Data Collection Report and Conceptual Modeling Serving an Integrated Approach of Soil and Water Problems in Jiu River Basin

G2G.nl-short Programme, including Environmental Facility for New Member States (NMS), Candidate Countries (CC), Potential Candidate Countries (PCC) and other eligible countries

REPORT no. 3

Data Collection Report and Conceptual Modeling serving an integrated approach of soil and water problems in Jiu river basin

G2G 09/RM/6/1 Integrated Solutions for Soil and Water Problems (ISSWaP) General Framework and Application to Jiu river basin in Romania

Taskgroup Soil+ , NL Agency on behalf of Ministry of Economy, Agriculture and Innovation - The Netherlands

in cooperation with Ministry of Environment and Forests- Romania

October 2010

Colofon

Title : Data Collection Report and Conceptual Modeling serving an integrated approach of soil and water problems in Jiu river basin

Project : Integrated Solutions for Soil and Water Problems (ISSWaP) General Framework and Application to Jiu river basin in Romania

Clients : AgentschapNL – Netherlands Ministry of Economy, Agriculture and In- novation Romanian Ministry of Environment and Forests Water Basin Administration Jiu

Project number : G2G 09/RM/6/1

Status and version : Final version

Date : October 11, 2010

Authors : Remco van Ek, Ebel Smidt, Frank Vliegenthart, Daniela Dudau, Constantin Carlan, Viorica Milcomete, Florentina Nanu, Ioana Groza, Dimmie Hendriks

E-mail teamleader : [email protected]

Project director : Ton Honders

E-mail project director : [email protected]

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Table of contents

1 Introduction...... 4 1.1 Background ...... 4 1.2 The Jiu river basin...... 4

2 General description of the air, soil and watersystem...... 8 2.1 Air ...... 8 2.2 Soils ...... 9 2.3 Surface water ...... 10 2.4 Groundwater...... 17

3 Overview of existing plans, legislation and Environmental Quality Standards...... 22 3.1 Previous studies...... 22 3.2 Strategic studies...... 22 3.3 Legislation...... 22 3.4 Environmental Quality Standards ...... 23

4 Data on sources of water pollution ...... 24 4.1 Mining exploitations (quarries) ...... 25 4.4 Critical areas for pollution of surface and groundwaters...... 29

5 Data related to the impact of mining ...... 32 5.1 Open pit mining ...... 32

6 Data related to the impact of power plants...... 36 6.1 ROMAG-Termo ...... 37 6.2 Turceni...... 40 6.3 Rovinari...... 43 6.4 Craiova Energetic System – Branch Craiova I ...... 47 6.5 Craiova Energetic System – Branch Craiova II ...... 49

7 Conclusions...... 52 7.1 Data and information to be collected in future projects...... 52

8 References ...... 54

9 Annex...... 57

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1 Introduction

1.1 Background

The River Basin Management Plan (RMBP) is based on a commonly accepted integrated environmental and economic approach at a European level. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) provides a conceptual model for environmental problems within a river basin. Jiu River Basin Management Plan contains an approach and measures for solving environmental problem related to the mining and energy sector. The results of the ISSWaP project aim at further developing and specifying the next JRBMP, in order to achieve a good status for surface water and a good chemical status for groundwater in the integrated soil-water domain. Hence, the aim of the ISSWaP project was to prepare information in such a way that an improved problem description and solutions can be included in the next version of the RBMP for the next implementation period 2015-2021. All measures that can be implemented earlier are welcomed, but reality learns that more research needs to be done between 2010 and 2013 in order to have an updated plan ready by 2014 In terms of Integrated River Basin Management the coal mines and power plants are posing a number of risks: 1. large scale and local changes in the quantitative water regime; 2. large scale and local changes in the qualitative water regime (possibly concerning radioactivity, heavy metals, sulphates, acidity etc.); 3. health risks related to dust originating from the mines, the sterile dumps, the power plants and the fly-ash depots either directly inhaled by humans and livestock or entering the soil and taken up by plants or entering water wells or the rivers; 4. health risks related to the leakage of water from the ash depots; 5. ecological risks caused by the processes described under 1 to 3; 6. risks related to the functioning of protection dams at the ash depots.

Especially risks 1, 2, 4 and 5 are related to the WFD and relevant to be quantified in the RBMP.

The setup of a clear and accurate conceptual model is important to fully understand the problems in the area. The mining sterile sites and the fly-ash depots are expected to have an important impact on the groundwater quality. Both the WFD and the Groundwater Directive (GWD) requires no deterioration of the groundwater bodies. The description of the main pollution sources (point- and diffuse sources) has been included in the RBMP.

1.2 The Jiu river basin Romania, a country of 238 391 km², is almost entirely situated within the Danube Basin (97.4%). The Roma- nian section represents 29% of the surface area of the whole River Basin, with 37.7% of the length of the river flowing through its territory. The Romanian (and also Ukrainian) Danube is the end carrier of all wastewater discharges from upstream countries to the Black Sea.

A large number of upper and middle water courses are situated on the Romanian territory and the Tisa, Prut and Danube Rivers are forming parts of Romanian border. Water resources from the in-land rivers are about 40 billions m3 representing 20% out of Danube River water resources.

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Figure 1.1 Danube River Basin District

Romania is divided into 12 sub River basins or hydrographic basins. A hydrographic basin is the entire geo- graphical area drained by a river and its tributaries; an area characterized by all runoff being conveyed to the same outlet. Jiu River Basin is one of them, see table below for an overview of all hydrographic basins in Romania. Table 1 Nr.crt. River Basins Surface (km2) (%) of Romania’s surface 1 1. Somes - Tisa 22,380 9.43 2 2. Crisuri 14,860 6.26 3 3. Mures 28,310 11.93 4 4. Banat 18,320 7.72 5 5. Jiu 10,080 4.25 6 6. Olt 24,050 10.13 7 7. Arges Vedea 20,911 8.81 8 8. Ialomita Buzau 22,289 9.39 9 9. Siret 28,116 11.84 10 10. Prut 28128 11.85 11 11. Dobrogea Litoral 16,501 6.95

12 12. Danube Delta 3,446 1.45 13 TOTAL Romania 237,391 100.00

The Jiu Basin Administration covers the water management for Jiu-Danube catchment area (16.734 km²) of which 10.080 km² belong exclusively to the Jiu River Basin.

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Figure 1.2 Hydrographic basins of Romania. The Jiu Basin (HB Jiu) is situated in the southwest of Ro- mania.

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Figure 1.3 Areas of main interest for data collection in the Jiu river basin. The red circles indicate the mining areas with power plants and ash dumps.

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2 General description of the air, soil and watersystem

2.1 Air

Since 1989 air emissions in Romania have dropped sharply. Emissions of the major common air pollutants (SOx, NOx, NH3, PM, VOC) from stationary sources have decreased by about 40% and from mobile sources by about 20%. SOx emissions from stationary sources have decreased by 32%, NOx by 51%, CO by 23%. The main reason for this trend was the overall recession following the political changes in 1989, which resulted in a drop in industrial production (in 1999 GDP was only 76% of that in 1989). In Romania air emission data are calculated from various national sources, such as the local EPIs and the National Commission for Statis- tics. Apart from the lower energy demand and the overall drop in production, some of the emissions fell also due to abatement measures, which were introduced step by step. The sulphur content of liquid fuels was reduced from about 4% in the 1980s to the present 1-1.5%. In large cities so-called city fuel with a 0.5% sulphur content is used. The ongoing modernization and restructuring of the energy sector also had a positive effect. It is estimated that the increased efficiency of electrostatic precipitators reduced dust emissions by about 60%.

Romania’s main air-polluting industry is still power and heat production, even if its SO2 emissions decreased by 32% and its NOx emissions by 48% between 1990 and 1997. Energy production decreased by about 27% during that same period and total energy consumption by 6% (in industry by 48%). In 1998, 35% of electricity was produced by hydropower, 30% by coal (hard coal and lignite), 21% by oil and gas and 10% by nuclear power.

Annex III presents an overview of the information collected on substances monitored in the target region related to air quality.

2.2 Soils The upper part of the Jiu river basin is a mountainous region (Southern Carpathians). Geologically this consists mainly of granites and for a part of limestone. The area is mostly covered by coniferous forests. The lower upper part of the Jiu river basin is dominated by hills of up to

Figure 2.1 Soil map of the Jiu river basin. Green areas are sandy soils with podzols, yellow- green areas are alluvial deposits, pink areas are granites, red/orange areas are limestone, and the orange area near the Danube are fluvial deposits (sands and clays).

100 meters, mostly covered by forest. On the sandy soils podzols have developed. The phreatic level is located 2 to 8 meters below the surface.

In the floodplain near the river consists of alluvial soils with a more dense texture and higher water tables. Near the Danube the soils are affected by fluviatiële deposits and clay layers are more frequent. Within the sand deposits layers of clay and peat can be found. Also the sands can differ in texture.

Below a hydrogeological map is shown of the Jiu river basin. Largest proportion of the river basin is build up by sand deposits, mostly with a good permeability. Near the river porosity can be higher due to deposits with coars sand and gravel. Throughout the area layers with higher hydraulic resistance occur (clay, peat, lignite). Near the river fine sediments can be found.

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Figure 2.2 Hydrogeological map of the Jiu river basin.

2.3 Surface water

General description The Jiu river basin contains 275 rivers with a surface larger than 10 km2, 14 natural lakes and 12 dam reservoirs with surfaces larger than 50 ha. The Jiu River is one of the important rivers flowing on Romanian territory. Its length is 339 km and its springs are located in the Southern Carpathians. Jiu is formed by the convergence of 2 main tributaries, springing at altitudes of around 1,500 m: Western Jiu, with springs in the Retezat Mountains, and Eastern Jiu, with springs in the southern slopes of Surianu Mountains. Upstream the general appearance of the valleys, typically narrow and deep, is a V-shape, lacking major river bed, and containing large- size river material (rocks, gravel, etc.).

The Jiu river basin has a river network density 0.38 km/km2, and an average annual discharge is 92 m3/s. Its catchment area is located in the southern part of Romania, covering 10,080 km2 out of which 37.5% (3777 km2) is taken up by forests. It is crossing the most important and oldest coal mining area in the country (Petrosani basin). It flows then to the south through high hills, and after receiving its most important tributary Motru, which is crossing the second important coal mining area in Romania - Oltenia basin, it flows towards the Danube. The middle part of the Jiu river basin is also an important oil-drilling area. After converging with the Motru river, Jiu crosses another 155 km to the Danube. From this convergence (at 100 m altitude), the Jiu descends another 78 m before reaching the Danube. This allows the river to make large detours or narrow curves, round-abouts and splits of the river bed.

Downstream of Craiova, the Jiu river banks are fragmented by ravines created by temporary waterways that cannot be considered tributaries. This region is also characterized by abundant springs in the eastern slopes (such as those at Gioroc, Murta, Dobresti), which are exploitable

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without special works, due to their constancy and volume. On its right side, Jiu receives 31 tributaries, the most important being Tismana, Jilt, Motru and Rasnic. On its left side, Jiu receives 21 tributaries, the most important being: E Jiu, Sadu, Cioiana, Gilort, Amarandia.

The Jiu river basin has 69 natural lakes, ponds and dam reservoirs, 14 of which are wider than 50 ha. Most are located in the Danube floodplains, in the south-western part of the Jiu Basin. The natural lakes of the Danube floodplains are genetically-diverse, having formed along with the hydrographical network and having been subjected to erosion and wind accumulation of sands. The water input of these lakes depends on the hydrological regime of the Danube and on the hydro-geological conditions. Flooding ensures the fill and maintenance of these depres- sions that do not have own water sources. Due to the shallow ground water table (0-2 m below the surface), the water can be maintained in the lakes. Both the filling of the lakes and the forming of the banks depend on the duration of maximum levels of the Danube. Some of the lakes have become nature reserves: Balta Lata (60 ha), Adunatii de Geormane (102 ha), Preajba- Facai lake complex (28 ha), Balta Cilieni (47 ha), Ionele (3.2 ha) and Caraula (28 ha).

Regulations affect 59 rivers and dams affect 32, causing modifications in the courses of the rivers and alterations of the hydraulic characteristics. In the Jiu river basin, the total river length affected by dams is 835 km, and the total river length affected by regulations is 478 km. The Jiu itself is affected by dams over a length of 234 km (69%). There are dams on W Jiu (42%), E Jiu (45 %) and Meretel (83%). Dams on other rivers affect maximally 30% of the rivers’ length. The degree of regulation on the courses of the rivers is 15 %.

In the Jiu river basin eight derivations have been performed on the upstream sectors of the rivers. Water is transported both in the area of the same basin (Motru – Tismana; W Jiu – Valea de Pesti), and between basins: Cerna – Jiu basins (Cerna – Motru) or Jiu - Olt basins (Jiet – Lotru; Galben - Oltet).

The installed discharge of these derivations is 79.1 m3/s. The derivations were created for hy- droelectric purposes, with the exception of the W Jiu – Valea de Pesti derivation, which is meant to supply the inhabitants of Jiu Valley with water. The route of the latter derivation is mixt above and under ground,

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Figure 2.3 Surface waters in the Jiu river basin.

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There are several permanent dam reservoirs: x Valea de Pesti reservoir. The dam holds 4.2 million m3 of water at Normal Retention Level (NRL). The total volume of the lake is 5.4 million m3. It covers a surface of 0.24 km2, and has a maximum depth of 56 m. It was built with the purpose of supplying part of the water demands for Jiu Valley localities and mitigating flooding. x Vadeni + Tg. Jiu reservoir. The dam holds 1.8 million m3 of water NRL. The total volume of the lake is 3.8 million m3. It covers a surface of 1.07 km2, and has a maximum depth of 21.5 m. It was built with the purpose of producing electricity and mitigating flooding. x Turceni reservoir. The dam holds 7.4 million m3 of water NRL. The useable volume of the lake is 3.3 million m3. It covers a surface of 1.5 km2. It was built with the purpose of producing electricity, supplying industrial water and mitigating flooding. x Isalnita reservoir. The dam holds 2.5 million m3 of water NRL. The useable volume of the lake is 1.4 million m3. It was built with the purpose of supplying water for the following production units, through the Isalnita water treatment plant providing water to Craiova Ener- getic System Branch Craiova 1 and Oltenia Water Company Craiova for drinking water.

Water use The total surface water resources amount to approx. 4059 million m3/year, out of which 2109,5 mil m3/year are useable. Surface water represents 74% of all water resources, and mainly consists of the river Jiu and its tributaries, as well as the direct tributaries to the Danube in SW Ro- mania. The Jiu river basin has very limited natural lake resources - there are 67 multi-use lakes with a usable volume of 147.61 mil m3. The medium multi-annual stock of the river Jiu, in the Zaval section, at the junction with the Danube is 2,762.5 million m3 (87.7 m3/s).

In the table below the water availability is described in terms of surface water, treated water and groundwater.

Table 2 in [million m3 per year] District Surface area Surface water Treated water Groundwater Km2 Theoretical Usable treatment no treatment Total discharge Theoretical Usable Gorj 5602 2047,0 551,4 8,7 200,2 208,8 545,0 18,6 Dolj 7414 2047,0 127,1 0,0 0,5 0,6 545,0 13,2 Mehedinti 4933 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Power plants use surface water and groundwater for cooling and transport of ash (slurry). According to the Water Balance 2008 this amounts to (in millions m3 per year):

Table 3 District Surface water Groundwater Available Used Available Used Gorj 551,4 535,8 18,6 1,6 Dolj 127,1 59,8 13,2 10,9 Mehedinti NA NA NA NA

The surface waters are also used as a source for drinking water. Especially the streams in the upper part of the river basin (Southern Carpathians) are clean. Also near Craiova the Jiu river is used for drinking water (figure 2.4).

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Figure 2.4 Protected areas for surface water abstraction in the Jiu river basin.

Status of surface waters According to the Jiu river basin management plan (RBMP) 2009 most rivers are in good status (figure 2.3 and table 2). However, there are some exceptions: Main causes for surface waters not achieving good status are: - Pollution by organic substances; - Nutrient pollution; - Pollution from hazardous substances; - Hydro-morphological alterations.

Due to the low degree of waste water treatment surface waters become polluted with organic substances and nutrients downstream of cities, especially Craiova. This is reflected in the ecological status and chemical status of surface waters downstream of urban areas. Also several lakes near the Danube are in poor status due to high levels of fertilisers in the water.

Pollution by organic substances is caused by discharge of untreated wastewater from human agglomerations, and from industrial and agricultural sources. Still a large proportion of the wastewater is untreated. Degradation of the organic substances leads to high oxygen consumption and therefore low oxygen content in the surface waters. This results in lower species biodiversity and enhanced risks of fish mortality.

Another problem is the emission of nitrogen and phosphorus. As with organic substances, emission of nutrients is due to both point sources (urban wastewater, industrial and agricultural untreated or insufficiently treated), and diffuse sources (in particular, the farm animal breeding, use of fertilizers and localities without sewer systems and without wastewater treatment plant). Nutrients lead to water eutrophication (nutrient enrichment and excessive algal growth), especially in water bodies of stagnant or semi-stagnant water (natural lakes and reservoirs, and shallow slow flowing rivers). This leads to change in species composition, decreased biodiversity, and reduces the possibilities to use the water resources in the area (drinking water, recreation, etc..).

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Figure 2.5 Chemical and ecological status of the surface water bodies according to the Jiu RBMP 2009.

Pollution from dangerous substances originate from point sources as well as diffuse sources. Mostly it concerns heavy metals and organic micropollutants. These hazardous substances can cause toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in the aquatic environment. Out of a total of 1568 km rivers monitored in 2009, for heavy metals 1147,5 km are classified as of first quality (72,94%), 289,5 km of second quality (18,62%), 98 km in third quality and (6,3%) and 33 km of fourth quality (2,14%). As regards the organic micropollutants all monitored rivers are of first quality.

Also specific hydro-morphological alterations have influenced the river and the flood plains regarding connectivity and fish migration (dams, works to regulate and strengthen banks).This affects migratory fish species, natural fish population and reduces other forms of biodiversity.

A detailed assessment of Jiu river tributaries (middle part if the river basin) in water quality classes (I to V) according to the Environmental Ministry Order 161/2006 as presented in Annex I. According to this inventory: - The Jiu river section downstream of Tg. Jiu reservoir has a length of 107 km. From the biological parameters point of view, the determined macro invertebrates have a saprobic index of 1,61 , and from physic-chemical point of view the surface water is in Class II of quality, according to Normative 161/2006 (good quality). - The Jiu river section Balteni has a length of 142 km from spring till Balteni section and wet areas located in Getic Piedmont. The macro invertebrates have a density of 150 exp/mp and a saprobe index of 1,70 , framing the above mentioned section in I class of quality (very good), with clean water, and from physic-chemical point of view in II class (good) of quality, good ecological statement according to thw WFD. - The Jiu river at Racari, has a length of 211 km. The macro invertebrates have a density of 62 exp/mp and a saprobic index of 2,25 , was represented by larvas and nymphs belonging to taxons: Ephemeroptera (Caenis macrura), Odonata (Calopteryx virgo), Bivalva (Sphaerium corneum), framing the above mentioned section in II class (good) of quality according to Order 161/2006. Phytoplankton with a density of 573,750 expl/l and a saprobic index of 1,98 , framing the above mentioned section in II class of quality according to Order

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161/2006, water with low pollution. Also from physico-chemical point of view the section is framed in class II of quality (good). - The Jiu river section at Podari, is a water course situated in plain area, with silicate rich geology. The sector river from spring till Podari section has a length of 258 km. During year 2008 it were samples of macro invertebrates and phytoplankton, which framed the above mentioned section in class II of quality according to Order 161/2006, water with low pollution.

Other important surface water sections in Jiu catchments’ area are: - Gilort River, with section Turburea, class I of quality (high water quality) according to Order 161/2006. - Motru River at Gura Motrului (134 km), class II of quality (good water quality) from ecological point of view - Cioiana River (26 km), upstream Jiu confluence, is class II of quality from biological point of view and class III of quality from physico-chemical point of view, due to heavy metals (Zlasti affluents in Dragutesti section) and Jilt River on Turceni, are class II of quality, so “good statement” according to WFD 2000/60/EC. - Carnesti Brook (9 km till Filiasi section), is class V of quality according to Order 161/2006 from physico-chemical point of view and class IV for biological indicators.

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2.4 Groundwater

Overview groundwater bodies According to the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) or WFD a body of groundwater is a distinct volume of water within an aquifer or aquifers. Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies was based on the following criteria: - geology; - hydrodynamics; - qualitative / quantitative status water body

Delineation of groundwater bodies was made only for areas where aquifers are of significant importance for water supply with sufficiently high flow rates. Remaining areas, even if local conditions indicate groundwater, are not classified as water bodies according to the WFD.

Geological criteria include age, petrographical and structural characteristics, and hydraulic properties. Groundwater bodies are classified into porous, fractured and karst. A groundwater body is delineated at the surface by the border of the Jiu river basin district, but can extend to outside these borders in the underground. This is the case with groundwater bodies ROJI05, ROJI07 and ROJI08 (figure 2.6). The status of a groundwater body was a central criteria in the delineation process. In the Jiu basin a total of eight groundwater bodies have been described (Bretotean et al., 2004). Most groundwater bodies, namely ROJI01 (Neag's field - Petrila / De- pression Petrosani), ROJI02 (Closani-Bath Amara / Mehedinti Plateau), ROJI03 (Tismana- Dobrita/Muntii Valcan) and ROJI04 (Varciorova-Nadanova-Ponoarele / Mehedinti Plateau) are of the type of karst-fissure (limestone, sandstones). Two bodies of groundwater (ROJI05 and ROJI06) are identified in the meadow area of the Jiu basin and along the terraces of the Da- nube. Here porous and permeable alluvial deposits developed from Quaternary age. Table 2.1 gives a summary of the significant characteristics of the groundwater bodies.

Table 4 Characteristics of the eight groundwater bodies in the Jiu river basin. Characteriz. Trans- geol./hydrogeol. Water. Global Statement boundary Soil Surface Under moisture utili- Pollu- protec- Code/name (Km2). Type pres. (m) zation tants tion Qualit. Quant. degree

1. ROJI01 / Campu lui Neag - Petrila ( Petrosani Depression) 151 F Mixed 0/variable PO PVU G G No 2. ROJI02 / Closani-Baia de Arama (Podisul Mehedinti) 29 K+F Mixed 0/variable PO PVU G G No 3. ROJI03 / Tismana - Dobrita (Muntii No Valcan) 158 K+F Mixed 0/variable PO PVU G G 4. ROJI04 / Varciorova-Nadanova- No Ponoarele (Podisul Mehedinti 192 K+F Mixed 0/variable PO PVU G G 5. ROJI05 / Jiu meadow and terraces PO, Z, 2307 P No 5 – 20 I, A, M PM,PU W W++ No and its tributaries P 6. ROJI06 / Danube meadow and PO, Z, 4713 P No 5 – 30 PM W G No terraces and its tributaries I 7. ROJI07 Pliocene/Oltenia 17169 P Yes 0 - 200 PO,I PVG,PG W W++ Yes 8. ROJI08 SarmatianTarguJiu 748 P Yes 0 – 40 PO,I PM G G No

Predominant type: P-porous; K-karstic; F-fissured Under pressure: Yes(=arthesian aquifer)/No/Mixed. Qualitative and quantitative statement: Good(G)/weak(W), W**- locally poor status on groundwater quantity Water Use: Po = drinking water. I = Industrial use, Z = animal farms Transboundary: Yes/No.

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Kolom 6, 7, 8? Codes…

Figure 2.6. Groundwater bodies in Jiu River Basin

Figure 2.7 Chemical status of groundwater bodies in the Jiu river basin.

Below four porous permeable groundwater bodies (5 to 8) are described in more detail.

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Groundwater body ROJI05 - Jiu’s meadow and terraces and tributaries

This groundwater body with poor status is developed in the meadow and terraces deposits of the Jiu valley and its tributaries are of Quaternary age. The aquifer at the plains and river terraces consist of gravel and blocks, caught in sandy, sometimes in clay loam and also clays. In the Getic Piedmont the water is accumulated in the alluvial deposits along the rivers (sand, gravel and coarse rock debris), but also in Pleistocene’s inferior sands and gravels, assigned to Candesti Stratum. In meadow areas the phreatic level develops at depths of 2 to 5 meters. Largest natural sources are found at the terraces of the Jiu River. Highest flow rates here were found at the upper terrace between Cotofeni and Isalnita (30-80 l/min), at the inferior terrace of Jiu River (up to 60l/min), and in the Melinesti-Muierusu area (50l/min).

At several locations artificial groundwater abstraction takes place. The water abstraction from Marica locality, Craiova Water Company is constituted of 86 wells’ shafts that constitute a drain that is exploiting a volume of 7884 thousand m³/year. Rovinari water abstraction is constituted of 13 drillings from which is obtained a volume of 2142 thousand m³/year. After the mining works were performed, decreases of the piezometric level were observed in certain parts of the ground water body.

The phreatic waters situated in the terraces’ deposits are characterized as bicarbonate-calcium- magnesium or carbonated-sodium waters, with a total mineralization of 500mg/l-1000mg/l.

Groundwater body ROJI06 - Danube’s meadow and terraces

The groundwater body with poor status is developed in the meadow and terrace deposits of the Danube and is of Quaternary age. Only a small part of the groundwater body lies in the alluvial plain as the terraces are very close to the Danube. The part of the groundwater body situated in the alluvial plain is located in areas of Balta Verde and Salcia si Cetate-Maglavit. Chemical analyses of groundwater from this alluvial plain show, in general, that the aquifers can contain drinkable water. In sub-area Maglavit and Golenti there appears to be an excess of iron. In the Calafat-Bechet sector, the alluvial plain of the Danube has variable widths ranging from 2,5 to 10 km, and is characterized by the existence of waste areas of swamps, lakes and ponds.

Near Zavalu and Gighera on the border of the alluvial plain and the terraces there are chloral- sodium sources (Gighera spring Q=2l/s). The deposits in the alluvial plain consist of gravel and blocks, to a depth of 25 m, with thicknesses of 5 to 20 m. Flow rates obtained from drillings range from 8 to 11 l/s. The springs from Calarasi, Dabuleni, Ianca and Potelu localities have flow rates that range between 0.5-10 l/s and contain bicarbonate-calcium rich waters. In the Corabia alluvial plain (lower terrace) dune deposits occur with a thicknesses of 10-15 m. The thicknesses of the terrace deposits are between 8 to 15 m. These deposits of gravel and sand are assigned to the lower Holocene. The piezometric level is situated on a depth of 0.5 to 5m. The Danube, Jiana and Rotunda marshes, and also the Blahnita, Rogova and Oravita brooks exerts a powerful aquifer drainage from this terrace. Qualitatively speaking the waters from these terraces are of good quality. The observations which exceed the norm represent about 25% of observation points and are relatively uniform distributed on the area of water body, where the potential sources of pollution are represented by the agricultural activities. In theseconditions this underground water body can be considered at risk from qualitative point of view towards the specific indicators NH4, NO3. Before intensive agriculture nitrites and ammonium were absent and nitrate was found in some wells. In the period 1970 to 1982 agriculture became more intensive. For the village Amarasti maximum concentration of nitrates were 80 mg/l but measurements in 1980-1981 showed values of 281 mg/l. Over a wide region in the Oltenia plain analysis show NO3 concentrations of 80 to 400 mg/l and at some locations even exceeding 600 mg/l!

Annex II provides a list of monitored fountains and the concentrations found.

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Figure 2.8 Public and individual water wells in villages with elevated NO3 concentrations.

These high values can be attributed to the intensive irrigation for agriculture in combination with extensive use of fertilizers and the hydraulic properties of the aquifers. This has led to an accumulation of high levels of NO3 have in the aquifers in this region.

Annex II provides a selection of monitored wells and the concentrations found.

Groundwater body ROJI07 - Pliocene Oltenia The aquifer of this groundwater body is composed of sediments that are of Dacian age. It is widespread and extends from the Drincei Valley until Olt Valley, but is missing in Drincea- Danube sector and in the alluvial plain of the Danube in the Jiu-Olt sector.

In sector between Plenita, Giubega, Sud Ceratu, Horezu Poenari, and Bechet, Dacian deposits are found just below the alluvial deposits of the Danube and the Jiu terraces and meadows. At other locations it is covered by Romanian formations. The thickness of the Dacian deposits increases from west to east, and from south to north. The Dacian aquifer complex consists in its’ lower part of fine sands, with frequent sand concretions, that pass to the upper part, to fine sands with a clay layer. In Craiova City area the Dacian deposits exceed 150 m thickness. The aquifer layers from Dacian Complex have significant thickness reaching over 70 m in the Drincea-Desnatui sector. Otherwise they form a continuous alternation of permeable layers and impermeable layers; the permeable layers are often interconnected. Most of the deep drillings have been made in the main valleys and in captured deposits of superior Pliocene age (Dacian and Romanian) in one place.

The groundwater from the Dacian aquifer complex has artesian piezometric levels in the main valleys. From the hydrochemical point of view the groundwater retained in the Dacian aquifer complex is of drinking water quality (bicarbonates total mineralization up to 1gr/l, total hardness < 30°). In the Motru-Rovinari-Tg.Carbunesti area, the groundwater is used as a source for drinking water in the towns and villages.

In 2007 the groundwater quality was monitored at 10 locations. Four of the locations showed exceeded values for NH4 (Urzicuta, Stanesti), NO3 (Bratovoesti) and NO2 (Butoiesti), but these have been attributed to natural high background levels and not to local agricultural activities. Nevertheless the groundwaterbody has been classified for the time being as having a chemical poor status.

In the South (in the Oltenia Plain), high values for NH4 have been observed for example 20.9 mg/l in F Greenhouses Isalnita, and 35 mg/l in Mihaita-Predesti.

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In the area also the Rosia, Rovinari E, Plostina open mines are present whose bottom level can be found at about 100 m under the Jiu river riverbed. In the Rosia career 34 million m3 of groundwater was abstracted in 2008.

Figure 2.8 Groundwater wells used for drinking water supply in the Jiu river basin.

Groundwater body ROJI08 – Sarmatian Targu Jiu This deep groundwater body with good status has deposits of Sarmatian-meotian age. Sarma- tian deposits are missing on the Western part of the Jiu river. In the east the aquifer is divided into three horizons: inferior: consisting of sands, marls and whetstones with freshwater fauna, medium: predominantly sandstone with fauna of Salmastra water and superior: sandy-grezous, with fauna of freshwater. The total thickness of the aquifer is 300 to 350 m. This groundwater body, North of Tg.Jiu, is very productive in terms of public and industrial water supply. The aquifer consists of gravels and sands and contains artesian water (hydraulic head stabilizes at +1,9m above the surface level). The hydrodynamic level was stabilized at 8,7 m under the surface level resulting in a lowering of 10,6 m and obtaining a flow rate of 3,5 l/s. The Curtisoara groundwater abstraction of S.C Aquaterm Tg Jiu, is located on the left bank of Jiu River, on North of Tg.Jiu city, consisting of 13 hydrogeological drillings with depths of 150 to 300 m, with very high flow rates of 30-35 l/s per drilling. The hydrostatical level of Sarmatian waters is artesian, and the dynamic one has stabilized at lower depths. For Targu Jiu Runcu water supply a spring is used with a total exploited flow rate of 4,7 million m³/year.

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3 Overview of existing plans, legislation and Environmental Quality Standards

The energy sector in general and the Jiu mining basin in particular benefited in the post- communism period of a large number of governmental projects focused in general on the reorganization of the sector and mitigation of social impact but at the same time including a strong commitment for a reduced environmental impact of the economic operations in the region. As a result the sectors benefits of a wide number of national strategies and implementation programs including manuals for best practices. At the same time specific legislation for the mining sector as well as for water and soil was adjusted and adapted to the EU standards. Moreover the local development strategies of the counties in the Jiu basin are based on long-term vision in diminishing the environmental impact of the mining and energy production activities in the region.

As part of the data collection process, the ISSWaP project also reviewed main documents in this respect at both national and local level, their brief presentation is provided in annexes XIV (national) and XV (local) to this report.

3.1 Previous studies

• SAPARD project Gorj

• Regional Electricity Market initiative (Albania, Bosnia-and-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Turkey)

• Roadmap for the Energy Sector (July 2003): • sustain the socio-economic developing trend of the country, • improve energy efficiency, environment protection, and optimal use of resources

• World Bank (Jiului valley Pesteana)

3.2 Strategic studies - Sectorial Operational Programme Environment, Government of Romania, Ministry of Environment, 2007

- Sectorial Operational Programme “INCREASE OF ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS” Government of Romania, Ministry of Economy and Finance, 2007

3.3 Legislation

• Law 244/2000 on Dam Safety setting up the requirements for dam stability • Law 655/2001 on atmosphere protection • Water Law 107/1996 with later modifications: monitor groundwater quality by observation boreholes in areas influenced by wastes of any kind

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• GEO 78/2000 modified and completed by Law 426/2001 and subsequently regulating the recycling/reuse/recover all wastes, proper disposal in authorized landfills protecting the environment and public health • Law 360/2003: effective control and monitoring of the movement and use of hazardous chemicals

3.4 Environmental Quality Standards x Government Ordinance 161/2006, concerning the classification of surface waters for establishing the status of water bodies. x Law 458/2002 on potable water

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4 Data on sources of water pollution

This chapter will describe the main pressures and impacts of the Jiu Hydrographic basin, based on the data collected within the project. Figure 4.1 gives an overview of the most important pressures and impacts of the conceptual model.

Figure 4.1 Main Pressures for Jiu River Basin

In the conceptual model we distinguished 8 main pressures and impacts, which are: 1. Open pit mining: dust, radioactivity (?), groundwater pumping, unstable sterile deposits 2. Power plants/industrial zones: air and ground pollution with a variety of substances, point sources of pollution 3. Fly-ash and slag deposits: dust, groundwater pollution, waterlogging 4. Urban area: untreated waste water, polluted ground drinking water 5. Agricultural area: chemical fertilizers and pesticides, diffuse pollution sources 6. River system: siltation, disordered waterbalance, municipal and industrial wastewater 7. Groundwater / wells: different types of pollution 8. Nature/Ecosystems: disorder, threat of quality

Some pressures and impacts are described briefly in the following sections/chapters. The description is based on data collected within the frame of this project. This report includes a description of all Pressures and Impacts as described above. Figure 4.2 shows the locations of main point source pollutions in Jiu River Basin.

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4.1 Mining exploitations (quarries)

Within the project there are two main exploitation areas: Turceni-Jilt and Rovinari. In these quarries, lignite is exploited in order to be used for energy production. Lignite is classified as the weakest type of coal, being used almost exclusively as fuel for energy production. Lignite is black-brown, soft and with a carbon content of around 25-35%, a high humidity content (approx. 66%) and an ash content of 6-19% (comparable to that of bitumen coal – 6-12%).

Lignite has a caloric power of between 10 and 20 MJ/kg (9 to 17 million Btu/t), on a humid base, without mineral matter. Lignite has a high content of volatile materials, higher than that of superior coal, which makes it easier to convert to gas. Despite this, the high humidity content and the sensitivity to spontaneous combustion can cause problems with transport and storage. Due to its low energy density, lignite is inefficient from the point of view of transporting, and it is not easy to trade in the world market, compared to other superior classes of coal. It is often burnt in power plants built nearby mines.

The Turceni-Jilt coal quarry is an open mining pit, one of the largest in Romania. It is located in Matasari commune, Gorj county. The pit is managed by the Oltenia National Lignite Society, set up in 1997. There are two quarries, Jilt South and Jilt North, which produced 4.3 million tons of lignite in 2009. The quarry employs around 2,400 workers and it is endowed with 15 excavators. 7 expanders, 2 mixers and an expander in storage. The total recoverable reserve of the quarry has proven to be 285.8 million tons of lignite. The coal is transported to the Turceni Energy Complex, on the Dragotesti-Turceni railway.

The Rovinari quarry is an open mining pit, located in Rovinari, Gorj county. It is managed by the Oltenia National Lignite Society and has 4 open quarries: Tismana I, Tismana II, Garla- Rovinari Est and Pinoasa. The quarries produced a total of 6.3 million tons of lignite in 2009. The quarry employs around 2,500 employees and is endowed with 23 excavators, 14 expanders, 3 mixers and an expander in storage. The total recoverable reserve of the quarry has proven to be 180 million tons of lignite.

Other lignite quarries in the area are:

- Motru: 2 open quarries – Lupoaia and Rosiuta – with a total production of 6.6 million tons in 2008 - Rosia-Pesteana: 3 open quarries – Rosia (largest in Romania), Pesteana Nord, Pesteana Sud-Urdari – with 7.2 million tons produced in 2008 - Mehedinti-Husnicioara: 2 open quarries – Husnicioara Vest and Zegujani – with 3.1 million tons in 2008

Overview of exploitations in Romania (millions of tons): Table 5 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 Romania 14,100 27,100 33,500 17,900 29,800

The most obvious negative effects that the mining industry has on the environment, and which also affect the economic and social factors in the evaluated areas are: - gradual occupation of land, throughout the development of mining areas, by the exploitation itself and by deposits, access ways, etc. - permanent and temporary occupation of various surfaces, which affects the hydro- geographic basins and the natural characteristics. Sterile deposits can be unstable during periods of heavy rain, causing land slides and damaging the infrastructure - the pollution of surface and ground waters, caused by residual mining waters - air pollution, caused by quarries and thermo-electrical plants - change in hydro-geographic conditions

The Oltenia mining basin is responsible for a large share of the pollution of the Jiu river.

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4.2 Urban Waste Water

The Waste Water Treatment stations are in a high degree of physical and moral wear having insufficient treatment capacity for waste water flows. Most treatment plants do not achieve the purification targets. A major problem is the direct discharge of untreated water due to a lack of water treatment plants. Figure 4.2 shows the locations of waste water treatment plants in Jiu River Basin.

In the area of Targu Jiu city there is one water treatment plant but this one is not completed, does not have the necessary capacity and is not properly exploited.

Craiova The Oltenia Water Company Craiova is the regional water operator including the management of the water supply and waste water treatment for Craiova City. Waste water is collected through a sewerage system of 320 km in length, and discharged in the collector channel called Craiovita, which crosses the town in the NW-SE direction. This unit serves a total of 280,087 population equivalents. The discharge on average is Q = 1,320.96 l/s, untreated.

Motru SC Apa Regio Gorj SA - CED Motru is the regional operator of Motru city, serving 24,001 inhabitants., Waste waters of Motru town are collected through a sewerage system of 32.421 km, and after that are pumped into a mechanical-biological treatment station. From the treatment station the water is discharged into the Motru River. The discharged medium flow is Q = 29.937 l/s. Due to the lack of aeration capacity, the treatment plant works only for the mechanical step, the efficiency of the treatment plant is minimal.

Filiasi Filiasi city has 6,806 equivalent inhabitants. After treatment with mechanical-biological step, the waste waste water is disposed into the Jiu River, via a sewerage system of 15.8 km. The discharged medium flow is Q =10.718 l/s.

Rovinari The directorate of Public Services of Rovinari is the town administration of Rovinari town with 15,372 equivalent inhabitants. The waste water system has a length of 13,5 km, disposal of waste waters is made in the Jiu River, Rovinari town does not have a water treatment station. The discharged medium flow is Q =10.401 l/s.

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Figure 4.2 Waste Water Treatment Plansts in Jiu River Basin

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4.3 Industrial Waste Water

The cause of the inadequate operation of the waste water treatment stations, consist in their subdimension, the physical wear of the installation and the negligence of exploitation.

Holding Turceni Holding Turceni is located in Turceni, Gorj district. Their main activity is the production of electric power and thermal energy (steam). Waste water that does not need treatment is discharged to the Jiu River, through the external sewerage system. The average discharged amount of water (Q) in domestic waters is 11.416 l/s, for industrial waters it is 4,198.250 l/s and for technological waters it is also 4,198.250 l/s. After analyses, the domestic water suspension is 25.542 mg/l, for industrial water’s it is 26.833 mg/l and for technological water it is 28.292 mg/l.

E.M.C.Motru- Lupoaia open pit The Lupoaia open mining pit is located in Motru mining basin, Catunele village, Gorj district. Their main activity is mining and the preparation of inferior coal. Domestic waste waters and quarry water are discharged into the Lupoaia Stream. The discharged medium flow for the domestic water is 1.0425 l/s and for the quarry water the discharge is 34.722 l/s. There have been higher-than-accepted concentrations of NH4 = 0.420 mg/l in domestic waters, and of suspensions=32 mg/l and calcium=98.400 mg/l in technological waters.

Craiova Energetic System – Isalnita Branch CEN SE.Isalnita is located in Jiu River Basin, in Isalnita locality, Dolj district. Its main activity is the production of electric power and thermal energy(steam).The domestic waste waters are discharged into the Doljchim Craiova system. The technological waste waters that need treatment is discharged in the slag and ash dumps, and the cooling water and the pluvial ones in the Jiu River. The discharged medium flow is Q = 2,466.863 l/s. There have been concentrations of suspension = 28.545 mg/l, CBO5 = 5,090 mg/l, CCO-Cr = 7.817 mg/l, NO3 = 1.158 mg/l.

Craiova Energetic System – Branch Craiova II CEN Craiova II is located in Jiu River Basin, in Craiova city, Dolj district. It’s main activity is the production of electric power and thermal energy(steam). The domestic waste waters are discharged in the Water Administration system. The technological waste waters that need treatment are discharged, after treatment, in Valea Sarpelui Stream. The technological waters that don’t need treatment are discharged in Valea Manastirii Stream. After analyses the registered concentrations in suspensions are 34 mg/l.

Petrom S.A - Member of OMV Group, Branch Petrom Craiova - Doljchim Craiova Plant The unit is located in Jiu River Basin, Dolj district, near Isalnita village, near the confluence of Amaradia Stream with the Jiu River. Its main activity is the production of chemicals like ammonia, urea, nitrate ammonium, azotic acid and methanol. The discharged medium flow from their facility is 44.425 l/s (for meteoric channel), for Sybetra source it is 9.862 l/s and for the Kel- log source it is 34.792 l/s. The general disposal is 113.426 l/s. After analyses measured concentrations are: at meteoric channel NH4 = 7.858 mg/l; Sybetra suspensions = 214.750 mg/l, NH4 = 55.283 mg/l, NO3 = 184.863 mg/l; Kellog NH4 = 2.694 mg/l, NO3 = 19.762 mg/l; General disposal NO3 = 53.933 mg/l.

R.A.A.N Branch Romag-Termo R.A.A.N Branch Romag-Termo is located in Danube River Basin, Drobeta Turnu Severin city, Mehedinti district. Its main activity is the production of electric power and thermal energy. The domestic waste waters, cooling waters and the pluvial ones are discharged into the Topolnita River. The technological waste waters that need treatment are discharged in the slag and ash deposit, and the excess of water and the drainage water coming from the slag and ash deposits, are discharged in Trestelnic Stream. The discharged medium flow is Q = 83.333 l/s. Measured concentrations in calcium are 232.585 mg/l.

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4.4 Critical areas for pollution of surface and groundwaters

In the area of Turceni city, Gorj district, the slug and ash dump of Valea Ceplea (belonging to Turceni power plant) is causing infiltration of substances to the groundwater. Due to this the chemistry of the groundwater is changed.

There is an increase of sulphate anion values compared to the natural background of the area. This is most likely caused by the mud-setting pont of SE Turceni. The SO4 ion values, determined in drains underneath the pond locally exceed values of 350 mg/l.

The presence of the slug and ash dumps also causes polluted drinking water (groundwater) and an increase in the phreatic water level. This has a negative impact for the population.

The most known critical area from the waters quality point of view is the Breasta-Craiova area. At this location the phreatic water of Jiu Meadow is captured by 5 abstraction wells and transported to the deferrization station Breasta. Deferrization is necessary due to the high amount of iron. After deferrization the water can be used for drinking water in the Craiova city area.

Analysed water samples from the Jiu River (Isalnita dam) and the groundwater monitoring from Isalnita pollution, show that the waste waters discharged by Doljchim Craiova in Jiu River and Amaradia Brook, do no longer have large pollution loads as in previous years. More and more pollution these days comes from infiltrating rainwater. This water brings chemicals from the (sub)surface in the phreatic groundwater resulting in large quantities of ammonia, nitrates, phosphates. From this it can be concluded that the Isalnita-Breasta area is a critical area from phreatic waters quality point of view in Jiu River Basin.

According to physico-chemical analyses made on drillings for phreatic water pollution monitoring, in area of ash dumps of CET II Craiova, their immediate area has the phreatic waters polluted with sulphate and iron, with higher values on fixed residue and on pH.

Figure 4.3 Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides in Jiu River Basin

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Figure 4.4 Point Source Pollution in Jiu River Basin

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Figure 4.5 Waste Water Treatment Plants in Jiu River Basin

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5 Data related to the impact of mining

5.1 Open pit mining

Within the project area there are two main mining areas: Turceni-Jilt and Rovinari. In these mines lignite is excavated for the production of energy in power plants.

Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is a soft brown fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere between coal and peat. It is considered the lowest rank of coal. ; it is used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation. Lignite is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content of around 25-35%, a high inherent moisture content sometimes as high as 66%, and an ash content ranging from 6% to 19% compared with 6% to 12% for bituminous coal.

The heat content of lignite ranges from 10 to 20 MJ/kg (9 to 17 million Btu per short ton) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. Lignite has a high content of volatile matter which makes it easier to convert into gas and liquid petroleum products than higher ranking coals. However, its high moisture content and susceptibility to spontaneous combustion can cause problems in transportation and storage. Because of its low energy density, brown coal is inefficient to transport and is not traded extensively on the world market compared with higher coal grades. It is often burned in power stations constructed very close to any mines.

Turceni-Jilt Turceni-Jilt Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Matasari, Gorj County (see figure 5.1).

Jilt-Nord

Jilt-Sud

Figure 5.1 Jilt-Nord and Jilt-Sud mining areas

Lignite mining activity in the Jilt coal basin started in 1977 with the opening of the Matasari mine. In 1978, works were started for the opening of the Jilt Sud open pit. During 1980-1990,

another three mines: Dragotesti, Cojmanesti, Tehomir were opened. At the same time, the opening of the second open pit – Jilt Nord was completed. At present the Matasari, Dragotesti and Cojmanesti mines are shut down, environment rehabilitation operations being carried out here.

Jilt and Dragotesti coal mines are located in the Motru-Jilt-Rovinari Coal Basin, within the administrative territories of Slivilesti, Dragotesti, and Matasari villages. Lignite deposits are in the North-Western part of the great hydro-geological basin quartered on Dacian and Romanian deposits in Oltenia, with significant static and dynamic water reserves. The exploration of the area revealed the presence of ground water at shallow depths, of 2-3 m, in the Sub-Carpathian de- pressions and in the alluvial plains of the piedmont area. Ground waters are located 20 m deep on interfluves and 7 -8 m deep on terraces. The drainage is poor and the river runs dry during the drought periods of the year, as the ground water level is lower than the main river bed.

At present the Jilt Sud perimeter has the following usage: pastures 525.9 hectares, forests 237.4 hectares, arable land 160.7 hectares, meadows 73.6 hectares, orchards 12 hectares, vineyards 5 hectares, other uses 10.4 hectares. The Jilt Nord perimeter has the following usage: pastures 82.72 hectares, forests 218.3 hectares, arable land 6.9 hectares, meadows 1 hectare, orchards 12 hectares, vineyards 0.5 hectares, other uses 0.5 hectares.

Since the opening of the pits, the method used for obtaining the necessary area was land expropriation as shown in all documents (decrees, orders, decisions) owned by EMC Jilt. For all these lands expropriated before 1989, EMC Jilt drew up the reference material and obtained the Ownership Certificate, thus they became owners of the mining area.. After 1989, lands were purchased through negotiation with the landowners, private agreements were filled and booked in the land register. According to the law in force (Environment Law, law 19/1991, law 169/1997), holders of the investment and operating works are obliged to take all due measures for the restoration of the affected area t within 2 years since the area has been freed from technological tasks. During 1999-2003, 146.03 hectares were re-cultivated: 59.76 hectares for arable land and 86.27 hectares for forests. Feasibility studies and development plans drawn up for the Jilt Sud and Jilt Nord open pits present an inventory of the area to be taken over, during different periods of time, for which the mining license was requested.

Total area of 1,035 ha is planned to be taken over by 2020 for the Jilt Sud open pit and for the external dump Bohrelu. For the execution of mining works, 96 private farms, from which 37 in Croici village, 10 in Stiucani village, 17 in Valea Jgheabului village, 49 in Bohorelu village, a school, a church and a cemetery in addition to listed farms, will be moved from their location. Buildings in Bohorelu and Valea Jgheabului had an expropriation order issued before 1989, but the farms have never been completely demolished. At present, they are being rebuilt on new locations as agreed during negotiations with the landowners. The church was rebuilt in Cornesti village. The private farms from Stiucani village will be moved during 2005-2008 and those from Croici village will be moved later, during 2010-2018. Total area of 322 ha is to be expropriated until 2019 for the Jilt Nord open pit and the external dump Bohrelu.The mining license does not authorize any construction in this area.

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Rovinari Rovinari Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, the largest in Romania, located in Rovi- nari, Gorj County (see figure 5.2). The legal entity managing the Rovinari mine is also the Na- tional Company of Lignite Oltenia. The exploitation has four open pits Tismana I, Tismana II, Garla - Rovinari Est and Pinoasa that produced 6.3 million tonnes of lignite in 2009. The mine has around 2,500 workers and is endowed with 23 bucket-wheel excavators, 14 spreaders, three mixed machines and one deposits spreader. The total proven recoverable reserves of the mine amount to 180 million tonnes of lignite.

Figure 5.1 Rovinari mining area

Other lignite mines in the area are: x Motru: The exploitation has two open pits Lupoaia, Rosiuta that produced 6.6 million tonnes of lignite in 2008; x Rosia – Pesteana: The exploitation has three open pits Rosia, Pesteana Nord, Pesteana Sud-Urdar that produced 7.2 million tonnes of lignite in 2008; x Mehedinti-Husnicioara: The exploitation has two open pits Husnicioara – Vest and Zegujani that produced 3.1 million tonnes of lignite in 2008.

Table 6 Overview Lignite mined in Romania (in millions of tonnes) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 Romania 14.100 27.100 33.500 17.900 29.800

The most evident negative environmental effects of mining industry, also affecting the economic and social factors in the assessed area, are: x Gradual land occupation, during the development of mining zones, by the exploitation itself, mining dumps, access ways, etc. x Definitive or temporary occupation of various surfaces, affecting the hydrographic reserves and the natural features.

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x Surface and underground water pollution: residual waters from the mining industry, due to their noxious emissions, may generate general water depletion and also flora and fauna deterioration. x Air pollution: The open pits and concentrating plants produce serious effects of air pollution and dust. x Changing of hydrographic conditions.

In the framework of this project we have collected lots of valuable data from the mining industry. The data was provided by Turceni Jilt, Rovinari, National Society of Lignite Oltenia- SNLO, EPA-Mehedinti and the Ministry of Environment.

The data includes: x General information about the number of quarries, employees, production and the size of the sterile dumps; x Information about the monitoring in groundwater, surface water, air and sub-soil; x Composition of the lignite; x Closing/ rehabilitation activities of fly ash deposits accomplished or planned for in the next period; x Specific objectives of local development plans with regard to the future of mining and energy production activities, as well as alternative strategies for sustainable economic development and the reduction of social impact resulting from the reduction of activities in these fields.

The complete data set is included in Annex IV.

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6 Data related to the impact of power plants

Energy production through burning of fossil fuels (lignite, coal) in the Jiu river basin is an important economic activity as it provides jobs regionally and contributes to approximately 20% of the total energy production of Romania. Several power plants can be found in the Jiu basin of which ROMAG-Termo, Turceni, Rovinari and Craiova I and II are considered to be most important. The locations of these power plants are show in figure 6.1. Each power plant and data on the impact on the environment is shown in the subse- quent paragraphs.

All power plants contain waste dumps, consisting of fly ash deposits and ash&slag deposits. Both the atmospheric emissions from the power plants as well as the effects of the waste deposits near the power plants contain high levels of heavy metals, radioactive components and other chemical components. The power plants therefore form a threat for the air quality, the soils, the groundwater and the surface water in the area.

Currently wet slurry systems are used to transport the fly ash to the ash deposits. Due to new environmental laws linked to the Landfill directive (1999/31/EC) the wet slurry systems need to be replaced by dry slurry systems. These systems are an improvement as less water is needed for transport (and as a consequences polluted), and also the amount of infiltration of water in the ash deposit decreases. Besides this, the loss of ash dust particles to the atmosphere is reduced as the dry slurry is more compact (self-hardening dense slurry) and the storage capacity increases.

Figure 6.1 Location of the major power plans within the Jiu river basin.

6.1 ROMAG-Termo

Characteristics The ROMAG-Termo Power plant is located in the Danube catchment, near the city Drobeta Turnu Severin in the County Mehedinti. The electricity plant Halanga, a Romanian Nuclear Activities Authority (RAAN) subsidiary company, is 5 km North-East away from Drobeta Turnu Severin town, on 67 DN national route connecting Drobeta Turnu Severin and Targu Jiu (see figure 6.2).

Figure 6.2 Overview of the ROMAG-Termo power plant (source: Google maps)

Currently 1,160 people work at the ROMAG-Termo power plant. The yearly volume of production was approximately 1,9x106 MW for 2007 and 2008. According to its actual profile, the ROMAG-Termo Power Plant provides the process steam for ROMAG-PROD Heavy Water Plant (280 t/h and 31 MW) and also urban heating for Drobeta Turnu Severin Municipality (100 Gcal). At the same time, electrical power of over 160 MW is delivered to the National Grid System.

Near the Power plant lignite is stored. Due to the combustion process ash is produced which is stored in a nearby ash deposit (Figure 6.2). The fly ash deposit covers an area of 25 ha, all of which consists of wet slurry. The volume and location of the ash& slag deposit is not known. Annex XI gives an overview of the data on the current situation on energy production and mining exploitations.

Data on coal and waste material

The lignite used by the ROMAG-Termo power plant originates from the county Gorj (quarries Motru, Zegu- jani, Valea Copcii). In Annex XIII the chemical composition the initial mass of lignite is shown. The natural level of radioactive compounds is relatively high and becomes concentrated it the ash (waste deposits).

In 1999, the radioactivity of coal, fly ash and soil was tested by the National Uranium Company in Bucha- rest, in their Laboratory for Radio-Physical Natural level of the radioactive components is relatively high and is relatively more concentrated in the area of flyash deposits.

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Table 6 Abundance of radioactive components in the coal, ash and soil at the ROMAG-Termo power plant. Radioactive Components

U238 Ra226 Th232 K (10-4 x unit) (10-14 x unit) (10-4 x unit) (unit?) Motru coal 1 34 2 0.3 Zegujani coal 1 34 2 0.3 Valea Copcii coal 2 34 3 0.3 Rough ash 13 360 11 1.15 Fine ash 17 435 12 1.41 Soil 3 102 5 1.29

The chemical composition of the waste material in the fly ash deposit and the ash&slag deposits of the ROMAG-Termo power plant has been analysed.In table6.2 the results of a chemical analysis of the upper 10 cm of the fly ash deposit is shown. Another analysis of the fly ash by the EPA-Mehendenti showed data of the chemical composition, the radioactivity and the heavy metal content of the fly ash (table 7). Arsenic, mercury, wolfram, thallium, germanium, niobium, indium, bismuth, cadmium, silver and beryllium concentrations were beneath the detection limit.

Table 7 Concentration of chemical components in upper 10 cm of the fly ash deposit. conc. conc. Indicator Indicator ȝg/g) ȝg/g) Cd < 0.02 Pb 14.84 Co 17.53 Zn 62

Cu 32.37 SO4 44.83

Mn 442.55 Phenol 1.31

Hydro- Ni 55.94 65 carbons

Table 8 Chemical composition, radioactivity and heavy metal content of the fly ash from the ROMAG-Termo power plant (source EPA-Mehedinti). Analysis Composition

Chemical composition SiO2 = 52.65 %, FeO3 = 10.65 %, Al2O3 =

26.37 %, CaO = 5.01 %, MgO = 1.31 %, K2 O

= 1.02 %, Na2O = 1.41 % Radioactivity U238 [x 10 -4] = 13 %, Ra226 [x 10 -12] = 360 -4 %, Th 232 [ x 10 ] = 11 %, K = 1.15 %

Heavy metal content Ti = 3 ȝg/g, Mg = 400-450 ȝg/g, Zn, Zr, Ba <

150 ȝg/g, Va = 150-200 ȝg/g, Ni =140 ȝg/g, Cr = 125 ȝg/g, Mo < 15 ȝg/g, Sn < 10 ȝg/g

In Annex XIV data of the chemical composition, humidity and density of the the ash&slag deposit are provided during this inventory are listed. Unfortunately, the method of sampling (e.g. sampling depth) was not reported. The fly ash also contains all kind of oxides and (not mentioned here) and high levels of heavy metals, however no data were available. The chemical composition reported by the EPA-Mehendenti and the data provided during this inventory show similar concentrations.

Impact on air

In the table 9 emissions values of SO2, NO/NO2, NH3 and CO2 from the ROMAG-Termo power plant are shown. Values are calculated through the following methods: MRC/CRM, CEE-ONU/EMP, and IPCC guidelines. The year or period during which the emission data were collected and the impacted surface area are unknown.

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Table 9: Reference values for air quality in the area: emissions from ROMAG-Termo plant

Emission Component (ton g yr-1)

SO 2 48.9 NO/NO 2 4.14 NH 3 - CO 2 3.290.000 Volatile non-methane 794 organic compounds Heavy metals 187.776 Persistent organic - pollutants Radio-activity -

Impact on soils No data is provided on the impact on soils surrounding the power plants, expect for data of the radioactivity. It can be expected that emissions of SO2, NOx and heavy metals from the power plants cause some degree of acidification of the soils and elevated concentrations of heavy metals in the soil. In the area surrounding the power plant, mostly sandy soils occur with a high infiltration rates (formation of podzolic soils) especially beneath forest cover. As a result heavy metals and other components may easily be transported through these sandy soils to deeper levels into the soil and groundwater.

Impact on water systems The power plant uses water to transport the fly ash to the waste deposits. This water is re-used as much as possible. In most cases power plants have a desulphurization installation with gypsum (CaSO4) as a by- product. High levels of Ca and SO4 are therefore expected at power plants. Currently wet slurry systems are being used at the ROMAG-Termo plant. However, a dense fluid installation for the evacuation of ash from the ash deposit is expected to be finalized in April 2011.

At ROMAG-Termo it was reported that the wastewater used for transport of the ash is monitored and is relatively clean. Exceedances were in calcium = 233 mg / l. Excess of wastewater and drainage of slag and ash deposits is discharged on the river Trestelnic (and possibly also on the river Topolnita). Discharged water flow from the ash deposits is Q = 83,3 l/s. The temperature of the discharged water at ROMAG-Termo was maximal 10°C in the winter and maximal 25°C in the summer. Below data is shown for discharged wastewater and groundwater near the ash deposits

Table 10 Available data on discharged waste water and groundwater near the ash deposits of the ROMAG-Termo power plant

Discharged waste water Groundwater at

from ash deposit ROMAG-Termo

data type analysis result data type analysis result suspensions 50-60 mg/l CCO-Cr 40.5 mg/l fixed residue 2,000 mg/l CCO-Mn 6.2 mg/l pH 6.5-8.5 pH 6.5-8.5 conductivity NA conductivity 490 µs/cm

SO4 500 mg/l SO4 50 mg/l

S2- NA S2- 0

heavy metal heavy metal NA NA content content

NH4 4 NO3 NA 2+ Fe 1 NO2 NA

alcalinity NA Radioactivity NA

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Monitoring programs Two monitoring programs concerning the air quality at the ROMAG-Termo power plant are carried out, providing information at annual, monthly and daily basis. Soil and subsoil were monitored once in 2002. Sur- face water quality is monitored monthly, while groundwater quality and the water level in wells situated in the ash deposits are monitored quarterly and also quarterly reported to the local authorities Every year, ISPE Timisoara issues a report regarding the status of hydro-technical constructions in use. A project of re- forestation of the 2 dikes against scattering of the fly ash was elaborated in 1999 and implemented in 2002- 2003 using pine trees.

An overview of the all parameters monitored in the air, soil, surface water and groundwater near ROMAG Termo can be found in Annex IV.

Land recuperation At the ROMAG-Termo power plant two areas have been recuperated in 1985 to the local authorities of Brosteni, Simian, Cerneti and Timna for agricultural use: Backbone City Heating networks (11.6 ha) and District Heating Drobeta Tr Severin (237.7 ha). Annex XII gives an overview of the recuperated land near the power plants.

6.2 Turceni

Characteristics The Turceni Energy Complex is located in the center of the Jiu river basin adjacent to the river Jiu. The power plant is located halfway between the towns of Craiova and Targu Jiu (see figure 6.3). The plant facilities occupy some 839 hectares. The units were commissioned over the period from July 1978 (unit 1) through November 1987 (unit 7). An eighth unit was never completed. It is the largest lignite-fired power plant in Romania with a nominal installed capacity of 2,310 MW (7 x 330 MW installed power) and a current operational capacity of about 1,260 MW (5 x 330 MW operational units, 1 unit in rehabilitation, one unit re- tired from operation). Net power delivered into the system by one 330 MW unit is at around 285 MW of actual capacity. The yearly volume of production is relatively constant with an average of 6,8 x10 6 MW over 2007 – 2009, with a relative high production in 2008 and a low production In 2009. Currently 1,312 people work at the Turceni power plant.

Annex XI gives an overview of the data on the current situation on energy production and mining exploitations.

Figure 6.3 Overview of the Turceni power plant (source: Google maps) , Page 40 of 135

Turceni plays an important role in the Romania’s power balance. During summer 2003, when a serious drought led to a decrease in nuclear electricity output (because of not enough cooling water in the Danube) and to a decline of hydro electricity outputs (run-of-the-river Hydro Power Plants like the Iron Gates were affected by the lowest Danube water level in the last 160 years), the lignite-fired generation of Turceni and Rovinari helped to cover a load that increased dramatically due to the demands of air conditioning. Turceni proved to be crucial for covering the Romanian electricity consumption. Moreover, as Romania has the largest and most stable power system in the Balkan Peninsula (and is synchronously interconnected within the UCTE), it contributed to stabilizing of the entire region, affected as a whole by the high temperatures and serious droughts.

In figure 6.3 an overview is given of the Turceni Power plant and associated ash and slag deposits. There are two deposits, an old one near the river and a more recent one in the nearby hillside. The fly ash deposits consist of wet slurry only and cover an area of 251.8 ha (volume 41x106 m3). Of this amount 250 ha (volume 33x106 m3) is deposited in the Valea Ceplea Deposit and 21.8 ha (volume 8x106 m3) in the Reserve Storage.

Little specific data was provided through the inventory which was held for this project. However, for the Tur- ceni complex an extensive USAID report is available with data on the impact of the power plant on the water system (USAID, 2005).

Data on coal and waste material

According with the USAID report (2005) the Turceni power plant uses lignite coming from various coalmines located within 15 and 120 kilometers from the power plant (table 11)

Annex XIII is shown the chemical composition the initial mass of lignite that was provided within the inventory. The data that were available in the inventory on the chemical composition of the fly ash provided by the inventory are listed in annex XIV. Unfortunately, the method of sampling (e.g. sampling depth) was not reported. Also the USAID reported on the chemical composition of the fly ash. Except for the chemical composition no characteristics were available for the fly ash. Also it is unclear at which of the deposits the analyses were made. The two data-sets however show differences in the chemical composition of the fly ash: the proportions of CaO and MgO reported by USAID are lower those reported for this inventory, while Al2O3 was relatively high in the USAID dataset.

No data were available on radioactive compounds in raw material, waste material or soil.

Table 11 Information of the coal mines in the vicinity of the Turceni power plant.

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Table 12 Chemical composition of fly ash for the Turceni power plant (USAID, 2005).

Impact on air No data on emissions was obtained through the inventory. However, the USAID reports a rough estimate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for 2002, made by theoretical calculations which amounts to an emission -1 of CO2-equivalents of 6,389,854 ton g yr . Besides CO2 also methane (CH4), nitrogen oxide (N2O), ozone (O3), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and halogenated compounds are considered to contribute this GHG emission. According to the Turceni TPP management (USAID, 2005) particulate matter emissions for 2002 were 3,786 ton g yr-1. Recent measurements performed in 2003 and 2004 show average concentrations for suspended particulates of 101 – 130 mg N/m3. De-dusters have been installed (85% efficiency dust cyclones), reducing the particulate emission concentration from 168 to 33.6 mg N/m3. EPA Gorj uses 17 g/m2/month as a maximum allowable concentration (MAC) for fine particles. During year 2004, according to TEC management calculations, the Turceni TPP emitted some ton g yr-1of dust (particulate matters).

According to plant management, emissions of SO2 from major sources (the 4 flue gas stacks) in 2002 were -1 -1 77,428 ton g yr and the NOx released amounted 15,836.2 ton g yr . Limit values for large combustion 3 3 plants are SO2 400 mg N/m and for NOx 500 mg N/m . During 2004 Turceni emitted in the atmosphere -1 -1 14,173 ton g yr of NOx and 92,611 ton g yr of SO2. Estimated hourly emission rates of chemical compo- -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 nents were NaOH 72 g h , HCl: 128 g h , HC volatiles: max.9 kg h , SO2: 16.7 g h , NOx: 66 g h , CO: -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 41.7 g h , NH3: 0.013 g h , Cd: 0.017 g h , Cu: 2.9 g h , Cr: 0.008 g h , Ni: 0.013 g h , Se: 0.017 g h , Zn: 1.7 g h-1 and PAH: 4.2 g h-1. The fly ash deposit is a major source for fine particles and exceeds admissible limits by factors, which may vary from 2 to 20 times the limits.

Impact on soils The inventory did not provide data on the impact on soils.

Impact on water systems The inventory did not provide data on the quality of surface water and groundwater. Only the temperature of discharged wastewater from the Turceni power plant was mentioned (range 18oC - 35oC). However, the USAID study did report on groundwater quality. This report shows high concentrations of SO4 in the waste- -1 water used to transport the ash to Valea Ceplea (1,500 mg l ) and also high values of Ca, Mg and SO4 (gypsum) are found downstream of the ash deposit, suggesting significant leakage. Drinking water wells in -1 the village Turceni downstream of the ash deposit have been affected (SO4 concentration 350 mg l ). No data is available on radioactive compounds. The inventory did provide this project with some maps and a cross section of the groundwater monitoring locations and geohydrology (Annex XV).

The Turceni power plant imposes one of the most significant pressures on the Jiu river system. The ab- 3 -1 straction from the river at the Turceni power plant is 8.842 m s (Qprelevat). This pressure is considered (in the Water Framework Directive report) only a temporarily disruption as most of the water is returned to the river system again.

Table 13 Parameters of water discharged from quarries Indicator Value

Suspensions 60 mg/l

SO4 300 mg/l Alkalinity pH 6.5-8.5 mg/l Conductivity

NH4

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Fe2+ 0.4 mg/l S2 Heavy metals Cd 0.2 mg/l Ni 0.5 mg/l Pb 0.2 mg/l

Monitoring programs Data on the monitoring programs for Turceni are shown in Annex IV. Atmospheric measurements are made quarterly and are reported to EPA Gorj and to the Regional EPA Craiova. Surface water and groundwater parameters are monitored on a daily basis and are reported to SGA Gorj. No soil or subsoil analyses have been made at the Turceni power plant. We expect that the information is far from complete and that other types of monitoring are carried out at the Turceni power plant as well.

Land recuperation and other developments 3 areas at Jilt South and 5 areas at Jilt North have been recuperated for agriculture and forestry purposes since 1996. In the coming two years another 3 areas at Jilt South and 2 areas at Jilt North will be recuperated for forestry purposes. In 2012 a total of 343.3 ha will have been recovered. Annex XII gives an overview of the recuperated land near the power plants.

At the Turceni power plant, specific objectives with regard to the future of mining and energy production activities, as well as alternative strategies for sustainable economic development will be incorporated in local development plans. Also the reduction of social impact resulting from the reduction of activities in these fields will be taken up. Below an overview of some the specific objectives for the Turceni area:

- replacing the hydraulic evacuation of waste and ash with dense slurry deposits; - reducing the SO2 concentration in burning gases to under 400 mg/Nmc, by setting-up the sulphur producing installations reducing Nox concentrations in burning gases to under 200 mg/Nmc; - reducing the concentration of dust in burning gases under 50 mg/Nmc.

6.3 Rovinari

Characteristics The Rovinari Power Station is another large electricity producer in Romania, and is situated in the Gorj County (South-Western Roma-nia) on the banks of the Jiu River near Targu Jiu. Figure 6.4 gives an overview of the Rovinari power plant and ash deposits. Currently 1.995 people work at the Rovinari power plants. The Rovinari power plant has 4 groups of 330 MW each and 2 groups of 200 MW each, thus totaling an installed capacity of 1,720 MW. The power plant is undergoing modernization works, which will add a new 500 MW group at a total cost of US$ 600 million. After the modernization, the power plant will have a total installed capacity of 2,220 MW. Other important works include the fitting of several sulphur filters at the existing power groups at a total cost of US$ 250 million. The yearly volume of production is relatively constant with an average of 4,8x106 MW over 2007 – 2009. The fly ash deposit covers 444.7 ha (volume 106x106 m3) of which 160 ha (volume 32x106 m3) consists of dense slurry (Garla deposit) and 284.7 ha (volume 74x106 m3) of wet slurry (Cicani-Beterega deposit). An overview of the current situation of energy production and mining exploitations in Gorj county in Annex XI.

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Rovinari Open mine . E Rovinari

Open mine waste dump Tismana (fly ash)

SE Rovinari Sterile dump with Robinia pseudoacacia

GW abstraction for drinking water Rovinari

Open mine Rosia

Figure 6.4 Overview of the Rovinari power plant and ash deposits (source: Google maps)

Data on coal, emissions and waste material The lignite used by the Rovinari power plant originates from 5 perimeters. Both the characteristics of the initial mass and the inflammable mass of the lignite used at Rovinari have been analysed (see annex XIII). From the analyses can be observed that the levels of caloric power, volatile compounds, carbon, hydrogen and the contents of N2, O2 and S are significantly higher in the inflammable mass compared to the initial mass. The total humidity on the other hand is lower in the inflammable mass. No analyses on radioactivity were reported.

The composition of the waste material in the sterile deposit of the Rovinari power plant has been analysed: table 14 shows the (variation in) granulation, (variation in) composition of the granules and the (variation in) pore volume of the sterile deposit. From this can be concluded that large variations exists between different parts of the sterile deposit.

Table 14 Characteristic of the sterile deposit at the Rovinari power plant.

Paremeters sterile Analysis result

<0,005 (29 - 88%) 0,005 - 0,05 (4,0 - 49,0%) Granulation 0,05 - 2,0 ( 1,0 - 50,0%) >2,0 (2,0 - 11,0%)

clay minerals: 20 - 90% quartz + feldspat: 10 - 70% Composition of the carbonates: 1 - 7% granules mica: 1- 7% coal substances: 1-15%

limonite: 1 - 3 %

Pore volume 0 -47%

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The chemical composition the flys ash depends on the chemical composition of the coal, the burning process, the temperature of ash particles during burning and the conditions of cooling ash. The results of the analyses of the composition of the fly ash are summarised in annex XIV. Unfortunately, the method of sampling (e.g. sampling depth) was not reported. A relatively complete set of analyses results is available for the ash deposit at the Rovinari power plant, including data on humidity, apparent density, activity index, chemical-oxidic composition, losses at calcination and heavy metal content. Also information on the radioactivity of ash and soil is available (ash: 140±30Bq/kg, soil: 140±30Bq/kg).

Impact on air The inventory did not provide data on the impact on air.

Impact on soils The inventory did not provide data on the impact on soils.

Impact on water systems Analyses results were available concerning both groundwater and discharged water. The inventory also provided this project with some maps and a cross section of the groundwater monitoring locations and geohydrology (Annex XVI).

Groundwater Results from two different chemical groundwater analysis were available for this. The first set of groundwater data show analysis results for groundwater at the Rovinari power plant and groundwater in the mining area inventory (table 15). The pH, the conductivity as well as SO4 data show a large variability. From the current overview of data it is not clear whether this variability is due to temporal or spatial variations in the groundwater body. Unfortunately several data of indicative parameters are missing from the overview.

The second set of data shows monitoring results from 2 February 2010 (table 16), with monitoring locations corresponding to the locations depicted on the on the map in annex XVI. From this dataset can be observed that large spatial variations in pH, conductivity and sulfate exist in the area.

The inventory did not provide data on quantitative aspects of groundwater in the area of the Rovinari power plant.

Table 15 Results of groundwater analyses at the Rovinari power plant. Power Plant Mining Parameter average average groundwater min. max. annual min. max. annual value value value value value value pH 6.08 8.5 7.01 5.78 8.82 6.84 Conductivity (µS/cm) - - - 29.69 626 276.49 NO3 (mg/l) - - - absent absent absent NO2 (mg/l) - - - 0 0 0 SO4 (mg/l) 16 750 256.14 - - - Alcalescence (mg/l) 0.3 5.6 1.47 - - -

NH4 (mg/l) 0.44 2.62 1.44 0.5 8 4.96 Fe2+ (mg/l) - - - absent absent absent S2- (mg/l) 0.013 0.03 0.016 - - - Radioactivity ------

Table 16 Groundwater monitoring results 02 February 2010. no. 1- is the F3 monitoring well (Foraj F3); no. 2- channel for overflow discharged; from dump (Preaplin Apa Recirculata); no. 3- drainage channel Beterega (Canal Beterega); no. 4- is a fountain in an ex-village Poiana-not affected by the ash dumps- is the control sample- represent the natural background of the region (Sat Poiana). conductivity monitoring location Canal Sat Preaplin Apa Foraj parameter unit Beterega Poiana recirculata F3

pH 7.97 7.05 6.59 6.85 Conductivity (uS/cm) 1254 594 1680 693 Sulfate (mg/l) 312.5 93.6 321 205

Iron total (mg/l) 0.174

Discharged water The Rovinari power plant imposes one of the most significant pressures on the Jiu river system. The ab- 3 -1 straction from the river at the Rovinari power plant is 7.790 m s (Q prelevat). This pressure is considered (in the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) only a temporarily disruption as most of the water is returned to the river system again.

The chemical data on the discharged water at the thermal power plant (Rovinari) and at the mining exploitation that were available for this inventory can be found in table 17. From this dataset can be observed that the sulfate concentrations in the water discharged from the popwer plant are alomost 4 times higher then that in the water from the mining exploitation. Unfortunately several data of indicative parameters are missing from the overview. From this The reported temperature of the water discharged at the Rovinari power plant is 20oC - 35oC.

Table 17: Results of the analyses on discharged water at the Rovinari power plant. Thermal plant Mining exploitation (Cicani-Beterega) Parameter discharged average average water min. max. annual min. max. annual value value value value value value Suspensions - - - 3 59 19.9 SO4 (mg/l) 800 1300 940 11.18 260 241.1 Aalcalinity (mg/l) ------pH 5.56 7.5 6.53 6.65 8.26 7.63 Conductivity (µS/cm) 1843 1996 1919 - - - NH4 (mg/l) 0.4 2.66 1.74 0.01 3 0.67 Fe2+ (mg/l) - - - 0.02 0.75 0.25 S2 (mg/l) 0.001 0.02 0.006 - - - heavy metal ------Monitoring programs Data on the monitoring programs for Rovinari are shown in Annex IV. Atmospheric measurements are made quarterly and annually and are reported to EPA Gorj and to the Regional EPA Craiova. Priority dangerous substances in surface water are monitored on a half yearly basis and are reported to SGA Gorj and EPA Gorj. Groundwater quality parameters are monitored on a quarterly basis and are reported to SGA Gorj and DAJ Craiova. Heavy metal content of the soil-subsoil is monitored on demand and reported to EPA Gorj and the regional EPA Craiova.

Land recuperation and other developments For the Rovinari power plant 5 areas have been designated for recuperation in 2013. Two area will be transformed to forestry areas (54.9 ha in total) and three areas will be transformed to agricultural areas (54.9 ha in total). The current status of the lands is reported as “surface cleared of equipment – rehabilitation works underway”. Annex XII gives an overview of the recuperated land near the power plants.

Several other activities concerning closing or rehabilitation of fly ash deposits have been accomplished or are planned for the next period. The Rovinari Energy Complex has undertaken the following actions: - Setting up a new fly-ash deposit at Garla, according to EU criteria, using self-hardening dense fluid technology. - No longer storing fly-ash as hydro-mix at the Cicani-Beterega deposit, starting at 31.12.2008. Environ- mental permit no. 1/02.12.2008 was issued, in view of determining the environmental obligations in the Rovinari impact area, at the Cicani-Beterega site. Closing and monitoring the Cicani-Beterega deposit implies: - gradual withdrawal from exploitation of included surfaces - reintroducing surfaces into the agricultural and/or forestry circuit - using natural fertilizers on the surfaces over 4-5 years - monitoring the evolution of agrochemical, agro-physical, hydrological and product quality factor. The Cicani-Beterega deposit is waterproofed naturally and artificially (synthetic geo-membrane). It also has metal draining pipes, perimeter drains, collecting wells for runoff and rain water, pumping station for runoff recirculation, access roads. There is also infrastructure for monitoring: soil wells, water level wells, settling marks. Currently, ash is deposited as hydro-mix in the compartments Cicani extension, Beterega I and II, in order to create the support layer necessary for closing. Development plans of the Rovinari power plant for the future of the mining activities and energy production are included in the environmental permits.

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6.4 Craiova Energetic System – Branch Craiova I

Characteristics

The Isalnita Power Station (or Craiova I) is a large thermal power plant located in Isalnita, Dolj County. Figure 6.5 gives an overview of the Craiova I power plant and ash deposits. Currently 570 people work at the Craiova I power plants. The power plant has 8 generation groups, 3 of 50 MW, 1 of 55 MW, 2 of 100 MW and 2 groups of 315 MW having a total electricity generation capacity of 1,035 MW. Installed power is currently 630 MWh. The yearly volume of production is slightly decreasing from 2007 to 2009. The average volume of production is however 3,1x106 MW over 2007 – 2009. The fly ash deposit covers 360 ha, all of which consists of dense slurry. An overview of the current situation of energy production and mining exploitations in Gorj county in Annex XI.

Figure 6.5: Overview of the Isalnita Power Station (or Craiova I) and ash&slag deposits (source: Google maps).

Data on coal and waste material The lignite used by the Craiova I power plant originates from SNLO. The characteristics of the initial mass of the lignite used at Craiova I have been analysed on total humidity, volatile compounds, carbon content, hydrogen content and N2 + O2 + S content (see annex XIII). No analyses on the mineral composition or the radioactivity of the lignite were reported.

The results of the analyses of the composition of the fly ash in the waste deposits of the Craiova I power plant are summarised in annex XIV. For this inventory only the results of analyses on chemical-oxidic composition and losses it calcination were available. Unfortunately, the method of sampling (e.g. sampling depth) was not reported.

Impact on air The inventory did not provide data on the impact on air.

Impact on soils The inventory did not provide data on the impact on soils.

Impact on water systems Analyses results were available concerning quality of both groundwater and discharged water at the Craiova I power plant. The inventory also provided this project with a map of the groundwater monitoring locations and a cross section of the geohydrology (annex XVII). No information on the quantity of the groundwater and discharged water was available for this inventory.

Groundwater The groundwater data that were available for this inventory can be found in table 18. pH, conductivity as well as SO4 data show a large variability. From the current overview of data it is not clear whether this variability is due to temporal or spatial variations in the groundwater body. Unfortunately several data of indicative parameters are missing from the overview.

Table 18 Results of groundwater analyses at the Craiova I power plant.

Parameter groundwater Analysis result

pH 6.5 – 8.3 Conductivity 268 – 1,200 µS/cm NO3 NA NO2 NA SO4 20 – 590 mg/l Alcalescence NA

NH4 0.2 – 1.2 mg/l Fe2+ NA S2- NA Radioactivity NA

Discharged water The Craiova-Branch electro power plant Insalnita imposes one of the most significant pressures 3 -1 on the Jiu river system. The abstraction from the river at the Rovinari power plant is 2.401 m s (Qprelevat). This pressure is considered (in the Water Framework Directive report) only a tem- Comment [I1]: ref?jaar?? porarily disruption as most of the water is returned to the river system again. The reported temperature of the water discharged at Craiova I power plant contributes approximately 10oC to the temperature of the cooling water, depending on the season.

Monitoring programs Data on the monitoring programs for Craiova I power plant are shown in Annex IV. Atmospheric measurements are made quarterly and are reported to EPA Gorj. Surface and groundwater monitoring is done monthly and is reported to DJA Craiova. Soil-subsoil measurements are made on demand of environmental agencies according the stage 2 of the environmental impact and are reported to EPA Gorj and the regional EPA Craiova.

Land recuperation and other developments For the Craiova I power plant no data are available on recuperation of land.

Specific objectives of local development plans of the Craiova power plant with regard to the future of energy production activities, as well as alternative strategies for sustainable economic development are: - finalizing the dense fluid ash evacuation installation - setting up the de-sulphurization installations

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6.5 Craiova Energetic System – Branch Craiova II

Characteristics

The Craiova II Power Station is a large thermal power plant located in Craiova II. Figure 6.6 gives an overview of the Craiova II power plant and ash deposits. Currently 570 people work at the CET II - Craiova power plant. The information provided for this inventory resulted in two numbers of the total installed power. One source indicated an installed power of 1596 MWh. Another source indicated that the power plant currently has 2 generation groups of 150 MW each, having a total electricity generation capacity of 300 MW, and that plans exist to add another generating group of 150 MW, resulting in a total power generating capacity of 450 MWh at a cost of US$ 225 million. The yearly volume of production is relatively constant over 2007 – 2009 and amounts on average 2,5x106 MW. The fly ash deposit covers an area of 120 ha, all of which consist of dense slurry. An overview of the current situation of energy production and mining exploitations in Gorj county in Annex XI.

ash& slag

deposits

power plant Craiova II

Figure 6.6 Overview of the Craiova II Power Station (right) and ash&slag deposits (left) (source: Google maps).

Data on coal and waste material The lignite used by the Craiova II power plant originates from SNLO. The characteristics of the initial mass of the lignite used at Craiova II have been analysed on total humidity, volatile compounds, carbon content, hydrogen content and N2 + O2 + S content (see annex XIII). No analyses on the mineral composition or the radioactivity of the lignite were reported.

The results of the analyses of the composition of the fly ash in the waste deposits of the Craiova II power plant are summarised in annex XIV, including data on chemical composition, chemical- oxidic composition, losses at calcination and heavy metal content. Data on humidity, apparent density, activity index and radioactivity are not included. Unfortunately, the method of sampling (e.g. sampling depth) was not reported.

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Impact on air The inventory did not provide data on the impact on air.

Impact on soils The inventory did not provide data on the impact on soils.

Impact on water systems Analyses results were available concerning both groundwater and discharged water at the Craiova II power plant. The inventory also provided this project with a map of the groundwater monitoring locations and a cross section of the geohydrology (annex XVIII). No information on the quantity of the groundwater and discharged water was available for this inventory.

Groundwater The groundwater data that were available for this inventory can be found in table 19. High Fe and SO4 concentrations found in phreatic water. Conductivity and concentrations of NO3 show strong variations. From the current overview of data it is not clear whether this variability is due to temporal or spatial variations in the groundwater body. Unfortunately several data of indicative parameters are missing from the overview.

Table 19 Results of groundwater analyses at the Craiova II power plant.

Parameter groundwater Analysis result pH 7 – 8,5 Conductivity 673 – 1799 µS/cm

NO3 1,9 – 5,6 mg/l

NO2 0,016 – 0,084 mg/l

SO4 202 – 250 mg/l Alcalescence NA

NH4 0,043 – 0,5 mg/l Fe2+ 0,3 mg/l S2- NA Radioactivity NA

Discharged water The data on the discharged water at the Craiova power plant that were available for this inventory can be found in table 20, including data on water quality, suspension and heavy metal content. The power plant works in a closed cooling circuit, therefore the temperature of the evacuated waters (rain water, exfiltrated water from the fly ash and slag dumps) is the same as the ambient temperature.

Table 20 Results of analyses on discharged water at the Craiova I power plant. Parameter Analysis result discharged water Suspensions 5,4 – 8 mg/l SO4 600 mg/l Aalcalinity NA pH 8 Conductivity 1548 – 1700 µS/cm NH4 0,27 – 1,6 mg/l 2+ 0,12 – 0,16 mg/l Fe 2 0,06 – 0,14 mg/l S heavy metal Hg < 0,01µg/l Pb = 3,4µg/l Cd < 0,12 µg/l As < 0,14 µg/l

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Monitoring programs For the Craiova II power plant no data are available on recuperation of land.

Specific objectives of local development plans of the Craiova power plant with regard to the future of energy production activities, as well as alternative strategies for sustainable economic development include investments of CET II Craiova in the following directions: - Increase the stability if the fly ash and slag dumps in the location Valea Manastirii using the dense slam technology; - Installation of burners with reduced NOx emission at energetic groups 1 and 2; - Accomplishment the installations of desulphurazion of the gas emissions at energetic groups 1 and 2. The investments are made to reduce the environmental impact of the power plant and are specified in the Action Plan, integrated in the Integrated Environment Authorization.

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7 Conclusions

The ISSWaP project has contributed to the collection of a substantial amount of data available at different resources. The data support three conclusions:

1. The relationship between the mining industry, power plants and environmental pressures is complex. The attention from both the governmental and private sector for this complex relation in increasing over the last years. 2. The focus of the debates and data exchange is on values and norm exceedances and less on risks. There is a need for risk studies and interpretation of data in terms of risk analysis. The scope of the ISSWaP project was not meant to perform these analyses. 3. Exceedances of norms exists in groundwater at local spots near to fly-ash dumps. This is not surprising. More analysis in terms of risks is needed to set up proper monitoring programmes and decide on the need of remediation measures.

In the remaining part of this chapter a list is provided of which data and information can further be collected in the follow-up of the present project.

7.1 Data and information to be collected in future projects OSPA (Gorj and Mehedinti) x overview of national and international programs x field of interest and priorities of institute regarding Jiu basin

Power Plants and Mines x Monitoring details of power plants and mining sites x Information on interpretative studies on radioactivity or radionuclides around power plants/dumpsites x Information on reforestry activities

EPA-Mehedinti x reference values/background values for power plants x monitoring for biodiversity or landscape impacts; x monitoring plans for radioactivity x Description of involvement in mine closing procedure

National Society of Lignite Oltenia (SNLO) x Monitoring program for abstracted and discharged water; x Monitoring program of air quality; x Situation of land recuperation; x Objectives for local development; x Monitoring program for wall stability; x Monitoring program for sterile dump stability;

County councils x Gorj county: Involved in an international project for rehabilitation of contaminated soils; x Dolj county: involved in SOP project on natural gas and renewable energy; x Gorj county: submitted SOP project on water quality and flood risk plan.

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8 References

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BDG, 2008. Market survey Romania and Bulgaria - The Water Sector. 80MVK16. This Market survey is carried out by BDG by order of EVD and in cooperation with the Dutch embassy of Bucharest and Sofia.

BDG, 2009. Environmental issues in the Jiu river basin (project memo).

BOSEVSKI, Tome & POP-JORDANOVA, Nada, 1997. Innovative approach to ash radioactivity and health impacts of lignite power plants. Paper by Macedonian Academy of Science and Arts & Faculty of Medicine, Uni- versity of Skopje, Macedonia.

C. D. Oprea, A.L. Mihul, 2003. R-mode factor analysis applied to the exploration of air pollution in the south of Romania, Romanian Reports in Physics, Volume 55, Number 32, P. 91-110.

Cârdu, M. & D. Sandu, 2001. Problems of coal utilization in Romanian thermopower plants, Energy Conversion and Management 42: 2097-2108.

CEPROCIM, 2006?. Sectoral plan use of fly ash (in Romanian).

Cîrtînâ, D., 2008. Aspects regarding the chemistry of the surface and underground water from Turceni area, Scien. And Techn Bull of Univ. “A. Vlaicu” Arad, Vol. 13 (XIV).

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Cristian BRAGHINĂ, Daniel PEPTENATU, Cristian DRĂGHICI, 2006. Rural changes in restructuring mining areas within Gorj County, University of Bucharest, Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Researches on Territorial Dynamics (CICADIT).

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DA Jiu, 2009. Jiu River Basin Management Plan.

Enciu, P., M. Enciu, E. Munteanu, F. Berindei & T. Munteanu, 1998. Hydrology of the Pliocene- Quertenary Formations of Dacian Basin.

EU, 2005. Accession Treaty Romania-European Union 25 April 2005, Annex VII, 9. Environment.

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Eugen Tunaru, 2004. Technical solutions for discharge, transport and storage of waste resulted from the boilers combustion process (dense slurry) from S.C. Complexul Energetic Turceni S.A., Description sheet, S.C. Com- plexul Energetic Turceni S.A. Investment Division.

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Meij, R., 2003. Status report health issues fly ash. Introduction and summary. Revision 2.1. KEMA Power Gen- eration & Sustainables. 50030086-KPS/MEC 00-6040, Productnumbetr 50231003.CL.3 02P3.6.5 (in Dutch).

Mihai Cruceru, Mihai Marius Voronca & Bogdan Diaconu, 2005. Implementation of the EU legislation on Roma- nian power industry. Romanian legislation: achievements and shortcomings, Energy 30: 1365–1376.

Ministry Of Environment And Sustainable Development, 2007. Sectoral Operational Programme ENVIRON- MENT 2007-2013 (final version).

Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, 2008. National Sustainable Development Strategy of Romania 2013-2020-2030. Keep healthy what keeps you in good health. Document approved by the Romanian Government Decision No. 1460 on 12 November 2008, Official Gazette No. 824 / 8 December 2008.

Mircea Rebri-Oreanu, Eugen Traist, Aronel Matei, Ovidiu Barbu, Vlad A. Codrea, 2002. The Impact Of The Bi- tuminous Coal Combustion From The Thermoelectric Power Plant From Paro¯Eni On The Environment Of Jiu Valley. Studia Universitatis Babe-Bolyai, Geologia, XlVII 1, 117-126.

Monica Radulescu, Grigore Buia, 2002. Significant impacts and environmental risks generated by coal extraction in Romania, Environmental Management and Health 13(3): 235-241, 10.1108/09566160210431033

Mueller, D., T. Track and W. Gevaerts (Leaders of drafting team), 2010. Guidance on Risk Assessment and the Use of Conceptual Models for Groundwater Version 1.0 (final draft). 26 March 2010.

National Administration “Romanian Waters” Jiu Craiova Water Directorate, 2008. Test Sheet nr. 3686/19.03.1999, Radioactivity ash Turnu-Severin.

Onciu, T.A., Cogălniceanu D., Dunca E., Sava, D., Traistă, E., Samargiu, M.D, Ionică, M., Csaba, L., Samoilă C., Ciurea A. & A. Radu, 2007. Aquatic Ecosystems Formed Between Sterile Dumps. Conference Proceedings. International Conference Environment Natural Sciences, Food Industry, Maia Mare, Romania.

Quevauviller, P. (Ed), 2008. Groundwater Science and Policy.

Riti Adrian, 2006. The coal mine rehabilitation in Jiu area, “Politehnica” University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Ro- mania.

SEPIC project, 2004. Task 1.1 OVERVIEW of WATER RESOURCES in ROMANIA, WATMAN Feasibility Study SEPIC Support to Enhance Privatization, Investment, and Competi- tiveness in the Water Sector of the Romanian Economy.

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Straetmans, E.H.F.M., J.J. Schiphuis & C. Angheluta, 2008. Nationat strategy for the Management of Contami- nated sites, Royal Haskoning report 5, 9S2318.01/R000010/501626/Rott.

Torrenueva, A.L., 1995. Radioactivity in coal ash and ash products: a review of the published literature. Report for John Flynn Senior Business Development Engineer By-products, Business Programming and Development, Fossil Business Unit, USA.

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Traian MAUNA, Andrieúica MAUNA, AREN, 2008. The coal burning product radioactivity, Reference No: S5-14- En, WEC Regional Energy Forum – FOREN 2008 Neptun, 15-19 June 2008.

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Viorel Revence, Bogdan Tronac, 2000, Sealing operations for Valea Ceplea flying ashes deposit, based near Turceni powerstation. Conference International Mine Water Association. 624-632.

Internet

State of the environment Romania 2000 http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/eng/index.htm

Activities Research Center for Modeling, Designing And Behavior Monitoring of the Hydrotechnical Develop- ments 2008-2009 http://www.hidro.upt.ro/research_e.htm

Jiu Valley Portal (Petrosani) http://www.jiuvalley.com

Jiu Valley Development Project (World Bank, 2004): Mine Closure, Environmental and Socio-Economic Regen- eration Project http://www.jiuvalley.com/engl/message/pubs_wb_jv_mining.asp

Other important sources of information for further reading are provided in annexes XIV-XVII

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9 Annex

ANNEX I - Assessment of the Jiu river basin tributaries in water quality classes (I to V) according to GO 161/2006.

ANNEX II – Values for NO3 and NH4 in public wells in groundwater body ROJI05

ANNEX III – Details on air quality from monitoring programs

ANNEX IV– Data on the impact of mining

ANNEX V– Monitoring programs at the power plants

ANNEX VI - Data on the current situation on energy production and ash&slag deposits

ANNEX VII- Situation of land recuperation for agriculture/forestry

ANNEX VIII – Characteristics of the lignite used at the five power plants that was provided during the inventory

ANNEX IX – Characteristics of the fly ash at the five power plants information provided during the inventory

ANNEX X – Maps and a cross section of groundwater monitoring locations and geohydrology at the Turceni power plant

ANNEX XI – Maps and a cross section of groundwater monitoring locations and geohydrology at the Rovinari power plant

ANNEX XII – Maps and a cross section of groundwater monitoring locations and geohydrology at the Craiova I power plant

ANNEX XIII – Maps and a cross section of groundwater monitoring locations and geohydrology at the Craiova II power plant

ANNEX XIV Relevant projects executed in the sector in Romania and brief overview of the results

ANNEX XV National Strategies

ANNEX XVI Local strategies and development plans

ANNEX XVII Research and university contributions

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ANNEX I - Assessment of the Jiu river basin tributaries in water quality classes (I to V) according to Ord. 161/2006

River Quality classes for groups of indicators Nr. Section Physico-chemical Biological crt. RO RN GM MG MPAO General FPL MZB MFB 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 Downstream of accumulation Tg. Jiu I II I I - II I I -

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 Gilort Turburea I I I I - I I I - 2 Galbenu Baia de Fier I I I I - I I I I 3 Calnic Albeni I I II I - II I I - 4 Blahnita Tg.Carbunesti I I I I - I I I - 5 Motru Gura Motrului I II I - - II II II - 6 Cosustea Nadanova I I I I - I - I II 7 Corcova I I I I - I II II - 8 Husnita Strehaia I III I I - III III III - 9 Amaradia Gorjului Stancesti I I I I I I I I I 10 Zlasti Dragutesti I I I I - I I I - 11 Cioiana Jiu Upstream Confluence I II III I I III II II - 12 Jilt Turceni I I II I I II II II - 13 Carnesti Filiasi II V V I I V II IV - 14 Amaradia Negoiesti I II II I I II III II - 15 Raznic Breasta I II II I - II II II - 16 Meretel Gogosu I I I I - I II - - 17 Mascot Gropanele I II I I - II II - - 18 Canal Colector C.F. Facai Bridge IV V II I - V IV IV - 2 Balteni I II I I - II I I - 3 Racari I I I I - I II II - 4 Podari I II I I I II II II -

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Danube sections

Quality classes for groups of indicators Nr. River Section Physico-chemical Biological Crt. RO RN GM MG MPAO General FPL MZB MFB 1 Pristol I II I II II II II II - 2 Danube Calafat I I I I - I II II - 3 Arges Upstream Confluence I I I I II II II II - 4 Arges Danube Upstream Confluence II III I I II III II V - 5 Balasan Motatei I III I - - III II II - 6 Aval Bailesti II IV III I - IV II IV - 7 Desnatui Radovan II II II I - II II II - 17 Ciutura Ciutura Upstream I II II I - II II II -

Codes: RO=Oxygen regime, RN= Nutrient regime, GM= Mineralization, MG= Heavy metals, MPAO-DELETE=MPO= Organic micropollutants, Gener- ala=general, FPL=phytoplankton, MZB=bentic macroinvertebrates, MFB= microphytobentos Classes: I-high water quality, II-good water quality, III-moderate water quality, IV-poor water quality, V-bed water quality

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ANNEX II – Values for NO3 and NH4 in public wells in groundwater body ROJI05

The Jiu River Basin Administration monitors the ground water through the hydro-geological wells in the national groundwater monitoring network, which collects groundwater in the detrital deposits of terraces and floodplains of the Jiu river and its tributaries. Within this perimeter, in the incorporated areas of local settlements, this water layer is captured in the wells of inhabitants. These wells have higher concentrations of nitrate compounds than those in the unincorporated areas. The table below presents the values measured by county public health authorities in public wells in settlements within the Jiu River Basin perimeter.

Below values form several public wells in the area, monitored by Jiu River Basin Administration, which show nitrate levels above the maximum acceptable limits, according to Drinking Water Law 458/2002 (values for 2009).

Gorj County

Monitored Well VALUE (mg/l) Ionascu Titu Tg. Carbunesti > 150 Constantin Calota Preajba 175 Brumar Urdari 125 Sanoa Urdari 125 Miusi Urdari 100 Florea Tantareni 100 Negrila Turceni 100 Former CAP Ciuperceni 125

Dolj County

Monitored Well VALUE (mg/l) Barbu (Raznicu village, Cernatesti commune) 500 Public well Gogoseni Predesti 363 Public well Boruga Ion 314 Negrea Marin Teasc 228 Diaconescu (Toceni village, Dobresti commune) 257 Izvor Balci Coasta 252 Duruleni (Badosi village, Bratovoiesti commune) 285 Izvor Cocenari Malu Mare 101 Public well in Piscu Sadovei village 518 Valea Stanciului gas station 288 Piroi (Comosteni village, Gangiova commune) 123

Sometimes total Fe and Mn2+ indicators value are above the maximum acceptable limit as background values for the ground water in the area.

The ROJI05 body of groundwater is at risk due to potential pollution with nitrate compounds, especially in incorporated areas and in the lower Jiu terrace and floodplain, downstream of the Doljchim Craiova chemical plant.

Annex

ANNEX III – Details on air quality from monitoring programs

1. The gas emissions with acidification effect Acidification is the process of changing the chemical natural character of a component of environment, pur- suant to the presence of some compounds which cause a series of chemical reactions in atmosphere, leading to changes in precipitations pH and even to the soil.

The atmospheric emissions of acidifying substances as SO2, NOX, results mainly from burning fossil fuels, it can persist in atmosphere for several days and can be transported on thousands miles, till the process of conversion in acids takes place (sulfuric, respectively azotic).

The primary pollutants SO2, Nox and NH3 with their reaction products, after deposition leads to chemical changes in soil composition and in surface waters. This process affects ecosystems, leading to the acidification process.

The estimation of gas’ emission with acidification effect was made based on the annual inventory of air emissions, achieved through CORINVENT application.

Romania is a signatory of the Convention on trans-boundary atmosphere pollution on long distances from year 1999. The Convention was ratified by Law 271/2003 and aims to reduce the acidification, the eutrophication and the level of tropospheric ozone.

2. Emissions of volatile organic non-methane compounds The pollution sources with such kind of compounds are mainly: combustion in energy and transformation industries, manufacturing processes. The emissions of volatile organic non-methane compounds were estimated for various groups of activities, according to Corinair methodology: combustion in energy and transformation industries, nonindustrial combustion plants, combustion in processing industry, production processes, extraction and distribution of fossil fuels, use of solvents and of other products, road transport, other mobile sources and machinery, handling and storage of wastes, agriculture, and other sources.

Table 20 Annual emissions of NMCOV for Region 4 South-West Oltenia District 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 NMCOV Dolj * 6,830 6,159 10,809 5,487 1,764 1,728 3,634 5,855 6,063 Annual emissions Gorj 15,944 15,839 16,165 13,856 18,052 19,048 18,804 16,988 11,078 9,646 (t/year) Mehedinti 12,754 14,589 16,785 18,547 17,699 28,960 36,556 34,717 13,771 2,503 * -No data

60000

50000

40000

30000 Regiunea 4 20000 Sud-Vest Oltenia 10000

0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Figure 7 Annual emissions of NMVOC for Region 4 South-West Oltenia

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3. Emissions of heavy metals. Heavy metals- copper, chromium, cadmium, mercury, nickel, zinc- are compounds that can’t be degraded on naturally, having long time of remanence in environment, and over time can be dangerous because it can accumulate in the traffic chain.

Heavy metals may come from stationary and mobile sources: fuel and waste combustion processes, technological processes from non-ferrous heavy metals metallurgy and from traffic. Heavy metals can cause muscle problems, nervous, digestive, general state of apathy; it may affect the development of plants, preventing normal development of photosynthesis, of breathing and of sweating.

Table 21 Emissions of heavy metals (cadmium and mercury) Annual emissi- County 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 ons (t/year) Hg * * * * * 0.197 0.230 0.234 0.221 0.219 Dolj Cd * * * * 0.033 0.0145 0.037 0.020 0.0083 0.0071 Hg 1.580 1.532 1.720 1.721 1.316 1.230 1.178 1.484 1.340 0.874 Gorj Cd 0.051 0.057 0.060 0.064 0.043 0.044 0.041 0.048 0.038 0.040 Hg 0.111 0.104 0.168 0.155 0.172 0.269 0.049 0.046 0.050 0.051 Mehedinti Cd 0.111 0.105 0.103 0.111 0.143 0.466 0.476 0.135 0.086 0.047 * -No data

1,5

1 Hg Cd 0,5

0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 8 Emissions of heavy metals (cadmium and mercury) for Region 4 South-West Otenia

4. Lead emissions In nature, the lead is found spreaded in form of compounds: galena, lead sulfide, from which is prepared the lead, white lead, lead carbonate, croco, chromatic lead and anglesite, lead sulfate.

The lead is a metal which in fresh cut has a gloss gray-blue, which disappears in fresh air when the metal is covered with a thin gray layer of lead oxide and in wet air when is covered with a white layer of basic carbonate of lead. Lead is a soft metal, can be scratched with the fingernail, cut with the knife and on the paper leave a trail.

A very important chemical property of lead it’s the resistance on sulfuric acid action. In contact with sulfuric acid, on lead surface it forms an insoluble and compact layer of lead sulfate, which prevent further corro- sion. Due to this property, the lead is used in the acid sulfuric industry and, generally, in the installation construction in which is working with sulfuric acid.

The lead entered in body become very difficult to be removed. From lead are made also water pipes, plates and protection clothing of gamma radiation, when is working with radioactive substances, etc. By heating of the melted lead in a stream of air is obtained the lead oxide.

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Table 22 Lead emissions for Region 4 South-West Oltenia Annual emissi- County 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 ons (t/year)

Dolj Pb * * * 0.093 * 0.170 0.425 0.233 0.164 0.165

Gorj Pb 3.206 3.554 2.920 2.910 2.839 1.175 0.496 0.522 0.370 0.180

Mehedinti Pb 0.097 0.098 0.068 0.102 0.164 0.386 0.270 0.128 0.120 0.174 * -No data

0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Figure 9 Lead emissions for Region 4 South-West Oltenia

5. Emissions of organic persistent pollutants The persistent organic pollutants are very stable chemical substances that can be accumulated in biological traffic chains, with a high risk to human health and to environment. POP are organic compounds of natural or anthropogenetic origin with the following characteristics: x are resistant to degradation in environment; x have low solubility in water but high in fat medium; x can be transported on long distances- trans-boundary, being storage away from the origin place; x Are accumulated in terrestrial and aquatic systems. x Presents acute and chronic effects on human health and animal species.

The main source that contribute to the emissions of persistent toxic substances is the agriculture, particularly through existing deposits with prohibited substances, unidentified, and/or expired. Another source is the chemical industry, the producer of pesticides, as well as the import of commercial substances.

Table 23 Emissions of organic persistent pollutants (POP s) for Region 4 South-West Oltenia

Annual County 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 emissions PCBs (g/year) * * * * * 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.06 1.48 Dolj DIOX (g/year) * * * * 133 172 271 427 402.34 439.66 PCBs (g/year) 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.5 4.4 1.9 1.9 3.1 1 Gorj DIOX (g/year) 8.152 8.063 7.941 8.863 8.914 9.8028 4.806 3.83 6.223 2.648 PCBs (g/year) * * * * * * * * * 2 Mehedinti DIOX (g/year) * * * * * * * * * *

6. Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) arise from incomplete combustion of solid or liquid fuels.

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Table 24 Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for Region 4 South-West Oltenia

Annual County emissions 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (t/year) Dolj PAH * * * * * * * * 1.26 1.71 Gorj PAH 0.055 0.055 0.036 0.039 0.027 0.0137 0.0195 0.012 0.004 0.004 Mehedinti PAH * * * * * * * * * *

* -No data

1,5 Regiunea 4 Sud- 1 Vest Oltenia 0,5

Figure 10 Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for Region 4 South-West Oltenia

7. Emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls The air may be contaminated by direct emissions of toxic wastes. The evaporation of toxic solvents from paints and from the cleaning agents is a common problem. The toxic wastes are generated by almost each industry, and the industries which don’t produce toxic wastes themselves, but use the products of industries that produce wastes.

Table 25 Annual emissions PCB(g/year) District 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Dolj * * * * * 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.06 4.08 Gorj 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.5 4.4 1.9 1.9 3.1 1 Mehedinti * * * * * * * * * 2 * -No data

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8. The quality of air in Dolj county

During 2008, the monitoring of air quality in Dolj county was done through the automated air quality monitoring system, composed of 5 stations located in Craiova city according to the criteria set out in Order 592/2002 and also with help of manual station of sampling of ammonia and particulate sediments located in Craiova and in surrounding areas.

Table 26

Overshoot frequency No Concentration Station Type of VL City Station determination Obervations type pollutants conf. Ord.592/2002 (hourly average) Daily Annual UM % 7,544 0.09 and SO2 * 21 µg/m3 319 daily 0.3 NO 6,743 22 µg/m3 NO2 6,678 29 µg/m3 NOx 6,678 62 µg/m3 Billa Craiova industrial Raported at

O3 7,391 54 µg/m3 0.2 moving average in 8 h PM10 gravimet- 267 daily * 59.6 µg/m3 48.3 ric SO2 7,474 356 daily * 23.5 µg/m3 0.18 (hourly) NO 7,707 9 µg/m3 NO2 7,693 17 µg/m3 NOx 7,693 29 µg/m3 Raported at 35 O3 7,936 µg/m3 moving aver-

age in 8 h Wind di- 2,569 °N rection Wind Craiova Isalnita industrial 6,711 m/s speed Tempera- 7,648 17.2 °C ture Relative 8,258 % humidity Atmos- pheric 8,248 hPa pressure Solar ra- 7,537 W/mp diation

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Table 27

No. Of analyses per- No. Station Sample Station type Type of pollutants formed for determining crt. name type/monitoring the gaseous pollutants Billa Industrial Continue monitor- 3. SO2, NO, NO2, NOX, O3, PM10, (CRA 3) ing 38,365

SO2, NO, NO2, NOX, O3, Isalnita Industrial Continue monitor- Temperature, relative humidity, solar ra- 4. (CRA 4) ing diation, precipitation, atmospheric pressure. 79,474 Isalnita Water 6. treatment Suburban Manual sampling Settled powder 72 plant Isalnita local- 7. Suburban Manual sampling Settled powder 72 ity

In Gorj county the air quality is monitored through continuous measurements in 2 automatic stations located in Tg. Jiu (Station Gj.1)- V. Alecsandri street no 2 and in Rovinari (Station Gj.2)- Constructorilor street no.7 according to the criteria for location specified in Order M.A.P.M. no.592/2002 . The 2 automatic stations, of industrial type, are part of the National Network of Air Quality Monitoring, constituted at national level of over 100 stations. The monitored pollutants are: SO2, NO, NOx, NO2, CO, O3, powder (PM10). Also are monitored and a number of meteorological parameters : temperature, precipitations, wind’s direction and speed, relative humidity, pressure and solar radiation.

Indicative measurements were made also with the available equipment, according to Order 592/2002.

Table 27 Concentration Overshoot fre- Point of Type of No. of Obs City medium,annual /max. quecyi VL or District sampling pollutant determination (sampling time) daily(µg/mc) CMA (%)

Gorj SO2 147 2.3 / 6.2 0 24h

NO2 147 3.4/ 18.9 0 24h EPA NH3 147 29.2 / 56.0 0 24h

PM10 185 56.59 / 172.99 58.92 % 24h SO 188 3.5 / 11.8 0 24h Tg. Jiu 2 Weather Station NO2 188 3.1 / 12.7 0 24h

NH3 188 33.5 / 69.5 0 24h

Combgorj PM10 10 54.82 / 83.38 60% 24h 3 points of 5.22 / 13.40 PSED 26 0 month sampling g/mp month 5 points of 7.91 / 21.01 Barsesti PSED 58 0 % - 25 % month sampling g/mp month

SO2 34 8.2 / 36.5 0 30 min SC Cantine NO2 34 2.4 / 7.9 0 30 min Cazare Rovinari NH3 34 41.3 / 67.4 0 30 min 18 points of 25.11 / 142.5 PSED 177 0%-100% month sampling g/mp month

SO2 37 4.5 / 11.3 0 30 min

Hospital NO2 37 4.0 / 12.5 0 30 min

Turceni NH3 37 29.2 / 51.6 0 30 min 6 points of 8.03 / 23.12 PSED 72 0% - 8.3% month sampling g/mp month

Motru Heat and SO2 32 3.7 / 10.6 0 30 min

Water Supply NO2 32 2.8 / 9.6 0 30 min

Plant NH3 32 32.5 / 54.0 0 30 min

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Concentration Overshoot fre- Point of Type of No. of Obs City medium,annual /max. quecyi VL or District sampling pollutant determination (sampling time) daily(µg/mc) CMA (%) 13 points of 27.31 / 73.05 PSED 103 0%-100% month sampling g/mp month 1 point of 4.89 / 10.47 month Meri PSED 10 0 sampling g/mp month 4 points of 16.08/ 61.37 month Jilt PSED 39 0%– 100% sampling g/mp month 3 points of 11.69 / 34.82 month Seciuri PSED 17 0% - 16.7% sampling g/mp month Tg. 3 points of 22.1 / 38.01 month PSED 26 0% - 75% Carbunesti sampling g/mp month 2 points of 18.8 / 42.98 month Plesa PSED 13 0% - 62.6% sampling g/mp month 5 points of 22.1 / 49.6 month Timiseni PSED 48 33.3%– 83.3% sampling g/mp month 2 points of 20.67 / 59.21 month Farcasesti PSED 23 9.1% - 75% sampling g/mp month 2 points of 15.24 / 36.78 month Gureni PSED 9 0% - 50% sampling g/mp month 1 point of 10.72 / 16.14 month Dragotesti PSED 11 0% sampling g/mp month

To a fully inform of the public, the Environment Ministry issued Order no. 1095/2007 for approving the Nor- mative on the establishment of air quality index to facilitate public information, as follows: x Specific indicators of air quality, in short “specific indicator”, represent a coding system of concentrations recorded for each of the following monitored pollutants: q sulfur dioxide (SO2) q nitrogen dioxide(NO2) q ozone (O3) q carbon monoxide (CO) q suspended dust (PM10)

* The general index is established for each of the automatic stations of the National Network of Air Quality Monitoring, as being the higher of the corresponding specific indicators of the monitored pollutants.

In order to calculate the overall index it must be available at least 3 specific indicators relevant to monitored pollutants.

The general index and the specific ones are represented by numbers from 1 to 6, each number corresponding to a color (the figure will represent also the colors and numbers associated with them) as is shown in figure bellow.

Figure 11

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9. Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxides proceed mainly from fuel combustion and from traffic. They are toxic, especially NO2, which causes, suffocation by destroying the socket pulmonary, the fall of the leaves from trees, reducing visibility on roads due to smog forming, acid rain forming, etc. Up to certain concentrations (toxic thresholds), the nitrogen oxides have a benefic effect on plants, contrib- uting to their growth. However, it was found that in these cases the sensitivity is growing on the insect at- tack and on environmental conditions (frosts). At the air-water contact surface take place a transformation of acid gases in hard acid that leads to the acidity of water growth and to it’s loading with nitrogen compounds. In year 2007 the quantities of emissions of nitrogen oxides in atmosphere, compared to the previous years are described as it follows:

Table 28 Annual emissions of nitrogen dioxide for Region 4 South-West Oltenia

NOX District 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Annual Dolj * 7,730 7,422 6,102 6,546 6,715 6,903 7,594 10,108 9,917 emis- Gorj 18,593 27,236 28,658 31,931 35,860 32,480 31,876 38,803 32,311 36,585 sions (t/year) Mehedinti 286 370 370 1,824 6,345 6,318 6,363 5,243 5,768 80,29

70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 12 Fibuire 12 Annual emissions of nitrogen dioxide for Region 4 South-West Oltenia

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10. Sulfur dioxide The sulfur dioxide is highly toxic, causing direct effects on fauna and flora ( causing soil acidification and building degradation). It present a high synergism with dust, carbon black, is very soluble in water and contribute significantly to the acid rains production,

Table 29 Annual emission of sulfur dioxide for Region 4 South-West Oltenia District 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Annual Dolj * 18,333 13,224 15,782 17,356 18,151 19,050 20,897 21,099 21,777 emission Gorj 115,423 163,259 174,074 169,434 207,009 215,997 214,873 272,951 231,418 218,024 s(t/year) Mehedinti 1,025 1,045 1,045 9,465 103,858 8,2571 104,065 85,862 93,818 99,985 * -No data

500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 13 Figure 13 Annual emission of sulfur dioxide for Region 4 South-West Oltenia

11. Materials in suspension The powders from atmosphere are classified by size in two main groups: x powder in suspension with diameters less than 20 ȝm (component in atmosphere like gases) x sedimentary powders with diameters larger than 20 ȝm ( after they are released in atmosphere they deposit)

Powders nature is very various. They contain iron oxides, in case of powders around integrated steel work, and contain heavy metals in case of nonferrous metals. Air pollution with powders in suspension has several causes: metal and siderurgical industry, which release in atmosphere large quantities of these powders, thermal power plants that use solid fuels and road traffic.

At Dolj county level in case of material powders PM10, continuously monitored on traffic stations, on urban background and regional background, we can observe the exceeding of the annual maxim allowed under the Order no. 595/2002 in the city stations.

The maximum admitted limit for the daily average in 2008 (50 ȝg/cm) was often exceeded on traffic stations, on urban background and on Billa center. The major sources of powders in Craiova city are the combustion processes in power plants and the ones proceeded from domestic activities (heating), ash dumps of power plants, the traffic, but also the construction sites and other works .

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At Mehedinti district level.

Table 30 The powder in suspension concentrations (PM10)

Sampling Point Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Automatic fixed station 2008 No data No data 31 28 23 29 31 38 34 64 33 30

70 64 60

40 38 34 33 31 31 29 30 30 28 23 20

0 Ian Feb Mar Apr Mai Iun Iul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Figure 14 The powder in suspension concentrations (PM10)

The powder in suspension concentrations (PM10) on automatic fixed station had values that were within the CMA = 50 µg /mc/day , except the October month 2008 when there was an easy exceeding due to weather.

At Gorj district level was carried out a continuous monitoring of 10 PM fraction using the automatic method on stations GJ-1 and GJ-2. There have been frequent exceeding of daily limit values for health (50 ȝg/cm/day) on both stations (table 2.18.). It was also exceeded the annual value limit for human health protection (40 µg/cm) on station GJ-2 Rovinari. Exceeding is caused by the combined contribution of several sources, respectively: open pits from Rovinari area belonging to Rovinari Energetic Complex and to Na- tional Society of Lignite Oltenia, as well as the activities of fossil fuel combustion (mainly lignite) for power generation on 2 IMA belonging to CE Rovinari. Also, high relative humidity causes positive errors of PM10 analyzer (PM10 concentrations measured by the analyzer higher for high values of relative humidity).

Table 31 – Statistical data 2008 No of samples that exceed the daily limit Valided data Annual average Station No of . measured daily average value % µg/cm (50 µg/cm) GJ-1 315 86 76 37.20 GJ-2 306 83.6 133 62.08

Medii lunare PM10 StaЮii automate

120 100 80 GJ-1 60 GJ-2

ug/mc 40 20 0 ian feb mar apr mai iun iul aug sep oct nov dec

Figure 15 *No gravimetric determinations were made by PM10.

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Also in 2008, APM GJ effected determination of powders in suspension fraction PM10 in period of 24 hours mediation, according to O.M. 592/2002 in area: Tg. Jiu (APM head office, SC ROSTRAMO SA, SC ARTEGO SA, SC COMBGORJ SA ). It was found that 61.82% of daily average concentrations recorded exceeds the limit value ((50 µg/mc) and 89.55% exceeds the assessment upper threshold (30 µg/mc). The maximum value recorded is 172.99 µg/mc at the point APM head office.

12. Heavy metals Heavy metals are knows as systemic pollutants, because they don’t have biological function, but after they break into the body they cause specific lesions within certain organs and systems, even in very low concentrations. Depending on the type of heavy metal emitted into the atmosphere, the pollutions sources can be: x cadmium, stationary sources of combustion processes including coal, oil, natural gases; x lead, stationary sources- industrial processes, mobile sources-traffic; x Mercury from stationary sources- thermal power plants, iron foundries, incineration of hospital wastes; mobile sources- traffic based on gasoline/gas.

During 2008 year, in Dolj district were sampled for determination of heavy metals, namely of lead, on traffic station, on urban background station, on town industrial station- Billa and on regional background station Breasta. The determinations accomplished for assessment levels of lead in ambient air, resulted an average of 0.056 ȝg/m3, average that is below the limit value accepted by Order no.592/2002 on air quality. The differences between registered averages for stations are insignificant, and the determined daily maxims didn’t exceed 0.4 ȝg/m3 in any control stations; such maximum values were registered extremely rare.

13. Carbon monoxide The carbon monoxide has as sources the industrial processes of combustion and the traffic. In Dolj county the annual averages of concentrations of this pollutant are: 0.4 mg/m3 on traffic station and on urban background station, and 0.32 mg/m3 to 0.3 mg/m3 on Breasta station. There weren’t registered any exceeds of 10 mg/m3 limit for ten hours, set by Order no. 592/2002. As maximum values were registered the 5.64 mg/m3 and 5.4 mg/m3 values on traffic station and at Breasta station in Mehedinti.

Table 32 Monthly averages of carbon monoxide

Automatic Fixed Station 10.16 2.76 0.46 0.2 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.3 0.41 0.81 1.31 1.33

12 10,16 10

4 2,76

2 0,46 0,2 0,14 0,18 1,31 0 0,22 0,3 0,41 0,81 1,33 IAN FEB StaĠia Automata fixa MAR A PR MAI IUN IUL A UG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Figure 16 Monthly averages of carbon monoxide in 2008

The medium monthly values of carbon monoxide fits in AMC =10 µg /mc except January where CMA is easily overcome- the station was in tests.

In Gorj district the carbon monoxide is resulting from incomplete combustion of fuels and it was monitored on stations GJ-1 and GJ-2. In MO 592/2002 is provided the limit value for maximum averages for 8 hours (mobile averages) 10mg/cm . There weren’t registered any exceeds of this limits.

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Medii mobile CO: maxima zilnica a mediilor pe 8 h (mg/mc)

8 GJ-1 6 GJ-2 valoare limita 4

0 ian feb mar apr mai iun iul aug sep oct nov dec

Figure 17 Mobile averages of carbon monoxide: daily maxim of averages on 8 hours

Table 33 Carbon monoxide – statistic dates on 2008 Station No of the Percent of valid The maximum for No of the samples more than 10 Year average average hourly data average /8 hours mg/cm (mg/cm) (mg/cm) GJ-1 6,799 77.4 3.8 0 0.32 GJ-2 7,286 82.9 3.4 0 0.34

14. Benzene The benzene is the simplest and also the most important representative of aromatic hydrocarbons, a group of substances that differ in many aspects from those studied so far.

The aromatic hydrocarbons properties and the influences that the remains of those hydrocarbons exert on other groups of molecules in which they are present, has a specific character.

This consists mostly of a combination of their unsaturated substances, with characteristic traits of saturated compounds. For this joint result a series of completely new properties. All this make to exist today conven- tions in which the organic chemistry is divided in a study of two series: the aliphatic series comprising al- kanes, alkenes, acetylenes and their derivatives, and aromatic series, which include aromatic hydrocarbons and chemicals derived from them. During 2008, in Dolj district, the benzene achieved annual averages of 2-3 ȝg/m3, not exceeding annual limit imposed by Order no. 592/2002. The increased levels of benzene are usually associated with those presented by other specific to traffic pollutants (nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide).

Table 34 Annual emissions of NH3 for Region 4 South-West Oltenia *No data

15. Ammonia The atmospheric ammonia sources are natural and artificial. The contribution of natural sources of ammonia pollution is relatively small, approximately 15-50%. Between the artificial sources the most important is the agriculture, and within this zootechny on intensitive type.

County 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Dolj * 3,806 3,336 29,197 14,335 12,060 5,003 5,074 5,799 4,809 NH3 (t/year) Gorj 2,665 2,671 3,056 3,689 5,326 4,606 4,610 4,879 970 369

Mehedinti 3 3 3 5 7 6 7 7 7 8

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Ammonia is a colorless gas with characteristic smell, pungent, which is levied at a concentration of 20 ppm, being lighter than the air and is very soluble in water. It has a paralyzing effect on olfactory receptors, which is a way of organoleptic detection, valid only for a short period of coming into contact with him.

40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 18 Annual emissions of NH3 for Region 4 South-West Oltenia

16. Ozone The ozone can form in low terrestrial atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions, in the presence of solar radiations, especially from combustion processes, This process is more intense during summer, when high temperatures are reached, especially in big cities, with tall buildings that doesn’t allow a good air circulation and on the streets where are accumulated substances proceeded from traffic.

In Dolj county, in 2008, the annual averages were between 35-55 ȝg/m3, the highest value was reordered on Billa station. Also here, were reordered many exceeding of target value of mobile media on 8 hours. The higher values of ozone were recordered in July and August, in conditions of high temperatures and solar radiation pressure, also unfavorable for pollutants dispersion.

At level of Mehedinti district.

Table 35 Monthly averages of ozone in year 2008

Automatic Fixed Station 46 52 72 66 80 77 82 87 58 46 26 Damaged Analyser

90 87 80 82 80 77 72 70 66 StaĠia Automata 58 60 fixa 52 50 46 46

30 26

IUN IUL IAN FEB MAR APR MAI AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Figure 19 Monthly averages of ozone in 2008.

The monthly medium values on year 2008 are in CMA framing = 240 µg/cm

At level of Gorj district is measured on automatic station GJ-1:Tg. Jiu and GJ-2:Rovinari. The annual variation shows high values in summer time, because of solar radiation and of enhancing of photochemical reaction which involve the nitrogen oxides and organic volatile compounds presence.

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M.O. 592/ 2002 provides target values for year 2010 regarding the human health protection of 120 µg/cm for the maximum value of averages on 8 hours (moving averages). There were recordered 33 exceedings of target value on station GJ-1 Tg.Jiu and 53 exceedings on station GJ-2 Rovinari.

The measured hourly medium values at the two stations registered exceedings of the information threshold (180 µg/mc) but weren’t exceed the alert threshold (240 µg/mc).

Table 36 Tropospheric ozone –statistical dates in 2008 Station No of the average Percent of The maximum for No of the samples Year average hourly valid data average /8 hours more than 10 mg/cm (mg/cm) (mg/cm) GJ-1 6,230 70.9 9 0 55.86 GJ-2 7,408 84.3 20 0 58.27

Medii mobile Ozon - Maxima zilnica a mediilor pe 8 h

250

200

150 GJ-1 Tg. Jiu GJ-2 Rovinari

ug/mc 100 Valoare tinta 2010

iunie iulie august septembrie Figure 20 Moving averages of ozone- daily maxim of averages on 8 hours

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17. Air quality evolution

Dolj county During year 2008, as we presented in chapter 2.2, the registered averages on atmospheric pollutants are comparable to those of 2007, because of the same local and regional pollutant sources: thermal power plants, traffic- entrainment from the ash dumps, large areas forested with role of absorbtion of a significant proportion of pollutants. As an example, for Craiova city, we give the dates for the urban background station: x in 2007, on SO2 it was an annual average of 17 µg/mc, and in 2008 of 19 µg/mc, x on NOx, in 2007 the average was of 40 µg/mc, and in 2008 of 58µg/mc, x Pm10 in 2007 had an average of 46 µg/mc, and for 2008 it was of 50 µg/mc

Significant increasses of concentrations occurred mostly in conditions of atmospheric calm, at high levels of pressure during autumn and winter , and on high temperature during summer time. The highest concentrations of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides and suspension powders were reported in late autumn and in winter months,

Mehedinti county Between 2004-2008 the state of atmosphere depended on the interaction of natural factors (movement of air masses; precipitations,etc) but also due to emissions from antropic activities.

Taking into acount the level of industrial development of the area, we can say that the decisive role in the air state evolution at level of Mehedinti district is still held by the meteorological factors.

Thus taking into account the charging degree of atmosphere with particles, especially sentimentable powders, it can be seen that the highest values were recorded in 2007 with a tendency to decrease substantially in 2008.

Table 36 Annual and spatial averages of sentimentable powders

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec space environment 2004 4.33 5.40 6.11 7.55 8.08 7.57 6.40 5.79 7.78 4.59 1.92 3.06 space environment 2005 1.93 3.15 5.82 5.06 5.12 7.27 5.92 5.79 4.91 3.83 3.59 2.6 space environment 2006 7.26 5.30 4.76 6.37 8.05 8.80 9.64 6.47 5.86 8.29 8.14 14.65 space environment 2007 7.52 9.51 5.85 5.27 8.45 9.21 20.9 22.38 16.52 11.66 7.98 7.97 space environment 2008 7.82 10.13 8.79 6.90 4.97 4.25 14.15 6.65 6.87 8.13 6.46 6.65

The highest medium spatial values were recorded in July and August 2007, also February 2008 due to high values recorded in meteorological point Romag, and the rest o values were recorded in MAC = 17 g/mpx/

18. Precipitation quality The quality of the law precipitations falled in Mehedinti district, is followed by 9 indicators, but from this we will present the pH evolution, nitrogen oxides and the sulphate content on a period of 3 years. Table 37 Spatial averages of the precipitations pH (pH unities)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Space environment 2006 6.35 6.11 5.57 6.83 - 6.94 6.80 6.63 6.99 - 6.59 6.80 space environment 2007 6.9 6.78 6.73 - 6.48 6.75 6.03 5.51 6.95 6.87 6.94 6.95 space environment 2008 6.99 6.98 6.97 6.97 - 6.94 6.05 - 6.13 6.94 - 6.93

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ANNEX IV– Data on the impact of mining

Mining Turceni Jilt

Current situation of energy production and mining exploitations in Gorj county: Volume of production Surface of sterile Exploitation No. of quarries No. of employees (1,000 t) dumps 2007 2008 2009 675 ha. Turceni- Jilt 2 2,331 6,300 6,650 4,295 350,000 thou m3

Mining Rovinari

Current situation of energy production and mining exploitations in Gorj county: Volume of production Surface of sterile Exploitation No. of quarries No. of employees (1,000 t) dumps 2,530 ha. 2007 2008 2009 Rovinari 3 2,588 5,890 5,760 6,350 1,097 mil m3

Existing programs of monitoring the environmental impact of extraction and/or energy production activities Reporting pe- Existence of reports for riod according Institution towards which re- Field Indicators the period to enforced porting is performed 2007-2009 legal provisions

EPA Gorj Air Settling dust, noise level Quarterly Yes

PH, ammonium nitrate, fixed residue filtered at 105OC, suspensions, CCOCr, CBO5 Cl, Fe, Ca, SO4, Mn, Mg, Quarterly EPA Gorj Surface water phenol, ammonium nitrate, Yes phosphorous, nitrates, syn- SGA Gorj thetic detergents priority dangerous sub- Annually stances (Pb, Cd, Hg, PAH) bacteria indicators – no of colonies per ml at 37OC, no of colonies per ml at 22OC, Quarterly, upon coliform bacteria (no./100 SGA Gorj Yes request ml), escherichia coli/100 ml, enterococus (fecal strepto- coccus) per100 ml Ground water pH, electrical conductivity, µs/cm, colour, organic substances subject to oxidation 3 Quarterly, upon (mgKMnO4/dm ), NH4 mg/l, SGA Gorj Yes request NO2, residual chlorine mg/l, NO3 mg/l, total hardness, German degrees.

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Reporting pe- Existence of reports for riod according Institution towards which re- Field Indicators the period to enforced porting is performed 2007-2009 legal provisions Quarterly, upon appearance, smell SGA Gorj yes request Soil-Subsoil EPA Gorj stability Quarterly -

Closing/ rehabilitation activities of fly ash deposits accomplished or planned for in the next period:

Monitoring Power Plants Monitored parameters Period Reporting obli- Other relevant aspects gations towards local authorities

Rovinari- surface water and on a perma- quarterly and Rehabilitating sterile deposits: waste water mining nent basis, annually *RME has initiated the initial plans for waterproof system layer of vegetation starting with closing the mining exploitation, which on the surface of the quarter IV include environmental rehabilitation deposit 2009 works, both during exploitation and drainage and rain water collecting after closing drains During exploitation – rehabilitating settlement surfaces (remodeling, re-planting), water level water management works (collecting drains, monitoring the quality of waste water, etc.)

After closing – natural fertilization of surfaces in view of reintroduction to the agricultural and/or forestry circuit

Currently, all mining sites are under exploitation.

National Society of Lignite Oltenia- SNLO

Current situation of energy production and mining exploitations

Mining No. of quar- No. of em- Volume of production (1,000 t) Surface (ha) and volume (thou m3) of Exploitation ries ployees sterile dumps 2006 2007 2008 2009 (11 luni) EMC Rosia 3 2,759 6,755 6,943 6,766 4,788 Inside sterile dump Rosia S=472, (Rosia , V=257,426 Pesteana North, Inside sterile dump Pesteana Nord Pesteana South) S=334, V=132,427 Inside sterile dump Pesteana Sud S=323, V=78,210 External sterile dump Rosia, S=473, V=253,155 External sterile dump. Pesteana Nord, S=162,4, V=63,677 External sterile dump Pesteana Sud, S=95.3, V=17,532

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Motru 2 2,466 5,510 5,740 5,575 4,790 Inside sterile dump Lupoaia S=156, (Rosiuta V=215,056 Lupoaia) Sterile dump Stiucani S=217, V=62186 Sterile dump Rogoaze S=173, V=65,847 Sterile dump Bujorascu Mic S=137, V=83,914 Inside sterile dump, Lupoaia (overdump) Rosiuta) S=13, V=36,570 Inside sterile dump. Rosiuta S=50, V= 29,066 Sterile dump Valea Manastirii I, S=260.5, V=94,000 Sterile Valea Manastirii II, S=277.5, V=102,000 Mehedinti 1 803 1,748 1,954 1,808 1,230 External sterile dump S=268, (Husnicioara) V=139,899 Inside sterile dump S=126, V=62,491

Observation: For SNLO, subunit Motru, sector Zegujani the value of CH4 =2,400,000 kg/year (thresold value =100,000 kg/year)

Existing programs of monitoring the environmental impact of extraction and/or energy production activities:

EXTRACTION

Reporting period ac- Field Indicators cording to enforced legal provisions Dust in suspension Per Semester

Air

Sedimentable dust Per Semester Surface and Materials in suspen- The analyses are done ground water sion monthly, quarterly or Filtrated residue at annually according the

105 ÛC established protocol with Oxygen chemical the water management

consumption company. Ph SO4 Ca Mg Quarries and dumps steps Annually Rehabilitation work for rendition to the Soil-Subsoil productive circuit

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SNLO – MOTRU – ZEGUJANI SECTOR

Field Indicators Reporting period ac- Existence of reports for the period cording to enforced 2007-2009 legal provisions Air CH4 annually starting with 2009

Variation limits for the following parameters: a) Lignite

Caloric Power 1,653-2,543 kcal/kg Radioactivity Total humidity 41.35-47.35 % Volatile compounds un the gross mass 15.25-24.79 % Carbon content 21.98-25.86 % Hydrogen content 1.84-2.78

From EPA-Mehedinti (Romag Termo)

Caloric Power inferior: 1,623 kcal/kg (6,795 kJ/kg) superior: 2,022 kcal/kg (8,466 kJ/kg) Radioactivity U238 [x 10 -4] = 1 % Ra226 [x 10 -12] = 34 % Th 232 [ x 10 -4 ] = 2 % K = 0.30 % Total humidity 45.76 % Carbon content 19.75 % Hydrogen content 2.29 %

b) Sterile a. Granulation b. Composition of the granules c. Pores volume

Based on the aggregate grading analyses, on the plasticity index, the consistency index and on the mineralogical composition, the sterile rocks can be grouped in 3 large categories:

a. Non-cohesive rocks (sands + gravels) b. Poor cohesive rock (clay dust, clay-sandy dust and dust sands) c. Cohesive rocks (dusty marly clay, fat clay, marly clay )

According to the above classification the proportion of the materials in the profiles of the dumps is: Meadow area Hilly area a. Non-cohesive rocks 20% 15% b. Poor cohesive rock 25% 20% c. Cohesive rocks 55% 65%

c) Groundwater

pH 5.69-7.59 Conductivity 46-279 µS/cm NO3 - NO2 Absent SO4

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Alkalescency NH4 0.30 -3.00 mg/ Fe2+ S2- Radioactivity

d) Discharged water from quarries:

Suspensions 20-60 mg/l SO4 42-365 mg/l Alkalinity pH 7.00 -7.85 mg/l Conductivity NH4 Fe2+ 0.08-0.40 mg/l S2 heavy metal Cd Pb 1st determination <0.1µg <0.1µg 2nd determination 0.014 µg 0.27 µg

e) Temperature of discharged water - N/A

EPA Mehedinti does not monitor the radioactivity in the area surrounding the lignite quarries and the fly ash deposits in the county.

The Environmental Impact Reports that are in our possession show that the radioactivity of Zegujani coal is:

U238 [x 10 -4] = 1 % Ra226 [x 10 -12] = 34 % Th 232 [ x 10 -4 ] = 2 % K = 0.30 %

Closing/ rehabilitation activities of fly ash deposits accomplished or planned for in the next period:

Monitored parameters

1. The monitoring of the stability of the slope wall call for the following actions: - To strictly respect the angle of the general slope wall in the quarry - Observation by systematic measurements of the slope walls dynamic, of the boundary ones (definitive) with reference to a fixed point (stabile) - Monitoring through direct observations, specially if cracks materialise, observation of the gaps and the waters regime - Continuous supervision of the slope walls within the quarries and in the sterile dumps and registration of any new problems:: geological and hydro-geological problems, land slides, apparition of the springs in the wall slopes, measurements of the evolution of the piezomteric level, topographical measurements - Supervision of the hydro-technical works (collecting drains, channels, pumping station for the water evacuation, drills for tension relief in the artesian horizon, drainage drills, hydro-observation drills)

2. Monitoring of the sterile dumps stability by following actions: - Restraining the height of the advanced step and of the steps done by deposit- ing under the quota of the working level of the equipment, at maximum 15 m - The maximum inclination of the individual dump slope walls not to exceed 260 - Execution of the drains on the bottom of the quarry

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- Controlled surface and infiltrated water evacuation through ditches made along the slope wall, water lodges of water - Following the exact technological process for dumps continuous and uniform execution 3. Monitoring of the evacuated water: out of the mining area are evacuated both technological waters from the quarry and waste waters. The licence from the water management company specifies the parameter that should be measure and the maximum limits. The frequency for measurements is set up by a protocol with the Regional Water Directorate, thus some parameters are measured monthly, other quarterly or annually. 4. Monitoring of the air quality is done monthly, quarterly or annual in reference to the environment permits. Dust in suspension or sediment dust are measure with own company laboratory or with the help of the authorised laboratories within the Regional Envi- ronmental Protection Agency. Monitoring is done at the influence limit of the mining activities, in the areas where a high concentration of dust is recorded or where the people living in the neighbourhood are asking for measurements. 5. Reporting commitments are specified in the environmental authorisation;

Situation of land recuperation for agriculture/forestry

Destination Dead line Present situation Remarks Agric. Forestry for comple- Restored In progress To be final-

Location Area (ha) (ha) (ha) tion area (ha) area (ha) ised (ha) External dump Husnicioara 268.67 - 268.67 - 120 - 148.67 Internal dump In construc- Husnicioara 126.04 - 126.04 - - - - tion Internal dump In construc- Rosia 494.72 2016 tion 469.01 (308.35- agric. & External dump 160.66 51.5 173.00 In progress Rosia 693.51 359.85 333.66 2010 forestry (agriculture) (forestry) phase I 23.00 (18.00- Designing Internal dump agric & 5.00- phase Pesteana Nord 396.13 2016 forestry) 11.23 361.9 phase II 47.20 (42.2- forestry & External dump 5.00 agricul- Pesteana Nord 80.7 5 75.7 2011 ture) 33.5-forestry Internal dump 35.6 agricul- Pesteana Sud 356.83 2014 ture 49.70forestry 271.53 External dump Pesteana Sud 95.36 95.36 95.36 39.47 (34.4 Internal dump agric. & 5.07 cariera Urdari 90.3 forestry) 50.83 External dump Urdari 49.27 8.35 40.92 49.27 Dump Valea Manastirii I 219 100 119 2013 100 119 Dump Valea Manastitii II 208 104 104 2013 104 104

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Destination Dead line Present situation Remarks Agric. Forestry for comple- Restored In progress To be final-

Location Area (ha) (ha) (ha) tion area (ha) area (ha) ised (ha) Internal dump Lupoaia 469.96 297.53 172.43 2016 0 0 469.96 Dump Valea Lupoita 64.9 51.1 13.8 2016 0 0 64.9 External dump Bujorascu Mic 146 0 146 2016 15 0 131 External dump Rogoaze 166.94 0 166.94 2015 10 0 156.94 External dump Stiucani 256.95 147.3 109.65 2018 0 0 256.95 Internal dump Rosiuta 512.73 375.06 137.67 2020 0 0 512.73

Specific objectives of local development plans with regard to the future of mining and energy production activities, as well as alternative strategies for sustainable economic development and the reduction of social impact resulting from the reduction of activities in these fields.

In order to obtain the exploitation licence for the mining areas according to the Mine Law 85/2003 is compulsory to make the feasibility studies, the technical project for future developments, the evaluation of the environmental impact and the plans and technical projects for environment rehabilitation.

In the technical plan for environment rehabilitation of the mining area there are mentioned all specific activities that will be done both during the exploitation period and in the monitoring period after the closing of the mining site, respectively the monitor of the water, air, soil and waste management.

Also, based on the environmental balance and risk evaluation reports done by specialised institutes for the mining activities rehabilitation projects have been designed and forced into practice.

Specific fields of interest that could constitute the subject of common projects with the Ministry of Environment.

SNLO is willing to cooperate with the Ministry of Environment in the following domains:

- Rehabilitation of the sterile dumps both the external ones and the internal ones; - Setting up a laboratory equipped for monitoring of the environmental indicators; - Manage the waste originating from the rubber belts used in production- find a solution to recycle them; - Use of the water resulted in the tension relief process in the artesian aquifer in the quarries Rosia Jiu and Pesteana Nord.

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ANNEX V– Monitoring programs at the power plants

ROMAG-Termo: Existing monitoring programs of the environmental impact of energy production activities: Item Indicators Reporting period ac- Existence of reports for the period compartment cording to enforced 2007-2009 impacted by legal provisions Romag-Termo

Air SO2, NOx, PM 10, Annually starting from 2006

CO2, CO, CH4, N2O, NMVOC, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn

SO2 24 h Data available in the database of Mehedinti EPA

NO2 24 h Dust 30 days Noise NA

System Field indicators Reporting period Institution towards which re- Availability of re- compartment according to en- porting is performed ports impacted by forced legal provi- for the period Romag-Termo sions 2007-2009

Air SO2, NOx, dust, CO, Monthly EPA Mehedinti yes CO2

Soil-Subsoil Carbon, NO3, mobile The paper “Monitoring P, mobile K, pH, Only once, in 2002 – the soil quality in the NA CaCO3, Cu, Zn, Pb, base year impact zone of Hal- Co, Ni, Mn, Cd inga thermal plant” Surface water pH, suspensions, fixed residue, CCO- Monthly SGA Mehedinti yes CR, CBO5

Surface water and Cl, NO3 Annually NA NA groundwater

Groundwater pH, Cl, SO4, CCO- Cr, CCO-Mn, con- SGA Mehedinti Quarterly yes ductivity, fixed resi- ISPE Timisoara due, S

Turceni: Existing monitoring programs of the environmental impact of energy production activities: System Field indicators Reporting period Institution towards which re- Availability of re- compartment according to en- porting is performed ports impacted by forced legal provi- for the period Turceni sions 2007-2009 Air Concentration of gaseous pollutants EPA Gorj; and evacuated quan- Quarterly yes Regional EPA Craiova tities (NOx, SO2, dust) Soil-Subsoil - no no no

Suface water pH, NH4, NO3, fixed residue, suspensions, CCOCr, Cl, Daily SGA Gorj yes Fe, Ca, SO4, Mn, Mg,

sulfur, H2S, temperature;

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Groundwater Heavy metals Annually SGA Gorj yes

Rovinari: Existing monitoring programs of the environmental impact of energy production activities: System Field indicators Reporting period Institution towards which re- Availability of re- compartment according to en- porting is performed ports impacted by forced legal provi- for the period Rovinari sions 2007-2009 Air SO2, NOx, dust, Quarterly and annu- EPA Gorj; yes CO2, CO ally Regional EPA Craiova Soil-Subsoil Heavy metal content EPA Gorj; yes – studies and (Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr, Cd, On demand Regional EPA Craiova documentations Co, Pb, etc.) Surface water priority dangerous SGA Gorj substances (cad- Half year yes mium, lead, mercury, EPA Gorj PAH) Groundwater pH, SO2-4, NH4+, substances extract- able with organic SGA Gorj solvents, residue `Quarterly yes filtered at 105OC, DAJ Craiova sulphur and sulphur hydrogen (S 2-)

CET I- Isalnita: Existing monitoring programs of the environmental impact of energy production activities: System Field indicators Reporting period Institution towards which re- Availability of re- compartment according to en- porting is performed ports impacted by forced legal provi- for the period CET II - Isalnita sions 2007-2009 Air SO2,Nox, dust Quarterly EPA Gorj yes, 2009 Surface and ground Suspensions, fixed Monthly DAJ Craiova yes water residue, temperature Soil-Subsoil On demand of envi- pH, sulfates, organic ronmental agencies EPA Gorj; carbon, humus, according the stage no heavy metals 2 of the Environ- Regional EPA Craiova mental Impact

CET II- Craiova: Existing monitoring programs of the environmental impact of energy production activities: System Field indicators Reporting period Institution towards which re- Availability of re- compartment according to en- porting is performed ports impacted by forced legal provi- for the period CET II - Craiova sions 2007-2009 Air SO2, NOx, dust Quarterly EPA Dolj Yes, starting with 2007 Surface and ground Fixed residue Monthly DAJ Craiova Yes water Suspensions Soil-Subsoil pH, carbon, Sul- On demand of envi- EPA Dolj / No phate, humus, heavy ronmental agencies Regional EPA Craiova metals, petrol prod- according the stage ucts 2 of the Environ- mental Impact

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ANNEX VI - Data on the current situation on energy production and ash&slag deposits

Volume of production [MW] Surface and volume of ash & slag deposits Installed No. of Power plant power empl. Dense Wet [MWh] 2007 2008 2009 Total slurry slurry Romag-Termo 1,160 247 1,892,332 1,906,995 NA 25 ha 25 ha Valea Ceplea Deposit 251.8 ha / 250 ha / 33x106 m3 Turceni 2,410 1,980 6,866,661 7,664,521 5,910,446 6 3 -- 41x10 m Reserve Storage 21.8 ha / 8x106 m3

Garla 1,320 4,512,392 Cicani-Beterega 444.7 ha / deposit Rovinari 1,995 – 5,897,182 5,937,029 (at 10 6 3 deposit 284.7 ha / 106x10 m 160 ha / 6 3 1,720 months) 74x10 m 32x106 m3

360 ha CET I - Isalnita 570 630 3,253,500 3,077,800 2,991,000 360 ha -- (01.01.2010)

CET II- 120 ha 590 1,596 2,352,165 2,702,552 2,302,447 120 ha -- Craiova (01.01.2010)

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ANNEX VII- Situation of land recuperation for agriculture/forestry

Surface Power Plant Area Destination Deadline Current status (ha) Backbone City The land ownership was Romag Termo 11.6 Agriculture 1985 Heating networks restituted to local authorities of Brosteni, Simian, District Heating Drobeta Romag Termo 237.7 Agriculture 1985 Cerneti and Timna includ- Tr Severin (6 X 50 MW) ing for agricultural use. Turceni Jilt South 7.4 Agriculture 20.12.1996 Completed Turceni Jilt South 8.8 Agriculture 17.12.1996 Completed Turceni Jilt South 27.5 Forestry 3.11.1999 Completed Turceni Jilt North 24.2 Forestry 2.07.2002 Completed Turceni Jilt North 18.0 Forestry 17.12.1996 Completed Turceni Jilt North 16.6 Forestry 7.07.1998 Completed Turceni Jilt North 21.9 Agriculture 24.10.2006 Completed Turceni Jilt South 49.2 Forestry 22.07.2012 Under completion Turceni Jilt South 27.0 Forestry 19.12.2012 Under completion Turceni Jilt South 39.0 Forestry 2012 Under completion Turceni Jilt North 34.8 Forestry 2009 Under completion Turceni Jilt North 59.0 Forestry 22.07.2012 Under completion Turceni Jilt North 10.0 Forestry 2010 Under completion Surface cleared of Negomir (Valea Negomir equipment – biological Rovinari 21.5 Agriculture 2010-2013 deposit), Pinoasa quarry rehabilitation works underway Surface cleared of Negomir (Valea Negomir Rovinari 10.0 Agriculture 2010-2013 equipment – rehabilitation deposit), Pinoasa quarry works underway Surface cleared of Moi (Rovinari-Est Rovinari 30.0 Forestry 2010-2013 equipment – rehabilitation deposit), Rovinari quarry works underway Surface cleared of Moi (Rovinari-Est Rovinari 24.9 Forestry 2010-2013 equipment – deposit), Rovinari quarry ready for re-forestation Surface cleared of Cilnic (Tismana I de- Rovinari 30.0 Agriculture 2010-2013 equipment – rehabilitation posit), Tismana quarry works underway CET I - Isalnita NA NA NA NA NA

CET II- Craiova NA NA NA NA NA

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ANNEX VIII – Characteristics of the lignite used at the five power plants information provided during the inventory

ANALYSIS RESULTS Rovinari Rovinari CET I - Isal- CET II- PARAMETERS ROMAG-Termo Turceni inflamable initial mass nita Craiova LIGNITE mass Caloric Power 1,700 – 1,400 – 2,300 1,700 – 1,900 1,691-2,290 1,800 – 1,900 (kcal/kg) 1,950 1,350 -1,900 Radioactivity (see below) NA NA NA NA

Total humidity 35 – 45% 39% - 45% 41.5-43.5% 33.4 – 36.4 % 39 – 43 % -

Volatile compounds 27-30% 21% - 22% 13.60% 55.8 -60.07 % 20 – 23% 20-24 % in the gross mass

Carbon content 19.75-25.4% 20% - 21% 20-23.5% 60.56 -64.25% 19 – 24% 20 – 24% 1.8% - Hydrogen content 2.25-3.6% 2.2-2.4% 5.90 – 6.41% 1.8 – 2.1 % 18 – 26% 2.2%

N2 + O2 + S content 14-19% 10% - 12% 10.59-11.8% 15-20% 11 – 13 % 2-3 % organic material organic material Macro-elements over (huminite, lipt- (huminite, lipt- 1% of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mineralogical com- inite, inertite), inite, inertite), 16.65 – Mg, S, Na, K, Ti, P NA NA position mineral material mineral material 30.5% (ordered by weight in (clay and iron (clay and iron total quantity) materials) materials)

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ANNEX IX – Characteristics of the fly ash at the five power plants that was provided during the inventory

RESULTS ANALYSIS ROMAG-Termo Turceni Rovinari CET I - Isalnita CET II- Craiova SiO2 55.33%; Al2O3 23.2%; SiO2-50.25% , Fe2O3- SiO2 50.9-61.5%. Fe2O3 10.5- Depennds on: burn- Fe2O3 total 7.91%; Chemical 11.7% , Al2O3-25.26%, 12.3%. Al2O3 10.9-16.8%. CaO ing process, tem- FeO 2.77%; Fe2O3 composition CaO-5.17% , MgO-1,5%, 8.9-13.9%. MgO 2.3-3.7%. perature of ash par- 4.836%; MgO fly ash at NA K2O-1.03%, Na2O-1.5 Na2O 0.03-0.09%. K2O 0.5- ticles during burning, 2.12%; CaO ROMAG- %, Combustible subst. 1.28%. SO42- 0.75-1.03%. Cl- conditions of cooling 5.58%; Na2O Termo 3.5-10.3% 0.03-0.04% ash. 0.51%; K2O 1.96%; P2O3 0.067%; S 0.532% 51.7-59% Humidity 3.92 – 29.18 % NA (higroscopicity NA NA 1.24%) Aparent 1.1-1.25 t/m3 NA 0.95 g/cm3 NA NA Density Activity IR=1.56 (radioactiv- NA NA NA NA Index ity) bioxid de siliciu 55.56%; sulfati bioxid de siliciu 2.4%; fier total 55.56%; sulfati SiO2 - 39.79%, TiO2 5.74%; oxid de 2.4%; fier total - 0.75%, Al2O3 - aluminiu 13.6%; 5.74%; oxid de 20.57%, Fe2O3 - oxid de calciu aluminiu 13.6%; Chemical- 6.11%, CaO - 6%; oxid de oxid de calciu 6%; Oxidic NA NA 6.05%, MgO -1.46%, magneziu oxid de magneziu composition MnO - 0.03%, K2O - 2.06%; oxid de 2.06%; oxid de 1.83%, Na2O - nichel 0.014%; nichel 0.014%; oxid 1.42%, P2O5 - oxid de cupru de cupru 0.018%; 0.29%, SO3 - 0.82% 0.018%; oxid de oxid de sodiu sodiu 6.67%; 6.67%; oxid de oxid de potasiu potasiu 3% 3% 180 / 500 / 850 / 180 / 500 / 850 / Losses at 950 oC 950 oC NA NA PC=20.45% calcination 0.2 / 2.26 / 0.32 / 0.2 / 2.26 / 0.32 / 0.32 % 0.32 % ash: 140±30Bq/kg; Radioactivity (see above) NA NA NA soil: 110±30 Bq/kg Cd<10ppm; 24-57ppm Cu; 42- Cr=170ppm; 70.5ppm Zn; 24- Co=80ppm; Heavy metal 41ppm Pb; 16- NA NA NA Cu=65ppm; content 30ppm Co; 48- Ni=110ppm; 122ppm Mn; 0.65- Pb=18ppm; 1.45 ppm Cd Zn=210ppm

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ANNEX X– Maps and a cross section of groundwater monitoring locations and geohydrology at the Turceni power plant

Cross section (North to South) of the area where the ash deposit Valea Ceplea is positioned. Monitoring locations are indicated.

Map of the groundwater monitoring locations near Valea Ceplea.

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Monitoring locations in wells in the Turceni village.

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ANNEX XI – Maps and a cross section of groundwater monitoring locations and geohydrology at the Rovinari power plant

Geohydrological cross section in the area of the Rovinari power plant.

Geohydrological cross section in the area of the Rovinari power plant with locations of monitoring wells.

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Map of the Rovinari power plant with locations of monitoring wells.

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Overview of the Rovinari power plant with locations of the wells used for monitoring in Rovinari, February 2010. no. 1- is the F3 monitoring well (Foraj F3) no. 2- channel for overflow discharged from dump (Preaplin Apa Recirculata) no. 3- drainage channel Beterega (Canal Beterega) no. 4- is a fountain in an ex-village Poiana-not affected by the ash dumps- is the control sample- represent the natural background of the region (Sat Poiana)

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ANNEX XII – Maps and a cross section of groundwater monitoring locations and geohydrology at the Craiova I power plant

Locations of the monitoring wells around Craviova I – Insalnita.

Geohydrological cross Section and location of wells at Craviova I – Insalnita

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ANNEX XIII – Maps and a cross section of groundwater monitoring locations and geohydrology at the Craiova II power plant

Geohydrological cross Section and location of wells at Craviova II.

Locations of the monitoring wells around Craviova II (red circle).

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Map of Craiova II power plant with well position

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ANNEX XIV Relevant projects executed in the sector in Romania and brief overview of the results

1. World Bank financed projects in the mining sector

1.1 Mine Closure projects

Before 1989, the mining industry development strategy provided for the full supply with mineral resources of the Romanian economy in order to reduce imports. The result of this policy was an overde- veloped mining sector compared to the solid mineral resources potential of Romania, absorbing over 350,000 people as direct labor and another 700,000 as indirect labor.

The economic conditions after 1989 have required state support for the mining sector through a huge budgetary effort (totalizing USD 6,519.7 million between 1990 and 2002) which could not cover for the real inefficiency of the economic activities.

By the latter part of the 1990s, the (1) Mine Closure and Social Mitigation Project (MCSMP) was prepared as consequence many of these mines had become a significant drain on resources but stopping production was expected to produce significant adverse environmental and social consequences. The MCSMP was therefore designed to support the Government’s efforts to reduce the bur- den on the national budget by permanently closing uneconomic mines in a socially and environmentally sustainable manner. This was to be accomplished through a set of activities designed to provide environmental remediation at mine sites, mitigate the social impact of stopping production, and build related capacity within the National Agency for Mineral Resources.

The project started in 2000 and consisted of three main components:

I. The development of effective procedures for a technically and environmentally sound approach to formally closing uneconomic mines including building dams on both sides of mine barriers to prevent bursting due to accumulation of acid underground water build-up, acid water treatment, measures to prevent contamination of subterranean acquifiers, permanently sealing underground workings all mine openings, preventing gas leakage, demolition of surface buildings and structures, and environmental remediation that restores surface lands, protects waste dumps against mud slides or failed dump slopes, rehabilitates waste dumps, restores water courses, collects and treats polluted effluents, protects oil pipelines, and treats surface soil.

Outcome: ¾ Permanent closure and environmental remediation of 31 mines The main output of this component was the permanent closure of 31 (29+2) mines and environment remediation of each site. The mines chosen for the project had ceased operation many years before but had not gone through a proper closure procedure. There were delays at all stages of the closure process and as a result the mines were not fully closed by 2003 as originally planned – the mine closure process was completed in June 2006. The use of the international competitive bidding for closure of mines resulted in cost savings that were used to finance the closure of two additional mines. The two additional mines were closed without the help of international consultants. There was a post monitoring period of two years for each mine site. ¾ Capacity Building: Central Group for Mine Closures(CGCM) to manage overall process, De- sign Institutes or prepare more acceptable technical mine closure plans, Other Contractors to monitor the mine closure process PIU-CGMC has been strengthened to a competent team with hands on managerial experience of working on the requirements of the design process of closures as well as a detailed knowledge of employing and administering FIDIC type contracts. The technical capabilities of the Design Institutes were strengthened by the process of identifying and improving where the closure designs were inadequate. The capacity of the Design Institutes and the Monitoring Companies were equally important in the process. While international consultant collaborated with the design institutes to apply industry best practice, they are now able to achieve an acceptable level of closure

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design as independent agencies. The capacity building process also resulted in the strengthened technical capability of the companies that monitor or supervise the closure contracts.

¾ Framework for Mine Closure – Manual for Procedures for Mine Closure The original intention was to have a manual that would act as guide book for mine closures based on best industry standards. The guide was to be unofficial and easily amended or enlarged. In the end the Manual was produced and issued by Ministerial order (2001) and this has formed the legal basis on which all public mine closures have taken place. The Manual was updated with additional annexes on closure of private mines and annexes for consultation.

II. The identification of the most effective measures in mitigating social hardships resulting from the sector's restructuring, and assists in creating diversified employment opportunities for redundant labor

Outcome: ¾ Micro-Credit Scheme The Micro-Credit Fund was designed to respond to a need for micro-credit and to encourage micro-enterprises in an environment which was severely con trained by un- realistic collateral requirements. The rationale behind was that the availability of the credit would result in the formation and survival of more micro-enterprises. The scheme provided small loans of up to 10,000 USD. The scheme was implemented by two specialized microfinance agencies. A total of 4,467 loans in the total amount of US$13,127,840 had been made by November 2006. The average size of loans to individual businesses was US$6,833 and the average size of loans though the group based lending scheme was US$1,923. The total number of beneficiaries was 4,467 (924 to businesses and 3543 to individuals). The scheme had a repayment rate of 99% and was able to create 602 jobs and sustain 10,997 jobs. ¾ Enterprise Support and Workspace Centers Management The program was designed to provide consultancy for start up businesses through at 14 workspace centers. Provision of enterprise support services started earlier, while management of the centers was contingent on completion of buildings rehabilitation. The enterprise support services were provided till December 31, 2004, while workspace centers management services were provided till December 31, 2005. The management of the centers was handed over to NAD Regional Offices at completion. 4 contracts for management of 10 workspace centers were initiated under the new loan. By November 2006, the 10 centers that were established by MCSMP supported 86 business and sustained employment for 502 persons. ¾ Social Development Scheme for Mining Communities (SDSMC) The program was not originally a part of MCSMP - it was included within the social development window of the social mitigation component in 2003. The Romania Social Development Fund implemented the program using a community-driven development approach. By June 2006, RSDF was able to complete : 71 projects for small infrastructure in the amount of US$ 5.182,075; 10 subprojects for income generating activities in the amount of US$ 397,939; and 12 projects for social services in the amount of US$ 384,600. ¾ Employment and Training Incentives Scheme (ETIS) The scheme was designed to underwrite the cost of on-the-job training by providing entrepreneurs who were willing to hire laid-offs from mining sector an employment and training incentive of $500 (originally) per person recruited for one year. The en- trepreneur was responsible for providing on-the-job training. The rationale for this program was that it would encourage employers both to hire redundant miners and to train them in real jobs. Monitoring data indicated low availability of former miners to take up employment under the scheme for wages much lower than they used to get from the mining sector. After one year of implementation the scheme was amended to enable recruitment of former miners’ family members as well and to increase the incentives amount to $720. In 2003 the scheme was further amended as to allow recruitment of any unemployed living in the cheme’s operation area, and to increase the incentive amount to $960. As of December, 2006 the number of beneficiaries from the training and employment incentives scheme was 13,547 (of which 6,135 under the follow-on project). Payments , Page 98 of 135

made under the scheme amounted to $5,448,539 (of which $1,137,567 under the follow-on project). ¾ Social Impact Monitoring and Evaluation Under the Social Impact Monitoring sub-component of MCSMP, technical assistance was provided to NAD by consultants to conduct routine monitoring, prepare quarterly progress reports, and carry out annual independent impact evaluations in mining regions. Quarterly progress reports continued to be regularly produced by NAD which were then published on NAD website and sent to the Bank. ¾ Public Information Campaign and Social Dialogue Under the Public Information and Social Dialogue sub-component of MCSMP, technical assistance has been contracted to assist NAD in establishing and operating a network of public information points (PIP) in the mining regions. The initially contracted Consultant failed to perform adequately, so NAD terminated the contract and assigned the public information task to the consultants contracted for enterprise support services. These consultants identified partner organizations and developed partnership networks, under which more than 100 PIPs have been established in mining regions. They have also designed and produced public information materials (such as booklets, leaflets, posters, journalistic material etc.) aimed at supporting NAD in carry- ing out an effective pub lic information strategy within mining communities affected by restructuring. NAD has proceeded with preparation of their own public information strategy, which includes the further development of PIP networks established by the consultants. ¾ Management Information System Technical assistance for implementation was assigned by Minister’s Order to the Insti- tute of Management and Informatics (IMI) at MEC. The execution of the contract for supply and installation of information system was completed and the operational ac- ceptance certificate was issued to the Supplier by the end of 2003. By the end of the project not all -27-regional offices were able to provide monitoring data in electronic form because NAD was not able to provide all with cable internet connections.

III. The strengthening of the agencies involved in restructuring the sector and introducing a modern mining licensing system. Outcome: ¾ Mining Cadastre Control and Mineral Titles Registry Through this component the project developed the geological and mineral resources database. On-the-job training, consulting and training was provided to NAMR to re- ceive applications and register all licenses, permits and other titles transactions and notifications in the official cadastral file. The result of this sub-component is development of a computerized Mining Cadastre and Mining Titles Registry System, including a national geologic database from existing records and digital information on mineral resources. The system is designed to develop and promote solid minerals conces- sions under a mining concession system. The database is an Oracle based database which includes the Mining Book; the Cadastre and Title Registry subcomponents, the NAMR’s Index; and the Mining Information System which includes the data from new licenses. The equipment is installed both in NAMR headquarters as well as field offices. In addition a GIS enabled web site was developed and connected to the NAMR database which provides up to date and extensive information to potential investors and an easy to use application which allows the license holders, subcontractors or data custodians to input all the data information required. ¾ Mining Law, Institutions and Fees, Taxes and Royalties The project played a significant role in revising the mining law. The new mining law was adopted by the Parliament of Romania on March, 2003. The project provided (a comprehensive review of mining and associated legislation and regulation and institutional arrangements in order to improve the financial provisions and the ability to assess and better collect the taxes and royalties. ¾ Sector Environmental Assessment Study This study on the environmental effects of past, present and projected future mining activities was done in participatory manner by including all relevant Government authorities. This study became the basis for the environmental remediation programs associated with mine closures. It was led by a steering committee that which included specialists from NAMR, Ministry of Waters Forests and Environmental Protection and , Page 99 of 135

Ministry of Industry and Commerce. The SEA study was finalized in October 2001. Environmental impacts and issues associated with privately owned, as well as with non-operational (i.e., already closed or abandoned) mines and a pilot action plan for an underground coal mine were also added to the study. The Pilot Environmental Ac- tion Plan for Lupeni mine was a recommendation of the Sector Environmental As- sessment and it resulted in improvements in environmental management in the Jiu Valley. Specific activities related to this pilot were: waste dump stabilization and management, soil and ground water management. In order to fulfill the management of the monitoring activities mobile laboratory for environmental monitoring, water pollution control and subsidence monitoring were purchased. ¾ Mining Sector Environmental Management The objective of this program was to enhance the capabilities of the Romanian authorities in the field of mining sector environmental management. Under this sub- component, the project organized training programs on environmental issues specific to the mining sector, study tours to familiarize with specific European Union environmental and mining legislation and specialized environmental training programs over- seas. The main deliverable of the sub-component was the Environmental Manage- ment Manual and related codes of practices to be used by the mining operators and regulators. ¾ Exploration and Exploitation Concession Inspection All 20 local inspectorates of NAMR were fully equipped with new hardware infrastructure (local network, computers, printers, copiers), from the “Mining Cadastre and Titles Registry” program. This was supplemented by the “Exploration and Exploi- tation Concession Inspection” program. This allowed NAMR’s local inspectorates to have access to the database thus enhancing the capacity of the local field offices. ¾ Private Sector Investment The sub-component provided training to NAMR staff in technical and financial evaluation of offers as well as in communication, presentation and negotiation. ¾ Subsidy Study The project delivered a subsidy study in 2003 based on which the government prepared a plan for closure of the remaining uneconomic mines whose operations were still being subsidized by the state.

This project was followed by a second one the (2) Mine Closure, Environmental and Socio- Economic Regeneration Project (Mining II). Scheduled to be finalised in 2010, the project main objective is to strengthen the Government’s ability to undertake mining sector reform by: - building governmental capacity for closing uneconomic mining enterprises through support for closing mines and ancillary enterprises in an environmental sustainable manner - providing support to the National Agency for Development and Implementation of Reconstruction Programs for the Mining Regions, local communities and other community-based planning and socio-economic regeneration of the mining regions.

The project is based on the conclusions of the previous project and focused on closing mines with a more complex structure (sulphur, salt and others). The project has a planned duration of 5 years and it is structured in 2 components:

I. Mines closing and Environment rehabilitation with the following targets: - finalise the closing and rehabilitate the sites after extraction activity is stopped, reducing the environmental impact in the way to comply with EU regulation and use the land from the ex mines for social and economic purposes

The government proposed for closing 20 mining sites in 7 regions (9 located in the Jiu River basin) prioritized based on criteria established with the WB: size, technical complexity, cost, social and evenironmental impact. By the end of 2009, a total of 9 sites have been closed and 249 ha of land rehabilitated and returned for alternative uses. Main difficulties registered in the project are created by the lack of continuity in budget allocations to sustain the projects especially as projects planning extends over 12 months;

- improve the performance of the mining sector as regard the environment protection , Page 100 of 135

The environmental component is based on Sectorial Environmental Assesment (SEA) performed in 2001 further extended and updated in 2003 during the Mining I project. In this second project, the essential recommendations from the SEA were applied and the elaboration of the following documents was targeted: - a manual for implementation of an environment managment system in the mining sector, - a manual of environment protection methods in the mining acitvities, - a guide of integrated monitoring of the mining impact on the environment and also implemented one pilot project for environment monitoring in Caliman and Baia de Aries.

Both environmental evaluations for the Romanian mining sector (2000-2002, 2002-2003) were executed by Royal Haskoning for the National Agency for Mineral Resources. First one (2000-2002) focused on institutional structure and legislation framework in the mining sector, inventory of all aspects connected with mining, environmental and social contex, identification of priorities for environmental and human risks for all of the 10 mining sectors and preparation of local action plans for diminishing pollution at representative mines form every sector. The extension of the project (2002- 2003) covered additional components: - updating institutional structure of the mining sector - completing the National Inventory for all aspects connevted with mining for other 2 sectors and updating the previous inventory - re-application of the strategy for prioritization of environmental and human risks - preparation of complete environmental action plans (LEAP) for the 2 representative mines

This component is now moving to closure of the more complex hard rock mine located near towns with significant human health risk due to the associated waste present and the draining water with high concentrations of heavy metals. Consequently, the water management at these sites has been identified as a critical issue that requires close attention especially with regards to monitoring (quality of sampling).

II. Socio-economic Regeneration with the following targets: - scale up the job creation measures implemented under the first loan - support local development activities though community capacity building and financing of economic infrastructure and social services - strengthen institutional capacity to implement the socio-economic regeneration program

In order to implement the objectives two managment units were created within the Ministry of Econ- omy- the National Agency for Development and Implementation of the Reconstruction Programs of the Mining Areas (ANDZM) in cooperation with the Romanian Fund for Social Development and the Central Group for Mine Closures. In 2009, the ANDZM was reorganized as the Romanian Agency for Sustainable Development of Industrial Zones (ARDDZI).

SER component addresses to 386 localities in 22 counties and the funds are earmarked primarily for the following subcomponents: financial incentives for employment and training, business centres and support for entrepreneurs, small grants scheme, the scheme of social development of mining development, municipal infrastructure, increasing community capacity and public information. As of Octo- ber 2009, many communities benefited by the project support:

- 50 Municipal Infrastructure projects have been approved out of which 12 are ongoing and 18 could be finalized by the current closing date of the project; - 196 social development scheme for mining communities projects have been approved out of which 85 have been finalized; - 312 Small Grants Scheme subprojects have been approved out of which 232 have been finalized.

The strengthening of the institutional capacity of ANDZM was covered by the sub- project Social De- velopment Strategy for the Mining Area in Romania co- funded within the World Bank project by UK Department for International Development (DFID) and executed by Royal Haskoning.

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The main conclusions of the World Bank projects (incorporated now by the government in the closing mines strategy) are: ¾ jobs cannot be created only by active measures on the labour market- the support offered to the people looking for a job should be completed by encouraging the investment in local development in order to mobilize the community, in the economic infrastructure and social services ¾ restructure programs that target only the ex-miners are less efficient than programs that target the entire local community looking for jobs ¾ on the short term, the local economy benefits from the activities that are developed during the closing process (jobs created, material paid locally, etc) but the socio-economic regeneration is a long term process which need 10-15 years of support ¾ Plans aiming at closing mines should foresee two to three planting seasons in order to restore the vegetation in the areas former used for mining.

1.2 Environmental projects with mining component

(3) Hazards Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project (HRMEP)

In 2000, two major mining accidents happened in the Tisza Basin that generated contamination extended through the River Tisza into the River Danube beyond the Romanian border. The accidents raised international concerns over the potential for transboundary pollution arising from accidental spillage originating from deposits of mine waste in Romania. Consequently, a 202 million USD project by was initiated for assisting the Government of Romania in reducing the environmental, social, financial and economic vulnerability to natural disasters and water pollution accidents from mining activities. The project started in 2004 and will be finalized in 2011 supporting the following components: - Strengthening of emergency management and risk financing capacity – this will enhance the capacity of the Romanian authorities to better prepare for, respond to and recover from natural or man-made disasters; - Earthquake risk reduction – this will assist the Government in reducing the seismic vulnerability of priority technical and social infrastructure through the retrofitting of key structures and institutional strengthening; - Flood and landslide risk reduction – this will reduce flood risk and vulnerability in critical areas in Romania, improve safety of large and small dams, and map and model the risk of landslides to reduce losses and provide for better land use planning tools; - Risk reduction of mining accidents in Tisza basin - this will reduce the risk of water and soil contamination and loss of human and aquatic life from catastrophic mining spills. This component (co-financed by GEF) aims to demonstrate and provide for replication for the reduction of catastrophic accidental spills of transboundary pollution loads from mine operations flowing into the Danube and Black Sea basins. The global environmental objective was to demonstrate and provide replication for the reduction of catastrophic accidental spills of trans-boundary pollution loads from mine operations flowing into the Danube and Black Sea basins.

2. Relevant bilateral projects

(4) Support for the Romanian Environmental Authorities to take over and establish the standards in the integrated authorisation procedure in Romania. Presentation and discussion of the Best Available Techniques in seven industrial sectors The mining impact on the environment was also evaulated under the bilateral Romanian-German project carried out during 2006-2007 on the implementation of the IPPC directive in Romania (Romania transposed the IPPC Directive 96/61/EC into the national legislation). In this project the Romanian authorities were supported by German partners (Federal Ministry of Envi- ronment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (UBA) and the German Society for Collabora- tion in the Technical Field (GTZ) ) to take over and set up the standards in the procedure of integrated authorisation. For this purpose, a total of seven of Best Available Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) were translated into Romanian and, for each, a weeklong workshop was organised in various towns in Romania. The 7 BREFs were:

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- management/treatment systems for waste water a gas in the chemical sector - large burning installations - cast iron and iron - non-ferrous metals - processing of non-ferrous metals - management of the sterile from ponds and the sterile from mining activities - intensive farms for pigs and poultry

During these workshops, the use of each BREF was presented through a purpose made guideline, the essential contents were explained and the setting of BAT within the integrated permitting procedure in Germany was exemplified with case studies. Two on-site visits organised for each of the BREFs ensured that the direct relevance of a BREF for a concrete installation was seen in practice. The mining activity, not only for coal, was considered an important issue as regard the authorisation permits taking into account the multiple impact on the environment- air, water, soil.

(5) Consolidating the potential of applying sustainable techniques of rehabilitating the environment – Applying plant remedy in Romania

The project started in 2009 under Flemish bilateral cooperation program – Central and Eastern Europe (Pilar I). Main partner is Ecorem and Hasselt University Belgium is the subcontractor. Roma- nian partners are: Gorj, Baia Mare and Maramures County Councils, Universities in Baia Mare, Iasi and Timisoara and EPA Maramures. 4. Dutch presence

(5) PSO96/RM/1/1 Regional Development Romania

During 1993-1998 the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs executed a project in Romania as part of the cooperation program for Eastern Europe aiming at regional development of the brown coal areas.

Within the project several ideas were developed amongst which the identification of sustainable solutions for fly ash utilization. A team of Dutch experts led by Kema with the support of Netherlands’ Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM) conducted a fact-finding trip in Romania in March 1999 for assessing the possibilities for bilateral cooperation in introducing the knowledge and technologies for fly ash utilization. During the trip dicussions were initiated with governmental institutions (Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Water management, Ministry of Industry and Trade), energy producers (Conel, Termoelectrica, power plant Govora) as well as research institutes (ISPE, Procema, Incerc).

According with findings at that time Romania had 110 ash disposal sites (out of which one of the biggest was in Craiova with 60 million m3 in 1994) covering more than 2200 hectares of land with a capacity of 600 million m3 and was expecting a further production of 6.5 to 9 million tones annually. The ashes were captured in electrostatic precipitation units, mixed with water (1:10) and transported 5-15 Km towards ash dumps where they consolidate (average water content between 6% and 40%). Major environmental problems identified were dusting from passive disposal compartments and leaching of elements into the groundwater. As regards the quality and the stability in quality of the ashes conclusion was made that situation vary per power plant and main concerns were for chemical composition, unburned carbon content and radioactivity. For the latter it was concluded that in most cases the radioactivity of the ashes was in the range of Western European ashes applied at that time already on large scale. As of 1999 there were many research studies executed in Romania towards the useful application of the fly ash. The only application before 1990 was for producing of concrete building blocks (BCA) and as a partial cement substitute in foundations mass concrete. One of the main holdbacks identified for an industrial scale use was the lack of effective legislation with clear incentives for the power plants for the use of the fly ash.

The Dutch team recommended specific steps for: the inventory of the fly ashes: location of origin of ashes and competing raw materials compared with locations of construction material producers, inventory of ash quality in Romania, cost structure of the disposal, market study for the utilization possibilities (alternatives were indicated for cement, concrete, cellular concrete, roads and mine filling) and a

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demonstration project to show the economic feasibility of the utilization of ashes (in partnership with one of the power plants).

In the absence of further financing, no action was taken after this study trip.

(7) PSO0/RM/4/32 Sustainable stabilisation of tailing dams in the mining region of Baia Mare, Maramures district, Romania S.C. 'Trust Comin' S.A. Baia Mara -Ameco Adviesgroep Milieu- beleid (2004) Within this project, safe dikes and drains were built at one of the ponds used to store mining waste (tailing) near Baia Mare. Moreover, a plan of action was drafted within the project, for rehabilitating and making environmental improvements to approximately 20 tailing ponds in the Baia Mare region. For centuries, this area has had mining sludge depots, usually in the form of tailing ponds. Many ponds are several kilometers long and have dikes up to 40 meters high. The dike around one of the ponds gave way in January 2000, after heavy rainfall, and allowed tons of mining sludge containing cyanide to pour into the Tisza river, thus causing an environmental disaster that had economic repercussions for the fishing, livestock and tourism industries, besides the immediate impact on public health.

(8) Matra Project -Sustainable Closing of the Mines

The project was project carried out between 2003-2005 by Royal Haskoning for the Regional Admini- stration in Maramures county and consisted in consultancy services as regard the contaminated sites administration, social impact evaluation and public awarness. As the World Bank projects, also this projects revealed that social impact evaluation play an important role in sustainable mines closing programs and the implication of the local comunity is a preliminary conditions to achieve it. In this were involved all local authorities, NGO’S, private sector, comunitary association. Among estimated results of the projects were:

B. to develop the guidelines of the Social Action Plan (SAP) and to elaborate the local social actions plan C. increased institutional capacity at local and national level D. public awarness regarding the implication in the decisional process of SAP

A MATRA project regarding the ecologization of a pondage was carried out between 2000-2004 in Maramures at the mining exploitation Cavnic. The pondage Malaini was covered with an wtaerproof rubber cover, over coated with a 40 cm high layer of vegetable soil which was after overgrown with grass.

(9) Establishing measures to rehabilitate the polluted groundwater altered due to landfill, in order to reach the environmental objectives required by the WFD

The project was focused on the groundwater contamination, the development of a method to derive Natural Background Level (NBL) and Threshold Values (TV) for pilot groundwater body and establishment of a set of measures to rehabilitate groundwater affected by landfills. The project was funded within the Netherlands Pre-accession Programme – Environment Facility and carried out by a consortium of consultants (Grontmij, Witteveen&Bos, Ecorys and BDO Conti Audit), who worked in close cooperation with the specialists of the Romanian Ministry of Environment, National Administration ‘Apele Romane’, Banat Water Directorate and National Institute of Hydrology and Water Manage- ment. The pilot groundwater body selected was ROBA03, and the practical method from this pilot was adapted by all Water Directorates to compose a database for their groundwater bodies, study the data, derive NBL and propose TV based on the NBL and water quality standards for drinking and surface water. In several workshops, draft results were presented and discussed by all groundwater specialists involved.

Following the methodology elaborated within the pilot project and taking into account the peculiar hydro geological conditions of each groundwater body, Romania established threshold values for 125 from its 142 delineated groundwater bodies and approved them by the Ministerial Order no.137/26.02.2009. The remaining 17 groundwater bodies were considered as having pristine groundwater and will be also studied furthermore. Besides the parameters from the minimum list of GWD, TVs were established also for nitrites and phosphates. TVs obtained were used to assess the

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chemical status of groundwater bodies and implicitly to propose protection and rehabilitation measures for those groundwater bodies found in poor status.

(9) Reuse of Flyash in the cement industy (Holcim company) See: http://www.holcim.com/CORP/EN/id/1610640161/mod/7_4_1_1/page/case_study.html

After acquiring three cement plants in Romania between 1997 and 2000 (Turda, Campulung and Alesd), Holcim gave high priority to the refurbishment and improvement of plant ecoefficiency and to projects which reduce CO2 emissions. We seized the opportunity for CO2 reduction through the production of composite cements based on the use of fly ash, a waste of coal-fired power stations. Hol- cim Romania developed and implemented the project as part of the Joint Implementation flexible market mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, under the supervision and with the Financial support of the government of the Netherlands, and with the approval and support of the Romanian government. The project posed some significant challenges. Fly ash is usually wet-discharged in Romania and slurry-pumped for landfilling close to the power plant. Yet for cement production fly ash should be dry- discharged. Investments were made at the cement plants for fly ash use and also at the power plant; dry discharg- ing saves energy and water. Now the Govora power plant supplies two of three Holcim locations. The project will result in a reduction of around 1.3 million tonnes of CO2 between 2004 and 2012 (given that the use of fly ash will reduce the clinker factor). Monitoring of results for the First year (2004) showed a reduction of 133,000 tonnes of CO2, exceeding expectations by 33%. In addition, over 30,000 tonnes of fly ash were recovered instead of being landfilled. By the time the refurbishment, productivity and energy efficiency projects have been completed at the end of 2006, more than CHF 55 million will have been invested, an important contribution to environmental protection and CO2 reduction in Romania. Apart from bringing stateof-the-art technology in cement production to Romania, the project also enabled the introduction of a composite cement using fly ash, an industry-first for Romania. In the context of this project periodic verification of CO2 emission reductions is undertaken by an independent third party. KPMG Sustainability B.V. verified emission reductions for the year 2004 according to the Kyoto Protocol and the Marrakech Accords. Stakeholder involvement from the beginning was a key success factor for the project and has led to positive results. Both local authorities and communities close to the cement and power plants have welcomed the cleaner environment resulting from the project.

Apart from bringing stateof-the-art technology in cement production to Romania, the project also enabled the introduction of a composite cement using fly ash, an industry-first for Romania. In the context of this project periodic verification of CO2 emission reductions is undertaken by an independent third party. KPMG Sustainability B.V. verified emission reductions for the year 2004 according to the Kyoto Protocol and the Marrakech Accords. Stakeholder involvement from the beginning was a key success factor for the project and has led to positive results. Both local authorities and communities close to the cement and power plants have welcomed the cleaner environment resulting from the project. Holcim project manager Oana Dicu is pleased with progress to date: “Winning the Dutch government tender with a project that reduces our CO2 emissions while offering a solution to a power plant’s waste problem is one of the most challenging, yet rewarding, experiences I have had.”

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ANNEX XV National Strategies

1. The Strategy for Mining Sector 2008-2020

1.1 The structure of the sector for exploitation of mineral substances

In this sector are active 379 companies out of which 16 with state owned capital and 363 with private capital as follows:

Coal x 2 national companies: SNLO, CNH Petrosani x I national society: SNC Ploiesti x 3 power plants: CE Rovinari, CE Turceni, CE Craiova Ferrous minerals x 2 national companies: C.N. MINVEST S.A. Deva and C.N. REMIN S.A. Baia Mare x 4 commercial society: S.C. MOLDOMIN S.A. Moldova Noua, S.C. CUPRUMIN, S.A. Abrud, S.C. Baita S.A. Stei and S.C. Bucovina Min Vatra Dornei x 5 private companies

Non-ferrous minerals x 330 private companies

Radioactive substances x 1 national company: National Company of Uranium

Salt x national society respectively National Society of Salt Bucharest

Mineral water x 1 national society National Society of Mineral Waters x 28 private companies

At present the extractive activity is done in 25 mines, 37 quarries and 7 brine pits while processing is done in 9 companies.

1.2 The infrastructure and the technological level of lignite sector

The technological level and the infrastructure vary according the particularities of the substances extracted, of the financing capacity of mining companies and of politics of the state.

The lignite sector is characterized by:

- increased of the technologic level in the quarries following: x rehabilitation of technological lines both in quarries and in dump sites x installation of common equipment stations in quarries and for energy consumption x conversion from the external dump system to the internal dump system

- improvement of the quarries infrastructure following: x setting up of facile and safe access ways to all work equipment and for all work places x providing safe and performing communication lines x construction of safe work sites, with good roads and platform

1.3 Institutional framework

The institutional framework for the mining sector:

Ministry of Economy (ME), public institution that elaborates the government policy in the mining sector and provides the public administration in the mineral resources sector;

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The National Agency for Mining Areas Development (ANDZM), responsible for promoting measurements and actions to diminish the social impact and the socioeconomic regeneration of communities where the mining sector was restructured

The Authority for State Assets Recovery (AVAS), which take over all obligations that issues from its position as state stakeholder regarding the administration, restructuration, privatization and in case of liquidation of national companies which have been transferred in its portfolio

The National Agency for Mineral Resources (ANRM), appointed as competent authority to manage in the name of the state the mineral resources deposits of the country.

1.4 Objectives

As a reaction of the economic situation, the Government, throughout the elaborated strategy aim to achieve the following major objectives:

- Approaching the activity in the mining sector based on the free market fundaments - Reduce the direct implication of the Government by attracting step by step private investment - Run the mining activities in conditions of environment protection:

- inventory of the environment damages generated by the mining activity carried on in previous time periods, before the exploitation licence was given to state owned companies with the view that the Government take upon the responsibility of environment rehabilitation until the moment of a new concession is given

- evaluation of the potential impact produced by the activities in the mining sector, in view of establishment of obligations which revert to the state owned and private mining companies

- elaboration of the environment protection manual in the mining industry in order to provide the framework that promote a performing environment management

- revision of the closing mine manual in order to provide the framework that guarantee the reasonability of the licence owner for environment rehabilitation and social obligations they have during the closing mines process

- improvement and completion of the institutional and regulations framework in order to as- sure the monitoring of responsibilities of licence owners in environmental area and for society

- fulfilment of programs stipulations as negotiated by the mining companies with environment protection authorities, in the process of authorisation

Run mining activities in conditions of labour safety and labour health

Reduce social problems determined by mine closing programs and socioeconomic regeneration in areas affected by mining activity

Continuation of mines closing programs and ecologization and pursue the behaviour in time of sites by: - accomplish the data base for closing process by: x making the inventory and manage at national level closed mining sites x characterisations of risks and environment issues for each site x rating the sites based on an approved system of dangers ranking x elaborate the infrastructure for monitoring system

- allocation of minimum funds needed for conservation/secure of mining sites approved for closure and pursue the closing process and ecologization process as established by approved closing programs

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- provide the necessary conditions to speed up the closing process and ecologization as well as urgent prosecution of needed works and activities to secure the safety, the ecologization and post closure, monitoring of the mining deposits under GD 349/2005 regarding the dangerous waste, in order to avoid accidents with regional or cross border effect

- reorganization of S.C. CONVERSMIN S.A as specialised entity in the field of ecologic reconstruction and after closure environment monitoring in the areas affected by the mining activities

- creation of a national integrated system for environment impact monitoring produced by mining activities, as an efficient prevention, planning and answering instrument in emergency situations

1.5 Specific Priorities for lignite:

- correlation of production possibilities with market demands - support the public-private partnerships in order to provide financing - provide with priority the fuel for thermal plants - mitigation of the limited economic possibilities of the mining companies with the demands of land owners, lands needed in order to develop the mining exploitation

For closure and ecologization process of inefficient mines:

- conservations and secure the deposits

- provide/Allocate the annual funds needed- for conservation, closure and ecologization of sites were the activity is stopped, secure deposits with high level of risk and post closure monitoring of environmental factors rehabilitation according the approved plans

- efficient utilisation of allocated resources

- equal treatment of problems regarding the durable rehabilitation of the environment affected by the mining activities

- elaborate an environmental factors monitoring system capable to detect the impact produced by mining activities. In order to accomplish this objectives development of following steps is needed: - making the inventory and management at national level of closed mining sites - risks and environment problems characterization for each site - rating the sites based on an approved system of dangers ranking - elaborate the data base and the monitoring system capable to manage the environmental impact

- reduce the social impact of restructuration process

- contribute to the socio-economic regeneration of mining areas

1.6 Mines closure, follow-up and environmental rehabilitation process Out of the 550 mines and quarries approved for closure, in 2007, 168 mines were closed, 48 mines were in various stages of closure and for 334 mines the closing process didn’t started.

In order to achieve these targets the Ministry of Economy, based on a detailed analysis of the sector, the amount of 290,000,000 lei/year was established as the amount that fit the maximum capacity of the closing process (technical project, execution and monitoring after closing) and amount that could be supported from the state budget. Following this analyse, the following priorities the Ministry of Economy set up the following closure program:

- 74 very important mining objectives will be closed during 2008 – 2015; - 72 important mining objectives will be closed during 2015 – 2017; - 188 medium/normal important mining objectives will be closed during 2017 – 2019;

All mining objectives that were approved for closure will be closed by the end of 2019 but due to the emergency of environmental rehabilitation works of mud-setting ponds that need a large financial investments, the closing work for all other major important mining objectives will start in 2015. The esti-

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mated value for technical projects, conservation works, closure, rehabilitation of mining areas and for monitoring is 1.3 billion Euro.

Questionnaire received from Conversmin- state that out of the planned mines for closing there are 34 lignite mines closed by now in Jiu Basin (Gorj county) but not all of them have the final reception finalized and approved by authorities.

Main phases/activities specific for closure process of inefficient mines are: a. Conservation

Activities specific for this phase are the ones needed to maintain the access and the functionality of the site until the actual closing work starts: - secure the site in order to save the patrimony - evacuate the water from underground works, monitor the gases concentration - maintain the functionality of access ways - maintain additional technologic structures and utilities needed for closure activities b. Closing mining exploitations

Specific works in this phase are: - ground levelling, reinforcements in order to provide access to working places - execution of isolation dikes and/or resistance dikes - reinforce- galleries, hadings, wells, explosive deposits - install the pipes for waters evacuations, for gases drainage, etc c. Dismantling and environmental rehabilitation of affected areas Usually these activities are part of the second phase of closure program and are executed by companies that have technical abilities and experience in the field. Main activities in this phase are: - closing the connections with the outer area - demolition of the surface constructions on the site - levelling of affected areas - stabilization of dumps - secure settling ponds - reconstruction of water collecting and evacuation ways and of access roads - plant grass, afforestation, etc. d. Monitoring after closure

Taking into account the Mine Law 85/2003 and the GD 926/2003 substantiation and implementation of post closure monitoring programs is needed in order to access funds for these types of activities. There are two main types of activities in this phase:

o Water treatment according environmental law waste water treatment stations must be constructed with funds for closing and environmental rehabilitation

o Permanent observations and investigations regarding the stability and in time behaviour of sterile dumps and settling ponds and of the areas rehabilitated as well as remediation works where due to the bad weather condition or natural calamities damages are produced (slopes correction, repairs of support and gabion walls, permanent observations and interventions in order to maintain the stability of deposits, etc)

2 The Energy Sector Strategy

Lignite resources of Romania are estimated at 1,490 millions tones, out of which 445 million tones are exploited in leased perimeters.

Resources in new perimeters, not leased, are estimated at 1.045 million tones placed in the mining basin of region Oltenia. Out of these 1,045 million tones, 820 million tones from new perimeters are positioned in close vicinity of the leased perimeters being the most profitable for exploitation by expanding the lease.

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The lignite deposits from Oltenia consist of 1-8 exploitable coal layers. To ensure a profitable exploitation an urgent approval is needed for the regulations that guarantee a rational exploitation under safe (minimum loss) and efficient conditions.

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The coal market

Given characteristics of the coal extracted in Romania - pit coal with a caloric power of 3,650 kcal/kg and lignite with a caloric power between 1,650 and 1,950 kcal/kg- the use of lignite can be accomplished only in plants with specific equipment for this fuel and placed as close as possible of lignite suppliers.

The current level of lignite suppliers from Romania is 33-34 millions tones, about 5 millions tones less than the expected demand during 2010-2020.

Secure the demand for lignite during 2013-2020 and after this period is conditioned by capitalization of existing perimeters and of research in order to highlight and valorise new perimeters. At the same time, expropriation procedures for a public utility should be improved in order to make efficient the lignite exploitation on the surface.

Strengths Threats

Potential well-known lignite resources concen- Equipment and installations used for lignite ex- trated on a relatively small area of 250 km2, in ploitation are obsolete with high costs for exploi- which are working 19 quarries of high capacity. tation and reduce performance.

Non-coherent politic to valorise new perimeters for lignite exploitation. Opportunities Risks

The existence of new perimeters with consider- Potential blocking of lignite exploitation following able lignite reserves. the lack of specific regulations that secure the valorisation as public utility of lignite resources, with equitable indemnity for land owners of needed perimeters to run the activity.

Promotion of Energy Strategy of Romania for 2007-2020 and achievement of its main objectives requires: - modification and completion of Mine Law 85/2003 - develop and promote the regulatory framework regarding the financial restructuration, reorganization in the view of privatization, liquidation of mining companies, rights and obligations of local public authorities from communes/cities towards which the mining companies have obligations - elaborate and promote the law regarding measures to be taken prior to top soil removal and dumps opening in lignite quarries in order to secure the land for future mining activities - completion and modification of GD 765/1994 regarding the establishment of necessary ex- penses quota for developing and updating the activity in the mining sector, crude oil and natural gases - promote the legislation for funds allocation to secure mines where activity ceased, companies dissolve, funds that provide elaboration of all documentation needed for closing and for conservation up to the actual start of closing activities - implementation of EU Directive 2006/21/CE regarding the management of waste from extractive industries - review of legislative framework for mine closure - promote the legislation regarding the take over of local public authorities of the rehabilitated land resulted after mine closure - review of safety labour technical regulations in correlation with international regulations and performance in specific equipment construction - develop and promote the legislation regarding the availability of personnel, compulsory structure for companies in the mining sector in correlation with in force legislation - develop and promote the legislation regarding the rights and obligations of people who loose the job after 1st of January 2007, including the personnel that provide the continuity of activity until the mine close - promote the legislation regarding the pit coal sector reorganization in order to create an or- ganizational viable structure

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- develop and promote the legislation regarding the access to lands needed for mining activity in the case of opening new uranium deposit

Romanian authorities recently approved the reorganization of the energy sector by creating two national power holdings to include assets of the major state-run energy companies. The two companies will be named "Electra" and "Energetica," according to their setup draft. The main field of activity of the two joint-stock companies will be the production and supply of electricity, the production, transport, distribution and supply of thermal power and the exploitation of mines and lignite quarries. In addition, Electra will produce nuclear fuel, according to the emergency ordinance draft.

Electra will include thermal power producers Turceni, Rovinari and Craiova, along with their subsidiar- ies, nuclear energy company Nuclearelectrica, hydropower generator Hidroelectrica's branches in Ramnicu Valcea, Sibiu and Slatina, alongside Hidroserv, and the brown coal mining company SNLO.

Energetica will be set up through the merger between thermal companies Electrocentrale Deva and ELCEN Bucuresti, and thermal power plant Paroseni, that are currently part of electricity producer Termoelectrica. The new company will also include Hidroelectrica's branches from Bistrita, Buzau, Cluj, Curtea de Arges, Hateg, Portile de Fier, Oradea, Sebes, Targu Jiu, Slatina, alongside with parts of pitcoal mining company CNH.

3 The National Strategy for Contaminated Sites

With the view of integration and in order to comply with the obligations assumed, Romania started in the early years of 2000 the inventory of contaminated sites.

At the beginning of 2002 the Government has received a loan from the International Bank for Recon- struction and Development (IBRD) in order to support the institutional building process of the private and public sector (PPIBL) within the general reform process of Romania. Part of the PPIBL Loan was allocated for financing consultancy services in the view of preparation the National Strategy for the Management of Contaminated Areas and proposals for immediate intervention at the high risk sites. Later one, the Ministry of Environment was the beneficiary of the PHARE 2006/018-147.03.03/4 project “Technical Assistance for the preparation of a Strategy and an Action Plan for rehabilitation of historic polluted sites, projects that had 3 main parts: E. update the data base of historic polluted sites F. prepare the Strategy and the Action Plan for evaluation and rehabilitation of historic polluted sites G. prepare 3 pilot projects for rehabilitation of historic polluted sites by activities in the extractive and processing industry, chemical industry and Persistant Organic Pollutant (POPs), projects to be financed by SOP Envrionment , Priority axis 2 -„Development of an integrated waste managemnt systems and rehabilitation of historic contaminated sites“, key intervention domain 2- “Rehabilitation of historic polluted areas” The identification of all contaminated sites and accomplishment of a final inventory is a difficult process as during the identification process some contaminated sites are going to be decontaminated while other could be indentified in a later stage. The Ministry of Environment have in work this inventory and up to now have been indentified the following contaminated sites:

H. 8 sites with an area of 89,961.60 hectares contamined from siderurgy, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy I. 170 sites with an area of 2,725.46 hectares contaminated by extracting industries J. 232 sites with an area of 2,664.78 hectares contaminated by the oil industry (including extraction areas, separators, transport pipes, processing units, deposits, oil waste deposits, petrol station) K. 10 sites with an area of 1,700.28 hectares contaminated by the energy producing activity

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L. 110 sites with an area of 954.92 hectares contaminated by industrial waste deposits ( chemical industry, construction materials, engineering) M. 475 sites with an area of 684.62 hectares contaminated by domestic, urban and insustrial waste N. 47 sites with an area of 30.90 hectares contaminated by agricultural farms

The selection of the 3 pilot projects to be financed within SOP Environment was done by a consortium formed by the Institute for Studies and Power Engineering – ISPE (consortium leader), Parsons Brinckerhoff – PB and Contrusction Technical University Bucharest – UTCB. The process of selection started with a pre-selection process (was based on the inventory of contaminated sites available at National Environment Protection Agency), followed by a rating process and finally the selection of the 3 sites to be financed from Structural Funds. The criterions used for preselection were: O. Criterion 1: non – operational site–> from 1865 sites remained 552 sites P. Criterion 2: site in public property of the local authorities –>from 552 sites remained 249 sites Q. Criterion 3: the sites should have been polluted by extractive and processing industry, by chemical industrial and by POPs – from 249 sites remained 18 sites The application of the 3 criterions above was realised throughout an automatic filtering system of the data base. The 18 sites were furthermore analysed based on additional 2 criterions: R. Criterion 4: avoidance the double financing situation- sites in the World Bank program of Mine Closing or sites of PETROM in process of privatization- from the 18 sites remained 9 sites S. Criterion 5: the sites to be free of any litigious situations as regard the ownership- from the 9 sites remained 6 sites The 6 sites were after analysed based on the human/environment risks and the 3 selected pilot projects were: T. Emplacement of the former chemical factory (Crangurile municipality) – chemical industry domain U. Oil residues deposit pit Lacul Pestelui (Campina municipality) – extractive and processing industry domain V. Dangerous deposit UCT – Posta Rat (Turda municipality) – POPs domain

The National Strategy for Contaminated Sites Management is currently in process of finalisation and will be published on the ministry website. Main guidelines of the strategy are:

1. Contaminated sites are a reality in Romania, a reality that started to be taken into account due to: W. risks for people and environment X. there is large number of contaminated sites where the functionality and availability for use are reduced or lost

2. Romania will pay attention for reutilization of contaminated soils, the ecologic security and environment protection

- the economic activities in Romania have produced in time a multitude of soil contami- nations: crude oil and petroleum products, dangerous chemical substances, organic substances, pesticides, radio-active substances, etc. All these substances altered the pedological soil, the geologic structure, aquifers close to the surface or aquifers deeper than the human reached - develop the contaminated sites management, of all direct or connected activities as well as compliance with legislation requirements

3. The contaminated sites management is at the beginning in Romania

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4. The strategy will approach the contaminated sites in the three-dimensional space de- fined by the “geologic environment” concept: the soil with pedological role, geologic structures and ground waters.

5. The elaboration of the strategy has taken into account two categories of experience:

- the diverse European experience in contaminated sites management - the Romanian experience on the investigation, evaluation and knowledge of geologic natural resources

6. Application of the marketing concept “ need to know the need and need to solve the need” to the analysis of Romanian and European conditions led to development of the Romanian concept for contaminated sites management: “ Know everything about a contaminated site and spend only where is needed and as much as is needed to eliminate hazard”, concept that is the base and essence of the strategy.

7. Why we need a strategy for contaminated sites management:

- we do not know yet the number of contaminated sites in Romania - there are numerous sites with potential historical contamination unknown yet - all known sites, potential contaminated or contaminated, are not fully investigated and known - there is no risks evaluations to determine the hazard for people and environment for any of known contaminated sites - the typology of historical contamination is large - diversity and local conditions of geologic environment is also large - to solve the problems of contaminated sites implies important financial resources in a certain period of time - expenditure of financial resources for contaminates sites management should be done rational, efficient, with justification - we have to return the contaminated sites for use in not restrictive conditions - we have to eliminate the potential hazards that contaminated sites have upon population and environment

In the perspective of preparation of the National Strategy for the management of contaminated areas and proposals for immediate intervention at the high risk sites Ministry of Environment carried out a project regarding the administration of contaminated sites and institutional training. The project executed by Royal Haskoning started with an evaluation of the existing situation as regard the legislation, the institutional organisation and the methodology for the contaminated sites. Based on the current situation and of the existing EU strategies, a strategy was also designed for Romania. The Na- tional Strategy consists of 3 large parts: legislative and institutional framework, methodology & technical instructions and the national inventory. Based on other countries experience it is well-known that administration of polluted sites is a large scale operation and should be included in the institutional framework in order to be efficient. The options available were analysed and, together with MMDD and ANPM, one institutional option was selected. The selected institutional option was furthermore detailed as regard the qualification of the personnel, duties, responsibilities and training necessities.

As regard the methodology and technical instruction the existing model was detailed developed and the connected technical instructions were elaborated. The technical instruction consists of standards and instructions regarding the investigation, risks evaluation and implementation of corrective actions. The project team developed a compendium of remediation and drilling techniques.

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ANNEX XVI Local strategies and development plans

River basin Jiu spreads over 3 counties: Dolj, Gorj and Mehedinti.

The counties are part of one of the eight development regions of Romania: South West Oltenia (together with counties Olt and Valcea). Oltenia covers over 201,000 hectares of protected areas and 121 natural reservations. Most important national parks in the region are: Domogled – Valea Cerna (60,000 hectares in Mehedinti and Gorj), Portile de Fier (115,000 hectare in Mehedinti), Jiu Defile (Gorj and Hunedoara) and Cozia (17,000 hectares in Valcea).

The regional strategy elaborated in 2006 and covering the period 2007-2013 identified a number of 10 critical areas in Oltenia as being at environmental risk: - Electricity and power plants (Dolj, Gorj, Mehedinti) - Mines still functional (Gorj, Mehedinti) - Chemical factories, cement and some light industry (Dolj, Gorj, Valcea) - Aluminium production (Olt) - Pipes networks for transportation of oil, gas subject of accidental breakage - Nitrates and nitrites pollution (Dolj) - Salt exploitation at Ocnele Mari (Valcea)

The strategy also provides for specific measures for the protection of biodiversity and the development and management of habitats, fauna and protected areas according with EU regulations: - Extension of protected areas and natural reservations - Rehabilitation of forests by afforestations that contribute to preservation of biodiversity and prevent land slide - Conservation of biodiversity for regional habitats, birds species and endangered animals - Promotion of modern management for protected areas and creation of information , presentation and research for natural habitats Strengthening of institutional capacity of local authorities for scientific research, inventory and mapping Elaboration and implementation of management plans for protected areas including Nature 2000 sites (including ecological reconstruction, development of infrastructure, public awareness, land acquisition for high value areas form biodiversity point of view)

Gorj county economic profile is influenced by its geography and natural resources. The most important natural resources of the county are: - Lignite- in basins Motru (Horasti, Rosiuta, Lupoaia, Leurda, Plostina) and Rovinari (Cicani, Beterega , Garla , Matasari, Rosia-Jiu, Rovinari, Urdari) - Anthracite – Schela - Petrol and natural gases - Ticleni, Hurezani, Balteni, Albeni, Scoarta, Bustuchin - Graphite - Baia de Fier, Polovragi - Limestones- Suseni - Dolomite -Tismana - Diorit sand - Barsesti - Refractory clay -Schela, Viezuroiu

The county is also known for its mineral springs with therapeutic use from Sacelu and Ticleni but the county have others mineral spring at Glogova and Balanesti that are not in use yet. The main industries present in Gorj county are: lignite exploitation and energy production: from coal (Turceni, Rogojel, Rovinari) and from water (Novaci and the group Cerna-Motru-Tismana). Other industries present in Gorj are textile industry and furniture or connected with the mining activity – production of electri equipment for mining, production of rubber products for industrial use, etc. Agriculture in Gorj is influenced not only by the relief but mainly by the mining at present, about 20,000 ha being affected. The agriculture in Gorj is done on about 243,000 ha divided between arable cultures, pastures and orchards. The main agriculturla crops are –maize, what and rye while fruit growing is concentrated on compact areas in certain areas ( Barsesti, Turcinesti, Dobrita, Sacelu). Mining exploitations and energy production are the main economic activities in Gorj counting for 25% of the region production (SNLO, Turceni and Rovinari are all located in Gorj). Consequently the county strategy for 2007-2013 is the only one with specific priorities in connection with the lignite extraction and energy production based on lignite.

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The potential projects and program ideas identified in the strategy1 of Gorj county are:

Development of infrastructure to prevent the natural risks and development of an integrated monitoring system and rapid intervention in case of natural disasters

Monitoring of air quality in county Gorj Responsible: EPA Gorj Partners: CC Gorj, local councils, energy producers,

Management of Gilort river bed – the river cross the localities - Albeni, Targu Carbunesti, Ju- panesti, Barbatesti, Saulesti, Aninoasa, Branesti, Tantareni, Vladimir Initiators: Local Councils in areas of interest Partners: Romanian Waters

Pilot study regarding the determination and evolution of land slide in the areas of interest (for ex: Rosia de Amaradia, Bustuchin, Berlesti) Initiators: Local Council in areas of interest Partners: land owners in the areas of interest

Irrigation channels regularization and development

Consolidation of embankment slopes in view of reducing the land slides and floods Initiators; Local Councils, NGO’s Partners- SNLO, Petrom

Development of a data base management GIS system regarding the land slide risks and floods; Water course regularization of rivers in the county Gorj Initiators: Local Council in areas of interest Partners: land owners in the areas of interest, Romanian Waters, CC Gorj

Reduction of the negative impact upon the environment generated by the economic activities and by obsolete technologies, including the environmental rehabilitation of affected areas

Ecological reconstruction of the area discharged from the mining exploitation and reconver- sion of these areas for tourism or production Initiators: The mining companies Partners: Local Councils, local environmental authorities, various research institutes, NGO’s, etc

Maintaining in the limit values the emission of specific pollutants (dust SO2, NOX) produced in the process of energy production by lignite burning Initiators: The power plants Turceni and Rovinari Partners: The Local Councils (ex- Turceni, Plopsoru, Branesti, Ionesti, Rovinari, Balteni)

Management and reutilization of land affected by the mining activity Initiator: SNLO Partners: Local Council in areas of interest (ex. Rovinari, Balteni, Urdari, Plopsoru)

Afforestation of all highland and hills abusively exploited Initiators: The Local Councils (Saulesti, Aninoasa) Partners: The Forestry Department and Local Councils (Ex local council Albeni)

Ecologic rehabilitation of water table in view of making them potable, particularly in the area of open-pit

Reintroduction in agricultural circuit of the sterile dumps using modern technologies to increase the fertility (approx. 17,000 ha of sterile dumps existing in Gorj County) Initiators: The Local Councils

1 An update of the actual development stage of these projects was requested from County Council Gorj , Page 116 of 135

Partners: SNLO, the Research and Horticultural Development Institute Tg Jiu, OSPA Tg Jiu and ICPA Bucharest

Eliminate dust scattering from operational fly ash and slag dumps

Technology upgrade from wet slurry to dens slurry

Application of technologies for acceleration of organic content restoration of the soils in the sterile dumps resulted from open-pit mining Initiators: CE Turceni and City Hall Rosia de Amaradia Partners: SNLO, Forest Department, O.S.P.A., Academy of Agricultural Science

Studies regarding the possibilities to reduce the noxious dissipated in the atmosphere around energy producers Rovinari and Turceni Partners: University of Petrosani, EPA Gorj, Turceni and Rovinari

Solutions for reintroduction in the economic circuit the land from coal basins in the county Gorj Initiators: University „Constantin Brancusi” Tg Jiu Partners: SNLO, The Research and Horticultural Development Institute Tg Jiu, OSPA Tg. Jiu, Institute of Pedological and Agrochemical Studies Bucharest

Manufacturing of spare parts and modules for the mining and energy producing companies Initiators: Local Councils in areas of interest in partnership with companies

Use the local resources obtained from various production processes, processing and exploitation: Use the gypsum resulted in the process of desulfuration of the gases from the power plants in construction or in agriculture Initiators: Local councils Turceni and Rovinari, Local Council in areas of interest (example: Calnic, Farcasesti, Urdari, Balteni) Partners: FPDL, SNLO, Rovinari and Turceni.

Exploitation and use of sand and gravel from the mining perimeters for construction (civil and industrial) Initiators: Local Council in areas of interest Partners: FPDL, SNLO, Rovinari and Turceni.

Open a limestone quarry in order to supply the desulphuration equipment of the power plant Turceni

Valorification of tourism potential in contry Gorj

The county council approved at the end of 2009 the project „ Rediscover the Gorj” with a total value of 934,651.69 RON, project which will be submitted for the Regional Operational Program- Priority Axis 5, Key Area of Intervention 5.3 -Development and consolidation of internal tourism by supporting the promotion of specific products and marketing activities. Through this project the county council would like to promote the touristic potential of the county considering that this is one of the most important activities that can be developed in the county. The project should improve the visibility as touristic destination in various fields: mountains, cultural, leisure, adventure, etc. and bring a sustainable development of the county.

Cross border partnerships Gorj county council had signed in 2007 a cooperation agreement with the region Razgrad from Bul- garia. Gorj county and Razgrad region plan a future common development strategies for the area and also to apply together for cross border financial programs.

Dolj County had in 2004 a gross domestic product of 1,631 million EUR representing 2.68% of the national level and 30.1% of the Oltenia Region GDP. Main industrial activities are located in Craiova (the largest city in south-western Romania) and are represented by: automotive industry, aeronautics,

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chemicals processing, textiles, mechanical parts and components, heavy electrical and transport equipment, food & beverage, wood processing, etc. Many of the industrial activities are affected by economic crisis one major development being the takeover of the former local producer of automotive by Ford.

The rest of the county Dolj is mainly focused on agricultural and horticultural activities. The agricultural area in the county Dolj is 3.9% of the total agricultural area of the country. Out of the total 590,000 ha 302,000 are irrigated and 470,000 ha are in private ownership. About 40% of the agricultural area is chernozem, one of the best soils for agriculture. The county Dolj has also a forest area of 81,500 ha, out of which 11,500 ha are in private ownership but also one of the highest desertification processes with 65% of the trees natural background affected.

The county council development strategy for 2007-2013 has 4 main objectives:

- To diminish the economic discrepancies between industrial and rural areas by stimulating development of private enterprises in the sectors with high added value in the rural area and the diversification of the rural economy - Creating the favourable conditions for a demographic growth and for sustainable development of human resources specially in rural areas - Efficient capitalization of the natural and constructed patrimony and improvement of life quality by implementing environment protection measures - Strengthen the administrative capacity and improve the public services and also promote the local partnerships

Local strategy provides for general measures in the field of environmental measures without any specific targets for mining or energy production.

As regards cross border partnerships Dolj county developed a cross-border strategy together with Vidin (Bulgaria) for diminishing pollution as result of economic activities in the region including identification of common projects.

Dolj is also partner in the cross border project with the county Olt and the regions Vidion, Montana, Vratsa and Pleven from Bulgaria. The project is financed by the Phare CBC 2005 program and aims for a touristic development of the Danube ports, starting from Mehedinti-Vidin to Olt-Pleven.

In the last 20 years, the Romanian-Bulgarian cross border area was affected by lack of a coherent policy routing and targeting the tourism as well as lack of investments in this sector, which decreased interest of the cruise touristic companies to set stops in the Danube ports of the two states. Develop- ment strategies existing in the Bulgarian-Romanian cross border area are focused mainly on the development of transport infrastructure and general economic development. Joint Marketing Program for development of the Danube tourism, starting from Mehedinti-Vidin to Olt-Pleven promotes: - creating and developing tourist facilities around Danube harbours - creating and developing tools for promoting cross border Danube tourism and tourist products specific for the Romanian Bulgarian cross border area - promoting public private partnerships initiatives for sustaining and developing cross border Danube tourism

At the last Danubian Cross Border Conference held in Craiova in 2008 agreed that the above resolu- tion will be submitted to all decision-makers who can contribute to the development of tourism Danube ports from Romania and Bulgaria, starting from Mehedinti-Vidin to Olt-Pleven: local, regional and national public authorities, (City halls, County Councils, Prefectures, Agencies / national authorities, ministries, ports’ administrations, etc.), representatives of business climate, representative NGOs for the development of the tourism sector, media, other relevant factors.

The third county of the basin Mehedinti is situated on the bank of Danube at its exit from defile. The relief has all variety of forms –mountains, highlands, fields, that provide a well balanced structure to use. Being on the Danube bank, the county main activities are in commerce and naval transport. Other industries present in the county are in naval construction, wood processing, furniture, textile and energy production- hydro and based on coal. As regard the agriculture, due to the mild climate influenced by the Danube, created very favourable conditions for good quality wine production.

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As regard the natural resources, the county benefit from deposits of lignite and brown coal in area Flo- resti-Husnicioara-Livezile, deposits estimated at about 426.000 tones. In area of Baia Noua have been identified also a deposit of pit coal with a caloric power of about 8138-8712 kcal/kg while other natural resources of the county are magnesite serpentine, asbestos and quartz in region Dubova and copper ore in region Baia de Arama.

The main industrial activities are energy production – hydropower plants Iron Gates I and Iron Gates II and the power plant Romag-Termo using coal and naval construction. Textile industry , furniture and construction are also present.

The touristic potential of the county is much influenced by the Danube but is still not valorised due to the lack of infrastructure. The main touristic regions are - Iron Gates I with Kazans, islands Golu and Simian and caves and Iron Gates II that offer the possibility to cross the border to Serbia over the dam.

Mehedinti county strategy has similar general objectives for local development, tourism and environmental protection without any specific targets for an integrated approach of mining sites. More specific targets are mentioned in the field of cross border cooperation with Bulgaria and Serbia within the Eu- roregion Mid Danube- Iron Gates as well as initiation in partnership with regions from Bulgaria of projects under INTEREG programs.

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ANNEX XVII Research and university contributions

From the investigation conducted by the project team in Romania there is a wide range of research studies executed by both institutes and universities connected with mining and energy production activities in general as well as rehabilitation of dump sites and utilization of fly ash. Bellow a review of most important works identified:

1. ICSITPML Craiova - The Institute for Technological Engineering and Designing for Lignite ines,

As a research institute under the coordination of the Ministry of Economy, ICSITPML was directly involved in the first World Bank program for 7 mines closing (Berbesti, Rosiuta II, Lupoaia I, Rogojelu P3, Cucesti, Cerna and Valea Mare) as well as in parallel programs financed by the state budget with the same purpose (during 1999-2006 for additional 28 mines).

At national level ICSITPML was also involved in research projects as well as strategy development:

- Orizont 2000 (1999-2001)- national research program aiming at environmental rehabilitation of mining areas, introduction of new mining technologies and life span of mining sites - Mener (2001-2005) strategy for reducing operation costs and increase competitiveness of mining operations, increase stability dumps and high efficient utilization of coal as industrial de-generator gas - Development strategy for quarries Jilt South & North and Dragotesti mine (executed for CE Turceni)

ICSITPML was interviewed within the project and expressed its interest to cooperate with the Ministry of Environment in a project focusing on integrated environmental rehabilitation for at least 3 adjacent perimeters that strongly influence the morphology of an extensive area(for example the permanent pits of the quarries Lupoaia, Rosiuta, Jilt Nord and Jilt Sud).

2. ISPE Bucharest - Institute for Studies and Power Engineering, Bucharest www.ispe.ro

ISPE provides a wide range of services for both private and public sector including consultancy and engineering services for developing integrated solutions and solve energy and environmental issues for several industries also being a leader in Romanian power consulting and engineering. Their range of services is:

x Consulting and engineering services for complex projects within our main business area – power and heat generation, including mechanical & technological systems, electric & control systems; x Promoting green energy – implementing clean and innovative technologies through renewable energy sources – forestry and agricultural biomass, solar, wind, geothermal, biogas etc. ; x Consultancy in the development of Power Systems Strategies, at national, regional and local level.

ISPE was interviewed within the project and confirmed they have carried out projects on the possibilities of using the lignite fly ash from power plants as well as their participation in the projects concerning the conversion from wet slurry to dens slurry. A selection of project examples was provided as follows:

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Beneficiary Period of time No. Contract subject name/Address 1 Technical documentation for taking over and LAFARGE CIMENT September 2009 – in progess temporary storage of ash from power plant (ROMANIA) SA Isalnita 2 Design study for taking over and temporary LAFARGE CIMENT June 2009 – in progress storage of an estimated quantity of 500.000 (ROMANIA) SA t/year of ash from power plants in the region Oltenia 3 Design study for synthetic gypsum conveyor LAFARGE GR SRL Bu- June 2009 – in progress charest

4 Technical assistance for preparation of a strat- Ministry of Economy December2008- egy and an action plan for rehabilitation of Contracting and November2009 historically polluted sites ayment Office PHARE

5 Technical assistance for implementation of EU Ministry of Economy December 2008- September Directive 2006/21/CE regarding the manage- and and Finance 2009 ment of waste in the extractive industry Contracting and Payment Office PHARE

6 Elaboration of the closure project and follow- up after closure of slag and ash dumps from 2005 Cicani&Betereaga 7 Elaboration of the closure project and follow- August -November up after closure of slag and ash dumps from 2007 Cicani & Betereaga CE Rovinari

8 CET Brasov. Closure of slag and ash deposits. July-December 2007

9 New deposit of slag and ash Garla, using the June 2006 - dens slurry June 2009 10 Project for closure and after closure of nr. 1 June – August 2006 and no. 2 deposits of Turceni

11 Evacuation, transport and storage of residues 2008 resulted in the process of coal combustion

Evacuation, transport and storage of residues 2007 - 2008

resulted in the process of coal combustion

Evacuation, transport and storage of residues 2006 resulted in the process of coal combustion CE Turceni Solutions for evacuation, transport and storage October-December 2005 of residues resulted in the process of coal combustion 12 Aggradation of slag and ash dump Valea Ce- March – December 2007 plea to the quota +215 mdMN + quota 195- 200mdMn

Aggradation of slag and ash dump Valea Ce- 2007 plea to the quota= 215 mdMN , quota + 215 mdMn

13 Expanding on horizontal of slag and ash de- SC Electrocentrale Deva November 2007 - June 2009 posit in the right bank of Mures river SA

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14 Dumps closure and consolidation in the view SC CET Brasov SA 2006 of environmental rehabilitation of in the area of

the activity impact

15 Closure project for slag and ash deposit in SC Electrocentrale 2006 Santaul Mic, (SC Electrocentrale Oradea SA) Oradea SA and establishment of funds needed for closure and after closure monitoring

16 Closure project of depleted ash and slag SC TERMOPROIECT November 2006 dumps Episcopia Bihorului (S.C. Electrocen- SA trale Oradea S.A.) Iasi

17 Expansion, unification and general aggrada- CE Rovinari January – December 2004 tion of slag and ash deposits Cicani and Be- terega 18 Methods of increasing the stability of slag and CE Craiova SA July-December 2006 ash deposits using the tehnology of dens slurry

19 Study regarding the change of collection, S.E. Doicesti November -December 2006 transport and storage technology for slag and ash from CTE Doicesti

20 Area closure plan, with measures proposed for RAAN – Sucursala February – March 2006 unappealable closure of activity ROMAG TERMO

21 CTE Deva Collection and transport to deposit SC Electrocentrale Deva 2006 of slag ash and de-sulfuration products SA/

22 Study regarding the change of collection, SC Termoelectrica SA - 2006 transport and storage technology for slag and SE Paroseni ash in the view of implementation of EU Di- rective 31/1999 regarding the residues storage 23 Study regarding the present status of slag and ashCE Turceni 2006 deposit Valea Ceplea and its influence in the surrounding areas 24 5062/2005 – Aggradations of slag and ash CE Craiova SA 2006 deposit Valea Manastirii to the quota 205,00 mdMB SE Craiova II

25 4991/2005/1Risk evaluation for slag and ash SC CET Govora 2005 deposit for CET GOVORA

26 4888/2005/1 – Risk evaluation for slag and SC Termoelectrica SA - 2005 ash deposit and new reserve deposit- SE SE Paroseni Paroseni 27 Rehabilitation of slag and ash deposits from SC Termoelectrica SA - 2002 Ijak and Feres, in the view of reintroduction in SE Paroseni the agricol/forestry circuit

28 Slag and ash deposit no 4 Poiana Mare. Ag- SC Termoelectrica SA - 2002 gradation of slag and ash deposit Poiana Mare SE Doicesti – Arrangement in view of avoiding the dissipation of ash from I compartment

29 Methods of increasing SC CET SA Brasov 2001 the stability of slag and ash deposits using the tehnology of dens slurry

30 Methods of increasing RAAN – Sucursala 2001 the stability of slag and ash deposits ROMAG TERMO , Page 122 of 135

using the tehnology of dens slurry

31 Methods of increasing SC CET Arad SA 2001 the stability of slag and ash deposits using the tehnology of dens slurry

32 Methods of increasing CE Rovinari 2001 the stability of slag and ash deposits using the tehnology of dens slurry

33 Methods of increasing CE Craiova 2001 the stability of slag and ash deposits using the tehnology of dens slurry

34 Methods of increasing CE Turceni 2001 the stability of slag and ash deposits using the tehnology of dens slurry

35 Study regarding the neutralization of waters SC CET SA Brasov 1998 coming accidentally due to exfiltration or overflow from slag and ash deposit of CET Brasov 36 Solution study for develping a slurry deposit for ELCEN - SE Bucuresti/ 1998 CET Bucharest West, CET Bucharest South, spl. Independentei nr. CET Progresul 296

37 Storage and transport capacities. Study re- SC Termoelectrica SA 1998 garding the probabilities of developing for thermal plants in Romania 38 Solution study for implementation of dens SC Termoelectrica SA 1998 slurry preparation, evacuation and storage tehnology of slag and ash at CET Craiova, Isalnita.

39 Develop a slurry deposit for thermal plants: SC Termoelectrica SA 1998 CET Bucharest South, CET Bucharest West, CET Bucharesti Progresu, CET Grozavesti.

2. ICEMENERG Bucharest –Energy Research and Modernizing Institute www.icemenerg.ro

ICEMENERG provides development of scientific research and technological engineering activities for increasing energy efficiency of electric and thermal energy over the entire production, distribution and transport chain and RES promotion, in the context of sustainable development and integration into the European Union.

Field of activity:

x Renewable energy sources (wind, photovoltaic, solar-thermal, biomass, bio-fuels, micro- hydro, geothermal), Energy efficiency, Greenhouse gas emissions x Energy material and equipment expertise x Substantiation of the energy strategies and development of the energy market x Services, studies, tests and evaluations for the public and private sector x Studies on industrial processes and tertiary and residential sector energy efficiency – highly efficient technologies and equipment x Solutions for the decentralized energy production through cogeneration: electricity and heat and/ or cold x Energy management information systems for the energy producers and the great energy consumers x Energy efficiency standardization and labeling systems for household appliances x Systems for the diffusion of the highly energy efficient technologies and equipment and for personnel training x Research on Advanced Energy Production Technologies , Page 123 of 135

x Consultancy and Measurements in the Field of Renewable Energy Sources, etc.

ICEMENERG was interviewed by phone and stated they were involved in a large number of projects concerning the energy production including the analyses of ashes from all the power plants in the Jiu Valley. Their laboratory can analyze a large number of chemical characteristics including heavy metals. 3. INCERC – National Institute for Building Research www.incerc2004.ro

With an activity of 55 years, INCERC is the main Romanian research body in the field of building materials including technical agreements for construction products, in situ and laboratory tests for buildings and structures as well as national codes and regulations for building design

The Institute has been partner some years ago in two projects concerning the use of fly ash and of slurry in construction materials. The fly ash was used in light plasters and in concrete block for construction and the slurry was used in burned ceramic blocks.

4. CEPROCIM- www.ceprocim.ro

The Institute was founded in 1949 in Bucharest as the Institute of Studies and Design for the Building Materials Industry- ISPIM. As a result of re-organization over the years the name was changed in 1990 to CEPROCIM SA and today the institute is a company with private capital. The main filed of activity is in research and development of projects in the field of inorganic binders, mostly cement.

Between August 2006 - September 2008 CEPROCIM was the coordinator in the project: Assessing the radiological risk to public health by using new composite binding systems in dwelling construction (CENRAD)

The main objectives of the project were: x Determination of the radioactivity index of the fly ash from the main power stations in Roma- nia and the composite cement x Determination of the radioactivity index of the fly ash from the main power stations in Roma- nia and the composite cement x Determination of the radioactivity index of the cement manufactured either by intergrading or by blending it with fly ash x Assessing the radiological risk to public health when using fly ash cement in concrete preparation for dwelling construction x Dissemination of knowledge regarding the assessment of risk to public health when using fly ash cement in concrete preparation for dwelling construction.

5. INCERTRANS – The Research Institute for Transports

Elaborated in 2002 the Technical Norms for production of concrete for roads with addition of fly ash from power plants (CD 147-2002) approved in 2003 by order of Minister of Transport, Construction and Tourism.

Universities

1. The University of Petrosani (www.upet.ro)

An academic education institution whose beginnings date back in 1948, UPET train specialists for all the fields of activity specific for the mining industry, as well as for activities with mining character in other industrial branches, or in other branches such as: mining machines and installations, technological equipment, energetics and process automation. The Faculty of Mines is currently involved in 2 large projects regarding the mining:

- the European program SAFEMANMIN (Safe Management of Mining Waste and Waste Facilities) that is a Coordination Action financed by the European Commission under the Sixth Framework Pro- gram (FP6) with the purpose to collect and review information that the operators and the environmental authorities will require for the implementation of the Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Par- , Page 124 of 135

liament and of the Council on the management of waste from the extractive industries and amending Directive 2004/35/EC, and to disseminate this knowledge as widely as possible

- the Romanian-Indian bilateral project : Impact of the coal mines closure upon the environment and ecologic rehabilitation of areas affected by the mining activity. The project is carried out in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology, IIT from Kharagpur, India.

As follows also a selective list of doctoral studies in mining sector:

- Contributions to the elaboration of an efficient system to prevent the technical damages and accidents due to the perforation of the refractory isolation of the furnaces. - Contributions for solving the geodesic nets in the mining areas. - Study regarding the expansion in Oltenia of the mining exploitation areas above the ex underground mines where the lignite layers where not totally extracted. - Improvement of the conveyors transport system between the excavation steps in lignite quarries - Contributions regarding the modernization of the decision informational system in the topography activity in the field of exploitation sites. - Study about the modernization of Oltenia lignite quarries with the view of supplying the needed lignite quantity to the national economy. - Study of the surface dislocation under the influence of the underground exploitation of lignite deposits in Oltenia basin. - Study of the ecological rehabilitation of areas affected by the mining activity in the area of Brad - Elaboration of an environmental politics guide adapted to the requirements of the mining industry in Romania. - Research regarding the improvement of the topographic and photogrammetry for evaluation of the mining masses resulted from mining exploitation of lignite deposits - Research regarding the increase of efficiency of exploitation of thin layers of lignite in Motru mining basin - Contributions regarding methods and techniques for detection, measurement and automatic analysis of parameters characteristic to pollutant regime generated by the radioactive sources. - Analysis of the production capacities in the quarries of Oltenia under the conditions of efficient use of existing equipment - Study of the environmental impact of mining restructuration and mine closing in the nearby area - Geologic and geotechnical study of the Jilt mining basin and the prognosis of the areas prone to sliding - Establishment of the impact produced by the extraction activity and coal preparation on the river Jiu for minimizing the pollution of it - Research regarding land and constructions stability in the area of mining exploitation in the Jiu Valley - Possibilities of ecological management of urban solid waste in the Jiu Valley - Land management and environmental protection – targets of the mining activity restructuration in the Jiu basin - Study of the tectonic movements and their implication in the process of lignite exploitation in the Rovinari-East perimeter - Study of the stability conditions from geo-mechanic point of view of marginal slope walls in the Rovinari quarries, according to the increase of the outcropping thickness

2. University of Tg Jiu- www.utgjiu.ro

Within the University Constantin Brancusi from Tg. Jiu there is a University Centre for Scientific Re- search for Environment Protection, Industrial Waster Recycling, Ecologic Reconstruction and Natural Capital Conservation, that collaborates with SNLO and other industrial players in the region for development of sustainable environmental solutions.

Some of their main directions for applied research are: - Physical-chemical- mineral characterizations of shale breaks between coal layers - Research regarding the identification of new technologies that will enable the transformation of sterile layers into industrial products Studies about the properties of binder mass which are formed in the quaternary system - Studies with the view to obtain multi-cellular ceramic masses with high porosity by incorporating combustible waste

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- Physical-chemical- mineral characterizations of ashes produced by the power plant Rovinari

Some examples of papers submitted at various conferences and symposia:

- Analysis of possibilities for reduction of gaseous pollutants (carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide) for fossil fuels combustion at Power Plan Rovinari- 2002 (eng. Luminita Craciun) - Research about oxy-chemical characteristics of sterile in the view of industrial use for ceramic products. The preliminary results showed that sterile can be mixed with slag and ash and use for production of ceramic products. Further research is needed but among results was a reduction of fuel consumption up to 21% due to the fact that ash is mineralised during the burning process in the power plants and slag could be added in a percent up to 40% without reducing the mechanical strength (D. Gheorghe, D. Cirtina, C. Bizocu).

3. University Transilvania Brasov - Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering www.unitbv.ro

- Within theoir reserach department they devloped adsorbent materials with superficial controlled properties for advanced waste water treatment from ashes from thermal plants (project manager Prof. Visa Maria). Two types of ashes were studied (from CET Brasov and SE Deva Mintia). The results of the study recommend the use of fly ash to purify water that contain heavy metals and residual waters from textile industry(with colouring substances).

4. University of Bucharest Faculty of Hydrotechnics- http://hidrotehnica.utcb.ro/

The Faculty of Hydrotechnics within the University of Bucharest is involved in many projects concerning the development of hydraulic constructions, projects regarding the sanitary engineering and environment protection as well as geotechnical engineering.

Some of their projects in the mining sector are:

- Report about the environmental impact study for the investment: "Slurry dump S.C: ALUM S.A: Tulcea" (Bica I) - Technical Assistance for designing the documentation for water management and safety of the mud-setting pond, within the project of capitalization of Certej deposit- Beneficiary Deva Gold S.A., (Sarghiuta R) - Technical Project: Closing the red slurry dump of S.C. ALUM Tulcea S.A. and opening a new slurry dump. Beneficiary: S.C. IPROLAM S.A (Sarghiuta R) - Research study Power plant ash, ecologic binding material in road construction – a study about the use of ash both from electro-filters and from the bottom of the furnace in road construction. The conclusion of the study was that radioactivity is not an issue and from physical-mechanical point of view the ash is an ecologic and reliable binding material. (B. Andrei, C.Voinitchi)

5. Polytechnic University Timisoara- www.upt.ro UPT carried on in collaboration with the company Fibrocim from Tg Jiu the study Use of the ash from power plants in production of concrete roof tiles. In the study, electro filters ash coming from Rogojelu power plant was used in the recipe of the concrete roof tiles made by Fibrocim. The conclusions of the study were that by partly replacing the sand with ash (up to 10%) there have been obtained important enhancement of the mechanical bending strengths (up to 30%) of the tiles and by replacing the cement with ash (up to 10%) there have been obtained important cut in prices.

6. Polytechnic University Bucharest- www.upb.ro

UPB one of the oldest engineering school in Romania, have well developed research departments in various fields of activities. In 2009 they carried out the study: “Aspects regarding the measurements and control of noxious from the power plants”. The main observations of this study were:

x the slag and the ash could be reused from the stock or direct from the production process x the reuse is much connected to the chemical composition and the granulation:

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o the ash with high content of limestone could be used for cement production o the ash with bauxite could be used for alumina production o the neutral ash, which contain silicates could be used as filling material in constructions as it have a granulation comparable with the one of the sand o

7. University of Craiova, Faculty of Horticulture - www.ucv.ro

Craiova Univeristy has also some contributions in the field mainly as regards the stablization of fly ash dumps and solutions for land rehabilitation.They have a current partnership with University of Wagen- ingen.

Some examples from their activity: - Research regarding environment protection by control of fly ash dusting in dumps and their rehabilitation for agriculturla use - Agrochemical and ecological improvement of degraded land in surface quarries - Fly ash improvement Ameliorarea cenusilor de termocentrala prin metode agrofitotehnice. - Research study: Mycorrhizal colonization - a possible alternative bio-technology recommended for the fly ash dumps (prof. Daniela Popa) The research project was based on enhancing the colonization ability of different plant species belonging to the natural succession. Various seedlings were inoculated with a fungal partner in order to form mycorrhiza that colonizes and links root with surrounding ash improving plant rooting and establishment, helping plants to cope with stress situations such as nutrient deficiencies, drought, contamination with heavy metals and ash dump disturbance. The conclusions of the study was there is need for a deeper basic research in this field along with applied projects and should be also taken into account that management of soil micro- organisms including mycorrhizal fungi, could be prerewuisite for the success of future restoration programs.

Private Companies

1. ISCE Bucharest - www.isce.ro

Enterprise of Energetic Studies and Research Bucharest- ISCE –is a private consultancy company that offers services in the following domains: - reengineering for hydro-electric power plants, thermal power plants, district heating systems - designing and engineering for thermal and hydro power plants - technical assistance for investment in energy systems

ISCE have done numerous studies for thermal plants regarding the performance of the equipment and for technologies for ash deposits. One of their studies is: Management and marketing of ashes. Pilot station for construction materials production for CET Govora.

2. Cemacon Zalau- www.cemaconzalau.ro The company is producing and selling elements from burned clay brickwork and ceramic blocks – EUROBLOC and reinforced prefabricated lintels out of ceramic elements – BECAP for framing the doors and windows. The products are used in civil and industrial engineering. Since many years ago the company uses in the production process the ash from the ash dump of the local power plant. The monitoring of the production process is done by the Ministry of Environment (department of Climate Change). 3. Eco Gest Bucharest

Company was mentioned by CE Rovinari as taking over between 100-130,000 tons/year managing their own separation installation in the proximity of the power plant.

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ANNEX E EU funding mechanism (brief presentation: scope, eligibility, rules, calls, etc)

A. INTERREG IVC- Capitalisation

The INTERREG IVC Program is part of the European Territorial Cooperation Objective of the Struc- tural Fund policies for the period 2007-2013. The overall objective of the INTERREG IVC Program is to improve the effectiveness of regional development policies in the areas of innovation, the knowledge economy, the environment and risk prevention as well as to contribute to the economic modernization and increased competitiveness of Europe.

Priority axis:

Priority 1: Innovation and the knowledge economy - innovation, research and technological development; - entrepreneurship and SMEs; - the information society; - employment, human capital and education.

Priority 2: The environment and risk prevention - natural and technological risks (including climate change); - water management; - waste management; - biodiversity and preservation of natural heritage (including air quality); - energy and sustainable transport; - cultural heritage and landscape.

Types of intervention The following types of intervention are supported by the INTERREG IVC Programme: - Regional Initiative Projects (Type 1) - Capitalisation Projects including Fast Track Projects (Type 2)

Beneficiaries:

National public authority (ministries, national authorities), local public authority (county councils, city- halls, water directorates, environment directorates, county agencies), body governed by public law (as per definition of the Contracting Authority within OUG 34/2006, art 8- ex: Regional Development Agencies, Cross-border cooperation offices, associations of public authorities, national institutes, state universities, management bodies of the Euro regions, European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation, international organisations) Eligible activities: Capitalisation activities consist of the collection, analysis, dissemination and transfer of good practices in the policy area in question. In particular, one of the expected results of these activities is the transfer of the good practices identified into the mainstream Structural Funds programmes in regions wish- ing to improve their policies. The type of activities may be seminars, workshops, study visits, staff exchanges. Project specifications: - Number of partners for capitalization projects is minimum 6 and maximum 10. - The recommended duration for Capitalization Projects should in general not exceed 24 months.

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Financing: The maximum co-financing rate is for Romania 85% from the ERDF. For capitalization projects minimum project budget 1 mil Euro and maximum 2 mil Euro. All INTERREG IV C project partners must co-finance the project budget (“joint financing” criteria is thus compulsory). Call for projects: Call is open up to 5 March 2010. National Management Authority: Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism Directorate for International Territorial Cooperation Ms. Marieta Enache Phone: +40 372 111565 Fax: +40 372 111565 E-mail: [email protected]

B. LIFE+

LIFE is the EU’s financial instrument supporting environmental and nature conservation projects throughout the EU, as well as in some candidate, acceding and neighboring countries.

Beneficiaries: Public and private institutions, NGO’s, registered in the EU members

LIFE+ shall consist of three components: - LIFE+ Nature and Biodiversity, - LIFE+ Environment Policy and Governance, - LIFE+ Information and Communication

The specific objectives of LIFE+ Nature and Biodiversity shall be: - to contribute to the implementation of Community policy and legislation on nature and biodiversity, in particular Directives 79/409/EEC and 92/43/EEC, including at local and regional level, and to support the further development and implementation of the Natura 2000 network, including coastal and marine habitats and species; - to contribute to the consolidation of the knowledge base for the development, assessment, monitoring and evaluation of Community nature and biodiversity policy and legislation; - to support the design and implementation of policy approaches and instruments for the monitoring and assessment of nature and biodiversity and the factors, pressures and responses that impact on them, in particular in relation to the achievement of the target of halting biodiversity loss within the Community by 2010 and the threat to nature and biodiversity posed by climate change; - to provide support for better environmental governance by broadening stakeholder involvement, including that of NGOs, in consultations on, and the implementation of, nature and biodiversity policy and legislation.

The specific objectives of LIFE+ Environment Policy and Governance shall be: - to contribute to the development and demonstration of innovative policy approaches, technologies, methods and instruments; - to contribute to consolidating the knowledge base for the development, assessment, monitoring and evaluation of environmental policy and legislation; - to support the design and implementation of approaches to monitoring and assessment of the state of the environment and the factors, pressures and responses that impact on it;

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- to facilitate the implementation of Community environmental policy, with particular empha- sis on implementation at local and regional level; - to provide support for better environmental governance by broadening stakeholder involvement, including that of NGOs, in policy consultation and implementation. The specific objectives of LIFE+ Information and Communication shall be: - to disseminate information and raise awareness on environmental issues, including forest fire prevention; - to provide support for accompanying measures, such as information, communication actions and campaigns, conferences and training, including training on forest fire prevention. Eligible activities: - developing and maintaining networks, databases and computer systems directly linked to the implementation of Community environmental policy and legislation, in particular when improving public access to environmental information - studies, surveys, modelling and scenario building - monitoring, including the monitoring of forests - capacity building assistance - training, workshops and meetings, including the training of agents involved in forest fire prevention initiatives - networking and best-practice platforms - information and communication actions, including awareness-raising campaigns and, in particular, public awareness-campaigns on forest fires - demonstration of innovative policy approaches, technologies, methods and instruments Specifically for the nature and biodiversity component: - site and species management and site planning, including the improvement of the ecological coherence of the Natura 2000 network - monitoring of conservation status, including setting up procedures and structures for such monitoring - development and implementation of species and habitats conservation action plans, - extension of the Natura 2000 network in marine areas - purchase of land, provided that he purchase would contribute to maintaining or restoring the integrity of a Natura 2000 site Financing: The maximum co-financing rate can be 75 percent, but is normally 50 percent Call for projects: For the period 2007-2013 there is one call for proposals per year. Next call for proposals is scheduled to be announced on 5 May 2010. National Management Authority: Ministry of Environment and Forests Climate Change and Durable Development Department Ms. Nicoleta Dobre Phone: +40 21 3117154 Fax: +40 21 3162220 E-mail: [email protected]

C. ELENA

The European Local Energy Assistance (ELENA) facility is designed to help cities and regions for preparing large sustainable energy investment programmes which may also be eligible for European Investment Bank (EIB) funding. ELENA technical assistance facility was established by the European Commission and the European Investment Bank and is financed through the Intelligent Energy-Europe programme (IEE II) 3

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Beneficiaries: Public entities Eligible activities: - development of feasibility and market studies - structuring of programmes, business plans, energy audits - preparation of tendering procedures and contractual arrangements - programme implementation units - any other assistance necessary for the development of Investment Programmes

Project specifications:

TA can be provided for the development of investment programmes which the EIB may co-finance within the following areas:

- Public and private buildings, including social housing and street and traffic lighting, to support increased energy efficiency – e.g refurbishment of buildings aimed at significantly decreasing energy consumption (both heat and electricity).thermal insulation, efficient air conditioning and venti- lation or efficient lighting;

- Integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into the built environment – e.g. solar photovoltaic (PV), solar thermal collectors and biomass;

- Investments into renovating, extending or building new district heating/cooling networks, based on high efficient combined heat and power (CHP) or renewable energy sources, as well as decentral- ised CHP systems (building or neighbourhood level);

- Urban transport to support increased energy efficiency and integration of renewable energy sources – e.g high energy efficiency buses, including hybrid buses, electrical or low-carbon pro- pulsion systems investments to facilitate the introduction of electric cars, investments to introduce new more energy efficient solutions to improve freight logistics in urban areas;

- Local infrastructure including smart grids and information & communication technology infrastructure, for energy efficiency, energy efficient urban equipment, inter-modal transport facilities and re- fuelling infrastructure for alternative fuel vehicles.

Financing:

ELENA support covers up to 90% of the costs associated with technical assistance for preparing large sustainable energy investment programmes in cities and regions, which may also be eligible for EIB funding.

Call for projects: There will be no calls for proposals and assistance will be granted on a first-come first-served basis within the limits of the given budget. Applicants should present their investment program to the EIB and indicate the need for TA under the Facility. Management Authority: European Investment Bank- www.eib.org E-mail: [email protected]

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D. IEE

Intelligent Energy Europe Program (IEE) promotes the increased use of renewable energies and energy efficiency and run during 2007-2013 under the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Pro- gram (CIP). Beneficiaries: Public and private institutions registered in the EU countries plus Croatia, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein

The IEE priorities for 2010 are in the following areas:

Energy efficiency (SAVE)

x Energy-efficient buildings o Actions to improve the operational efficiency of existing non-residential buildings or multi-residential buildings

x Consumer behaviour o Actions targeted to consumers: helping them choose the most energy efficient products or raising awareness on issues covered by the energy efficiency policies Funding Energy-efficient transport (STEER)

x Energy-efficient transport o Safe walking & cycling o Auditing & certification of urban mobility policies o Eco-driving schemes o More efficient freight distribution

x Capacity building + learning o Mutual learning of practitioners o Support to academic teaching o Training for local / regional agencies and actions to have them offer new services on transport

Renewable energy sources (ALTENER)

Focus of ALTENER in 2010 will be on actions which contribute to the implementation of the new RES Directive.

x Renewable electricity (and CHP)- o Streamline procedures for : grid connection, extension, reinforcement; measurement and payment ; construction and planning authorisations o Integrate authorisation and grid connection procedures o Address competing stakeholder interests and concerns, including integrated and long term planning o Strategic analyses and monitoring of policies, markets and costs

x Bio-energy o Bring untapped bio-resources onto the market o Implement local and regional bio-energy plan o Stimulate investments and business agreements in sustainable supply chains for solid biomass, biogas and liquid bio-fuels o Strategic initiatives to promote quality, standards and sustainability schemes for bio-energy products o Encourage biogas injection into gas grids, streamline procedures for grid connections and quality monitoring x Renewable in buildings o Accelerate deployment of biomass, geothermal and solar for heating / cooling, and PV electricity in energy efficient buildings , Page 132 of 135

o Promote new building codes or ordinances o Capacity building for local / regional authorities o Targeted information on support measures, and on the benefits, costs and performance of renewable energy systems / equipment o Stimulate investments in renewable energy for groups of buildings to achieve economies of scale o Promote renewable in district heating / cooling

Integrated initiatives

x Local energy leadership o Large-scale networking and capacity building activities by networks of local authorities o Capacity building and exchange of experience between experienced local authorities and ‘learning' local authorities

Projects must include : o Institutionalisation of sustainable energy policies o Actual implementation of sustainable energy- action plans in 'learning' bodies

x Strengthening capacities for financing intelligent energy in housing o Development and implementation of tailor made financial schemes, preferably re- volving funds, aimed to improve the energy performance of housing o Actions must result in funds which are fully operational within the duration of the IEE project o Actions must be led by authorities committed to set up and/or run the financial schemes o Priority is given to actions led by regional or national public authorities with management competences on ERDF implementation o Active engagement of financial institutions and local authorities is important

Projects specifications: - Minimum 3 independent partners from 3 different eligible countries (EU27, Croatia, Norway, Iceland, or Liechtenstein) - Proposers must prove their financial & technical capacity to carry out the action - 5 criteria with 3 sub-criteria each

- Threshold for recommended proposals: 70% - No secret – published in Call for proposals - Recommendations given in ‘Guide for proposers’

Financing principle 2010: x ҏIEE projects are cost-shared projects: no profit making allowed o staff costs + overhead costs are predominant cost item o staff costs based on salary + social charges o evidence required for staff costs (eg: copies of pay slips, timesheets) x Flat Rate of 60% on staff costs to cover indirect costs (“overheads”) – do not need to be justified x No basic research or hardware costs accepted x EU Funding of up to 75% of total eligible costs Call for projects2010:

Expected in March National Management Authority: Ministry of Economy Ms. Catalina Melita Phone: +40 21 2025272 Fax: +40 021 2125023 E-mail: [email protected]

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E. EEA Grant & Norway Grants

EEA Grants & Norway Grants are available for projects mainly in environmental sector, human resources development, cultural heritage or health. The domains are set up for each round of projects but the environmental sector is a priority sector present in all calls. x Protection of the environment, including the human environment, reduction of pollution and promotion of renewable energy; Promotion of sustainable development through improved resources use and management

Focus areas: x Supporting biodiversity and nature reserves, including sustainable use of water resources x Monitoring systems for ground water, waste water and air pollution x Reducing water pollution from mining activities x Developing sustainable waste water collection and promoting recycling systems x Enhancing flood prevention x Strengthening integrated coastal area management x Developing renewable energy sources, including geothermal energy and hydropower

Beneficiaries: National, regional and local authorities , intercommunity development associations, commercial entities operating in the public interest, including water regional operating companies, education / research institutions, NGOs, administrations and custodians of the protected areas, including “Natura 2000”. Eligible expenditures: For environmental protection projects the following expenditure shall be eligible:

- the purchase is the subject of a positive decision by the Focal Point - the land is devoted to the intended use for a period determined in that decision - the land is not for agricultural purposes, save in duly justified cases accepted by the Focal Point - the purchase is made by or on behalf of a public institution or a body governed by public law

Financing:

The amount of grant assistance applied for shall normally not be less than € 250,000. Minimum and maximum values of the grant assistance (Euro) are 250,000 – 3,000,000 while maximum value of the project is (Euro) 5,000,000.

Grant rate levels for individual projects:

A. Level A grant rate -up to 60%

The grant rate for individual projects can be up to 60% of the total eligible project cost. The remaining 40% or more necessary in co-financing may be covered by the applicant, by its partner(s), by an external source (domestic or foreign), or by any combination thereof.

B. Level B grant rate-up to 85%

In cases when 15% or more of the total eligible cost of an individual project is provided by central, regional or local government budget allocations, the EEA Financial Mechanism may provide a grant covering up to 85% of the total eligible cost of the project.

Level B is not dependent on the status of the applicant (governmental agency or a private entity). The decisive factor is the source of the co-financing. 15% of the co-financing should be provided by an allocation from central, regional or local government budgets.

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C. Level C grant rate-generally up to 90% If the purpose of an individual project is to support NGO (including social partners) activities, grant rates above those described above, but generally not above 90%, could be provided. When level C grant rate is applied, domestic co-financing will normally be required. It can come from any source, public or private.

Call for projects:

As a general rule, the opening of a call must be announced 15 working days before the opening. The open calls are announced in national media, on the national web page and on www.eeagrants.org

Management Authorities: For the EEA grants the Ministry of Finance acts as the National Focal Point (NFP): Ministry of Finance Authority for Coordination of Structural Instruments Phone: +40 21 3025283 Fax: 021 3025264 e-mail: [email protected]

For the Norwegian Program the national contact is: The Royal Embassy of Norway in Bucharest Commercial section / Innovation Norway Phone: +40 21 2122023/028 Fax: +40 21 2122038 E-mail: [email protected]

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