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Title: General remarks on the issue of in antiquity versus modern times

Author: Edyta Gryksa

Citation style: Gryksa Edyta. (2017). General remarks on the issue of suicide in antiquity versus modern times. "Littera Antiqua" Nr 12 (2017), s. 4-17.

7 6 regulati and integration 5 to forces social with . and fatalistic altruistic egoistic, involved suicide of types more three 4 3 2 1 suicide was interpreted in acompletely factors. suicidal otherpredispositions) among and transmission direction. theoryhis An factor. suicidal a be also can which regulation, moral any suicide. anomic Durkheim’s ‘ that convinced be may whoindividual, an of hopelessness of sense Thedeath. to lead and ideationsuicidal develop collegues. suicide in the seventh circle ofthe Inferno, while the ninth was the closest to Devil. the aga crime serious a and sin mortal a as regarded still is it years, the over evolved have Christianity in suicide towards attitudes that fact the Despitediscomfort. or pain extreme of cases in even it, accept n a in seen generally is and issue controversial

Ermatinger 223. Ermatinger Bryant Appelrouth 292. Nock Beck Kaz As far as the Durkheim’s theory of suicide is concerned, it is necessary to mention that he advanced advanced he that mention to necessary is it concerned, is suicide of theory Durkheim’s the as far As Littera Antiqua arian - S - teer The first modern theory of suicide was announced probably in 1985 by Beck and his and Beck by 1985 in probably announced was suicide of theory modern first The very a is life, own one’s taking of act voluntary a as regarded suicide, Nowadays Peck - 5 2 Evans Evans

–

- oevr te eerhr pitd ersin booia fcos ee genetic (even factors biological depression, pointed researchers the Moreover, They regarded overwhelming thoughts and hopelessness as factors which could which factors as hopelessness and thoughts overwhelming regarded They General Remarks Kovacs

-

a pathological result amoral of drift theand of lack Edles 111. 111. Edles 909. 909.

276.

- nt o, uihbe n el Ee Dne lcd hs wo committed who those placed Dante Even Hell. in punishable , inst Garrison

o atr ht e os i awy ed i failure in ends always it does, he what matter no

559 3

Durkheim used the term term the used Durkheim – 563. 563. versus Modern Times

on the of Issue Suicide in Antiquity

Bryant different way - Peck Peck 4 egative light. Most Christian religions do not do religions Christian Most light. egative 909. 909.

–

as an anomie ( University ofSilesia in Katowice

honourable anomic suicide anomic 6 with reference to the lack of lack the to reference with any future vision personal or

In ancient times the issue of issue the times ancient In „Littera Antiqua” 12 (2017) 12 Antiqua” „Littera

option. 4 , a similar was ’,

is E – DYTA on. There are: are: There on.

7 according toaccording

G 1 RYKSA

to )

w w w . l i t a n t . e u 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 . of fear in andbehavior living fair aoffor reward kind as a soul human the monothei a as Orphism, here. important are religion Orphic the of rules and assumptions the rationalize to pursuits Pythagoreans’ 10 9 8 happiness. and man’speace with connected thebliss of state with a with hence good, it moral essential identify to possible is it that noticed Epicurus suicide. for justification nickname in was he why ev that conviction a adiaphoron and pleasure) as painlessness of ideal negative Epicurus’ generally impossibleit is to attain exi one’sin crucial deathandis life attitude both neutraltowards a convinced that was Hegesias while fate, unfavorable of evil the overcome to lead which ways possible of one as suicide earthly of terms in issue cut and off buried separately from the body. suicide’s family which was disenfranchised. Furthermore, the right hand deceasedof the was rules. accepted and state the against person’sanotherlife. or own a is it that claims God. of will theagainst earthon place their leave not could premises theological of basis the on opinion topic. the on views different Greece. ancient

Holmes Skowroński

Ślipko 11. 11. Ślipko Tatarkiewicz Bryant 10. Ślipko Scherer Bryant 153. Carrick 7. Ślipko t s rca t dsigih Pythagoras’ distinguish to crucial is It Littera because honor and wealth comfort, Antiqua renounce should man a that claimed He stence. Next generations of philosophers differed from Stagirite’s stand and considered this considered and stand Stagirite’s from differed philosophers of generations Next of philosophy to back go probably suicide of assessment ethical on theories First

1996: 1996: 2003: - 228. 228. Simon Simon

Peisithanatos

eergre a the as regarded were

11

458. 310. 90; 90; – 18. 8 2. favour

Philosophers explained it variously and very often presented significantly presented often very and variously it explained Philosophers

Bryant 458.

direct violation of one’s own duty towards God to prematurely end their end prematurely to God towards duty own one’s of violation direct

(‚the of suicide if it could bring relief. That is also an explanation for his for explanation an also is That relief. bring could it if suicide of

existence instead of the transcendent world. transcendent the of instead existence stic religion, established a belief in the preexistence and post and preexistence the in belief a established religion, stic

DeathPersuader 12

9

Aristotle also Pythagor optimum eudaimonia 13

It is necessary to stress that stress to necessary is It s neto ti dbt a frt H fudd his founded He first. as debate this undertook as

owiha a ol rtoal aspire. rationally could man a which to theology theology

14 opposed suicideopposed . The mitigation mere ofsuffering (a reference to 10 ‛).

5

and claimed that suicide is unacceptable: one unacceptable: is suicide that claimed and 17

Epicurean phiEpicurean from Christian perspective. Reference to to Reference perspective. Christian from 11

Pythagorean religious principlePythagoreanreligious –

he maintained that it is an actan is it thatmaintained he losophy presents only partiallosophyonlypresents „Littera Antiqua” 12 (2017) 12 Antiqua” „Littera dishonour 15

The Cynics regarded Cynics The Świercz 37. 37. Świercz affecte - existence of of existence n ie is life en 16

ht is That d even d 18

The

w w w . l i t a n t . e u 21 20 19 no libri memorabilium dictorum et Factorum his in Maximus, Valerius lives. their end to decided who people supported even authorities avoid to honour of sense a by so do to humiliation, slav motivated were Romans The them. among commonsuggestibilitywere and imitation to due committedsuicides as well as destructions suic regard not did generally Romans The happiness. to way their on contradictions avoid to opportunity an individuals gave always but forms, different assume could It factors. cultural and health demonstrated a rational explanation thefor willingness to theirend own life. have should Everyone nothingness. of fear the with someone filled and life to attachment destructiv a as disappearanceboth and creation of particular things. Ithad negative connotations only when principles.ethical theofuniverse,apartthe Death nature ofinprocessof was anthe element a as suicide of issue the regarded Stoics

Ermatinger 223. 223. Ermatinger Bryant Ibidem Littera Antiqua nin ltrtr poie vros xmls hc cnim ht contemporary that confirm which examples various provides literature Ancient poverty‛. of rest the save therefore and suicide commit to individual an for , under especially orders, imperial into transformed later was This execution. an of humiliation public the avoid to as so suicide commit then and they wereat atrial typically allowed to return to th guilty found was elite an if Republic Roman the In coward. the a as seen because was individual rather but evil as seen was suicide because not upon, frowned was it against especially protest, of form commona as was reason Another the suffered. reputation if their be and would honor public occur lost might had suicideindividual why reasons common more the of ‚Some s Rome ancient In

2003: 2003: 11 – 12. 311. 311.

fco i fre a a t tk sm ato, hc dsryd human destroyed which action, some take to man a forced it factor e

d a a itnt aeoy r n fec. as ucds hsei self hysteric suicides, Mass offence. an or category distinct a as ide 21 ery or or ery capture.

iie a a ey rqet hnmnn eemnd y social, by determined phenomenon frequent very a was uicide

20

James Ermatinger

simple and ultimate consequence, which arose from arose which consequence,ultimate and simple vem 6

eodd ht the that recorded summarised

h aiy rm et n certain and death from family the a tyrant, while for everyday issues everyday for while tyrant, a eir home, puteir affairs their in order,

that: municipial „Littera Antiqua” 12 (2017) 12 Antiqua” „Littera

19

onis f the of councils

-

w w w . l i t a n t . e u 25 willing by the (caused to go to desire the to (due suicide eschatological categories: more two 24 23 *transl. departure‛ an in approved by tempered it to afind finish fail) it lest other firmness the continue, it lest one the life, ending for reason afford might either with conducted is one to ration death enquiry who of means swift The providing but rashly him. life leave to subject for the suffering not desirable benevolence, is death why called, has who one to given is which community, 22 (well changes pathological of kind any or state, told them about their plans. fa suicide’s the among surprise and shock a as camealways suicides such that confirmed is it but literatureancient in noticed examples few a only are There suicide. commit to reason a be could also It pain. mental and physical by namely here, metioned aging. for typical anything undergo to not a in undertak suicide, preemptive a Such dignity. senior is the of respect with latter connected directly The decline. future a face to want not did life their in successful is who someone onesev couldfirst be was crucial to theirend life: it that proved had whoeveryone to hemlockoffer to willing were Island Cea and Massilians

Hooff 122. Hooff 215. Muders Taedium vitae vitae Taedium LitteraBailey 2.6.7 Maximus Valerius Antiqua proper nin siie n h aoiy fcsshd ohn i omn ih depressive a with common in nothing had cases of majority the in suicide Ancient According to Valerius’ report there are two reasons make which one their life:end the praebuerit conprobato exitu rationemterminetur. destituat, ne haec, perseueret, ne illa, spiritus, finiendi enim utraque prospe uel aduersa uel ut praebet, uiam fati celerem cupienti excedere sapienter et patitur temere expetenda, uita illi egredi neque sit quae temperata, mors beniuolentia uirili quas cognitione propter exhibuit, est nomen eius senatus cau enim qui id ei, sescentis datur quod custoditur, publice ciuitate ea in temperatum cicuta Venenum ally desires a way out. Thus persons encountering an excess of bad fortune or good (for good or fortune bad of excess an encountering persons Thus out. way a desires ally time of ‚sufficiently satisfied senior‛, might be a moment of a conscious decision conscious a of moment a be might senior‛, satisfied ‚sufficiently of time

can be interpreted as a category of philosophical suicide. It is possible to distinguish distinguish to possible is It suicide. philosophical of category a as interpreted be can

to

ere suffering or other sufferingorere hardship.Thesecond reasonsituationtheis when

achieve wide recognition. recognition. achievewide taedium vitae taedium 25

: ‚A poison compounded of hemlock is under public guard in that that in guard public under is hemlock of compounded poison ‚A D. R. Shackleton Ba R.Shackleton D. 22

24

(weariness of life) of (weariness shown reasons to the Six Hundred, as their senate is is senate their as Hundred, Six the to reasons shown 23

There is also another factor which needs to be to needs which factor another also is There 7

Prioreschi 344. 344. Prioreschi mily and friends, even if if even friends, and mily iley]. iley]. - nw i mdr tms. oee, such However, times). modern in known

–

old age, old

Paradise

which was distinguished was which „Littera Antiqua” 12 (2017) 12 Antiqua” „Littera ) and immortality one immortality and ) taediosus anms ss usis nimis ra earlier had earlier sas en

w w w . l i t a n t . e u 27 Shortly opened. be to by magica insanity veins husband's her his caused having allowed with charged then was wife, and former his vain, Numantina, afterwards in steel the tried em accused the The Urgulania. from hint a thought was This to dagger. a equivalent grandson her sent , of grandmother the Urgulania, appointed, wer been had where judges as soon as and chamber, Senate, the to this the reported He ejection. forcible inspected her of and struggling and moment's house a the Without herself. to destroy went to Tiberius chosen delay had wife his that and nothing, knew consequently Lucius by emperor the before summoned Apronius When window. a of out Apronia wife his threw reasons, 26 accused of participating in the plot ofNero’s assassination: Cordoba in born statesman and philosopher Younger the Seneca literature. ancient in described examples popular most headache caused by self for reason a cou and pain unbearable triggered which complaints, all Among times. ancient suicide: whose Silvanus Plautius c examples

Everitt 119 Everitt Littera 1925 Tacitus Antiqua l incantations and potions, but she was acquitted‛ *transl. A. J. Church+. J. A. *transl. acquitted‛ shewas but andpotions, incantations l t re eiia poau, rt rvsm rdm eeu, u da]ai publico d[am]nati quo venenum, pridem provisum orat probatum, medicinae arte et S Anton Mark or Lucretia Younger, the Seneca by committed Suicides in life own one’s take to impulse an be also could pain physical by caused Agony carminibus et veneficiis Numantina, vaecordiam marito, insons iudicatur. mox exolvendas. praebuit venas ferro creditum quasi principis monitu amicitiamob Augustae cum Vrgulania. reus frustra temptato perinde quod misit. nepoti pugionem avia Silvani Vrgulania iudicibus datisque senatum, ad ve impulsae et reluctantis quo in cubiculum, visit domum, in pergit Tiberius cunctanter non sumpsisset. mortem sponte uxor et ignarus, eo atque gravis somno ipse tamquam respondit, mente turbata socero Apronio L. ab Caesarem ad tractusque iecit, i coniugem Aproniam causis incertis praetor Silvanus Plautius tempus idem Per

eneca interim, durante tractu lentitudine et mortis, Statium Annaeum, diu sibi amicitiae fide , his father his , an also be found in Roman literature. Tacitus in his his in Tacitus literature. Roman in found be also an – 123. 123. :

4. 22 Goelzer: Goelzer: 22 4.

- iln, ln te le mnind .. lde soe, tmcah or stomachache stones, bladder e.g. mentioned Elder the Pliny killing, - in tumours

- a, e ele noeety rpeetn ta h ws n sud le and sleep sound a in was he that representing incoherently, replied he law, es turbata mens

‚About the same time Plautius Silvanus, the praetor, for unknown unknown for praetor, the Silvanus, Plautius time same the ‚About

and illnesses, which nowadays could be recognized as cancer. peror, because of the known intimacy between Augusta and and Augusta between intimacy known the of because peror, il ucncos n otae mn) e hm to him led mind) outraged and unconscious (ill, 8 –

ok i on ie bcue e a been had he because life, own his took ro uo eu, cuaa iniecisse accusata eius, uxor prior

26 Annals

„Littera Antiqua” 12 (2017) 12 Antiqua” „Littera e seen the marks of her her of marks the seen e stigia cernebantur. refert cernebantur. stigia described the death of death the described

– y are among the among are y

a Roman Stoic Roman a ld have been have ld n praeceps n 27

w w w . l i t a n t . e u 31 30 respiration, of course the inhal flame or surface, its on headlong falling one of skull the in crashes ground hard the or 29 wa he power and wealth his of height the in he even when and will, his of codicil suffocated, a in directed had was he So rites. he funeral usual the of which any without burnt wasof steam the with bath, a into carried then was He Deliverer.« the he to libation which a as from liquid this water, offer »I heated exclamation, of the adding pool slaves, his a of nearest entered the sprinkled he last At poison. the of efficacy the against closed which drug d he same and him the to of brought people himself, was the of provided sentence public a before by condemned time were who those some of life had the extinguished he which with poison a produce fa his for esteemed long had he whom Annaeus, Statius begged 28 a as it regarded who philosophers, among especially popular was It dignity. and wisdom cibi Abstinentia d to order in used be could which method, The help. for cry desperate a be may suicide that view modern the share not did Romans could help to preserve moral integrity. ‚well of conviction stoic a of approved he way extreme an such In ‚ hum of sense therefore nobody should beafraid ofit: When

Veyne 113. 113. Veyne Sapota Seneca. Littera 1925 Tacitus Antiqua h aayi o te xmls on i acet ieaue lal sos ht the that shows clearly literature ancient in found examples the of analysis The a lose could man A death. for contempt of confirmation a as suicide regarded Seneca properat. est, quidquidinterscidit, remeantis animae cursum ignis haustus siue comminuit, duritia soli spiramen siue elisit, nodus fauces siue and reach everyone’s within was death that claims Seneca works his of one In crematur sollemni funeris ullo sine praescripserat, cum etiam tum praedives et praepotens supremis suis consuleret. exanimatus, eius vapore et inlatus introiit, aquae calidae stagnum postremo liberatori.balneoIovi liquoremillumseexim servorumvocelibare proximosrespergens addita veneni. vim adversum corpore cluso et artus frigidu frustra, hausit adlatumque promeret; exstinguerentur, iudicio Atheniensium , libertas,

2009

D eProv

, : anity due to madness, which results in the lack of control over one’s own life. own one’s over control of lack the in results which madness, to due anity 281

15. 29 . a a ey itntv wy f ucd, hc ws eadd s showing as regarded was which suicide, of way distinctive very a was

–

6. 6.

287; Seneca. 287; 64 9

Basore

Goelzer -

be it what may, the end is swift‛ *transl. *transl. swift‛ is end the may, what beit or or : ‚Whether the throat is strangled by a knot, or water stops the breathing, breathing, the stops water or knot, aby strangled is throat the ‚Whether : mens rank it in va in it rank ‚eea enie a te eiu poes f et sil igrd on, lingered still death of process tedious the as meantime, ‚Seneca : Ben.

are threatened then death seemed to be the best solution best the be to seemed death then threatened are 1.11.4. 1.11.4. 31

in, chilled as he was throughout his limbs, and his frame his and limbs, his throughout was he as chilled in,

s thinking of his life's close‛ *transl. *transl. close‛ his life's of s thinking tum aqua praeclusit, siue in caput lapsos subiacentis lapsos caput in siue praeclusit, aqua tum raw someone’s attention, was attention, someone’s raw 9 ithful friendship and medical skill, to skill, medical and friendship ithful A. J. L. van Hooff]. vanJ. L. A. Hooff]. „Littera Antiqua” 12 (2017) 12 Antiqua” „Littera - reason‛ suicide, reason‛ A. J. Church]. A.J. inedia

ia codicillis ita . 28 –

starvation. ed cuts off off cuts ed Athens

Jupiter which iam s ‛ . It . . 30

w w w . l i t a n t . e u 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 present the of coast the on landed hero Trojan the Vergil, by C. B. century quee and founder mythical the women. committedunfulfilled becauseof or loveother emotions, extreme wasregardedastypical for and Roman law awoman was characterized by men than heartbreak or love unrequited to due it do to likely less generally are they women are morelikely to commit order suicide in toescape un from that established suicide for motifs possible of analysis The suicide. commit to decision one’s was overthrown and the republican system was intro monarchy the result a As revolt. the for reason a became which suicide, commit to decided son. Superbus’ Tarquinius by Durin wife. Collatinus’ Tarquinius Lucius and patrician, Roman died he Claopatra’sin arms. wa Cleopatra badly. himself hurt to managed only he However, sword. a with himself stabbing by life his end to decided captivity, or death of harbinger M consequence, Octavius Egypt. to escape to forced were Actium) of battle lost the (after Cleopatra and Antony Marc instance, ofSome them gave apotential suicide an opportunity togive up ontheir fate. self weapon, a of usage the with e.g. suicide li one’s ending of way noble very

Sapota Gunn Mat 1. Livius 158. Sauthern Suetonius Hooff Littera Antiqua imbecillitas mentis imbecillitas thes24 -

Modern researches prove that sex and age could have had an important impact on impact important an had have could age and sex that prove researches Modern a of daughter a was She dignity. own her of name the in suicide committed Lucretia end people times ancient In 42. 42. Lester 19. 19. Lester

38 2016

58 However, such a scheme does not seem to be to seem not does scheme a such However,

Vit. Vit. –

, Weissenborn 25. s still alive, he ordered his men to carry him carry to men his ordered he alive, still s p. p. 14.

2. 3 Ihm. 2.3

r Atn, osiu o te at ht urneig o cais a a was Octavius to surrendering that fact the of conscious Antony, arc

–

who wanted to come to power in the whole Empire, followed him. In him. followed Empire, whole the in power to come to wanted who (mental disability to m to disability (mental

.

34

35 n of Carthage. According to the , written in the first the in written Aeneid, the to According Carthage. of n

ept te at ta se ol poe e incne she innocence, her prove could she that fact, the Despite ed their lives in the face of threat of insult or failure. For failure. or insult of threat of face the in lives their ed fe. 32

utemr, hr wr ohr as f committing of ways other were there Furthermore, infirmitas sexus - 10 immolation in public places or taking a poison. a taking or places public in immolation ake appropriate decisions). That is why suicide why is That decisions). appropriate ake duced instead. hn e on ot ht i beloved his that out found he When

relevant for the example of Dido of example the for relevant

(weakness that arose gender)from to the mausoleum. Probably there Probably mausoleum. the to g his absence she was raped was she absence his g 36 „Littera Antiqua” 12 (2017) 12 Antiqua” „Littera bearable pain. However,

33

37 . In the In . - day –

w w w . l i t a n t . e u 44 43 Carthage!‛ founded queentheof who example the following flames, t from herself hurled arms, her in children two her with who, 42 41 40 39 dead.the of land the to him followed which army, enemy the of fate the sealed he soldier, his of life the or life own hissacrificing By praetor. or dictator consul, a by performedbeen have could exceptional in performed was rite a The turn. unfavorable an took battle Such the when situations battle. the during enemies the over victory of idea the gods province Africa. chthonic the to sacrificed and plowed was founded, th a fiercebattle. wife, His sawwho husband’s her cowardice, decided to push her children into situation who wife, Hasdrubal’s for recognition his outlined wife. Hasdrubal’s of suicide the to reference direct interpreted asan allusion toCato’s suicide. What the ismore, death atthe stake seems to be a death double of idea the Moreover, Republic. life her end sword. a withherselfkilled she stake, c to decided alone her left he Later with her. love in fell and metDido he Tunisia, where

Gryksa Jaczynowska Sapota, 129. Syed 193. Maria lrs 1.31. Florus Littera beenhadCarthage whichon ground The flames. the alsojumpedinto She burningruins. e Antiqua As far as the problemofas the ancienttimesconcerned farsuicideis As in it is of days few a after war, Punic third the of winner the Scipio, to submitted Hasdrubal medium misit incendium, imitata reginam quae Carthaginem condidit. Quanto fortius femina uxor et ducis! comprehensisQuae duobus liberis culmine a domus se

219. 219. 2016, 44 –

killed herself together with her children:

devotio ommit suicide. ommit 17

- – p.15. Pawlak 78. Pawlak

Jal 43 s n accordance in is

: ‚How much braver was the conduct of a woman, the wife of the commander, commander, the of wife the woman, a of conduct the was braver much ‚How : I ws n c o sciiig nsl t te hhnc os o nue the ensure to gods chthonic the to oneself sacrificing of act an was It .

39

Surrounded by objects associated with Aeneas, burning at the at burning Aeneas, with associated objects by Surrounded

o h tcnqe o cmitn siie n h Roman the in suicide committing of techniques the to 40

The choice of the sword the of choice The 11 –

t h sae n with and stake the at

– 41

taking into consideration the helpless the consideration into taking

he roof of her house into the midst of the of midst the into house her of roof he lrs i his in Florus, rite, according to Roman tradition, Roman to according rite, [transl. E. S. Foster]. S. Foster]. E. [transl. – –

hn oe and new a gained Rome then as a tool which she used toused she which tool a as „Littera Antiqua” 12 (2017) 12 Antiqua” „Littera Epi 42

necessary to outlinenecessaryto

oe e io Livio, Tito de tome a sword sword a –

that is why shewhyis that

–

a be can

in

w w w . l i t a n t . e u 46 »I replied, untruth noble *transl. down‛ cut and immediately he« was am a with slave The found? be to was a Piso slave, where aand was, meet he who to him chanced asked they chamber Carthaginian proconsul's and the Near Moorish deed. some the selected perpetrate had to legate auxiliaries the for Piso, of person the with early unacquainted of light dim the in proconsul the of dwelling the into broke and speed, at over full death.They rode to Piso put to cavalry some sent he Festus, of ears the to came report, by usual as exaggerated false, or true news, other and 45 their of awareness and braveness their proved one way that In life. their ending preferred un being live to or captured be to want not did who individual, an why reason the is That homeland. and society family, their of happiness the tremendoussacrifices make to willing and homeland, their who soldiers, ancient for patterns and values crucial by panic motivated completely a was as It interpreted reaction. be not should it However, battlefield. the on perspective another ofbecause committed on Therefore end. the themselves, but instead stands on a higher level in of humanity. improved be can themselves killing by individual, An values. moral and reputation somebody’s affect can which attempt, an Death, thanks to which the other person can gain life abetter or existence, losesfeature the of suicide of category a as it estimate to difficult is it however, dedication; with example of aslave, who gave

Ślipko 158. 158. Ślipko 1980: Tacitus Littera Antiqua –

according to Roman tradition Roman to according n h txs f nin atos e a as fn nmru eape o suicides of examples numerous find also can we authors ancient of texts the In researchmodern to According statim obtruncatur. inte Piso esset ubi et quisnam servum forte obvium cubiculo procul haud delegerat. caedem eam in Maurosque auxiliaris Poenos quod ignari, Pisonis pars magna et gladiis, destrictis inrumpunt proconsulis domum mitti Pisonis necem in equites innotuere, maiusfamae in more falsacenturionisFesto consternatio suppliciumveraque et vulgi, ubi Sed term The

4.50. devotio 1

Goelzer

desperata salusdesperata ref 45 dawn, with their swords drawn in their hands. Many of them were were them of Many hands. their in drawn swords their with dawn,

ers also to the sacrifice of an individual for the society, such as the as society,such the individualanfor ofsacrifice the to also ers : ‚But when the agitation of the people, the executi the people, the of agitation the when ‚But :

his life for Piso: rrogavere. servus egregio mendacio se Pisonem esse respondit ac respondit essePisonem se mendacio egregio servusrrogavere. . In the case of the Roman soldiers it refers to the la the to refers it soldiersRoman the caseof the In . – devotio

should have been brave ( brave been have should A. J. Church]. J. A. 12

can be regarded as a kind of suicide committedsuicideof kind a as regarded be can . li atm et osuo du cete lucis coeptae adhuc obscuro vecti raptim illi t. conditionally submitted to the enemy, the to submitted conditionally

–

46 even to lay down their lives for lives their down lay to even

mi virtus de nt downgrade not does e „Littera Antiqua” 12 (2017) 12 Antiqua” „Littera litaris on of the centurion, centurion, the of on ), devoted to devoted ), sen su stricto su ck of ck nd nd .

w w w . l i t a n t . e u Colline Gate, and the other had killed herself‛ *transl. herself‛ hadkilled other theGate, and Colline the near is, custom the as alive, buried been had one these Of unchastity. of convicted been year that a but 49 fell they anot one upon surrender, to forced be not might they that order in Vulteius, tribune the of exhortation the at last, at escape, of way no procured valour their when and them, surrounded completely had which 48 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY experts, by only interested in ancient arcana. not significantly. out carried varied research and philosophy inquiries discussions, or politics suicide of ethics, topic the of Nevertheless, context the in interpretation precisely described by : Floronia instead ofbeing inheritance. full bring not did soldiers by allowe were customs, traditional for respect and dignity with suicide commit to decided who army, the of leaders The decisions.

Holmes Florus 2.13. Florus Livius 22.57. Livius Littera Antiqua lso by a number of prodigies, and in particular because two Vestals, Opimia and Floronia, had in had Floronia, and Opimia Vestals, two because particular in and prodigies, of number a by lso n nin tms h ise f ucd ws prahd n asse differe assessed and approached was suicide of issue the times ancient In necata fuerat, altera sibimet ipsa mortem consciuerat. Collinam portam ad est, mos uti , sub altera et compertae stupri Floronia, atque Opimia prodigiis, ceteris cum clades tantas super etiam Territi Des ictibus inter se concucurrit Vulteiomutuisdeditionemveniret,hortantetribuno nein tandem, haberet, non virtus exitum cum et sustinuit, tela diem totum per exercitus circumfusi manus iuvenum mille vix Quippe - Holmes 19. Holmes –

perata salus perata h hd en cue o prostitution of accused been had who 33: her and died by the blows of their fellows‛ *transl. E. S. Foster+. S. E. fellows‛ *transl. their of blows by the anddied her 2

Weissenborn Jal

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band of barely 1,000 barely of band , interpreted as the lack of possibility for rescue or being saved, made saved, being or rescue for possibility of lack the as interpreted , dishonour : ‚They were terrified not only by the great disasters they had suffered, suffered, had they disasters great the by only not terrified were ‚They :

48 .

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The Italian Tragedy in the Renaissance: Cultural Realities and T RealitiesandCulturalRenaissance: the in TragedyItalian The h Wrd f nin Rm: diy ie Encyclopedia. life daily A Rome: Ancient of World The , eds. Church, Alfred and William Jackson Brodribb ,

- eds. Church, Alfred and WilliamandBrodribb,AlfredJackson Church, eds.

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rm uohnsa o ucd. Self suicide. to autothanasia From

21st Centu 21st er pietas Theories of suicide: Past, Past, suicide: of Theories

ga patriam ga adok f utrl elh Psychology. Health Cultural of Handbook ient world. ient ry Psychology: a reference handbook. reference a Psychology: ry Suicide:practice theory,andinvestigation. 15 Livius: Ab urbe condita

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Present and Future. Springfield: Future. and Present

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w w w . l i t a n t . e u suicide was to prove one’s honour, dignity and value of undertaken decisions. Among the Among decisions. undertaken of value and dignity honour, one’s prove to was suicide m the different, were it about opinions that fact the Despite philosophy. assessment its as well LitteraWarszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2007. Print. Michig pitagorejskiego. Matusiak. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2015. Print. antyku. o AntiquaOxford: Rowman Littlefield& Publishers, 1999. Print. 2001. Graecae Latinaeet Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae New York:The Edwin Mellen Press, 1990. Print. University Press, 2018. Print. Print. Świe Ślipko, Tadeusz. Skowroński,‚Samobójstwo Paweł.problem filozofiijako starożytn w etyczny Simon. Rita and Jennifer Scherer, Paul. Sauthern, 2016: Sapota 2009: Sapota Plinio. Prioreschi, Matthew. Nock, Sebastian.Muders, Veyne, Paul. Władysław. Tatarkiewicz, Yasmin. Syed, an: University of Michigan Press, h atce rsne vros xmls f ucds omte i acet ie, as times, ancient in committed suicides of examples various presented article The Vol. 2: Vol. c, Piotr. rcz,

Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2008. Print. Śmierć w antycznej kulturze śródziemnomorskiej. kulturze antycznej w Śmierć

26/2 (2016): 5 2014. Print. Seneca: the Life of a Stoic. Sapota, Tomasz. „Martwa Dydona‛ „Martwa Tomasz. Sapota, aoa Tomasz. Sapota, Verg ae Antoniusz. Marek – Etyczny problem samobójstwa, enś weoc. wa, zoik pńto rfesi ut orficko nurtu refleksji w państwo człowiek, Świat, wielości. Jedność

A History of Human Responses to Death: Mythologies, RituaMythologies,Death: to Responses Human of History A T outlined in accordance to contemporary politics, culture, ethics and ethics culture, politics, contemporary to accordance in outlined il’s Aeneid and the Roman Self: Subject and Nation in Literary Discourse.Literary in Nation and Subject Self: Roman the and Aeneid il’s Human Digni Human e xod adok f ucd ad Self and suicide of Handbook Oxford he

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Filozofia. Rysa da samobójstwa‛ idea „Rzymska AssistedDeath. and ty rnl Rsad Kulesza Ryszard Transl. 2005. Print. S uhnsa n te ih t de A oprtv view. comparative A die: to right the and ummary London: Routlegde, 2003. Print. 16 o. 1: Vol. – 287.

Kraków: Petrus, 2013. Print.

iooi saoyn i średniowieczna i starożytna Filozofia

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