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Home , Hemphillian, Nannippus

THE HORSENANNIPPUS MINOR IN GEORGIA: GEOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS M. R. VOORHIES GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, ATHENS

!.ABSTRACT Ill. GEOLOGIC SETTING

Two upper cheek teeth of the diminutive The fossils described below were collected Nannippus minor (Sellards) were from an outcrop of moderately well cemented collected from " upland gravel" deposits of conglomeratic sandstone on the east side of previously unknown age in eastern Taylor Highway 128 near the southern city limits of County, Georgia. The known geographic and Reynolds, Taylor County, Georgia (Fig. 1). geologic range of the species is restricted to The exposure is part of a unit mapped by the Hemphillian (middle Pliocene on the LeGrand (1962) as "High-level gravels of North American land time scale) Tertiary('), Pliocene(') age." these gravels of the southeastern United States, all previous form a cap over an area of about 50 square specimens having been collected from the miles in northern and eastern Taylor County, Bone Valley Gravels in . Major in uplands west of the Flint River. The unit downcutting of Piedmont and Coastal Plain overlaps the Fall Line and rests streams, at least in the vicinity of the unconformably on both crystalline rocks of fossiliferous expo sure , began no earlier than the Piedmont and Cretaceous sedimentary 10 million years ago. The fossils provid e the strata of the Coastal Plain. No fossils have first definite evid ence of Pliocene rocks in previously been reported from it. Georgia. At the productive exposure the strata may be described as a poorly sorted sandstone interbedded with lenses of polymictic conglomerate, the clasts in which are II. INTRODUCTION composed of quartz, chert, and claystone. It was in one of these lenses that the vertebrate In the long-continued debate about the fossils were found. Some of the bone erosional history of eastern fragments were badly abraded but the two during the Cenozoic, much controversy has horse teeth were fairly well preserved. arisen over the correlation of specific The high topographic postion of the geomorphic events in the Appalichians with upland gravels in Taylor County suggests that dated deposits on the Gulf and they once covered a considerably larger area, coastal plains. Various "peneplains" and having been "dissected by erosion to such an ''erosional surfaces" have been dated, usually extent that only in some interstream areas are on conjectural grounds, as old as Cretaceous they still preserved" (LeGrand, 1962). The or as young as (see review in deposition of the gravel thus predates much of Thornbury, 1965). Especially problematical the regional topography. As will be shown have been th e various "upland gravels" that below, the age of the gravels near Reynolds is occupy interfluvial areas in the mountains, Pliocene. These Taylor County upland gravels piedmont, and upper coastal plain. Precise are the first demonstrably Pliocene beds to be dating of th ese notoriously unfossiliferous reported in Georgia. Marine or estuarine(?) deposits would contribute in an important sediments in extreme southeastern Georgia way to our understanding of the origin of the (Charlton Formation) are of suspected present topography. The present note records Pliocene age (Herrick, 1963, 1965), but the the occurrence of chronostratigraphically biostratigraphic evidence on this point has useful fossil in upland gravels in never been presented in detail. If indeed the west c entral Georgia and discusses their Pliocene was a time of widespread erosion in stratigraphic significance. Georgia, with deposition being limited to I wish to thank my wife, Jane, for help in sheets of coarse gravel, then the scarcity of collecting the fo ssils and in preparing datable Pliocene marine strata is to be the illustrations. expected.

109 110 Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology Vol.ll

Flint River Alluvium

~ High Level Grovels ~

D Cretaceous

Igneous/ Metamorphic lmL

Text figure 1. A. Outline map of Georgia showing the location of Taylor County. B. Areal geology of Taylor County showing relationship of High-Level Gravels to underlying Piedmont crystalline rocks and Coastal Plain sedimentary strata. Nannippus teeth were collected at Reynolds in the east-central part of the county. Geology from LeGrand (1962). Gravels were previously of unknown age; now known to be Pliocene (Hemphillian), at least in part.

IV. SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION Description: UGV-55 (Fig. 2) is very similar to the holotype illustrated by Sellards Besides non-diagnostic fragments of turtle' ( 1916) but is at a slightly earlier of wear. bone, the only fossils so far collected at the At the occlusal surface the crown measures 15 Reynolds exposure are horse teeth. The mm anteroposteriorly and 13 mm transversly, specimens are catalogued in the fossil compared with occlusal dimensions of 13.5 collections of the Geology Department, and 13 mm respectively in the holotype. 15 University of Georgia. mm below the grinding surface (at a distance above the roots approximately equivalent to Class MAMMALIA the height of the type specimen) the Georgia Family tooth measures 14 mm by 13 mm, almost NANNIPPUS MINOR (Sellards) exactly duplicating the size of the holotype. Text figure 2 The basal portion of the mesostyleis damaged but its original height may be estimated as 38 Type- Florida Geological Survey no. 5867, an upper to 40 mm at the present stage of wear; an left premolar{?) from "a pit of the Amalgamated unworn crown height between 50 and 60 mm Phosphate Company at Brewster [Florida]." (Sellards, 1916, p. 96, plates 11 and 13.) may be estimated by assuming that the tooth Collected from the Bone Valley Gravel. Age: is between 1/5 and 1/3 worn down. Hemphillian (middle Pliocene), see Webb and The protocone is lenticular but would Tessman(l968). become oval with later wear as the ends Prev iously reported distribution- Bone Valley Gravel and equivalents in Florida. become blunter. The lingual flattening of the Referred specimcns- UGV-55, upper right P4(?); protocone shown by the holotype would be UGV-56, upper right M I orM2, from "High-level duplicated by the Georgia specimen at a gravels" exposed along east side of Highway 128 middle stage of wear. The protocone is at southern city limits of Reynolds, Taylor completely free to the base of the tooth. The County, Georgia. complexity of the fossette borders is slightly No.2 Pliocene Horse in Georgia 111 less pronounced than that of the type (the f ossettes are described as Hvery much complicated" by Sellards but, compared with other hipparionines, they are perhaps better characterized as moderately complex). Differences in detail are (terminology after Osborn, 1918): plipostfossette1 triple in holotype, single in Georgia specimen; pli protoconule triple in holotype, single in referred specimen; pli caballin weak (wider than long) in holotype, twice as long as wide in Georgia specimen; and a tiny isolated enamel lake in the prefossette of the type is not present in the referred example. I consider all of these distinctions to reflect individual and/or ontogenetic variation which can be 1 e m, observed in any adequate sample of living or Text figure 2. Upper right 4th(?) premolar of fossil equids and therefore of no taxonomic Nannippus minor (Sellards), occlusal view. significance. Specimen no. UG V-55 collected from The hypoconal groove, as in the holotype, High-Level Gravels, Taylor County, is completely open to the base of the tooth. Georgia. The tooth is moderately curved with a radius of approximately 35 mm. few mm below the surface. At the very early The upper molar (UGV-56) has been wear stage exhibited by this specimen the damaged by splintering although its occlusal fossette borders are simple but corrugations surface is mostly intact. It appears to of the enamel wall visible externally farther represent a different individual than the down t he tooth crown indicate that premolar described above because, although it crenulations would arise in the fossettes with is a first or second molar and th erefore would further wear. No pli caballin is visible on the have begun to wear earlier than a permanent occlusal surface nor can one be seen at a break premolar in the same , it is actually less 25 mm below the surface where it could worn than the previous specimen. It is smaller readily be observed if present. The presence of than the premolar as is usually true of molars; a pli caballin on premolars but not on molars on the occlusal surface its transverse diameter is not uncommon in equid lineages and need is 10 mm. Breakage prevents measurement of not imply that the two teeth derive from the occlusal length. 15 mm below the grinding different taxa. In at least some individuals of surface the transverse diameter has increased the late Pliocene and species to 12 mm, still a remarkably tiny tooth Nannippus phlegon the pli caballin is lacking considering its hypsodonty. As the base of the on premolars as well (cf. Stirton, 1940, fig. tooth is missing the original crown height 38). cannot be measured but it must have been well over 40 rnm because the preserved V. DISCUSSION portion has a height of 39 mm. On the grinding surface the protocone has an Reference of these specimens toN. minor elliptical shape with sharply attenuated ends; can be made with some confidence. No other it is proportionately longer than that of the species has such exceedingly small yet high premolar. Both of these characters are crowned teeth. Nannippus (or , sec strongly dependent upon the stage of wear: Webb and Tessman, 1968) inger1uum, the the protocone will become shorter and more next larger hipparionine horse known from oval in outline at later wear stages. At the the southeastern United States, is 20 to 25% occlusal surface the protocone bears a slight larger (Simpson, 1930) and may differ in lingual indentation but this also fades out a occlusal pattern (Webb and Tessman, 1968, 112 Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology Vol. 11 report that a pli caballin is present except in at least, of th e Citronelle Formatio n in late stages of wear in the cheek teeth of this ha s recently been dated as species from the Manatee County Dam Site in Hemphillian also (Isphording and Lamb, Florida). N. ph/egan is also considerably 1971). larger and appears to have a simpler enamel pattern. VII. CONCLUSIONS N. minor was originally described as a species of Hipparion by Sellards in 1916 at Two fossil teeth are -admittedly a slender which time virtually all with isolated basis for dating widespread geomorphic protocones were placed in that genus. events but as the first co ncrete evidence for Simpson (1930) suggested that the species be dating any of the upland gravels in the Georgia transferred to Matthew's then new subgenus Piedmont or upper Coastal Plain they at least Nannippus. Stirton (1940) treatedNannippus deserve care ful consideratio n. If the as a new genus and included N. minor in it, a Hemphillian age of theTaylorCounty upland usage followed by most later workers. Morris gravels can be extended by further work to Skinner (in Skinner and Hibbard, 1972) has beds in a similar topographic positio n in cautioned against the common practice of nearby areas, then the major down cutting of assigning all small hypsodont horses with such rivers as the Flint and th e Chattahooch ee isolated protocones to Nannippus, apparently cannot have begun until Hemphillian or later. considering the genus to include only the type The Hemphillian began 10 million years ago species, N. phlegon. Although I accept according t o an extensive series of Skinner's exclusion of the "gratus" group p o tassium-argon age determinatio ns on from the genus, I prefer to include the oth er Hemphillian mammal faunas in the western small, very hypsodont horses with U.S. (Evernden et. al, 1964 ). We may characteristic hipparioninc features tentatively conclude that the sculpting of the (completely isolated protocone, fully open Fall Line hills and other important features of hypoconalgroove) in Nannippus. the Georgia landscape required less time than this. VI. AGE VII I. REFERENCES Nannippus, excluding the "gratus" gro up for reasons discussed by Quinn, 1955, and B ERGG R EN, W.A., 1972, A Cenozoic Webb, 1969, is confined to rocks of time-scale-some implications for regional Hemphillian and age (respectively, geology and paleobiogeography: Lethaia, v. 5, p. middle and late Pliocene o n the North 195-2 15. EVERNDEN, J.F., D.E. SAVAGE, G.H. CURTIS, American land mammal time scale proposed and G.T. JAMES, 1964, Potassium-argon dates by Wood, et. al., 1941 ;see Berggren, 1972, for and the Cenozoic mammalian chronology of a recent attempt to intercalibrate the marine North America: Amer. Jour. Sci., v. 262, p. megafossil, microfossil, and land mammal 145-198. time scales). GOIN, C.J., <-nd W. AUFFENBERG, 1955, The fossil salamanders of the Family Sirenidae: A Hemphillian age for the Taylor County Harvard Mus. Comp. Zoo!., Bull. 11 3, p. 497-5 14. gravels is suggested by the small size and HERRICK, S.M., 1963, Subsurface geology of the relatively complex enamel pattern of the Georgia coastal plain: Georgia Geol. Survey lnf. teeth described above compared to those of Circular25, p. 1-78. HERRICK, S.M., 1965, A subsurface study of N. phlegon, the only adequately known Pleistocene deposits in coastal Georgia: Georgia Blancan species. N. minor is known from Geol. Survey In f. Circular 31, p. 1-8. several localities in Florida (sec Goin and ISPHORDlNG, W.C. and G.M. LAMB, 1971, Age Auffenberg, 1955; Webb and Tessman, 1 968) and or igin of the Citronnelle Formation in all in rocks of Hemphillian age. The closest A labama: Gcol. Soc. Amer., Bull., v. 82, p. correlatives of the high-level gravels at 775-780. LeG RAND, l·l.E., 1962, Geology and ground-water Reynolds thus appear to be the Bone Valley resources o f the Macon area, Georgia: Georgia Gravels of peninsular Florida. The lower part, Gcol.Survcy,Bull. 72,p. l-68. No.2 Pliocene Horse in Georgia 113

OSBORN, H.F., 1918, Equidae of the Oligocene, ST!RTON, R.A., 1940, Phylogeny of North , and Pliocene of North America, American Equidac: Univ. Calif. Publ Geol. Sci.) iconographic type revision: A mer. Mus. Nat. Hist. v. 25, P-165-198. Memoi'r(n.scr. )2,p.l-217. THORNBURY, W.D., 1965, Regional QUINN, J .H., 1955, Miocene Equidae of the geomorphology of the United States. New York, Gulf coastal plain: Bur. Econ. Geol. Univ. Texas, John Wiley&Sons, 609 p. publ. 551 6,p.l-102. WEBB, S.D., 1969, The Burge and Minnechaduza SELLARDS, E.H ., 1916, Fossil vertebrates from mammalian faunas of north-central Florida: a new Miocene fauna; new Pliocene : Univ. Calif. Pub!. Geol. Sci., v. 78, p. species; the Pleistocene fauna: Florida Geol. 1-191. Survey, 8th Ann. Rept., p. 79-119. WEBB, S.D., and N. TESSMAN, 1968, A Pliocene SIMPSON, G.G., 1930, Tertiary land mammals of vertebrate fauna from low elevation in Manatee Florida: Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., v. 59, p. County, Florida: Amer. Jour. Sci., v. 266, p. 149-211. 777-811. SKIN NER, M.F., and C.W. HffiBARD, 1972, Early WOOD, H.E., 2nd, et aL, 1941 , Nomenclature and Pleistocene preglacial and glacial rocks and faunas correlation of the North American Continental of north-central Nebraska: A mer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Tertiary: Geol. Soc. Amer., Bull., v. 52, p. 1-48. Bull., v. 148, p. 1-148. July '\1, 1974

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SILURIAN REEFS OF GOTLAND, by A. TABLES FOR MICROSCOPIC IDENTIFl­ A. Man ten. Developments in Sedimentolo­ CATION OF ORE MINERALS, by W. gy, vo lume 13, published by Elsevier Uytenbogaardt and E. A. J. Burke. Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Lon­ Published by Elsevier Publishing Com­ don and New York, 1971, x + 539 pp., pany, Amsterdam, London and New illus., geologic map, $24.75 York, 1971, xi+430pp., $18.50 DESERT SEDIMENTARY ENVIRON- SCANDINAVIAN CALEDONIDES, by T. MENTS, by K. W. Glennie. Developments Strand and 0. Kulling. Published by in Sedimentology, volume 14, published Wiley-Interscience, a division of John by Elsevier Publishing Company, Amster­ Wiley & Sons, Ltd., London, New York, dam, London and New York, 1971, xv + Sydney and Toronto, 1972, x + 302 pp., 222 pp ., illus., folding maps in pocket, illus., 7 folding color maps in pocket, $20.00 $49.95 DATING THE PAST: An Introduction to INTRODUCTORY PETROGRAPHY OF Geochronology, by Frederick E. Zeuner. FOSSILS, by Alan Stanley Horowitz and Published by Hafner Publishing Company, Paul Edwin Potter. Published by Da rien, Connecticut, 1970, Fourth Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Edition, xx + 516 pp., atlas of27 pls., 106 and Berlin, 1971, xiv +302 pp., with 100 Hgs.,$12.00 pls., 28 figs., $28.40; instructional set of fifty 2 x 2 (black and white) slides selected TERTIARY FAUNAS: A Text-book for from the plates, $80.00 Oilfield Palaeontologists and Students of FROZEN FUTURE, A Prophetic Report Geology, Vol. I, the Composition of Tertiary Faunas, by A. Morley Davies, from Antarctica, edited by Richard S. revised by F. E. Eames and R.J. G. Savage. Lewis and Philip M. Smith. Published by Published by American Elsevier Publishing Quadrangle Books, New York, 1973, xx + Company, Inc., New York, 1971,571 pp., 455 pp., $12.50 1038 text-fig s., $35.00 GLACIAL AND FLUVIOGLACIAL LAND­ SLOPES, by Anthony Young. Geomorph­ FORMS, by R. J. Price. Geomorphology ology Texts, volume 3, Published by Texts, volume 5, Published by Hafner Olive r & Boyd , Edinburgh, 1972, vii + Publishing Company, New York, 1973, 288 pp., ill us., $12.50 viii+ 242 pp., illus., about $12.50