poor people alternative than to construct the house on the can hardly afford to meet the cost of structure same site, it has to propitiate the bongas with as described above and therefore they remain the sacrifice of one goat in addition to one pair contented with one or two small rooms of which df pigeon and one pair of hen. Besides, there both walls and roof are made of reed and grass aTe certain other considerations for the selec Or dry leaves with no outer verandah. Latrines tion of site, such as proximity to agricultural are not provided in the houses. People. '(both land, the site being free from water logging, males and females) go to the nearby fields for closeness to the house site of fellow vil1a~ers, easing themselves. availability of drinking water facility, etc. The construction of houses is generally done in two rows, each row being opposite to the other and The houses are m;1intained and kept neat being located preferably by the side of the and clean. The plastering Qf wall is generally village road. The homestead land is generally done with mud. The plastering is usually done upland. by the women_folk either by hand or wooden smoothing material. For plastering, mud of The walls are generally made with mud. The different co,lours is used. The lower parts of roof is made by providing rafters over which the wall are generally coated with black mud bamboo, poles, cut to sizes, are tied with rope specially prepared for the purpose after mixing ,and· the whole structure is thatched with the desired quantity of burnt straw and animal jungle grass. The houses are generally without dung with the mud. The upper portion is coated plinth. persons who are well of economically with white mud which is locally available in use tiles as the roof materials. A dwelling cc.m_ sufficient quantity. The floor is plastered with plex generally consists of one or more huts mud mixed with cow or buffalo dung. DOors faeing each other with an outer verandah and are made of wood or bamboo depending on the A·cattle shed. The pr.incipal room where the economic condition of the h,ous~hOlq. 32 The mural paintings done by the women Christian community as also between the San folk refiect the sense of appreciation they have tals and the Maraiyas. for fine art. A pair of peacock facing each other is a common motif for wall painting which can Dress and Ornaments be found in many households. Depiction of horses and of men killing the tiger is a common By tradition and habits the Santals dress feature of wall painting found in the ,village. themselves very scantily. Their traditioriill dress The Christians invariably depict 'Cross' symboli is Panchi and Parahan. Panchi is a piece of cloth which they wrap round their waist up to sing the crucifica Hon of Lord Christ. left shoulder. Parahan is the lower garment which covers the portion from waist to knee. It Appendix tables 26 and 2'7 give the distribu is a common belief among the Santals that their tion of (i) houses by predominant materials of forefathers-Sugriva, NaI, Neel, Hanuman etc. fioor, wall, !l'QOf and ceiling and (ii) households helped Lord Rama while he was in search of classified by number of members and number his consort, beloved Sita, and so the traditional of rOoms occupied. These tables, whi,ch are like Rama. During hunt one can see based on 100 selected households, will give an Santals feel pride in getting themselves dressed idea about the living conditions of the people the Santal 'lads being dressed like Lord Rama in general. From table 26 it will appear that all of Kis'kindha, wearing loin-cloth up to knee the 100 households have invariably used 'mud' with arrow and bow hanging on shoulder. as the predominant material of both fioor and wall. Straw has been used as the material of The Santals generally remain half_naked. roQlf by 82 out of 1000 households, while the rest Males generally do not wear upper garment. 18 households have used tiles. For the material The upper garments used by women aTe hardly of door and window, bamboo has been used by 55 adequate to cover the body. Some young per_ households and woqd by 38 households. The sons were, however, seen using full pants rest 7 households used straw for this ~purpose. '(made of ordinary coarse cloth) and shirts. \ School-going children wear half-pants and , Table 27 shows that majority of househoJds shirts. Women while going outside try to '(81 out of 100) live h~ one_roomed house. Of the Wear sari and blouse. On festive OCcasiOns or rest, 14 households live in two-rooms set, 4 while visiting me!as women generally put on households in three_rooms set and one house sari and blouse of somewhat better quality hold: in five-rooms set. Out of 81 hQuseholds according to their means. Originally the Santal living in one_roomed house, only 3 households women did not wear undergarment but now belong to Christian community and all the rest some of them also use petti-coats. are Hindus. Similarly, only one out of 14 house_ holds living in two-roomed house is a Christian . In the matter of dress the Maraiyas are a bit and the rest are Hindu~. more sophistica ted. The Maraiya women can be seen wearing sari and blouse eVen at home. As regards amenities available to villagers a Persons belonging to Christian community put reference can be made to Appendix tables 28 on somewhat better dress. While attending and 29. Table 28 indicates that all the 100 Church or while going outside the village to households belonging to different occupational groups have separate kitchens in their houses, meet their relations they put On ganji and but none is having either bath room or lavatory. shirt as the upper garment and dnoti as lower No household is having a separate . drinking garment. Their dresses are comparatively water facillty. This facility, in the ,case of all, more neat and clean. is being shared by more than one household. Similarly, the facility of electricity is not avaiL Appendix tables 301 and 31 give the descrip_ able to any household. Table 2.9 will indicate that as Tegards the availability of these amenL tion of male and female dresses classified by ties Hiere is no difference in the positron bet· religion and tIibe/comm\m,ity- of he-ad of the ween h,]useliolds belonging to either Hindu OJ household. 33 Ornaments Among the cooking utensils, the earthen .pots which were in use earlier are now becoming Santal ladies have great fascination for uncommon. Utensils made up of aluminium ornaments but due to. poverty they are hardly are now in greater use. Among the serving able to wear costly ornaments. Young girls, utensils the most common are those made up however, satisfy their craze by using cheap of aluminium. The serving utensils made, up ornaments made of aluminimum or other gal of brass, bronze, etc. are also found to be in vanised metals. Items mainly used by them are use but only rarely. hair pins, nose pins, nose tops, etc. These are " available in local hats at Parerkola. Amrapara Earthen pitcher is the common item found and Hiranpur. Young ladies, whenever they go invariably in every household. Baskets m§lde to attend mela, usually tuck flowers grotes of bamboo are also among the common items quely in their hairs. They have a fascination of use in the ho.usehold· These are available for keeping big bun embeded with flower pins. in local hat in sufficient quantities. Dagra Of Soap is used in every household for winnowing Previously, the ornaments commonly used in purposes. Besides, almost every household pos the village were-HansuH writlet, Harhari, sesses the hunting implements including flsh Makari, etc. made up of silver, brass and bell ing hook. In the entire village only four house metal. In the present survey, on enquiry it was holds were possessing bullock-carts at the time gathered that some people do have even maka of survey. rie~ and hansuli made up of gold but most Of these items WeTe put on mortgage. Appendix tables 32 and 33 give the descrip tion of furniture used in the village and the Tatooing materials of cooking and serving utensils as Tattooing is stilI prevalent in the village but per survey conducted in 100 selected house this s,ystem is now in less practice than before. holds of the village. Girls get tattooed before attaining puberty. The tatoo marks. are designed with small poin_ Food and Drink ted piece of wood and thereafter a needle, diped in soot_ink, is used to prick along the Jamkanali is situated in a predominantly design. The designs are generally floral or rice producing area and rice is, there fore, the those of the depiction of tiger or other animals. staple food of this village. Rice is pI"oduced After tattooing, turmeric is applied on the by dehusking the dried-up paddy after boiling. affected part as medicine. The wounds heal People generally use coarse rice of low qu~1ity. up within a fortnight or so. Young girls now Alongwith rice the other supplementary food hesitate to get themselves tattooed. items are maize, millet, etc. Prominent anlbng the pulses used are Kulthi, Khesari and~i in Household good!? and furniture some cases, arhar tao. Rice is taken alongW'ith pUlse. But among the Santals it is the usual There is no significant change in the items practice not to take rice mixed with pUlse. o.f furniture which were in use earlier. Old In the principal meal they give little imporr_ fashinode cots (locally known as Park om) are tance to. pulse and green vegetables. Santals still found in most of the households. The mats are generally non_vegetarian. They take ani rnal meat of almost all animals hunted by them (locally known as Patia) made up of date in the forest. Pork is the most relished item leveaves are common in most of the house- of food. Pork meat is available at the nite of holds. These are used faT twin purposes rupees 10 per Kg. in the local hats. They also sleeping as well as for drying up paddy or 101ish taking chicken and fish. other corns. Nearly every household possesses dhenki (dehusking implement), Janta (grind- Fruits commonly used include seasonal :fruits such as mango, jack_fruit, black-berry. ing implement) and fishing hook. Modern fur_ nulm, guava, etc. Pachwai is the mOst common niture' such as tables, chairs, almirah. etc. are drink. It is prepared by keeping the destred rarely found in the village. Tobacco chewing is most common particu Appendix table 36 gives the distribution of larly among maleS. Chuti smoking is alsO ho.useholds classified by tribe/community of common both amo.ng males and females. head of household and the types of households. Chutis afe tbe local brand of cigaret.tes. They From the table it will appear that the bulk are prepared by putting some quantity of raw of households belong to nucleaT type (46 tobacco in the whole Sal leaf and thereafter households). All these are Santal houesholds- getting it wrapped in the desired fashion. Com 43 households belonging to Santal (Hindus) pared to cigarette it is much bigger in size. and 3 to Santal (Christians). Next in order of importance are the supplemented nuclear and Household composition lineal types of households, their number being 22 and 15 respectively. Of the 22 supplemen_ The composition of households o.f Jamkanali ted-nuclear type of ho.useholds, 20 belong to village can be studied with reference to two Santal (Hindus) and to MaTaiyas (all Hindus). tables (Appendix tables 34 and 35). Table 34 Similarly, 13 out of a total of 15 lineal type of gives the distribution of members classified by households belong to Santal '(Hindus) and 2 age, sex and relationship to. the head of house ho.useholds to Maraiya community. Households hold where the head is male and table 35 gives belonging to other types are comparatively similaT distribution where the head is female. very small in number. The two tables studied together will indicate Appendix table 37 gives the distribution of that 90 out of 100 households of the village households classified by number of members and are being headed by males, the females head age of the head of household. It would appear ing 10 househo.lds only. A signifi.cant feature from the table that out of 100 selected house o'f table 35 is that in the entire 10 households holds, 66 have 4 to 7 members-23 households with headed by fema_1es there is only one husband 4 members, 20 households with 5 members and member. This shows that these households other 23 housebolds with 6-7 members. Most of are headed by females possibly because the these households are headed by persons who fall female-heads are either widowed o,r their in the age group of 30-39 and 5,0-59 years. There spouses are not living with them being away are 10 households with 8-9 members and 3 house from the village. As a natural corollary it holds with 10-12 members. Besides. there are 2 may be deduced that the households of this single-member households, 7 households having village are mostly dominated by males. two members and 12 households having three members. On the whole we find that the major It will further appear that in the hoouseholds rity of households in the village are of moderate headed by either males o.r females there are larg_ sizes. er number of members consisting 0 f direct relations, such as wife, son, minor daughters, Net work of social relations etc. Among the members of households the number of so.n's wives is very small compared Birth, marriag0 and death are important social to the number of sons· This is not unnatur31 functions which are performed according to the b~cause the sons shown as members are mostly tr?:Uti0~al cstoms of Santals. 35 Birth-AU births generally take place in the are pork, chicken. meat, arwa rice and Khesari village itself. Socially it is recognised as auspi dal. Food items specially prescribed are':'arhar ciOus blessings from the heaven. After concep and Kulthi dal. After the birth of child the mother tion the head of the household seeks blessings is advised not. to do any hard work atleast for a from the heaven for the pregnant women through month. She is also advised to take bath prefer the naike or the village priest. The naik is sum ably with hot water during the next one month moned by the household and, on his advice, one after delivery. These precautions are commonly fowl, some quantity of arWa rice and vermillion observed by both the communities-Santals and are offered to the bongas. The naike then incants Maraiyas irrespective of the religion to which for bestowing blessings on the mother as well as they belong. on the in-coming child. The woman generally gives birth to a child at her husband's house. Marriage However if there is no female member in the household to look after the pregnant lady, she Bapla is a generic name of marriage used by has naturally to go to her father's place for deli Santals. I'n. Santal community there are fifteen very and after-delivery care. traditional forms of mq_rriages .These are detailed below: Delivery is attended to by a village midwife, known as Dagrin 8urhi who belongs to Santa! 1. Kiring-bahu (buying a bTide)-It. is the communit.y itself. This lady is considered to be most prevalent form of marriage contracted bet quite experience and efficient and the villagers ween unmarried boys and unmarried girls re generally depend on het for safe delivery. Birth quiring payment of bride-price to the father of of a male child is always preferred over a female the girl. The marriage is negotiated and the con one. Male births are, therefore, more rejoiceful. tract settled by a broker known as r,aebar. 2. Kiring-ja.wae-It is a marriage in which The incidence of birth entails pollution to the bridgroom is purchased by paying certain amount entire hl::lusehold9 in the village. No communal for such girl who has given birth to a child even worship or social function is performed until the before her marriage. period of pollution ends. During the period of pollution drinking is also forbidden. The period 3. Tunki-dipil-It. is a poor man's marriage in of pollution ends by a special function called which the girl is brought to the hoy's house and neem-da-mandi on which shaving of heads of all much of the paraphernalia and expense of mar.. the male members including children is done. riage is dispensed with. Thereafter they observe Jan1am Chhatiar after whiCh the household becomes free from pollu 4. Sangha or Sanga-It is a marriage of divor tion. ced and widowed woman. In this form of mar riage the bride price is just half of the amount Naminp; of child is done on the following paid in Kiring-babu Bapta. pattern: 5. Hirorn-Chetan-It is a form of marriage in which i'D.duction of a co-wife is done publicly. Birta-o,d,.lr of the child Relative of child whose name is taken 6. Ghardi-jawae-In this fonn of marriage the son-in-law has to live at the father-in-Iaw's house for some years after the marriage. 1. First son Father's fathp.r 2. First daughter Father's mother 7. Ghar-jawai-In this form of marriage the son-in-law has to live permanently at the father 3. Second son . Mother's father in-law's house. 4. S~~oni daug~ter Mother's mother. 8. Ore-ader or Ore-BapIa-It is a marriage by capture wherein the boy· Or the girl pulls each . Appendix tables 38 and 39 give the details re other into the house~ garding restriction and prescription of food and work to expectant mother. Items of food restric 9. Nirbolok--It is a marriage in which the girl ted, both during prenatal and postnatal periods, comes to the family by force. 36 10. Itut or Iputut-It is a m~rriage by forcible Appendix table 41 gives similar information in smeaJ'ing of vennilion Or its substitute on the the case of marriage of females. From the table forehead of the girl. it would appear that only 6 Santal (Hindu) and 1 Maraiya (Hindu) households have received 11. Kundal N apam-In this form of marriage, marriage payment, although, in fact, many more when the boy and the girl both are seen sleeping households would also have received such pay together they are forced to marry. ment.g during these long years. The difference is because of the fact that information on this as 12. Hariatko--lt is a full-dress wedding in which pect could be elicited only in respect of such the 'barat party comes to the house of the bride's households where the concerned female member father and then the marriage is celeb7ated with (in whose marriage the payment was received) dancing and drumming. The barat party is serv did exist in the household at the time of survey. ed with non-vegetarian meal along with drinks. Most of the marriages are held within the 13· Golaeti-Golaetism is the form of marriage village itself. In Christian community the mar in which the brother and sister of one side mar riages, the usual, are solemnised in the Church. ry with the sister and brother of the other side. In this community the Golaeti form of marriage is encouraged because of their small number in 14. Agu hater-It is a Ghar-Jawae-Bapla in the village. Kiting J awae and Hirom Chetan are anticipation. forbidden among Christian Santals. Similarly, Ore-ader, Nirbolok and Kundal Napam are also 15. ApGftgir or Angir-It. is a type of marriage not seen among them. in which the pair in love with each other elopes . without giving information to their parents. In Santal (Hindu) marriage the bridegroom and the bride both sit in a dauri or dagra (a big MalTiage deal is generally settled in a market sized bamboo basket), the girl facing east opposite place in the presence of both the parties. The the boy. The dagra in which girl is sitting is lifted amount of bride-price is decided on mutual agree upward by 3 to 5 persons and the boy is carried ment. The usual bride-price during the previous on the shoulder of his sister's husband and from survey was Rs. 18. Now the minimum bride-price there itself he smears vermilion (SinduT) on the is Rs. 65 alongwith some quantity of paddy or forehead of the bride. rice alld one bullock. Higher amounts are reali sed iu the case of bride having exceptional attri butes. J ogmanjhi of the village attends most of the marriage functions as a special functionary. Jog _ Appendix table 40 gives the description of Manjhi also controls the gathering. It is Jog_ marriage payment given by the households in manjhi who receives the contract money from the case of marriage of male classified by religion the groom's father and hands it over to the bride'!) and tribe/community. It. may be mentioned that, father. It is also through him that vermilion according to the life-(!ycle of households, all the (Sindur) is offered to the bridegroom tor applying 10Q houooholds covered under the survey have the same to the bride's forehead. The village made marriage payment in the case of marriage priest (Naike) has no special role to perform of their male members-some households having except that he participates in the function as a made payment on more than one occasion of guest. Among other functiOnaries are Dam who marriage. But the data presented in the table beats the drum and Napit who performs the relate to one occasion of marriage only since the functions of d Nai (bJ.l'ber). rang~, of payment for all marriages of any parti cular> household is more or less the same. The The ritual role performed by J ogmanjhi is table indicates that payment under different. years obligatory fOr which no payment is received by of ma.rriage time has been made in two ranges him. Payment is , however, made for the services only, viz., below Rs. 200 and Rs. 200-1000. Pay rendered by other functionaries such as Dom ment includes both payment in cash and cash . ' , value of other items, such as paddy or rice, bul- Nl1;pit, Raibar, etc. according to the means of the lock, etc.' . household concerned. 37 The occasion of marriage is one of merriment The next ceremony is the consignment of tlie in which the host villagers participate with full bones to the river or the stream .The hair takes co-operation. Appendix table 42 gives the descrip the bones into the deep water and, facing east, tion of participants in the marriage feast in the takes a dip jn to the water and leaves the bones caSe of marriage of males. Similar description in there itself. The finale is the bhandan ceremony. the case of marriage of females is given in appen After having shaved and bathed, the villagers dix table 43. Details regarding items of food ser assemble at the dead man's house. Goats and pigs ved to participants in the marriage feast in the are sacrificed to the dead and feasting follows. case of marriage of males and females are given It is only after the conclusion of bhandan that in appendix tables 44 and 45 respectively. the veil of pollution is really lifted and the family is free to offer sacrifices, get a member Death married or use sindur (vermilion). Life birth, the incidence of death also entails R.eligion and Sacrament pollution to the ent.ire Santal households in the village. A purificatory ceremony is performed As discussed earlier, there are two tribal com which ends with Bhandan (mass feeding). munities in the village-Bantals and Maraiyas. Maraiyas are the followers of Hinduism alone The disposal of corpse is done by two methods while Santals are the followers of both Hindu_ Topa and Rapa methods. In Tapa method the dead ism und Christianity. Maraiyas, in fact, are body is buried naked under the ground. In Rapa. more Hinduised than 6antals. method the dead body is disposed of by burning. In Tapa method, after burial, hair and nails of the deceased are brought home by Karta-the The religion in Santal community is termed as person who sets fire to the mouth of the dead. Dhoram. Dhoram means righteousness and pro pitiation of the Creator and Bongas (spirits). The Santals believe in one supreme daity called Jiu A purification ceremony, called tel nehan Thakur Or Chand Baba or Chando.Bonga. The (literally meaning "oil bat.hing"') is held on the most venerated and worshipped deity of 8'antals fifth day. The villagers gather at the house of is Marang Buru. Marang Buru means the great the dead person and male members are shaved. God living on the mountain top. This concept Then they proceed to bathe in two groups sepa is similar to the common belief among the Hin_ rately of men and women. The men take with dus saying that the abode of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati is Kailash. them three cakes made of pounded and flattened f rice boiled in oil, ~al leaves and tooth-brush twigs, as also some sand (to be used as soap for wash· In the district Gazetteer of S'antal Parganas ing their hair) and oil. The sal leaves are placed (1965) edited by P. C. Roy Chaudhary the follow on the edge of the water. An oil-cake and a tooth. ing observation has been made on Santal reli brush twig are kept on each leaf. The leaf and gion. some soapy earth a.re then offered with the left hand to the dead, then to Pilchu Haram and "San tal religion as discussed indicates a PiIchu Budhi (the original couple) and finally to M~ang Buru. The latter are exhorted to look certain moral order and a good deal of Rfter the dead person who is not under their emotion and thrill. At first, their reli care. gion was described as animism but in the 1961 Census the term 'animism! des After thi9 the people make a bag out of some cribed as the religion of the Santa.ls was of the dead person's clothes and assemble at the end of the village. The women cary water, milk given up. Shri Sarat Chandra Roy has and turmeric in brass .cups. They proceed to the used the expression spiritism while dis place where the bones had earlier been buried cussing the religion of the Kharias, a and fetch the pot. The bones are taken out and Munda tribe and probably tHis expres_ the women pOUr water, milk I'lnd turmeric on them. The bones p_re then placed in a new pot by sion may be used (Chafl,t La! Mukher the heir and brought home. jee- -The Santals 1962, Page-286)". 38 A bnef description of Santal deities are given Names of Orak-bongas are kept secret. It is '~below. known only to the eldest l:>on of the household. Offerings given to Orak-bongas are taken by 1. In the deital hierarchy the highest devinity whole family but those given to Abge-bongas are recognised by Santals is Chando Or Jiu Thakur. taken by male members only. The tlnuSed offer_ He is the Supreme Being and the Creator cap ings given to Abge-bongas are set on fire on the able of giving life and creating natural beings spot itself. The propitiation of Abge_bongas is including animals, trees, plants, etc. done at a place outside the 't'illage where only male members of the household, as also male 2. The dead ancestors are regarded with aWe relatives, remain present. and reverence and their spirits are placed in a separate class. In all festivals Haramko or Bur 4. Another class ot spi,rit is known as Rongo ha-Burhi are offered a cook and a hen respective- Raji which is propitiated with vulgar songs dur ly added with liberal share of rice-beer. The ing night. spirits of dead brothers and unmarried sisters are 5. There are also a Lew village deities, the offered oblations after Burha-Bur'hi. names of wh~ch are given beluw. 3. Santals propitiate household spirits known (i) Marang Buru (Male) as Orak-Bongas and tutelary spirits known as (ii) Moreko-Turiko (Male) Abge-Bongas, the kinds of which are given be (iii) Gosai Era (Female) low separately. (iv) Jahir Era (Female) Orak Bonga.~ Marang-Bur.u Or Lita is most revered or vene_ rated. He is supposed to possess wide powers (i) Baspahar capable of producing both gOOd and evil effects. (U) Deswali (iii) Goraiya Moreko-Turiko havE: five to six names. It is believed that they were five brothers married to (iv) Barapahar six sisters-Dangi, Pungi, Risi, Dumni, Chita (v) Sas and Kapra. Gosai-Era, the younger Sister, has a separate place in J ahir_than and she is suPpos (vi) Sal' Chawdi ed to be the custodian of welfare of the villag (vii) Than tatursa ers. Another sister of Moreko-Turiko is Jahir Era. She is the goddess of J ahir-than which is named after her. She is worshipped fOr general Abge-Bonga3 welfare of the village:. (i) Dharasanda (ii) Ketkomkundra Jahir-Than provides separate shrines for Jahir era, Gosai era, Marang-buru and Moreko. The (iii) Champa Sanagarh Manjhi has its separate shrine: in tne village (iv) Gan,imka known as Manjhi-than. Manjh-i-bonga is sup_ posed to represent the spirits of the dead Manj (v) Lilachandi his. (vi) Dhangarh a 6. Another class of devinities are Sima-bongas (vii) Kudrachandi representing spirits of the village-boundary and Bahre bonga~ representing spirits of outskirts (viii) Gosain Era of the village. . (ix) Barhara 7. There are another spirits lepresenting events (x) DUarseri related to unnatural death or Akalmrityu. (xi) Kudraj Propitiation of evil spirits is done by local (xii) Achati 'Ojhas' who have eXPertise in this art. 39 ReligiouS! ceremonies and festivals Moreko and Marang-buru respectively. At the base of a Mahua tree a stone is placed which Santals have three main places of worship presents Gosai-era, the Lady of the grove. Bhit TABLE IV.2 Calendar of festivals ------._----_--- SI. Hindi month English month Festival Occasion No. ------~------~-- Phalgun February-March Baha New-year 2 Asarh June-july Erok-sim Commencement of sowing 0 crops. 3 Shravan July-August Hariar-sim Sprouting of paddy 4 Bhado August-September Irigungli nawari Harvesting of bhadai crop3 5 Agrc.han November-December Janthar Puja Harvesting of early paddy 6 Paus December-January Sohrae Harvesting of paddy 7 Paul'. December-January Sakrat Close of the month of Paus 8 Magh January-February Magh-sim Cutting of the jungle grass ------Erok-Sim, Sohrae and Baha are festivals on another illipe tree in .Tahir-than the worshiPPing WhlCh the villagers perform sacrifices in public of Gosain-era and Chando_bonga is done. At collectively as well as in their own houses. another place, Singh-bahini is worshipped by Kudam naike. Sohrae-This festival is also known as Ban dana parab and is celebrated during the harvest Erok-Sim-This festival is observed during the ing season in the mOnth of Paus. It is celebrated sowing seaSOn coincidinj;! in the month of Asarh. near a pond or canal and continues for 4-5 days. The venue of celebration of this festival [s also On this occasion the Santal women get their old J ahir-than. J anthar Puja is obServed in the earthen vessels (including pitchers) replaced by month of Agra.han to enjoy the first iTuits of new ones. The harvesting of paady makes the winter crop. Sakrat is observed on Pam San_ people generally Fiappy and this festival is, krant day. therefore, observed with tumultuous joy, mass feeding, drinking, singing and d3:ncing. Leisure and recreation Baha-This festival is generally celebrated On The Santals spend their leisure hour!'. in sjnging the full-moon night of Phalgun. It is obEervcd and group dancing. There are various types of when the Sal trees blossom. The centre of cele_ songs (Sereyn) whicn are sung by them on bration of this festival i~ .Tahir than, at the base different occasions. The typical names of some of mipe tree, where oblation Is made by the of the SOns are SohTae SeTeyn, Baha Sereyn, ordained priest known as naike. At the baSe of Jagan Sereyn, etc. DanCes are also of different 40 types. Some of the dances and the occasions on or, in extreme cases, by allowing the couples to w~1ich these are performed are given below: marry by customs. TABLE IV.3 Janguru is the sooth-sayer as well as the herbal Names of dunces lind the occcsicll j.: hell these are held doctor of the village. Person becomes Janguru ------.. -.------~-.-- ._--_.. _-- -- by self acquired knOwledge. Even non_Santals can be Janguru of Santals. S1. Name cf d~,nc~ OCC9.SiOll N('. Besides, the various fUnctionaries of the Gram panchayat, such as Mu1chiya, Sarpanch, etc. are I Baha de.nee . also considered to be :!.'espectable persons of the locality and people often go to them for advice. 3 Pakd) 11 a:ld huri:>. SolJrae f.,;s! iv;y.l Functioning of the administrative and develop 4 Ringa a.nd b:li;nsar K ['.ram fest iv;'.l m~ntal organisations in the village 5 DOll encc'l . Marri;lge and Clniiar The village Gram panchayat is the lowest ad 6 Jhika Logren cf'.ech Cha1 i~.r ministrative units of the village which is directly 7 Gulane iI.ntl hurnli Any til1·e controlled by the Community Development 8 Dahar Res1ricted to hot Block. The Panchayat headquarters is at sC:J.so:lonly. Chandpur. The Mukhiya is the administrative 9 Ja1ur Bi:',h~. ?n(1. S)hrae head of the Gram Panchayat and Sarpanch is fcS1iv,:.1 the administrative head of the Gram Kutchery. -----.- .. ---- The Police Station located at Amrapara looks Dahar dance is restricted to girls only. Pakdom into crime cases. The district and subdivisional and Lauria are performed by young lads. Santal authoritles operate through C. D. Block. children learn danCes and songs only by imitation from their elders. Within the Santal community there are fwe caste offiCials, viz. (1) Pradhan or Manjhi, (2) Pra Young boys also engage themselves in playing manik. (3) Parganait, (4) Desh Manjhi and (5) foot-ball. There are a few organised foot-ball teams in the area. As a token of prize, the win Chakladar. They are all known as Panchama ner team is awarded a cow and the runner team dhikarL The dispute IS first referred to the vil a goat. lage Manjhi. If the village Manjhi is not able to settle the dispute, it is referred to a bench con Appen.dix table 46 gives description about the sisting of manjhis of 5 neig~1.bouring villages. leisure-time activities of the villagers. Even then, if the dispute remains unresolved , the Parganait is summoned. The hearing uf the case Influential and prestigious persons is done by Parganait in a specially convened The 1l1anjhi is considered to be the most infu court known as Lobir Baisi. Lobir Baisi is COn ential and respectable person. He is elected by the village people themselves and he is bestowed. sidered as the suprem~ court for the Santals with the powers to execute the rights, rules and regulations for the welfare of the village com Cases which remain unresolved by the Santal munity. Court are referred to the Gram Panchayat and thereafter to the SubdivisionaI and District The Naike is the village priest. All religious Courts. ceremonies are ">erformed under his advice. Jamkanali is a constItuent village of Chandpur Jogmanjhi is the custodian of moral of young Gram panchayat. The other seven constituent boys and girls. Reporters of sex offences are villages are (1) Bhilal, (2) Chandpur, (3) Pond~ first looked into by him and a compromise settl bad, (4) Bohra, (5) Balidih, (6) Bhorandjha and ed by traditional methods of imposition of fines (7) Sijua. 41 Caste and community associations and other conducted in 1978, out of 2,26-1 votes only 591 voluntary organisations turned up to cast their votes. Jamkanali falls under Litipara Assembly Constituency and Raj The villagers of Jamkanali, comprising both mahal Parliamentary Constituency. the communities-Santals and Maraiyas, have a commOn caste association. For settlement of Range of contact small village disputes people first go to Dubraj Tudu (Ex-Parganatt) who commands great res The villagers have little contact with the out pect in the area. The Santals do not like the cases side people., They go out of the village only of adultery being arbitrated by The Gram Pan when they have toO attend mela or to meet their chayat. Cases_like withIn-sept marriages, illi relations in the neighbouring villages. There are cit sex relationship of Santal girls with the boys some persons who have not gone even beyond of other communities are generally referred to the local market. However, auring the agricultu Lobir-Baisi. Other cases, such as separation, di ral season, some people go to Burdwan to work vorce, theft, burglary, etc. are arbitrated by there as agricultural labourers. In the course Dubraj Tudu. Dubraj Tudu arbitrates not only of survey it was reported that one Babulal Ma the cases of Santal community but also of MaraL raiya had travelled up to Bhagalpur ana Durbin ya community. Rarely any case goes to Amrapara Hembrom up to DUmka. A few persons were Police Station. No voluntary organisation is reported to have gone up to Nepal. functioning in the village. Factions and cliques Appendix table 47 gives Travel Index Of per sons, males and females classified by re1igion and As discussed earlier, among tbe two tribal tribe/community for Jamkana1i "mage. To deter communities of the village MaraiY'as are too small mine Travel Index, the maximum diStance (in in number compared to their Santal counter Kilomefer) travelJed' by all persons, males and parts. Maraiyas are service class people. But, be females aged 5 years and above has been a~ded ing small in number, they have accepted the do up separately and the respective totals thus ar_ minance of Santal people and therefore there is rived at have been divided by the number of no scope fOr inter-community rivalry and tension sons, males and females aged 5 years and above. in the village. Persons belonging to Christian Travel Index by occupation for personS, males community, because of their better literaCy posi and females has been given In appendix table 48. tion, consider themselves superior to santals and The tables are self explanatory. this, at times, creates a feeling among the S'antal community, but this feeling is not so strong to J{nowledge, attitude and opinion about import cause any conflict. On the whole, the villagers ant matters of public interest live in complete harmony with each other. Political Parties People of the village, in general, are quite, un aware about the political developments in the The villagers are not politically conscious. yet State Or the country. They arp little conscious they are influenced by their community leader. abonl their rights and duties. Tliey d!'tnot even People are, however, aware about the political know as to what type of Govt. . is tbere 'in the organisations like Hul-Jharkhand and Jharkhand country. What is the Govt. machinery and how Mukti Morcha. Other Political parties, such as it functions. They have practically no knowledge C.P.r., C.P.M· Janta Party, Bhartiya J;mta party about social legislations. Some of them are so etc. have practically little or no imPact in the ignorant that tliey cannot count the numbers be village. yond six even in Santali what to talk of counting Voting behaviour Hindi and English numerals. People are also not fully conscious about the usefulness of family The villagers are not very conscious about the planning programme. Whenever required, people value of franchise People cast tneir ~otes only get the official work of BlOCk of Sub-divis!onal On persuation of their caste leaders. During the office done through the local V.L.W. who is popu_ election of Mukhiya for Chandpur panchayat larly known in the village as 'W'. 69 HA-IO CHAPTER-V CONCLUSION Conclusion ed up to, Satak tala) into a metalled As discussed earlier, Jamkanali is entirely a one. tribal village inhabited by only two tribal com_ (iii) A Project High SchOOl has been start~ munities--Santals and Maraiyas. Santals are ed at Parerkola.. This school has eased in commanding majority ,comprising as much as the problem of SChool-going children 97.24 per cent of the village population. of Jamkanali who had previously to Maraiyas, being very small in number, account travel a longer distance to go to Amra for a bare 2.76 per cent. During the 1962 para for schooling. survey the population of Jamkanali was 909 which rose to 1,233 in 1984 survey. Thus, dur (iv) Construction of a Kutcha road from ing the period of two surveys i.e. from 1962 to Pa:rerkola to Pakur via Hiranpur which 1984 the popUlation of the village has increased is proposed to be converted mto a by 35-.64 per cent or 1.62 per cent per annnm. Con metalled one very soon. sidering the position from 1981 Census upto 1984 survey the rate o-f increase in population has (v) During the 1962 survey the village had been substantially higher being 2.13 per ~ent a single Primary School but now there per annum. No specific reaSon can be ascribed are two primary schools-one in Sarak to this higher rate of increase in population. tola and the next one in Bathan tala. However, the possible reason may be the return The one adult literacy centre function_ of persons· who had gone to Burdwan On shott ing in the village at the time of 1962 term migration between December, 83 and survey has now been closed. January, 84. This fact had been discussed in (vi) There was one Co-operative Sodety chapter II under the head 'migration'. in the village at the time of 1962 Jamkanali lies in Parerkola Damin Bungalow survey. During 1984 survey this within Amrapara Community Development Sodety was found to, have become de Block under Pakur Sub-division of Sahebganj funct. One Large Area multipurpose district. It is about 16 Kms. from Arnrapara, Co-operative Society has been function_ the Block headquarters, about 42 Kms. from ing at Parerkola since 1978. Its mem Pakur, the Sub-divisional headquarters and bership is extended to some of the about 93 Kms. from Sahebganj, the district neighbouring villages including Jamka headquarters. Sahebganj was previously a nali. This Society has been advancing Sub-Division of the old SanthaI Pargana district loan to its members both fOT agricuL with its headquarters at Dumka. It was ele tural and business purposes. Jamka vated to the status of a district wiih effect from nali is yet to come on the electricity the 29th May, 1983. map of the district. Although electric poles have been erected, the electric The following are some of the important connections are yet to be provided. changes that have taken place between the two survey periods. From 1962 survey onwards there has been no (i) Change of the district headquarters significan t change in the social and cultural be from Dumka to Sahebganj. haviour of the people of this village. In the field of agriculture there is no significant head (ii) Conversion of the existing Kutcha road way in the matter of improved ,cropping pattern. from Parerkola to Jamkanali (extend- Improved seeds and fertilizers are used only in 42 43 the cases where these are supplied by the C. D. litle caring for future. Impact of Pachwai Block authorities for demonstration purposes. makes them lazy and unable to; work. Conse To some extent, this may be because of econo quently they have to borrow money for mainte mic backwardness of the people in general. nance of their families and thus they easily fall in the clutches of private mone;y_lenders Leaf-plate making is a common household (mahajans). During the months of Agrahan industry in the village. This is in addition to and Jyestha a number of private money lenders the traditional household industries, such as are seen moving in the village who come to col ('arpentry, blacksmithy, rope-making mi.1t-mak lect their share of crops against the loan advanc ing, etc. Agricultural workers during their ed to the villagers. leisure time, engage themselves in these house hold industries on part-time basis. Proselytis The village life, on the whole, is calm and ing attitude of the Church is greatly at work quiet. There is no intra or inter_communal in the village. During the 1962 survey there difference. Santal outlook permits sex relation was no Christian SantaI in the village but in ship with hilli (elder brother's wife) and Yerwel the 1984 survey, as many as 5 Santal households (wife's sister). Whenever cases of sex crime are reported to have adopted Christianity. are reported these are settled by their own There is a general feeling that by becoming a leaders. Santals and Maraiyas, both communi Christian one can get good education and secure ties of the village, live together in complete some job. Du~ to this: feeling some of the harmony. Whenever any case of land dispute Hindu Santals got allured to adopt Christianity. or other small disputes 'arise these are amicably settled through their awn leaders in Community There is no impact of urbanisation in the Panchayat. Cases are rarely referred to law village. Some changes in the day-to-day activi cOurts. ties of the villagers are. however, perceptible whkh give an impression of a tilt towards Family Planning scheme is still to get the modernity. Taking of tea, wearing of shoes, desired momentum in the village. The political chappals and full-pants by young lads etc., developments taking place outside have little which was qUite uncommon earlier, is now be impact on the village .life. Among the political ing adopted by a sizeable section of the village parties kno.wn to the villagers are Hul Jhar population. Playing of foot-ball is nQw an im khand and Jharkhand Mukti Morcha· portant leisure-time a,ctivity for the younges ters. Wearing of ornaments made of cheaP As a measure of suggestion for improvement metal:; such as aluminium" brass. etc. has now it may be mentioned that before taking up the become a craze for young girls. Earlier, tatooing study of any tribal village the investigator can was a must as per custom and tradition of the vassing the schedules should be well conversant Santals but now this practice is gradually losing with the language and culture 0.£ the area. The its credibility with the young girls hesitating household schedUle should be simplified to the to get themselves tatooed. Earthen pots being extent possible. The lengthy questionnaire used as cooking utensils are now getting replac does not serve the desire purpose as information ed by those made of aluminium in most of the On most of the items are generally not availa households. There is also no perceptible ble. This is mainly because of the fact that the change in the age at marriage both for girls and tribals do not keep proper account of the events boys. and happenings taking place in the household due to their illiteracy and ignorance. Natural_ Pachwai is the most ·common drink of Santals· ly. this makes the collection of data pretty diffi Santals are a joyous lot-less industrious and cult in the field. ." " ] 7. An outer view of a typical Santa) house. 18. A house of a well-to-do Santal with outer verandah, 19 . A "iew of th i! verandah of a. Santa) house (The decora Cion on the wall of the verandah). 20. P) a~ tering of house with mixture of cowdung, mnd and water by housewife. 21. Sa'ntlal girls in their tradidonaI ctress. 21. A Santal family. 69 HA-ll. 23. A Santa) family. 24. A Santa) motber with her cbild. 25. A child sucking his mother's breast. 2.7. A Santa) worrum in her ceremonial attire. 28. A Santa) Couple taking support of a bamboo stick w1tile operating On ''Dhenld''. 29. A Santal woman dehusking rice by "Dheloki". 3t). A Santa] woman plaiting her hair. 69 H 1\- lZ. 31. Santa) worneD drawing water with the help of earthen pitchCT. 32. A SaDtiaI girl fetchiog water from the village well. 33. A Scene of drawing water by women folk from the village well. 34. Household utensils. 35. A Scene of iindigenous distillery from dried Mohna flowers. 36. A Scene of Santal women with bows and arrows in dancing pOse in a marriage 'Mandap'. 37. A Scelle of a matrrisge processloD-the bridegroom f~ palanquine. 38. Santal women folk going for 'Bapla'-a Customary foDcdon prior to marriage, 39. VermiJioD cel"emony being performed. 40. Bride's brother stancUog with a log In his bands. 41. A Couple after 1IUII'IIaae. 42. A Santal youth plaYing on Ektara (local guitar) and Mandar (Musical drum) while carrying grain .n a bag suspeDded on bamboo stick. 44. Santa. foUt-da:ncers in dancing ~ ~ 45. Santa. boys playing football in tbe village. 46. A Scene of custOinary fOlk-dance on occasion of bridal ceremony. 47. A Sa-utal lad with bow and arrow aiming at a tarcet. 48. Playing on flute. 49. Divisioll of family land in the ,presence of Parganait. 50. Arb'itratioD by Parganait ~n a dispute between a Couple. APPENDIX-I Santali words in a derivative of Sanskrit words and their ---~-.. -- equivalent English wo rds Santali English Sanskrit Santali English 4. Pon Four 5. More Five 1. Datram Datrom Sickle 6. Turui Six 2. Paryankam Parkorn Cot 3. Yab Jab Malt (Barley) 7. Yeyay Seven 4. Reen Rin Debt 8. Iral Eight 5. Dhoti Dhuti Dhoti (loin-cloth) 9. Are Nine 6. Gau Gay Cow 10. Gelo Ten 7. Langal Lahal Tiller 11. Gel Mit Eleven 8. Manju Monj Nice 10. Bat Gel Twenty 9. Desh Disom Country 10. Godhum Guhum· Wheat ------, J ;' 11. Tula Tulam Cotton F'or numbers above ten, Hindi words viz. Gyarah, Baro, Tero, etc. are also used. Instead 12. Keshetra Khet Field of Bar, Pe and Pon, Tespectively Barya, Peya 13. Batsar Bachhar Year and Ponga are also used. For twenty Bis, lsi, Korl and Bar Gel are also used. N ~mbers from twenty onwar~s are counted in two ways, thus: Santali numerology lrith their English equivalents ----~-~------~---~-,- San tali English Hindi Santali 1. Mit One Bees Bar Gcl or Mit lsi 2. Bar Two lkkis. Bar Gef Mit or Mit lsi Mit 3. Pe Three Eksaw Mit Say or More lsi - ---'_"'_ -"._ ._ ------_------_._- --.-----~~------ 69 H.A.-1S APPENDlX-ll Glossary (Local terms with their En~lish equivale nts-arranged in alphabetical orlter) Local terms English equivalents Arwa rice. rice prepared from raw (unboileo) paddy Bari upland Baniya shop-keeper Bentonite a type of clay having the special quality of colour absorptioa Chuti local brand of cigarette Dagra or Soop made of bamboo used for winnowing the crops Danri a type of canal (nalah) Dhani rice producing land Dhenki dehusking implement Diku outsider not belonging to the dim of tribals Dona leaf-plate Gochar grazing land Hat market Janta grinding implement Jharna Spring Kaminaiti system bonded labour system Khurpi small iron implement used for weeding out the plats Khesari • a kind of pulse Kultbi a kind of pulse Mahajan money-hmder Mela Ojha per$on treating patients suffering from the effect of evil spirits by his so-called supernatural power. Pachwai Local wine Patia mat Parb festival ------ 46 47 APPENDIX-III TABLE No.1 PRI'vIARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (1981) _--- _-- --~------_------._------'_ ------Are,; of village No. of occup:cd )\0, cf Heli'e- TOt11 hpLia1jc)', (il~clLl'i"g Ir.,tilL- Schdukc Castes Scheduled Tribes Literates Total Mai[·Workers 51. :Namw ,If Village (I.IX) No. (in hectares) ResiGential l;olds tiunal and HOUSelC5S Population) Houses , ____ .h---"i'~ ,~ ,----"---"'1 ,-.A.--"i • P ,Ii F M F M F M F tv! F ------_.... _------4 10 II 12 13 14 15 ]6 -----.- BungaloVl·Parerkola Jamkanali 735 88 234 234 1,159 595 564 595 564 54 316 1]0 (51. 34) (48,66) (100,00) (100,00) (9.08) (0.18) (53.11) (19.50) ~-- Bhorandiha 276 51 88 88 4]2 206 206 206 206 26 14 114 40 (50,00) (50.00) (10000) (100,00) (12 62) (6,80) (55,34) (19.42) --- 3 Parerko]a, 75303 261 265 1,446 712 734 85 93 582 598 194 46 437 119 (49.25) (50.76) (11. 94) (12.67) (81,74) (81 47) (27.25) (6.27) (6US) (16,21) -- 354 40 4 Sijua 529.80 129 130 -1]9 365 354 365 26 17 222 (50,76) (49,24) (100,00) (100,00) (7,12) (4,80) (60.82) (11 ,30) ------~----~--- Bungalow Amrapara Ambadiha 498,16 153 164 812 412 400 412 400 73 4 238 146 (50.74) (4926) (100.00) (100,00) (17.72) (1.00) (57,77) (36.50) ---- _,_ ...... ______,,__ ___ ...... __' ______,.._._ __..__~_,.._. ___ o______~_ 0-- ______-r------Amrappra. 27,328.92 7,643 7,942 40,417 20595 19,822 534 533 17,524 17,250 3,948 1,257 12,371 2,623 C.D. Block (50,96) (49,04) (2.59) (2,68) (85.09) (87.02) (19.17) (6.34) (60.07) (13.23) .-._--"- --_. -----_.- - _-_- ~~~------~-~~-.------.----- 69 H.A-16, 47 MAlt-i WORKERS ------~.--- .. -~--~--~-- -- .-~- -- _ .. _-- --.~------Marginal Workers Non·Workers Seeking/ Available Cult iva tors (I) Agricultural Labouren; Household Industry. Other Workers for work (II) Manufacturing, (III, IV, V(b), and Processing, Servicing VI to IX) and Rerairs V(?) , __ A--"! r-.A:--j r--.A. - -....., r--..J..r--i i-~-.}.._·----' ,--A-i i--..A..--'l M F M F M F M F M F M F M F ______~ ____..... - ___...... I __-_------.---.------.....--- 25 26 27 28 29 30 J7 18 19 20 21 22 23 14 ______- ____ ---.--_--_,...._---,.....- _, I__ --,..,J"'""------.....- _-_ _... -...... - 42 19 237 363 55 46 275 84 23 25 4 14 (7,06) (16,13) (39.83) (64.36) (9.24) (8.16) (46,22) (14.89) (3,87) (4,43) (0,67) •• (2,35) (0.18) -----_1-._------_._------_ .... !""------,.__ ~ 14 85 78 81 .. 113 36 1 4 .. " .. .. (37.86) (39.32) (54 85) (17.48) (0.40) (1. 94) (6.80) (41.26) __ ._____ -__ ---,...J"-,_-_------J-'------....:------~------294 255 321 48 139 275 7S 41 24 6 11 115 6 20 (35.81 ) (43.73) (6,74) (18.94) (:3 6:) (10,63) (5.76) (3.27) (0,84) (1. 50) (16.15) (0.82) (2.81) (40.05) -~------~----~------104 107 3 21 179 22 33 15 6 2 13 39 207 (28.49) (30.23) (0,82) (5.93) (46,58) (6.21 ) (9.04) (4,24) (1. 64) (0.56) (3.56) (0.18) (10,68) (58.47) ,.._-,.._-r-,..._,-.-~ ...... "".--.,....,.---~~~,....,....--...... ,-.,...-~,..- ~~~~~--~-~-~~-~~~--~ 157 It .. 168 103 42 22 23 21 5 11 97 157 (39,25) (25.75) (10,19) (5.58) (5,25) (1.21) (4.13) (24.25) (38.11) (40.78) (5.50) ~~,...... --..-..... ""_"""""""""--- -_,_...- _----. _.'--'___ ...... __...__...... - ---~---.....,_..---..-.-.- ...... 8,650 460 1,280 9,111 1,880 1,170 507 434 136 1,656 100 876 8,549 7,348 (43,64) (2.23) (6.46) (44.24) (9 -48) (5.68) (2.56) (2,11) (0.69) (8.04) (0,50) (4.25) (43.13) (35.68) ---~- ... .. ---.-~. -- ,,- . __ ...... -.. -.. .~~ .. ~-.-.- ... -., ------... PRIMARY CEN~U~ AB~TRACT (1%1, ml ano lnJ) -~.--~-- - _.... -~ -_.. _. __ ._---- .. - .... --~ -----_ .... _... _. __ ...... _---_ .. _- --_---~.-...~-. .. -.~.--.------. ~l, Name of Villa~e CCnlm Ar~a of Vjjla~e ~o, of No, of Tolal Population (Inclu:ir.~ [viile· ~~nc~.ulcu Ca~lel &n~ulro TriD~~ LItera(e~ Totru Main Worker! No, ~0ar (in nectare~) occupiea Houlenolu~ llonal ana H0Ulele~~ PliPlblior,) ~-I~ Rc;iacnlial HOUICI r--__,A._---i I-.... -_).._~ r-..... \.-~ r ...... A...... , r--.).._' P M F M F M F !vi F M F _oI~...... j-- ...... _ ..._· ______....oj ____"""Ii...... __,...__.._~ _ ___._~~ -- ...... ; l__.-...-...... ____ 1(a) 1 W 11 Ii B l~ I) 10 ..... ~~ - ...... _._-..~---____,~--...... - .....--...... --- ...... -....!~ .....~ I Jamkanali . .1%1 m~~ I~~ m ~~~ )~j ~% ~~~ ~~~ II J~l J)~ ()uJi) (4~. oil 1%.11) (~U~) (1, 1~) (o1,~~) (1lJ~ .~~ ...... _.._ ...... __,_..... ---_.._-...---.....~~- __ ___ Inl 1)), ~~ l~D m L~% )40 ))~ m i)~ il n~ 11 (4Ul) (j~, l~) (% 1~) (W~,~~) (~J4) (~. I~) ()~ 01) (1. I~) "~""'_MIIII""""'1IIIIIIIi I J. ~ .... ~_ ...... __ ...... _ .... ,_~_~ ... ~ .... _ ...... _""'IIIi ...... ___ oIiI __""IIIII __ ~ ... _~...... _ ...... _ .... """"""""'...... ~"""""I.....,j...,._ ...... ,j__..~_ ...... ~ __...... ~ Inl m.~~ 114 lj~ U)~ )~) )M )~) %~ )4 llb lW (ll J4) (~~ ,00) (W~.~~) (l~~. ~~) (~,~~) (~,I~) (;l, II) (I~·~m ------~.~"-.-.---.-.. -~-.-~,--- ~.,,-.-- -~-~. .-_~_~ r·._.__ ~ __ ~~ .. "-.~ .. " .. ----.~.--_"._ 49 MAIN WORKERS --"-"--'~~~~.---.--'--'-~----'---- -.--.-~~""""_ .. - ---~ ... --.-.--.- --~.---- .. -_ - -~- r------~ ~--l Cultivators Agricultural L\bclUIOrs Household Indus!ry 011:tr WI rkef: Marginal Workers Non-Workers Scc-kir:giAv2.i](.ble U) (IT) Manufacturing, (ITt IV, V(b) and for work Prucmsing, S';rvicing VI to IX) and Repairs V(a) r---A.--J I~--..A.--l ,r-_.-A--i r----.}... -j r-A-I i-.....J.,.,--j r----A.-, M F M F M F \1 F M F M F p d ...... j~------~_...... _.....--...... ,------, ___ -.w ______... ~ __ ')'" 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 .. / 28 29 30 _,...... -...... _,----- ...... ~----- .. -...... __-- ~--.....__.....j~- 283 317 58 j6 161 142 (56.26) (63.91) (0.20).______(0 20) ,_- (11.53) (7 26) (32.01) (2~ ·63) ------_ --- 302 10 2 J6 226 538 (55.31) (1.82) (O.m (0.18) (2 9j) (0 1~) (41.39) (97.82) "'__'_-~--"""--.--"""111111-"""~~~"""''''''''~-''''''''-_''''''''''''--~------~__''''''''_------ 275 84 2J 25 4 14 42 91 237 363 55 46 (46.22) (14.89) (3.87) (4.4J) (06.~ (2.35) (0.18) (7.0~ (16.1)) (39.83) (64.3~ (9.24) (8.16) ------_._---_. 51 Table No', 3 Di&tribation oj PflpMiati(W CkMsified lzy Age, Sex, mrd Marital JtatUJ Age Group Never Married Married Widowed Divorced or Total Separated. r'--.A..·---_ P M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 o-t 66 27 39 .. 66 27 39 2 5~ 60 36 24 60 36 24 , 10-14 53 27 26 2 . , 2 55 27 28 15-1.9 32 16 16 2 34 17 17 20-24 20 12 8 30 5 25 51 17 34 25-29 13 8 5 52 28 24 66 37 29 30-34 4 3 31 16 15 1 37 18 19 35-44 44 22 22 1 46 23 23 45-54 40 23 17 11 2 9 51 2S 26 55-69 22 14 8 16 4 12 38 18 20 10+ 2 2 2 4 3 Age not Stated Total 148 117 121 :US 110 115 31 6 25 4 3 1 508 246 262 52 Table No." Distribution of Households and Population classified by Bel;,ion and Tribe/Community and Sex --~-~ ..... --- - _" - + -~_,.-- •• ~~ • .,_-----•• - --- TRmE Total -~ Santa! Maraiya (Lobara) r-~ Religion Household Male Female Household Male Female Household Male Pemale 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Christians 4 7 7 4 1 7 Hindus 91 223 237 5 16 18 96 239 255 Totsl 95 2.30 244 5 16 18 100 ---.-- .------S3 Table No.5 DiltributiM o/householdl clas$;fied by type and Educational level of Head o/household --_._------Number of households where educational level of head of household is Type of household I------~~------~Illiterate Literate Below Primary Middle Total without PrimarY educational . level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Nuclear . 36 3 2 5 46 2. SuppiementcJ Nuclear 21 1 22 3. Sub-nuclear 7 1 8 4. Single person 2 2 S. Supplemented Sub-nuclear 1 1 6. Collateral Joint 1 .. 1 7. Supplemented Collateral Joint . 1 1 8, Lineal . 15 15 9. Supplemented lineal Joint . 10. Lineal collateral Joint 3 3 11. Supplemented lineal collateral 1 1 Total 87 4 1 3 5 100 ----_.__ .- 54 ':able No.6 Distribution of Population classified by Age, sex mui EduCfJlionalle\le'l ---- -~------~~~------~--- Age and Sex r- ----.:A. ~. 5....,.9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-49 50 & Above Total Educational level ,-J.-., r...... A-, ,-.A-. ,-.A--; ,-.A-, r--A-. ,.-..A-, r-~ M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 16 H 12- '13' 1"4 . '1S 16 ... 11 .l.llli.terate 33 24 21 28 9 -l7 '13 34 43 41 3-1 ~ 29 '1S "1" 222 2. Literate without educational level . 3 4 3 3 1 16 3. Primary or Junior Basic. ~ 6 2 6 .. )6 4. Middle 3 1 .2 1 '8 total 3li 24 27 28 -17 17 17 34 55 • 48 36 '39 . 31 33 '219 . '223 ----. ~----- 5S ·r-ab1e~. 7 Num}f!f 01 p tr1f'lIJ 'by Art, '5n ani NIitirm"'. ~ ·",IfI,w"lut 'II"~ in .5IM"",__ ~ ~ .... - Total Number studying Number not studying RtliSion Age·sroup r-~ r-~ r '. ~.. ,.. .. , ~ \ M F M F M F ... , " - 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 - Hindus . 5-9 3S 24 9 i I¥. al 10-14 2~ 28 6 1 20 27 U-19 11 15 5 ',' 12 15 10-24 16 34 2 14 34 2S+ 118 115 118 115 Total 212 216 22 1 190 213 Christians 5-9 ." 10-14 15-19 2 2 20-24 25+ 4 5 4 S Total 7 " 2 5 7 Total 5-9 36 24 10 1 26 22 10-14 27 28 1 11 20 21 15-19 17 17 5 12 11 20-24 17 34 2 1$ 34 25+ 112 120 122 120 Total 219 223 24 ]' 195 220 ----- Table No, 8 Number O/ptrMNIS 6, Age, Se~ at.td stud, in &/ucationallnstitutiolf_ bl Schedu~d Tribes and other comnvmJtie.' Marafya (Lollar&) , 5-9 2 2 2 2 10-14 4 4 15-19 , . 1 20-24 1 2 II 2 25+ 9 9 9 9 Total 13 17 13 17 Santal . 5-9 34 22 10 2 24 20 10-14 21 24 1 1 20 23 15-19 16 17 5 11 17 20-24 16 32 2 14 32 2S+ 113 111 .. ' 113 111 Total 206 206 24 3 182 203 Total • 5-9 36 24 10 2 26 22 10-14 27 28 7 20 27 15-19 17 17 5 12 17 "" 20-24 17 34 2 to' 15 34 25+ 122 120 .. .. 122 120 Total 219 223 24 3- 195 220 ..,...... of"'~----~~---. ____ .....:.._...__- ____._ ...... _~ _..._~. Table~No. 9 Neve" Mlmdanct (Jff(/ DiscontilfuatiOlf'After Ever AIIt_" of Childr", of school·,oin, ate by Ate tIIId SIx and Reasoll Total number Never attendance Discontin uation aft~r AM ~ r- r"~ M F Males Females Males ,..~ r- r W'\._ • 1 r---'---. Head Head of of house- hous~ Look· hold hold ing not Father's not Father's after Father's parti- Minor Mad death Poverty parti. Minor death cattle deatli cular cular 58 Table; No. l(T ,Dblrn..;", ~ ~e~ b, 'Eriie/~"""" " .IIrM" II...... tI1IfI A-. ~i' Itore ---,-~----- Average: alucalioDil Score NtInt of tribe No, of Population ~------A llett8M6lti pet' heath __ ------jper househotll r----.A..---~ r__;'_'--"'I P M F P- M F 2 31 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Santal 95 412 206 206 66 64 2 66 2 (0.16) (0.31) (0.01) (0.69) (0.61) (0.02) 13 11 Maraiya (Lohara) 5 30 " TOTAL • 100 442 219 223 66 64 2 66 64 2 (0.15) (0.29) (0.01) (0.66) (0.64) (0.02) NOTI :-Fisures shown in col. 3 to S exclude population in the age group 0-4.. Table No. ~ DiJ/rlbulioll of HouselM/ils, C4tttlip,d1.byl;lJl."Qfi J4emk~ rm~ "'litNAi/~*" • I:kIfI. ~ BJr,lj, otllf44 f( Houstlwld ._-----_._-- - .._------_ ------~- _------ Mlgra!io~ StatU$·_ place ~ij bri th of· b.d, of household 2-S.~. , 6-10 11 and Total above ~~~-~~~~-~~-~~------~~~~>~rt~------1 3 4 s 6 ~--~~~~~----.------A, Non·migrant (Born in the village) 2 54 32 2 90 9. Migrant I. Born outside the village In the same C.D. Block (a) RUral . 1 6' (b) Urban. .. II. Born within the' same Distritt In C.D. Block (Mahesbpur) (a) IUral . " 2 .. 2 (b) Urban . UT. Born within thb 'same District in C,D, Block (pakur) (a) Rllral . " 1 I (b) Urban. t. IV. Born In Other Country (BkngIa Desh) . 1 t Total' . 2 100 6() TableNo.ll Crop 1'roductfon, Consu~ption and Marketing, c/nSsijied by Religion and Tribe Community ", .---~~--.------.------~--- . Religion and Tribe/Community • Total Number Crops cuJiivated Number Yield pcr C(\nsulT_p- WllJkct- number of of cultiva- tion per ing per of' hous'e- house- ting cult iva- cult iva- house- holds holds house- tjr.g ting holds having cult iva- hold house- house- agricul- ting (in Kg.) hold hold turalor (in Kg.) (in Kg.) horticul· turalland 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 lIindur Paddy 90 [1,228 [1,042 176 (I) Santa! 91 90 Maize 87 402 362 40 Kurthi 28 186 153 33 Masoor 11 185 162 23 Gram 42 299 246 53 Redgram 5 32 2S 7 Mustard Seed 9 101 44 5'; Ghagra 13 139 123 16 Millet 6 213 180 33 Turi 3S 20 19 1 Khesarl 36 90 71 19 Mahua 2 58 58 Wheat 2 105 105 Tisl 6 15 12 3 Kodo 1 60 60 (2) MaralYa (Lohra) Paddy 5 r 1,300 980 320 (Lohra) 5 Maize 5 96 96 Masoor 3 50 50 Gram 2 23 23 Mustard Seed 2 25 2S Turf 1 5 5 Christians Paddy 4 1,150 925 22 Santal • 4 4 Maize 4 85 85 Kurthi 2 18 18 Gram 1 40 40 Mustard Seed 2 28 28 Ghagra 10 10 Turl 2 15 15 Khesari 2 30 30 ------.. -~-'- - - ~. -~ .. --_.::- 61 Table No. 13 Animal husbandrY Classifaed by purpose Method of feedini probkma and p rospecli Description of live stock and poultry Number of Purpose Number of households households rearing rearing and following in respect of feeding Traditional 1 2 3 4 Bullock 40 (a) Use as draught Power 4 (b) Agricultural. 40 Cow 64 (a) Domestic use (Mllk and Cow duna) . 64 (b) Agricultural . 64 43 (a) Domestic use 43 " (b) Sale 8 (I) Locally 8 (ii) Export . Goat 36 (a) Domestic use 36 (b) Sale 12 (I) Locally . 12 (ii) Export . Sheep 12 (a) Domestic use Ii (b) Sale (j (i) Locally. 6 (Ii) Export . Buffalo 5 Domestic use 5 Hen 57 (a) Domestic use 57 (b) Sale 11 (i) Locally. 11 (il) Export . SWine 4 Domestic use 4 ·--'l'aIft'e'M,. 14 Household and lma'n 'Sca~ 1HauitYjI '6)1 YJ1* y/-Pt'rllJde1 'Clliss_ '1Jji :&!/itifjll c&"'trllitfGt>ritttiWifl'Y'~r'h ead of h ouseh old ofTotal house- No. Nuniber, ...... ,..;.. (jf...... hOuseholds ____ engagtkl.A..-- 'in______m!inbfaclure' belongiwg· 'to "'"\ holds eng- Hmdus Hindus Christians aged in (Santal) (Maraiya) (Santa1) household ,-~ ,-_"_' """I ,---..A.-----. and small ,House Numbel House Number House Number scale' , bold manufac- hold manufae- hold manufac Industr~ engaged elured ngaged tured engaged tured ---!'.-----_._------....".------.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...... ~-.... -----.------....,--.---~------.------~ Leaf plate maki~g ,50 47 17,9600 1 2000 Pieces 2 11,000 Pieces pieces Oil crushing such as Kusum'~tla,'Kmmj·etc. • 1 17 Kg. Furniture such as Chair, table, stool ett. 1 50 Pieces Rope making ., " ,1 1 75 Kg. .', Domostic . & AgriclIltural goods such as.tlllerp yoke, window etc., , , , , 1 1 500 Pieces Agricultural tools such as sickle, axe, spade etc. 5 5 400 Pieces Matmaktng 1 24 Pieces Total '60 51 6 3 · TabltnNo. 15 Trade and Commel'ee' bJl D~criptlon 'C1a~~ified by·kligion.and Tribe/Community 'oFliead,of the·HoU8fJhold IlItd J1oluT11B'DITransaction ------..---~------.-. ~------. ----~--- Total Number of households engaged in Trade Pe.sc~on of Trade and Commerce Number of and Commerce Religion and Tribe/Commu households nity r- ,'Hindus Santal r- --"l Households Average Value of engaged Transaction (in money value) ,.... 1 2 3 4 Tea stall 2 2 Rs.6 SO/-per year -Sale-&f-~.Ha -.(In-tGxWant) 1 1 R.s. 1200/~ per year TABLBNo.16 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH REFERENCE TO INCOME-GROUP AND AVERAGE INCOME FROM EACH SOURCE IN EACH INCOME-GROUP ------Cultivation Ag. Labourer Livestocks Forestery Preparation Product of leaf plate Income-group No. of house No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average holds house Income house- Income house- Income house- Income house- Income holds per holds per holds per holds per holds per receiv house- receiv- house- receiv- house- receiv- house- receiv- house- ing hold ing hold ing hold ing hold ing hold Income of the] Income of the Income of the Income of the Income of the from house- from house- from house- from house- from house- the holds the holds the holds the holds the holds Source deriving Source deriving Source deriving Source deriving Source deriving means means means means means from from from from from the the the the the Source Source Source Source Source (A) (B) (A)] (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Upto 1000 2 1 600 1 300 1 100 1001-2000 12 12 1,237 3 747 2 140 5 178 4 238 2001-3000 32 32 1,715 15 807 10 265 8 197 13 256 3001-4000 23 23 2,354 10 990 10 477 4 212 14 285 4001-5000 22 22 3,439 8 700 13 225 5 280 10 243 5001+ 9 9 5,216 5 1,400 2 280 2 225 1 138 Rope making Carpentary Mat netting Cutting of Soil Trade & Commerce Income-group No. of house- No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average holds house- Income house- Income house- Income house- Income house- Income holds per holds per holds per holds per holds per receiv- house- receiv- house- receiv- house- receiv- house- receiv- house- ing hold ing hold ing hold ing hold ing hold Income of the Income of the Income of the Income of the Income of the from house- from house- from house- from house- from house- the holds the holds the holds the holds the holds Source deriving Source deriving Source deriving Source deriving Source deriving means means means means means from from from from from the the the the the Source Source Source Source Source (B) _--(A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) CA) (B) (A) 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 UptolOOO 2 1001-2000 12 1 800 1 300 2001-3000 32 1 300 1 240 6 458 1 969 3001-4000 23 4 888 4001-5000 22 1 2,000 1 850 5001+ 9 1 3,000 6S TABLE No. 16-contd. ---- Household Dairy Stipend Dehusking of Sale and pur- Industry paddy chase of Goat Income-group No. of ------house- No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average holds house- Income house- Income house- Income house- Income house- Income holds per holds per holds per holds per holds per receiv- house- receiv- house- receiv- house- receiv- house- receiv- house- ing hold ing hold ing hold ing hold ing hold Income of the Income of the Income of the Income of the Income of the from house- from house- from house- from house- from house- the holds the holds the holds the holds the holds Source deriving Source deriving Source deriving Source deriving Source deriving means means means means means from from from from from the the the the the Source Source Source Source Source (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Upto 1000 2 1001-2000 12 2001-3000 32 225 1 144 1 100 1 400 3001-4000 23 4001-5000 22 1 1,800 1 288 1 350 5001+ 9 1 288 Old age Pension Income from life- Black-smithy Average for all term gifted land households in the Income-group Income-group No. of No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average house- house- Income house- Income house- Income holds holds re- per house- holds re- per house- holds re- per house- ceiving hold of ceiving hold of ceiving hold of Income the house- Income the house- Income the house- from the] holds de- from the~ holds de- from the holds de- Source riving Source riving Source riving means means means from th~j from the from the SourceJ Source Source (A») (B) I (A)]U'l (B):! tA») (B) 1 _- 2 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Upto 1000 2 1 740 870 1001-2000 12 1,692 2001-3000 32 2 760 2,537 3001-4000 23 2 1,900 3,522 4001-5000 22 4,354 5001+ 9 2 360 6,571 -.---- '------Table Distribution Of Households by Income-Group ------_------Income Ocoup No. of Food Drink Cloth Ornament Fuel and Households light --- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --.... -- .... - UptolOOO 2 68.54% 1.69% 8.98% 1001.-2000 12 73.60% 5.03% 7.72% 0.68% 2001-3000 32 67.94% 6.15% 12.08% 1.06% 3001-4000- 23- 65.57% 5.01% 15.16% 0.63% l..oa.r. - 4001..-sooo 22 64.12% 6.55% 11.17% 0.81% 0.73% 5001+ 9 6633% 8.58% 7.46% o..4l¥o--- and Nature of Expenditure Travel'&; BdUcatfmt. H6~rel!t Meclfcat . a..• > .... PurcBlat- ~Q>"""'''' recreation & Repair cess··= • . (~., 1iOQS 1m. miscella...... p~ ... 'pro_eDt DeQUS ,of building items and other structu~ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 S.6~% ", 15.17% 6.59% 0.68% 0.40% 0.16% 1.16% 3.88% 4.90% 0.12% 0.71% 0.16% 0.23% 0.04% 1.99% 0.12% 2.44% 2.06% 4.37% 0.20% 0.78% 1.56% 0.20% 1.44% 0.60% 1.53% 1.89% 5.65% 0.28% 0.27% 0.61% 0.19% 0.67% 0.24% 0.90% 0.22% 3.21% 3.81% I 7.30% 0.62% 0.89% 0.36% 0.15% 1.07% 0.71% 0.07% 4·28% 1.76% Table No. 18 Num~er of HObseholds in Debt classified by occupation of Head 0/ Household, purpose and Income Group Occupation' of head of household. Total Number of Numbe~ of hOU$eholds inde~ted in t~e 111" Number ~f households indebted " . '. . ' , .households by ()(k come·group (in Rs. for cupation of Ilead Qf " r"-____.-A· 1 ' "'i household. up to 1001. 2001. SOOI Purchase Agricul· Purchase 1(0) 2000 SOOO and above offood turallm· of Live- Items plements stock 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-- Cultivation 85 3 18 2 8 12 3 AgricultUral Labour . 3 1. 1 Black smithy 4 , , .. " Carpentry 1 1 1 Rope making 1. 1 1 Cutting of soil 2 1 Mat Netting . 1 1 1 .. Dependent 3 .. 1 1 - Tota) . 100 5 20 4 10 16 3 '69 T.ble No. 19 HoustlloJds Indebted C/fl3sI/1et16y SOWel, TermS and C~ndltions - Source No. of households having taken loan ' 'No. of households who have tak~ Joan No. -of' households (in is.) at the Interest of who have taken loan r-_--_...:..A.....' __. --. ,.-_ ..... __ -.A -. ..A.. __ ,< upto 100- 201- 501 and upto 11.15% 31-40% 4HO% Security Securj: 100 200 . 500 Above" 10% -' ,."'" - (Personal) (Mortg· age) ,------1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 11 ------1. Local-Mahajan . 7 4 4 2 13 14 2. Co-operative So- ciety . 1 1 1 2 3. Bank. 3 3 6 6 4. Circle/C.D. Block 3 2 .. 1 6 6 ------~---~ Total . 1. 7 5 28 ,. 70 IJJable',I(O. 20 Dutrlbllllol o/ ....1tIr ~11 """""''''''''i.NwrfIIIr,-o/.fY.oriflr"in tAe HouSehold} !)lumbet.of wollllers in ~,-'.IaQ}d, , !NaNbV 01 ~ouseholdl~ ,eiae"'oIIUInhtr ~ 'hi_ Remarb no.orworlers ' "'"'I AU.HousehoJds 1-3 ~6_, 7-10 10+ --- I 2 3 4 5 6 7 ------i1 1 ,,(1) .. Note~:-Only 11 3 2/,(3) 1/(1) . , Minor-workers aN 38 H/(30) 21/(46) 2/.(4) .. included in this Ta ble 2 3 24 3/(9) 18}(59) 3/(11) 4 2°1 13/(53) 7/(32) S 9 .. 4/(17) 4/(18) 1/(6) 6 2 2/(1'2) !' 7 • 1 .. l!{IJ) 8 1 '1/(8) 9 1 1/(9) ~ 1 21/(43) 57/(176) T~*al . 90 20/(92) 2/(15) 71 1Pt>l* INn. 21 ;});,,,,iNfio,*,,,, I1t;MIIwIrII ~ 4, Y'-MeifPillfn*1lt IDf1tlJ. \~N"""li( ''''''''''''':.''e .Il--If) NimOtt'o{kouIJoI1tjIds by size and number ofaUf.,lIMibg number ornon-workers Numbltt of utWor ·ploJeQ.w:lUAHng,thoIe :seoJrin,1Vott r----______...... ___ oAo ______---i"" All households 1-3 4-6 7-10 11+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ------, . Nil 77 19/(40) 47/(136) 10/(49) 1/(9) 1 21 2/(3) 9/(34) 9/(37) 2 1/(6) 3 " 1/6 .lOQ 72 'Filbie' No. 22 Number of work", Seeking Employment CIa8si~ed by Nature 0/ Present Occupation and Age Groups ------_._------".. ----- OccUpation All workers ,-----______Workers seeking--A---~ employment ______~ Total 0-14 1S-24 25-34 35--49 50+ . r-~ ~ ~,-~ r---'--'l ,-Jlv--, Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of workers workers workers workers workers workers PMF PMFP MFP MFP MFP MFP M F 1 2 3 4 S 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 ------,------Cultivation · 281 128 IS3 3 3 .. 2 2 .. 1 1 .. Leaf·plate making 4 .. 4 .. Agricultural Labour . · 10 6 4 6 6 3 3 .. 2 2 .. 1 ...... Cutting of Soil • . 21111 .... 1 1 .. Mal making , 1 " 1 .... Blacksmithy · 10 9 1 Ropo making • . 11 .. 11 .... 1 1 .. Carpentry . · 3 3 .. • , '1 ,a •• to Ii- ,. ,. "t , • 312 148 164 11 11 .. .. .• .. 66 .. 44 .. 11 .. ., .. .. Table ~o.23 Sale of Vaillable Assets During last jive year~ Classified bJi Occupation 0/ Head 0/ household _._,------,------.------~----- Oc~upation of head of the Number of hous& Households, reporting household holds reporting sale , sale of'Assets during r-~ Liv&stock (Money Value) 1 2 3 Cultivation leIS than 6 months 3 660.00 6 months-l year 1 ~.OO 2+.)'141'1 35 10,206.00 Agricultural Labourer 2+years 1 800.00 Mat netting 6 mon,6s-] )'tar 1 120.00 Rope making 2 +years 1 400.00 Soil cutting 6 mont • .r-l yw 1 220.00 2+,earl 1 180.00 Dependent 2 +years 1 300.00 Total 13,$46.00 '4 Table No. 24 Purchllll of Valuable Assets During Last Flve)Wlr3 c/ass(fied by occlIJXltion of Head ofHousehoid Ho~holds reporting pU(~a~ of ~t~ Number of households reporting r------.A! ~ purchase during Live stock Machinery ToolS (Money Value) (Money Value) (Money Value) 1 2 3 4 5 tt montlis-t year 725.00 1 1-2 years 5 1,960.00 8.00 2+ years 2 4,000.00 20.00 CarpeDtry 2+years 1 6,250.00 21.00 _.._.. --- Total 9 2.685.00 10.2S0.00 49.00 -'nt..,lt)'No. 25 ------._--_ ".... ce.~fw~~ r------..A.Number of households who spent for -. Qmstruction .J-and .. develop- . :Pur;~Jlase. of and improve- merIt 'la1id'& other Source . ment Jjf (Money value) productive bunWng assets . al)d Other -ttrUcture . ·(MGaey·vaJae) .1 2 -J 1• .Qersonal savlll8 (Rs. 5,671) . 5,130.00 200.00 . 2. l..lU>.P• .l.o¥t (Rs. 740) .. \ ..940", 3. ~m_fmp\.~tCQ:9~rll.tjoJJ £o:c;iW'.Qi,s. 15:) • 75.00 4~ ..Bank loan (If,I. 4,125) . 4.725.00 S. LLC. (Ra. 60) 60.00 6. Sale Of assets (Rs. 3,002) 1,410.00 1.592.00 7. Cirde/Govt. Office (Rs. 450) 100.00 350.00 8. By ael1iJJg livestock (Rs. 200) 200.00 Total as. 14,923.00 6,540,00 300.00 8,083,00 69 HA-20 Table No. 26 DbtributIon of Houses by Predominant Materials ofFloor, Wall. Roof and Ceiling CltlS8i/ied by Religion and Tribel Community of Head of 1M Household Predomi- Predomi- Predominant Predominant material of Door and . Religion of Tribe/ COmmunity nant nant material of Roof Window material of material of floor wall ~- r----..A.-..-.., .., Mud Mud Straw Tiles Bamboo WOod Straw 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 HiGdwI (Santal) 91 91 75 16 SO 36 5 Hiadus (Maraiya) S S 5 3 2 Cbristians (Santal) 4 4 2 2 2 2 Total 100 100 81 18 55 38 7 ." Table No. 27 Households classified by Number of Members, Number 0/ Rooms occupied and Religion and Tribe! o,mmunlty of Head 0/ the Household -----_- Total Total Total Households with Household with Households with Households with Religion and Tribe/ No. No.of No. one Room two Rooms three Rooms five and above Community of head of of mem- of rooms HOQSehoid House· hers Rooms holds ,...... _.....__ ...... ,--.A..--. r--.A--...... -.A.--. No. NO. of No. No of No. No of No. No.of of members of mem- of mem- of members house- house- bers house. bers house- ~ hold ~ hold ,---A--, hold ,---A--, hold M F M F M F M F M--'-F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Santal (Hindus) 91 ·223 237 116 73 175 176 13 29 43 4 15 14 4 4 Maralya (Hindus) S 16 18 S S 16 18 Santal (Christians) 4 7 7 S :3 S S 1 2 2 Total 100 146 261 Jl6 81 196 199 14 31 45 4 15 14 1 4 4 1'1 t4IPlc,r.:WO. 28 AVaivmi/l.tJ{qj,,_n(tJ6.s C;~Jq. ~_"fo1hll~4~" AftjOI{" No.I:eI bility "~ holds 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 i ' ~('" 3 4 S 6 f 1 >i i .. (&}-~ •. ,H-. , CultijrnHpp , ,W-.Na1. ' ... ~~ 8.).., (a.)..~~ ss-~~)..~. .. ~)..~. having having having having having having (1;) Ha~ 8S (b) Ha ., (b) Ha .. (b) Ha .. (b) Ha .. (b) Ha "li1Ja" ving. , viDg.. v~" v~ Yi-Rtr Separa Separa Separa- Separa Separa Sepa tely telY., Iiately , tely tdy ooiY (c) Shares ., (c) Shares ,. (c)Shws . . (;c) ShllJles 85 (q) Share!! 85 (~)'~~' ; with with wHh with WIth with other other other other other 0 .... : house house house house house house holds hol<;1s holds holds holds holds (a) (a) Ag.labo-qr (a) (a) 3 (a) 3 (a) 3 (b) 3 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) .. (c) (c) (c) (c) 3 (c) 3 (c) (a) (a) Carpentry Rope Making (a) (a) (a) 1 (a) (a) (a) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (c) (c) (c) (c) 1 (c) 1 (c) Mat netting (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 1 (b) 1 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (c) (c) (c) (c) 1 (c) 1 (c) Black smithy (a) (a) 4 (a) 4 (a) (a) (a) 4 (b) 4 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (c) (c) (c) (c) 4 (c) 4 (c) Cutting of soil (a) (a) 2 (a) 2 (a) (a) (a) 2 (b) 2 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (c) (c) (c) ., (c) 2 (c) 2 (c) Dependent (a) (a) 3 (a) 3 (a) (a) (a) 3 (b) 3 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (c) (c) (c) (c) 3 (c) ;3 (c) Total (a) (a) 100 Ca) 100 (a) <.> (a) 100 (b) 100 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (c) (c) (c) (c) 100 (c) 15 (c) 7P ·'1Q~~.29 Ay'aIta1JilnJf'(}f'Arize'/tlttesclhS$fflktli1'~;tm4TrlbetC;'mmlMHYof'HeadtJ!~'·· . Amenities and availability- J .- t· , ''l'e 1'p . '3' "'Be)41 Kitchen Bathroom LlWtttOf'Y Source-of"- Water-fOf-wdstdagi,. Ehwiric(·~'" DtinllingtWate, - (well) ,.....----'-' .,.---"----v----.A..: v---~~-___....___"'"' AvaiJa,.. No. of. Availa. No. of Availa. No_ Ava~- No.. AvaUa- No. of.house,. AvaUa. :No. ~:=f:;lJ:I' bility house- bility house- bility of bility of bility hold bility of the bo~laold hold· hold hous.,. house- r-~ h.use- hold hold Canal Pond hold .J" ... l' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ti 13 14 Hindus (Santa)) (a) Not (a) 91 (a) 91 (a) (a) .(a), , ' .91 having ,~r (b) Ha- "fug Sep.a- ratety 91 (b).I 00 (&) (b):: (~",," (c) Shares with other House- hold (c) (c) (c) 91 (0) 27 64 (0) Hindus (Maralya) (a) (a) S (a) S (a) (a) (a) S (b) S (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (c) (c) (c) (0) S (c) S (0) Christians (Santal) (a) (a) 4 (a) 4 (a) (a) (a) 4 (b) 4 (b) (b) (b) (b) .. (b) (c) (c) (c) (c) 4 (c) 3 1 (c) Total 100 100 100 100 35 6S .. 100 80 Table No. 30 Male Dress classifod by Religion and Tribe/Community of Head 01 the Houaelwld and State to which head 01 household belongs Number of house holds where-- r---~------.----_____"___------, Religion and . . State to Adult male normally use Minor male normally use Remarks Tribe/Community which head ,..------"- v """\ of head of of house- Lungi, Panchi, Lung!, Lungi, Panchi, Pant Pant, Lungi, Panchi, Gamchi, household hold Panchi, Shirt, Shirt Panch!, Ganji Shirt Panchl Ganjl. GarUi belongs Shirt Towel Ganjl Shirt 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ·Hindus (Santal) Bihar 11 8 1 12 53 28 10 4 6 2 Five house- holds have 1 1 no adult =111 male Hindus (Maralya) Bihar 1 4 1 1 2 members Christians (Santal) Bihar 1 1 2 1 Total 12 8 1 15 59 30 11 4 8 3 81 Table No. 31 Female Dress classified by Religion and Tribe/Community of Head of the household and State to which head of household beionl{s -----.------Number c,f households where Religion and Tribel State to which ,.-- Community of head of head of house- Adult female___,.._ normally use Minor female normally use Remarks the household hold belongs r- ~ r- Lung!, Lungi, Lung!, Lungi, Lungi, Lungi, Panchi Panchi, Panchi, Panchi Blouse Panchi, Blouse Parhat PutU 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hindus (San tal) Bihar 41 42 5 36 18 4 Two house- holds have BangIa 1 1 no adult Deab fomalo members Hindus (Maraiya) Bihar 1 4 1 2 Christians (Santal) Bihar 1 2 1 Total 44 48 6 38 20 4 f{:a~leI. ~1>",2 I ~il.ffI#P-'. 4f!!,qf.ni!rq.~ ,e/~ified byJ.WIigi.Q1i)Tril1e/(;(1~){ lIR4dllratiol! pjR.Ii~·1WifJfIIH-oI HMdoJ8flUlMu/Jd ------_. --_.----- Religion/Tribe /Community of Head of t,be .ij:QUile)J.old Duration Total Number of Number of Households having of Present Number. of housclaQlds ,-.----.,..,...,.."..,.,...,..-.._... . ReSld~llce HousehQlds having no Chair eo.';;.8aIc;b E'lU1li tqJ'c 1 2 3 4 S 6 1 Hindus (Santal) . 1-4 years 4 4 5+ Years .87 2 1 .. 83 ·1 .' (Maraiya) S 5 Christians (Santal) S+years 4 3 Total 100 3 ------:------:-----,--,----;-.,..,------83 TABLE No. 33 Maln/als of which Ulensils are made Classified by Religion and Tribe/ Community and Migration Status (Migrant or Non-Migrant with Reference to place of last Residence of Head 0/ Household) Religion and Tribe/Community Total Number of households where Number of households where utensils for of head of the household Migration Number cooking utensils are made of serving food are made of ______-J~-- __-- __----~ status of house r holds Alumi Bar then Alumi Leaf nium Brass Pots nium plate Brass onze 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hindus (Santal) Non-Migrant 85 55 5 33 72 13 21 18 Hindus (Maraiya) Non-Migrant 4 4 1 4 Christians (Santal) Do. 1 1 1 Hindus (Santal) Migrant 6 4 1 5 6 4 3 3 Hindus (Maraiya) Migrant 1 1 1 1 Christians( Santal) Do. 3 2 1 3 Total 100 67 7 39 87 17 24 21 69 H.A.-21 64 TABLE No. 34 DUIrlbution 0/ Members Ctassijied.by Age; Sex and Relationship 10 Head ofHousehold where the Head ·is Male Number of Persons who are related to head of household as r- ...... Age grvup Head of the Wife Son Brother Son's Brothers Daug- Sister Daugh- Father Mother Other Other Total house- wife wife hter ter's Males Fem- holds Husband ales 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0-9 51 47 7 12 117 10-14 21 1 22 3 50 15-24 3 8 24 3 10 17 6 1 1 74 25-44 44 48 20 3 5 7 4 5 1 137 45-55' 34 20 11 65 60..,. 9 4 4 3 21 Total 90 80 116 7 16 1 93 11 5 1 15 12 17 464 85 TABLB No. 35 Dilrtribution 0/Members Classified by Age" Sex and Relationship to Head 0/ Household where thB Head is Female. Number of Persons who are related tohead of household as r- ., Age group H~dof Son's Other Other the house- Husband Son Brother wife Daughter Sister Males Females Total hold 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0-9 3 2 1 2 1 9 10-14 2 3 5 15-24 1 2 2 5· 11 25-44 2 5 3 2 12 45-59 5 5 60+ 2 2 Total 10 1 12 5 12 1 2 1 44 TABLE No. 36 D:stribution of fIousehoJJs Classi/i ed by Tribe/Community of fIead oj Household and Types of Household. Types of househoI d Number of households where head of household belongs to r- Santal (Hindus) Marajya (Hindus) Santal (Christians) Tota) Remarb 2 3 4 5 6 ------1. Nuclear 43 3 46 2. Supplemented nuclear 20 2 22 3. Sub-nuclear 7 8 4. Single person 2 2 S. Supplemented Sub-nuclear 1 6. Collateral Joint 7. Supplemented Collatera' Joint 8. Lineal 13 2 15 9. Supplemented Lineal Joint. 10. Lineal Collateral Joint 2 1 3 11. SUPPlemented Lineal Collateral 1 Total 91 5 4 100 81 TAB~' NG. '37 iJlsti'iblditJn ofHouselidldi t:IdUii/efi ITy NIlmHrlolllltm6er and Age d/Hetid 0 fHouliJhtJI". , . ~ ': '---- Age of head of household Number of households having members. r- ';1·' Single 2 3, 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12 Total 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 Below-20 1 1 20-29 4 7 1 2. 14 30-39 3 6 7 8 1 16 40-49 1 3 3 2 6 5 4 1 25 50-59 1 1 6 , 7 2 1 23 60 and Above 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 11 ," Total :& 7 12 13 13 10 3 100 T.-W Neollll RESTRICTIONS '.AND PRES€RfP!.ElGNS;(i)]jLBeOO,A-ND; WORK, CfllNNRClJilD, WI'J1H' BBlIilNOIF A CIflLD WITH REFERENCB TO SEX OF mE CHILD CLASSIFmD BY RELIGION AND TRmE OF HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD (MALE CHILD) ------... __ --'--'------_;_------_.-- Religion and Tribe of Number of births that Number of Number of Number of Number of hflllli, ~f the.hGusehold occurrrod at births WheI10l births where births where births where r------~------~ mother was mother was for mother for mother F~ M~FS subjected to subjected to· speciaUy pres- specially place place restriction in restriction in cribed food prescribed respect o[ respect of was Arhar work was food-pork work and KuIthi (No work chicken, (No-wotkc fm: dal Beiled pr~ribed) Jack fruit one month) rice and hot Arwa rice water Meat,Khesari dal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hindus (Santa) 34 3 37 'J7 37 37 Hindus (Maraiya) 3 3 3 3 3 Christians (Santa) 2 2 2 2 2- Total 39 3 42 42 42 42 89 ""TA1iJ:J! 'fIfO. '39 RESTRICTIONS AND !'RESmIPTIONS OF F60D ANn ''t\T@RK 'C6Nl'lE-C'IED WITH 'BlR"nI OF A 'C'Rl'LD WITH REFERENCB TO SEX OF THE CHILD CLASS1PIED'BY RELlJ:flION AND TRIBE OF HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD (FEMALE CHILD) ",i- ReligiOn and Tribe of Number of births-rtlm Number of Numberat'·· Number of Nu'nlber hf head of the household occured at births where births where births where births Where r------~,:A....;--'----''_,. mother-was' tnotherwas for mother for mott..er Father's lMether's 'Subjected to subject«! to specially 'spe¢iany place pIaee restriction restriction prescribed prescribed in respect of in re9p(JCt of food was work was toed-Pork, work Arhar and Chicken, (No work Kulthi dal, (No work Jactdroit, for one 1Joiled plesuibed) Arwa rice, month) rice, hot Meat, Kesari water dal 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hindus (Santa!) 48 1 49 49 49 49 Hindus (Maraiya) 2 2 2 2 2 Christians (Santal) 2 2 2 2 2 Total 52 1 53 53 S3 53 ..t.. nt 9{ .arriage JHI)'ment lilHtn by house401 d in case of marriage 0/ male clas/i/ied bJ# Religjen .". Tribe CtImI7U.I1Iily and Tinte of marriale . . Number of households whioh aave in cash or cash value darius marriage of male held at Religion -r--~--~------~'------"" and Less than 5 Years 5-9 Years 10-19 Years 20-39 Years 40 +Yoars Tribe/ ,----..A..-----.., ,-----.A---, ,-J-~ ,-J~ ,-J~ Community Paymen~ Payment Payment Payment..J Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment Paymenl range be- range range be- range range be- range range be- range range be- range low Its, Its. low Rs, RS, low Rs, R~, low Rs, RS. low as, Rs. 200/- 200-1000 200/- 200-1000 200/- 200-1000 200/- 200-1000 200/- 200-1000 1 2 3 4 5 1 8 9 10 11 Santa! (Hindus) 3 10 14 11 \4 16 8 8 Maraiya (Hindus) 1 3 1 Santal (Christians) 1 1 Total 11 9 14 11 11 18 9 91 Table No. 41 Amount of Marriage Payment Received by H".se/wlds in Case Df Marriage of Female Classified by Religion and Tribe/ Community ard Time of Marriage Religion and Tribe/Community Number of households receiving in Cash or Cash value during marriage of Fema.le held at. ~------~------~.--~------~---- Less than 5 years 5-9 yeLlrs 10-19 Years ~/ ______-A_-----~ ~------~----~ ~----"--'----. Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment range below range range below range range below range Rs. Rs. RS, Rs. Rs. Rs. 200/- 20~1000 200/- 200-1000 200/- 200-1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Santal (Hindus) 3 1 Maraiya (Hindus) Total 3 1 69 H. A.-22. 92 ( ...... N I .... I 0 "'" f~ ln~"ro:g~ '" rt-£p;,A.. -r:: .e ~ ...... ,., <:I .~ t:tc; ...!. 0 U I:: J_O·_ '"r:: - ~ ... "'<11 ""'o~ A '0..,- '" ~ '; :§ ;e !:) .....~ .0 I 0 8 II> ~ I CI)'" ~ .9 ..9 I .§ ~ bI) ~ CI) c; ( I I ib'S :i- ('c5 ...!. '" 1 O\as~ I I l ~_.~ .... I 1 ~ ~~ 8:!L~8 o "'~ I:l ....,<:> 'U;' t--"' ....S p., '"c. 1 J :I ~ l~'~~ g I:l - .!= !!: QII c. c. .... I I I GO ~,_. o(j I 1 I ·c I t!.-vo_ fI'J 1 1 g ot::- 1 I ~ I \ ~ I~ -;;; II '"J, '0-." p., c. I ~ I .CII': I , t ~ I .~ ~ ~_ I j I t:7S ~ "·0 .... 0\ cu o_ "d"o'~~ I J al§ I .... t:: ~ I 00 I ~f...., os ...... :: ~V)~~"G(tI<'lop., C. I ('l 1 - 1 ~ 0'- - I I I I '"~.~: .. ~_ I i I 1 ' ...... ...... ... I t TA&1e "Ni:D.44 items a/lood~" If) dt_~~'rmt ~ ofPrdtJi/KtItts at •.~ ~~,by ~·IJ1tIITtO_~",. t1{ iliad qf.,fw 'ItoutJe1whl and T.ine ./mor,.·of hlflM 1IfllNi_1..Male) Categories of N'!ilUber orlllar- Num.~r 'Of marl- Nuuabcr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Santa! (Hindus) Lineage Member . 3 9 3 14 3 24 3 14 2 AffiAaJ Kins 3 9 3 14 3 25 3 14 2 JTeptarian 11UJIll Caste Fellow and Others 3 10 3 14 3 24 3 14 2 Rioo, Pulse, Marai.~ (WDdDS) liegtable Lineage Member . 2 Local Wine (HUiaj) . Affinal Kins 2 Caste Fellow and Non-vege. others 2 1 ,..."meal:. R1cc. PuI8e,. Santat (Christians) meat (goat, ~. Jil1Ip, Hen, Cock e&c.) ~ Lineage Member. 1 Haria Oocal wine) Affinal Kins 1 1 Caste Pellow &; others 1 1 96 Table No. 45 It4m&. D//(}()(/ sef'l1~ 10 diJltHIIt Categories ofParticipants at t~ marriage feast Classified by Religfon and Tribel Community of . /wad of the household and Time of marrioge ofPerJOn married (Female) . Number of marriages Number of mlrriageS NlJIDber of marriages Number of m!rriages Categories of Participants during less than 5 during 5-9 years during 10-19 years during 20-39 years Remarks years wbere meal WaS where meal was where meal was where meal was served served served served ,...-__...A. ___~ ,.-_____.A...._ --, Non- Non- Non- Non- Vegetarian Vegetarian Vegetarian Vegetarian Vegetarian Vegetarian Vegetarian Vegeta.rian meal me21 meal meal meal meal meal "meal ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Santal (Hindus) Lineage Member 1 1 1 1 3 Vegetarian mea/I Affinal Kins • 1 1 1 o. 1 3 Rice, Pulse, vegetable Caste Fellow and others 1 1 1 3 &: local wine Marrige (Hindus) (Haria) Non-llege- Lineage Member 1 tarian meal ; 1 Rice, Pulse, Affinal Kios 1 meat (goat sheep, Bore Caste PelJowaod others 1 Hell, cock etc.) and local Santal (Christians) wine (Haria) Uneage Member Affinal Kins CL'te Fellow and others 1 97 Table Li6,ur6 lime oj worker'.r ClllIlijied' by Religion• ..... _- Religion Occupation Description ofliesure time activity Agea~ ., 0-14 15-19 ..A.-., r- ., p M F P M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hindus Cultivation Singing, Dancing and Merry making 7 7 Meeting with co-villager's and Relatives 3 2 1 Hunting in the forest . Rope making Cattle grazing 1 1 1 Entertainment with Drinks preparation of leaf plates for selling 2 2 1 Repairing of roof Leaf plates making Singing. Dancing and merry making 1 Labourer Singing, Dancing and melTY making Entertainment with drinks Agriculture Labourer Entertainment with drinks Carpentry Meeting with Co-ViIIager's and Relatives Rope-making Meeting with Co-Villager's and Relatives Black smithy Meeting with Co-Villager's and Relatives Entertainment with drinks 1 1 Christians Cultivation Singing, Dancing and Merry making Hunting in the fOWlt . Rope making Cattle grazing 2 2 Mat netting Singing. Dancing and Merry making . Agricultural Labourer Meeting with Co-ViIIager' and Relatives Hindu. 4 1 3 13 3 10 (lbri.UIIDS 2 2 Total 4 1 3 15 3 12 ~8 lfo; 46 OceJfl1tl'llon, ~ tmflFSex Sex 20-24 2~34 35-44 4S-59 60+ l -. -'---. -. .A --. p, M F P M F P M F P M F P M F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 15 3 12 20 19, 1'2 12 9 9 2 2 2 2 11 11 3 3 6 5 1 1 1 2 2 2 Z 4 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 1 10 10' S 5 5 4 1 1 1 1 10 l 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Z 2 I' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------~------.------21 8 13 59 27 32 26 9 17 33 27 6 8 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 8 14 59 27 32 28 10 18 36 28 8 9 6 3 99 Table No. 47 1'ravellndex of Persona Males Qltd Females Classified by Re/ig/on and Tribli!{Comntllnity Religion and Tribe/Community Travel Index Remarks Persons Male Female t 2 3 4 S 1. SantaJ (Hindus) . 77· 64 136· 42 18· 85 NOle : To determine Travel Index the maximum distance (in kilometres) 2. Maraiya (Hindus) 59· 66 79· 30 44· 70 travelled by Persons, Males and Females aged 5 and aboVe! has been. 3. Santal (Christians) 31·10 40·13 23· 08 added up and the figure thus obtained has been divided by Persons of the same sex qed 5 and above. Table No. 48 Travel Index 0/ Persons, Males and Females Classified by Occupation Persons Travel Index Remarks Occupation .- .- ., Total Male Female Total Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cultivation 281 128 153 44.84 62.95 29·69 Note To determine Travel Index the maximum dis- Ag. Labourer . 10 6 4 71· 90 81· 17 58'00 tance (in Kilm'letres) travelled by Persons Cutting of Soil 2 1 1 22·00 22· 00 22·00 Males and Female. aged 5 and above has been Rope Making 1 added up and the figure thus obtained has been carpentry 3 3 34· 67 34· 67 divided by Persons of the same sex aged 5 and Mat Netting 1 1 22·00 22·00 above. Black Smithy 10 9 1 69·10 60· 11 150'00 Collection of Leaf and plate Pre- paration 4 4 21·00 21·00 Total 312 148 164 45'72 62'24 30'81 MGIPMRND-M-69 HA 16-2-89-