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The Use of Indicator Species in Nature Management and Policy Making

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The Use of Indicator Species in Nature Management and Policy Making T The use of indicator species in nature management and policy making T HE CASE OF INVERTEBRATES IN F LANDERS [ NORTHERN B ELGIUM] Dirk Maes / Di k M YVES ADAMS Universiteit Gent Faculteit Wetenschappen Academiejaar 2003-2004 The use of indicator species in nature management and policy making The case of invertebrates in Flanders [northern Belgium] Het gebruik van indicatorsoorten in het natuurbeheer en -beleid Ongewervelden in Vlaanderen als voorbeeld door Dirk Maes Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor [Ph.D.] in Sciences Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen Promotor: Prof. Dr. Eckhart Kuijken [Vakgroep Biologie – Universiteit Gent] Co-promotor: Dr. Hans Van Dyck [Departement Biologie – Universiteit Antwerpen] “As the laws of Nature must be the same for all beings, the conclusions furnished by this group of insects must be applicable to the whole organic world; therefore the study of butterflies – creatures selected as the types of airiness and frivolity – instead of being despised, will some day be valued as one of the most impor- tant branches of biological sciences.” Henry Walter Bates [1864]. Naturalist on the Amazone. J. Murray, London. 2 A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS In de eerste plaats wil ik de beide promotoren, Eckhart en Hans, bijzonder hartelijk bedanken voor het vertrouwen en voor de aangename samenwer- king. Eckhart gaf me steeds de nodige vrijheid bij de wetenschappelijke invulling van mijn taken op het Instituut voor Natuurbehoud en Hans was [en is dat nog steeds] de immer kritische, maar constructieve wetenschap- per waarmee het bijzonder prettig samenwerken was, en zeker zal blijven! Een meer complementair promotorenduo is moeilijk voor te stellen … Dirk B. ben ik bijzonder dankbaar omdat hij mij de eerste stappen leerde zetten in het schrijven van wetenschappelijke artikels, maar ook omdat hij altijd tijd maakte om constructieve kritiek te leveren en oplossingen te vin- den voor allerlei statistiekproblemen. Merci Dirk! All co-authors of the different chapters are greatly acknowledged: Hans Van Dyck [UA], Wouter Vanreusel [UA], Marius Gilbert [ULB], Anny Anselin [IN], Dirk Bauwens [IN], Joeri Cortens [UA], Luc De Bruyn [IN], Geert De Knijf [IN], Roger Dennis [Oxford Brookes University], Philippe Goffart [OFFH], Willem Talloen [UA], Nicolas Titeux [UCL] and Chris van Swaay [De Nederlandse Vlinderstichting]. I also kindly thank the other members of the jury for their constructive remarks on the manuscript version of this thesis: Andrew Pullin [School of Biosciences, Birmingham], Marc Dufrêne [DGRNE- OFFH, Gembloux], Steven Degraer [UGent], Maurice Hoffmann [UGent], Luc Lens [UGent], Jean-Pierre Maelfait [UGent] and Magda Vincx [UGent]. Het uitgebreide A-team [waarbij ‘A’ staat voor alcon, met Hans Van Dyck, Wouter Vanreusel, Joeri Cortens, Sofie Regniers en Raf Baeyens] maakten het vele mieren- en gentiaanblauwtjesveldwerk tot een bijzonder aangena- me periode. Andere veldwerkers, determinatoren of gegevensaanleveraars ben ik eveneens dankbaar: Leon Baert, Yvan Barbier, Jean-Yves Baugnée, Inge Brichau, Benoit De Bast, Wouter Dekoninck, Konjev Desender, Graham Elmes, Violaine Fichefet [un grand merci pour la traduction du résumé!], 3 Patrick Grootaert, Jos Gysels, Frederik Hendrickx, Maarten Jacobs, Koen Lock, Jean-Pierre Maelfait, Hans Matheve, Marc Pollet, het KMI, François Vankerkhoven, Lucien Verlinden, Tom Verschraegen en Charles Verstraeten. Dank ook aan de conservators en natuur- en boswachters die ‘hun’ reserva- ten openstelden voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek: Joost Dewyspelaere, Jan Dirckx, Eddy Feyen, Dirk Geysels, Jos Gorissen, Gerard Jannis, Freddy Janssens, Jos Jaspers, Ignace Ledegen, Jef Leestmans, Hubert Lehaen, Harry Lesseliers, Gie Luyts, Karel Molenberghs, Ghis Palmans, Willy Pardon, Alex Riemis, Marc Schuermans, Marc Smets, Willy Vanlook, Marcel Van Waerebeke, Tom Verschraegen en Manu Vlaeyens. Bijzonder veel dank gaat uit naar de honderden vrijwilligers van de verschillende inventarisatie- projecten die de hier voorgestelde analyses mee mogelijk gemaakt hebben. De collega’s op ‘het instituut’ verdienen een welgemeend woord van dank: zij maken het IN tot een bijzonder aangename werkplek waar je met even- veel enthousiasme je mening kwijt kan over natuurbehoud als over zovele andere ‘dingen des levens’. Een welgemeende dankuwel aan mijn spitsbroe- der Jan voor de interessante en fijne babbels tijdens de laatste loodjes van dit doctoraat. Un grand merci aussi aux Amefessiens [l’équipe la plus intelligente du monde?] de pouvoir dewanner et boire des chopes chez les tapettes tous les mardis … Mijn ouders hadden altijd graag een ‘dokter’ in de familie gehad, maar ze zullen het met een ‘doctor’ moeten stellen. Zonder hun enorme dosis ver- trouwen tijdens mijn biologiestudies, was er nooit een doctoraat gekomen. Dankuwel! Ariane, Margot en Oscar hebben het mogelijk gemaakt om een gezin te combineren met intensieve veldwerk- en schrijfperiodes. Hun bijdrage aan dit ‘boekje’ is dan ook veel groter dan ik in woorden kan uitdrukken. Nu het ‘eitje’ gelegd is, zal er weer wat meer tijd zijn voor de vlinders in de buik … 4 5 T ABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION, AIMS AND OUTLINE 8 CHAPTER 2UNIFORMITY IN RED LIST COMPILATION 27 Maes D. & van Swaay C.A.M. [1997]. A new methodology for compiling national Red Lists applied on butterflies [Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera] in Flanders [N.-Belgium] and in The Netherlands. Journal of Insect Conservation 1: 113-124. CHAPTER 3ANALYZING BIASED DISTRIBUTION DATA BASES FOR CONSERVATION PURPOSES 49 Maes D. & Van Dyck H. [2001]. Butterfly diversity loss in Flanders [north Belgium]: Europe’s worst case scenario? Biological Conservation 99: 263-276. CHAPTER 4MODELLING AS A PRO-ACTIVE TOOL IN NATURE CONSERVATION 77 Maes D., Gilbert M., Titeux N., Goffart P. & Dennis R. [2003]. Prediction of butterfly diversity hot spots in Belgium: a comparison of statistically-focused and land use-focused models. Journal of Biogeography 30: 1907-1920. CHAPTER 5SPATIAL COINCIDENCE OF DIVERSITY HOT SPOTS 107 Maes D., Bauwens D., De Bruyn L., Anselin A., Vermeersch G., Van Landuyt W., De Knijf G. & Gilbert M. [in press]. Species richness coincidence: conservation strategies based on predictive modelling. Biodiversity and Conservation. CHAPTER 6ANTS IN WET HEATHLANDS, A BIOTOPE OF EUROPEAN CONSERVATION CONCERN 133 Maes D., Van Dyck H., Vanreusel W. & Cortens J. [2003]. Ant communities [Hymenoptera: Formicidae] of Flemish [north Belgium] wet heathlands, a declining habitat in Europe. European Journal of Entomology 100: 545-555. 6 CHAPTER 7CONSERVATION OF THE THREATENED ALCON BLUE [MACULINEA ALCON] IN BELGIUM 156 Maes D., Vanreusel W., Talloen, W. & Van Dyck H. [in press]. Functional conservation units for the endangered Alcon Blue butterfly Maculinea alcon in Belgium [Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae]. Biological Conservation. CHAPTER 8FROM SINGLE TO MULTISPECIES APPROACHES IN NATURE CONSERVATION 184 Maes D. & Van Dyck H. [submitted manuscript]. Single indicator versus multispecies approaches: a case study on wet heathlands. CHAPTER 9GENERAL DISCUSSION 207 SUMMARY 250 RÉSUMÉ 254 SAMENVATTING 258 LIST OF SCIENTIFIC AND DUTCH SPECIES NAMES 262 PUBLICATION LIST 265 REFERENCES 269 7 1I NTRODUCTION, AIMS AND OUTLINE FOTO: DIRK M AES “There is an implicit tendency in much of the thinking in conservation biology to assume that species are the vulnerable entities, and that ecosystems are somehow more permanent. … In reality, it is species that are the constant elements and ecosystems that are transitory. In the very long term, it follows that species conservation, and the vagaries of luck and politics will determine what kind of ecosystems might exist, because ecosystems are more ephemeral than species. We must therefore do what we can now to preserve both species and ecosystems; ecosystems because species need them in the short-term, and species because they make ecosystems in the long term.” John Lawton [1997]. The science and non-science of conservation biology. Oikos 97: 3-5. 8 Introduction As in most other western countries with a high pressure on the open space and thus on biodiversity, decisions in nature conservation are often non- ecologically based [e.g., political agreements with other land-users, socio- economic priorities], or in the best case, ecologically based within very strict boundaries of non-ecological arguments. Nature conservation in Flanders, but also elsewhere, is primarily site-based rather than species-based [Franklin 1993]. This means that the acquisition and management of sites is mainly based on the presence of biotopes [e.g., EU Habitat Directive] or the [assumed] maintenance of ecological processes [e.g., nutrient cycles, hydrology], but not necessarily on the occurrence or state of particular species. The Flemish Ecological Network is one example of this site-focused policy based on the presence of biotopes [De Blust & Kuijken 1996; Kuijken & De Blust 1997; Vanholen et al. 2003]. Such approaches can, however, lead to the undetected loss of species [e.g., Pickett et al. 1992], since particular [micro-]habitats of a number of, especially invertebrate, species [Thomas 1994] can rapidly change [vegetation height, presence of host plant species, etc.] without an obvious or detectable change of the overall ecological processes [Kareiva & Levin 2003]. Furthermore, the effectiveness of such holistic approaches is difficult to evaluate because the objectives are often only vaguely described
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