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Data Collection Report and Conceptual Modeling Serving an Integrated Approach of Soil and Water Problems in Jiu River Basin

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Data Collection Report and Conceptual Modeling Serving an Integrated Approach of Soil and Water Problems in Jiu River Basin G2G.nl-short Programme, including Environmental Facility for New Member States (NMS), Candidate Countries (CC), Potential Candidate Countries (PCC) and other eligible countries REPORT no. 3 Data Collection Report and Conceptual Modeling serving an integrated approach of soil and water problems in Jiu river basin G2G 09/RM/6/1 Integrated Solutions for Soil and Water Problems (ISSWaP) General Framework and Application to Jiu river basin in Romania Taskgroup Soil+ , NL Agency on behalf of Ministry of Economy, Agriculture and Innovation - The Netherlands in cooperation with Ministry of Environment and Forests- Romania October 2010 , Colofon Title : Data Collection Report and Conceptual Modeling serving an integrated approach of soil and water problems in Jiu river basin Project : Integrated Solutions for Soil and Water Problems (ISSWaP) General Framework and Application to Jiu river basin in Romania Clients : AgentschapNL – Netherlands Ministry of Economy, Agriculture and In- novation Romanian Ministry of Environment and Forests Water Basin Administration Jiu Project number : G2G 09/RM/6/1 Status and version : Final version Date : October 11, 2010 Authors : Remco van Ek, Ebel Smidt, Frank Vliegenthart, Daniela Dudau, Constantin Carlan, Viorica Milcomete, Florentina Nanu, Ioana Groza, Dimmie Hendriks E-mail teamleader : [email protected] Project director : Ton Honders E-mail project director : [email protected] , Page 2 of 135 Table of contents 1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................4 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 The Jiu river basin.............................................................................................................. 4 2 General description of the air, soil and watersystem.......................................................8 2.1 Air ........................................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Soils .................................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Surface water ...................................................................................................................10 2.4 Groundwater.....................................................................................................................17 3 Overview of existing plans, legislation and Environmental Quality Standards............22 3.1 Previous studies...............................................................................................................22 3.2 Strategic studies...............................................................................................................22 3.3 Legislation.........................................................................................................................22 3.4 Environmental Quality Standards ...................................................................................23 4 Data on sources of water pollution .................................................................................24 4.1 Mining exploitations (quarries) ........................................................................................25 4.4 Critical areas for pollution of surface and groundwaters...............................................29 5 Data related to the impact of mining ...............................................................................32 5.1 Open pit mining ................................................................................................................32 6 Data related to the impact of power plants.....................................................................36 6.1 ROMAG-Termo ................................................................................................................37 6.2 Turceni..............................................................................................................................40 6.3 Rovinari.............................................................................................................................43 6.4 Craiova Energetic System – Branch Craiova I ..............................................................47 6.5 Craiova Energetic System – Branch Craiova II .............................................................49 7 Conclusions......................................................................................................................52 7.1 Data and information to be collected in future projects.................................................52 8 References .......................................................................................................................54 9 Annex................................................................................................................................57 , Page 3 of 135 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The River Basin Management Plan (RMBP) is based on a commonly accepted integrated environmental and economic approach at a European level. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) provides a conceptual model for environmental problems within a river basin. Jiu River Basin Management Plan contains an ap- proach and measures for solving environmental problem related to the mining and energy sector. The results of the ISSWaP project aim at further developing and specifying the next JRBMP, in order to achieve a good status for surface water and a good chemical status for groundwater in the integrated soil-water domain. Hence, the aim of the ISSWaP project was to prepare information in such a way that an improved problem description and solutions can be included in the next version of the RBMP for the next implementation period 2015-2021. All measures that can be implemented earlier are welcomed, but reality learns that more re- search needs to be done between 2010 and 2013 in order to have an updated plan ready by 2014 In terms of Integrated River Basin Management the coal mines and power plants are posing a number of risks: 1. large scale and local changes in the quantitative water regime; 2. large scale and local changes in the qualitative water regime (possibly concerning radioactivity, heavy metals, sulphates, acidity etc.); 3. health risks related to dust originating from the mines, the sterile dumps, the power plants and the fly-ash depots either directly inhaled by humans and livestock or entering the soil and taken up by plants or en- tering water wells or the rivers; 4. health risks related to the leakage of water from the ash depots; 5. ecological risks caused by the processes described under 1 to 3; 6. risks related to the functioning of protection dams at the ash depots. Especially risks 1, 2, 4 and 5 are related to the WFD and relevant to be quantified in the RBMP. The setup of a clear and accurate conceptual model is important to fully understand the problems in the area. The mining sterile sites and the fly-ash depots are expected to have an important impact on the groundwater quality. Both the WFD and the Groundwater Directive (GWD) requires no deterioration of the groundwater bodies. The description of the main pollution sources (point- and diffuse sources) has been included in the RBMP. 1.2 The Jiu river basin Romania, a country of 238 391 km², is almost entirely situated within the Danube Basin (97.4%). The Roma- nian section represents 29% of the surface area of the whole River Basin, with 37.7% of the length of the river flowing through its territory. The Romanian (and also Ukrainian) Danube is the end carrier of all waste- water discharges from upstream countries to the Black Sea. A large number of upper and middle water courses are situated on the Romanian territory and the Tisa, Prut and Danube Rivers are forming parts of Romanian border. Water resources from the in-land rivers are about 40 billions m3 representing 20% out of Danube River water resources. , Page 4 of 135 Figure 1.1 Danube River Basin District Romania is divided into 12 sub River basins or hydrographic basins. A hydrographic basin is the entire geo- graphical area drained by a river and its tributaries; an area characterized by all runoff being conveyed to the same outlet. Jiu River Basin is one of them, see table below for an overview of all hydrographic basins in Romania. Table 1 Nr.crt. River Basins Surface (km2) (%) of Romania’s surface 1 1. Somes - Tisa 22,380 9.43 2 2. Crisuri 14,860 6.26 3 3. Mures 28,310 11.93 4 4. Banat 18,320 7.72 5 5. Jiu 10,080 4.25 6 6. Olt 24,050 10.13 7 7. Arges Vedea 20,911 8.81 8 8. Ialomita Buzau 22,289 9.39 9 9. Siret 28,116 11.84 10 10. Prut 28128 11.85 11 11. Dobrogea Litoral 16,501 6.95 12 12. Danube Delta 3,446 1.45 13 TOTAL Romania 237,391 100.00 The Jiu Basin Administration covers the water management for Jiu-Danube catchment area (16.734 km²) of which 10.080 km² belong exclusively to the Jiu River Basin. , Page 5 of 135 Figure 1.2 Hydrographic basins of Romania. The Jiu Basin (HB Jiu) is situated in the southwest of Ro- mania. , Page 6 of 135 Figure 1.3 Areas of main interest for data collection in the Jiu river basin. The red circles indicate the mining areas with power plants and ash dumps. , Page 7 of 135 2 General description of the air, soil and watersystem 2.1 Air Since 1989 air emissions in Romania have dropped sharply. Emissions of the major common air pollutants (SOx, NOx,
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