Activating Strategy • Create a caption for this picture based on what you know about evolution

AP Lesson #61

EQ: What evidence helps support Charles Darwin and Evolution?

What evidence supports evolution? How is the fossil record evidence of evolution? • Layers of sedimentary • Fossil record rock contain fossils • Anatomical record – fossils show a • Molecular record succession of • Artificial selection organisms over a long period of time – Indicates transitional species – Provides evidence that today’s organisms descended from ancestral

Fossil Record Evolutionary change in horses

550 500 450 Equus 400 350 300 250 Merychippus Body (kg) size 200 150 Mesohippus Hyracotherium 100 50 Nannippus 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Millions of years ago

1 How does anatomy show evolutionary relationships?

Land Mammal • Homologous structures – similarities in characteristics resulting from common ? ancestry ?

the ? are ere al Wh tion ? ansi tr ils? foss

What do homologous Do all similar structures mean a close structures indicate? evolutionary relationship? • Similar structure and • NOPE! development but different • Analogous structures functions – similar external form (function) • Evidence of close • Separate evolution of structures evolutionary relationship – different internal structure & development – recent common ancestor – no evolutionary relationship

Solving a similar problem with a similar solution

So then what type of evolution is this? What is parallel evolution? • Type of convergent evolution where organisms fill • Convergent evolution similar ecological roles in similar environments – evolved similar “solution” to similar “problems” • Similar adaptations were selected – not closely related

marsupial mammals placental mammals

2 Parallel types across continents What about structures that organisms have but don’t use? Niche Placental Mammals Australian Marsupials • Vestigial Organs

Burrower – structures that serve little or no function today but Mole Marsupial mole were functional in ancestral species Anteater Anteater Numbat – deleterious mutations accumulate in genes for non- critical structures without reducing fitness Nocturnal Marsupial mouse insectivore Mouse

Climber Spotted cuscus Lemur Sugar glider Glider Flying squirrel

Stalking predator Ocelot Tasmanian cat

Chasing predator Wolf Tasmanian “wolf”

How is embryology evidence of evolution? • Comparative embryology – Similar embryological development in closely related species

How can molecular genetics support evolution? Comparative Hemoglobin Structure • Comparing DNA & protein

structure (universal) Human/kangaroo 100 Human/ Human Macaque Dog Bird Frog Lamprey cow – compare common Dog/ 75 cow Rabbit/ genes rodent Human/rodent 50 Horse/ Llama/ donkey cow Horse/cow • cytochrome C Sheep/ goat Pig/ (respiration) 25 cow Nucleotide substitutions Nucleotide Goat/cow 0 • hemoglobin (gas 0 25 50 75 100 125 Millions of years ago 832 45 67 125 exchange)

010 2030 40 506070 80 90100110120 Closely related species have sequences that are Number of amino acid differences between more similar than distantly related species hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans

3 How does artificial selection occur? Summarizing Strategy • Evolution Acrostic • Insecticide & – Create a sentence for each letter in the word that drug resistance has something to do with what you learned today. – insecticide didn’t E kill all individuals V – resistant survivors O reproduce L – resistance is inherited U – insecticide becomes T less & less effective I O N

Assessment

• HW: Chapter 22.3 wkst

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