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OLBA VIII (Özel Say›) ISSN 1301-7667 m MERS‹N ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ KILIKIA ARKEOLOJ‹S‹N‹ ARAfiTIRMA MERKEZ‹ MERSIN UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH CENTER OF CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY KAAM YAYINLARI OLBA VIII (Özel Say›) MERS‹N 2003 KAAM YAYINLARI OLBA VIII (Özel Say›) © 2003 Mersin/Türkiye ISSN 1301-7667 OLBA dergisi hakemlidir ve May›s-Haziran aylar›nda olmak üzere, y›lda iki kez bas›lmaktad›r. Published each year in May and June. KAAM’›n izni olmadan OLBA’n›n hiçbir bölümü kopya edilemez. Al›nt› yap›lmas› durumunda dipnot ile referans gösterilmelidir. It is not allowed to copy any section of OLBA without the permit of KAAM. OLBA’ya gönderilen makaleler afla¤›daki web adresinde yada KAAM taraf›ndan da¤›t›lan broflürlerde bildirilmifl olan formatlara uygun oldu¤u taktirde bas›lacakt›r. Articles should be written according the formats mentioned in the following web address or brochures distributed by KAAM Yay›nlanmas› istenilen makalelerin, her y›l›n sonuna kadar afla¤›da belirtilen iletiflim adreslerine teslim edilmifl olmas› gerekmektedir. Articles should be sent to the following correspondence addresses till the end of the year. OLBA’n›n yeni say›lar›nda yay›nlanmas› istenen makaleler için yaz›flma adresi: Correspondance addresses for sending articles to following volumes of OLBA: Prof. Dr. Serra Durugönül Mersin Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Çiftlikköy Kampüsü 33342-MERS‹N TURKEY Di¤er ‹letiflim Adresleri Other Correspondance Addresses Tel:00.90.324.361 00 01 (10 Lines)/162-163 Fax: 00.90.324.361 00 46 web mail: www.kaam.mersin.edu.tr e-mail: [email protected] m MERS‹N ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ KILIKIA ARKEOLOJ‹S‹N‹ ARAfiTIRMA MERKEZ‹ (KAAM) YAYINLARI-VIII MERSIN UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH CENTER OF CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY (KAAM)-VIII (Özel Say›) Editör Serra DURUGÖNÜL Murat DURUKAN Bilim Kurulu Prof. Dr. Serra DURUGÖNÜL Prof. Dr. Coflkun ÖZGÜNEL Prof. Dr. Tomris BAKIR Prof. Dr. Hayat ERKANAL Prof. Dr. Sencer fiAH‹N Prof. Dr. Y›ld›z ÖTÜKEN MERS‹N 2003 Prof. Dr. Jale ‹nan ve Ord. Prof. Dr. Ekrem Akurgal’› kaybettik, sayg›yla an›yoruz... OLBA’n›n Bas›lmas› ‹çin Vermifl Oldu¤u Desteklerden Dolay› Mersin Üniversitesi Rektörü Prof. Dr. U¤ur Oral’a Teflekkür Ederiz. Ege Yay›nlar› 2003 - ‹STANBUL ‹çindekiler/Contents Marcello Spanu Roman Influence in Cilicia through Architecture ...................................................................................... 1 Suna Güven Evolution of Colonnaded Avenues in the Roman Cityscape: Role of Cilicia ............. 39 Fikret K. Yegül Cilicia at the Crossroads: Transformations of Baths and Bathing Culture in the Roman East .................................... 55 Burcu Ceylan Temple-Church in OLBA and the Reuse of Antique Monument in Late Antiquity ............................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Ayfle Ayd›n Der Ambon der Kirche “A” in Tapureli ........................................................................................................... 83 Mark Wilson Was Paul a Cilician, a Native of Tarsus? A Historical Reassessment .............................. 93 Turhan Kaçar Cilician Bishops and Fourth-Century Church Politics ................................................................. 109 Paolo Desideri The presence of Cilicia and its towns in the Greek writers of the Roman Empire (I-II Cent. A.D.) ............................................................................................................................ 129 Murat Özy›ld›r›m ‹lkça¤ ve Erken H›ristiyanl›k Kaynaklar›nda OLBA Sözcü¤ünün De¤iflik Kullan›mlar› ......................................................................................................................................................... 145 Erendiz Özbayo¤lu Notes on Natural Resources of Cilicia: A Contribution to Local History ................. 159 Hugh Elton The Economy of Cilicia in Late Antiquity ................................................................................................... 173 Mustafa Adak Welche Trachäer Bekämpfte Veranius? .......................................................................................................... 183 Murat Arslan Piracy on the Southern Coast of Asia Minor and Mithridates Eupator ...................... 195 Nevzat Çevik Anadolu’daki Kaya Mimarl›¤› Örneklerinin Karfl›laflt›r›lmas› ve Kültürleraras› Etkileflim Olgusunun Yeniden ‹rdelenmesi ......................................................... 213 Ümit Ayd›no¤lu The Settlement Patterns of the Olbian Territory in Rough Cilicia in the Hellenistic Period ................................................................................................................................................................ 251 Giovanni Salmeri Processes of Hellenization in Cilicia ............................................................................................................... 265 ROMAN INFLUENCE IN CILICIA THROUGH ARCHITECTURE (LEV. 1-5) Marcello SPANU* ÖZET Bu çal›flman›n hedefi, Kilikia’n›n Roma’ya ba¤lanmas›n›n mimarideki etkileri konusunda baz› ön de¤erlendirmeler yapmakt›r. "Romanizasyon" asl›nda sadece yeni yöneticilerin atanmas› anlam›na gelmemekte; bunun ötesinde, birço¤u mimariye yans›yan derin de¤iflimlere tan›kl›k etmektedir. Askeri birliklerin ve ticari mallar›n sevkini sa¤layacak bir yol a¤›n›n ve liman- lar›n oluflturulmas›n›n yan›s›ra, Romal›lar’›n gelifli ile birlikte bir bay›nd›rl›k program› da bafllat›lmaktad›r. ‹.S. 1. yüzy›l›n sonlar›ndan bafllayarak, su kemerleri, hamamlar, zafer taklar› ve benzeri an›tlar yap›larak, bunlarda yeni inflaat teknikleri uygulanmaktad›r. Opus caementicum ve tu¤la yerel kabul görmekte ve bölgede bulunabilirli¤i oran›nda kullan›lmaktad›r. Bunun ötesinde, ‹mparatorluk Dönemi içinde baz› yeni malzemeler de Kilikia’ya getirilmektedir: bölgede bulunmamakla birlikte, mermer tipleri ve granit tan›nmaya bafllanmakta ve yayg›n biçimde kullan›lmaktad›r. Biçimsel olarak, Kilikia kentleri tonoz ve kubbe formunu h›zla kendi mimari- lerine uyarlamakta ve bu da kentlerin genel görünümünü de¤ifltirmektedir. Bunun- la birlikte, yenilikler karfl›s›nda gösterilen bu kabul, örnek al›nan modellerin donuk bir taklidini ya da edilgen bir kabullenifli yans›tmazlar: gerçekte, yerel mimarlar yeni çözümlemelerle deneyim sahibi olma flans›na sahip olmaktad›rlar. Cilicia differs from the other Asian provinces on many aspects. Its peripheral location, its geographical separation from the inland –due to the Taurus range– and the lack of important natural harbours influenced the historical events of the region, thus fostering the survival of local linguistic, onomastic and religious elements until the beginning of the Imperial age1. * Prof. Dr. Marcello Spanu, Università della Tuscia, Facoltà di Conservazione dei Beni Culturali, Largo dell’Università, I-01100 Viterbo. 1 On this cf. Houwink Ten Cate 1961; Jasink 1991; Borgia 1999. 2 Marcello Spanu These features (together with others of different kind) strongly affected also the archaeological studies in the region. Despite the state of preser- vation of many monuments and the renown of some cities (such as Tarsos) –at odds with many other provinces in Asia Minor–, the 19th century trav- ellers were not so numerous (and unfortunately not aimed by the desire to supply with detailed documentary evidence the ruins visible at the time)2 and still today a substantial lack of extensive excavations as well as of topographical surveys is reported3. Regardless of the scarcity of data available at present, this account aims at providing some considerations about the effects of Roman annexation of Cilicia on architecture, or rather, it tries to point out the changes intro- duced as well as how they were locally welcomed and interpreted4. * * * A first general consideration concerns the type of settlements in the region. Compared to others regions of Asia Minor, Cilicia –before the Roman involvement– was scarcely urbanized. For the Achaemenid period, there are only a few cities but their number grows in the early Hellenistic age thanks mainly to the Seleucids5. The Ptolemeans played a marginal role, as they only founded Arsinoe6 and probably Berenike (whose location is still uncertain)7. 2 For a picture on early travellers in Cilicia see the paper by E. Borgia in these proceedings. 3 Excavations and surveys concerning the Hellenistic and Imperial periods are still scarce with regards to the important and rich archaeological heritage of the region. The different buildings mentioned refer to the main topographical editions of the sites: Gough 1952 for Anazarbos, Huber 1967 for the sites in Rough Cilicia. 4 For the above mentioned reasons studies on architecture and Roman influence in Asia Minor have only marginally treated Cilicia. See, for example, Ward-Perkins 1958, pp. 82-95; Ward- Perkins 1978; Yegül 1991. Due to the lack of data, this article will focus only on “monumental architecture” since at present information on domestic architecture is extremely scarce. 5 In general, on the building activities carried out by the Seleucids see Cohen 1978; Cohen 1995. In particular on Cilicia, Sayar 1999. 6 For the well-known inscription on the relationships between Arsinoe and Nagidos now at the Museum of Mersin see Opelt, Kirsten 1989; Jones, Habicht 1989; in general Cohen 1995, pp. 363-364. 7 On Berenike, see Cohen 1995, p. 364 and, most recently, Zoro¤lu 1999 who places the city near Büyükeceli. Roman Influence in Cilicia Through Architecture 3 Apart the uncertain foundation of Aigeai
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