Original Research Paper Mohammad Sha Q Sultan
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THE FUTURE of US-IRAN RELATIONS by Jenny Gan
THE FUTURE OF US-IRAN RELATIONS By Jenny Gan INTRODUCTION Over the past fifty years, the United States and Iran have experienced a tumultuous relationship that has sometimes revealed itself as a close international partnership and other times a contentious rivalry. Since 1953, the United States has helped conduct President Trump a coup d’état in 1953 to overthrow Iran’s prime minister, navigated imposing sanctions the US Embassy hostage crisis, and dealt with the Iran-Contra on Iran following scandal (“US-Iran Relations”). Despite a rocky end to the 20th the dissolution of century, following sanctions in the early 2000s, the US and Iran the US-Iran Nuclear entered a state of peace following the rising global concerns over the Deal. development of an Iranian nuclear arsenal (“US-Iran Relations”). Saul Loeb/AFP via However, the United States’ relationship with Iran took a sharp Getty Images turn following rising tensions in the Gulf, including new economic sanctions, explosions targeting oil tankers in the Gulf of Oman, and US military drone surveillance over the Strait of Hormuz (“US-Iran Relations”). Tensions rose to a fever pitch after the assassination of Coup d’état – the General Qasem Soleimani by a US drone and resulted in Iran pulling forcible removal of an out of the nuclear agreement while also promising revenge against existing government the United States (Ward). from power through Best described as tumultuous, the relationship between Iran and violent means. the United States has major implications for global peace, as Iran has nuclear capabilities and is a key player in the Middle East, a region where the United States has vested economic and political interests. -
Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 01/12/2021 10:19:09 AM
Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 01/12/2021 10:19:09 AM 01/11/21 Monday This material is distributed by Ghebi LLC on behalf of Federal State Unitary Enterprise Rossiya Segodnya International Information Agency, and additional information is on file with the Department of Justice, Washington, District of Columbia. Jared Kushner Reportedly Briefs Incoming National Security Adviser on Trump's Middle East Policy by Mary F. US President Donald Trump’s son-in-law and senior White House adviser Jared Kushner was responsible for leading the “Peace to Prosperity” plan, an attempt by the Trump administration to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The plan, repeatedly refused by Palestinian leaders, was unveiled by the White House on January 28, 2020. Kushner has briefed incoming national security adviser Jake Sullivan on the Trump administration's policies in the Middle East, David Friedman, the US ambassador to Israel, confirmed Monday during a closed hearing in the Israeli parliament, Axios reported. According to Friedman, Kushner briefed Sullivan on the Abraham Accords process, through which the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain normalized diplomatic relations with Israel last year in negotiations mediated by the United States. Sudan and Morocco have agreed to similar deals with Israel. The Abraham Accords marked the first public normalization of relations between any Arab country and Israel since 1979 and 1994, when Egypt and Jordan, respectively, signed peace treaties with Israel. During the meeting, Trump advisers expressed hope that US President-elect Joe Biden will continue to encourage the normalization of relations with Israel by Arab countries like Saudi Arabia, Axios reported. -
Iran, Israel, the Persian Gulf, and the United States: a Conflict Resolution Perspective
Iran, Israel, the Persian Gulf, and the United States: A Conflict Resolution Perspective By Simon Tanios Abstract Where the Middle East is often described as a battleground between “chosen peoples”, Johan Galtung, the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies, preferred to see it as a conflict between “persecuted peoples”. Iran, Israel, the Persian Gulf, and the United States have been in various conflicts through history shaking peace in the Middle East, with a prevailing tense atmosphere in relations between many parties, despite some periods of relatively eased tensions or even strategic alliances. Nowadays, Iran considers the United States an arrogant superpower exploiting oppressed nations, while the United States sees Iran as irresponsible supporting terrorism. In sync with this conflict dynamic, on one hand, the conflict between Iran and many Gulf countries delineates important ideological, geopolitical, military, and economic concerns, and on the other hand, the conflict between Iran and Israel takes a great geopolitical importance in a turbulent Middle East. In this paper, we expose the main actors, attitudes, and behaviors conflicting in the Middle East region, particularly with regard to Iran, Israel, the Gulf countries, and the United States, describing the evolution of their relations, positions, and underlying interests and needs. Then, while building our work on the Galtung’s transcend theory for peace, we expose some measures that may be helpful for peace-making in the Middle East. Keywords: Iran; Israel; Gulf countries; the United States; conflict resolution. I. Introduction of Israel in the Muslim World, and the mutual animosity between Iran and the United States. -
Iran Primer – July 2019
Iran Primer – July 2019 Iran: A Basic Primer Presented by Vern Liebl Prepared by the Center for Advanced Operational Culture Learning, MCU – 2019 Military Threat …to Who? 2 Perspectives are Important Shi’a Populations Iran: 90-95% Iraq: 65% Bahrain: 65% Lebanon*: 35% Yemen: 35-40% Regional KSA: 20% Shi’a Syria*: 10-15% populations *Disputed An Iranian view of surrounding U.S. military bases showing who is the “true” threat 3 Traditional Current U.S. Expert “Views” on Iran • Iran is a Revolutionary state, has been such since 1979 and will likely remain so probably for decades into the 21st century (the 2009 Green Movement was crushed) • Iran is a theocracy, believes that what they are doing is ‘Allah’s will’ o Is why the U.S. is called the ‘Great Satan’ by the mullahs o This theocratic underpinning imbues the regime with immense strength • Taken together, Iran wants no part of the current ‘secular’ world order, remains revolutionary and intent on changing that order to one of an Islamic Imamate in which leadership of all Muslims will be by Velayat al-Faqih with a Shi’a in the lead • Iran is in a desperate war with the U.S. (aka the Great Satan) as the major roadblock to Iranian aspirations • Exporting of the Revolution abroad is to primarily Shi’a populations with some allied Sunni enclaves/groups heavily dependent on Iranian funding • Any U.S. strikes on the Iranian homeland (Persia) is not the opening for a broader war but just an intensification of the current one • Iran is not shy to bring the war to America nor to act against global U.S. -
Mueller Report Searchable Part 05
U.S. Departmentof Justice Attorney-WerkPreduet // Protected Administration.'°* Nader wrote to Dmitriev, “This guy [Prince] is designated by Steve [Bannon] to meet you! I know him andheis very very well connected and trusted by the New Team. His sister is now a Minister of Education.”!° According to Nader, Prince had led him to believe that Bannon wasawareof Prince’s upcoming meeting with Dmitriev, and Prince acknowledgedthatit was fair for Nader to think that Prince would pass information on to the Transition Team.!%°6 Bannon, however, told the Office that Prince did not tell him in advance about his meeting with Dmitriev.!°7 ii, The Seychelles Meetings Dmitriev arrived with his wife in the Seychelles on January 11, 2017, and checked into the Four Seasons Resort where Crown Prince Mohammedand Naderwere staying.'°°* Prince arrived that same day.!°® Prince and Dmitriev met for thefirst time that afternoon in Nader’s villa, with Naderpresent.!°Theinitial meeting lasted approximately 30-45 minutes. '°°! Prince described the eight years of the Obama Administration in negative terms, and stated that he was looking forward to a new era of cooperation and conflict resolution.'° According to Prince, he told Dmitriev that Bannon waseffective if not conventional, and that Prince provided policy papers to Bannon. 1064 055 1/9/17 Text Message, Nader to Dmitriev (2:12:56 p.m.); Nader 1/19/18 302, at 13; J 1056 Nader 1/19/18 302, at 13; IPrince 5/3/18 302, at 3. 1057 Bannon 2/14/18 302, at 25-26. 1058 1/10/17 Text Messages, Dmitriev & Nader(2:05:54 — 3:30:25 p.m.); 1/11/17 Text Messages, Dmitriev & Nader (2:16:16 — 5:17:59 p.m.). -
President Trump Peace Strategy: Emerging Conflict Between Israel and Palestine
International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online) Vol.82, 2020 President Trump Peace Strategy: Emerging Conflict Between Israel and Palestine Jibrin Ubale Yahaya, PhD Department of Political Science, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), Jabi Abuja Abstract When Donald Trump was elected as US President in November 2016, he initially signaled some real hope for the peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Some analysts argued that he may actually manage to deliver what he calls "the deal of the century" and bring peace to Israel and Palestine. These assumptions were based on the fact that President Trump is the type of person that could wake up one morning, say "enough", and pressure Israeli and Palestinian leaders to sign a peace deal on his terms. Early on in his presidency, Trump made the conflict a strategic priority and unconventionally chose to go to the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Israel and Palestine) on his first trip abroad as President. During a press conference with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas in Bethlehem, he said that "if Israel and the Palestinians can make peace, it will begin a process of peace all throughout the Middle East." This was in line with Europe's standard inside-out approach (Israeli-Palestinian peace first, Israeli-Arab normalization later). But on December 2019, Trump made it clear that his much-anticipated peace deal will favour Israel when he recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and promised to move the US embassy there. This led Abbas to brand Trump's peace efforts as "the slap of the century" and say the US could no longer play any role in the Middle East peace process following the move. -
The Obama Administration and the Puzzle of the Iranian Nuclear Program Kaitlin E
Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont Scripps Senior Theses Scripps Student Scholarship 2014 Keeping Iran from the Bomb: The Obama Administration and the Puzzle of the Iranian Nuclear Program Kaitlin E. Marshall Scripps College Recommended Citation Marshall, Kaitlin E., "Keeping Iran from the Bomb: The Obama Administration and the Puzzle of the Iranian Nuclear Program" (2014). Scripps Senior Theses. Paper 387. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/387 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Scripps Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scripps Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ! ! ! KEEPING IRAN FROM THE BOMB: THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION AND THE PUZZLE OF THE IRANIAN NUCLEAR !PROGRAM ! ! ! ! by! KAITLIN E. MARSHALL! ! ! SUBMITTED TO SCRIPPS COLLEGE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR! OF ARTS ! ! ! PROFESSOR ANDREWS PROFESSOR BODUSZYNSKI! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! APRIL 25, 2014 !1 Table of Contents! Foreword Page 4 Chapter One: A Historic Phone Call Introduction Page 6 Literature Review: Politics Page 11 Literature Review: The Evolution of Stereotypes Page 14 Method Page 17 Chapter Organization Page 18 Conclusion Page 20 Chapter Two: The Hostage Crisis and the Origins of American-Iranian Hostility Build-Up to Revolution Page 22 The United States’ Fears and President Carter’s Mistake Page 25 Imagery of the Great Satan -
The Tragedy of the Iran Hostage Crisis
GETTING THE AYATOLLAH WRONG: PERCEPTIONS AND MISPERCEPTIONS OF IRAN’S REVOLUTIONARY LEADERSHIP DAVID PATRICK HOUGHTON DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE P.O. BOX 161356 UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA ORLANDO, FL 32816 USA EMAIL: [email protected] TEL: (407) 823-6025 FAX: (407) 823-0051 Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, CA, April 2012. Abstract Relations between Iran and the West have long been plagued on both sides by misunderstandings and misconceptions of the motivations and beliefs which drive the behavior of foreign policy elites. This paper focuses in particular on script-driven misperceptions of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and on how and why these changed over time. Why in particular did the Carter administration get Khomeini so wrong? It is argued here that a ‘cult of the Shah’ left the American intelligence community singularly unprepared to deal with any new regime after Mohammed Reza Pahlavi’s fall, and that the prevalence of the Cold War strategic script in particular led many to downgrade the importance of the Iranian clergy. Perceptions of Khomeini, it is suggested, passed through three stages: he was initially viewed as a figure of irrelevance by many in the West, or as someone who could not possibly influence the course of events in Tehran. This misperception then gave way by late 1978 to another: the notion that Khomeini was a ‘Gandhi-like’ figure with whom American leaders could bargain, but ignorance about Khomeini’s background and aims within the White House and other elements of the administration led to a disastrous attempt to court his moderate allies within the provisional government. -
The Iranian Revolution, 1978-1979
World History in Context- Print http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOve... The Iranian Revolution, 1978-1979 Historic World Events, 2012 From World History in Context The Iranian Revolution was characterized by the overthrow of the Shah's government and the resulting international ramifications, including the American hostage crisis Key Figures President Jimmy (James Earl) Carter, thirty-ninth president of the United States (1977- 1981), accused of "plotting" against the Khomeini regime and regarded as the "Great Satan." Ayatollah Khomeini, exiled Islamic leader (1963-1979), who came to power during the revolution and instituted an anti-American theocratic government. Mohammed Riza Pahlavi, last Shah of Iran, who ruled between 1941 and 1979, before he was deposed in 1979. Summary of Event Iran in the late twentieth century was regarded as a powerful country whose foreign and domestic politics had a reverberating impact on the world stage. Home to some forty million inhabitants, Iran in the early-twenty-first century boasts a land mass as vast as Western Europe, an abundance of sophisticated military technology, and a wealth of natural resources--in particular, oil. In the past decades, Iran has made great strides toward industrialization, perhaps unmatched by any other country apart from Japan. In accordance with its population size, Iran is composed of various peoples and cultures that all share one common history--that of relative independence from an outside country. Until the 1900s, Iran was called Persia, the remnant (in name, at least) of an ancient empire that stretched from Greece to India in the fifth century b.c.e. -
Critical MASS Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East N I the M N the Iddle E Iddle Ast Andrew F
CRITI C AL MASS: NU C LEAR PROLIFERATIO CRITICAL MASS NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION IN THE MIddLE EAst N I N THE M IDDLE E AST ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH F. ANDREW 1667 K Street, NW, Suite 900 Washington, DC 20006 Tel. 202-331-7990 • Fax 202-331-8019 www.csbaonline.org ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH CRITICAL MASS: NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST BY ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH 2013 About the Authors Dr. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr. is the President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, which he joined following a 21- year career in the U.S. Army. He has served in the Department of De- fense’s Office of Net Assessment, on the personal staff of three secretar- ies of defense, the National Defense Panel, the Defense Science Board Task Force on Joint Experimentation, and the Defense Policy Board. He is the author of 7 Deadly Scenarios: A Military Futurist Explores War in the 21st Century and The Army and Vietnam. A West Point graduate, he holds an M.P.A. and a Ph.D. from Harvard University. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Eric Edelman, Evan Montgomery, Jim Thomas, and Barry Watts for reviewing and commenting on earlier ver- sions of this report. Thanks are also in order for Eric Lindsey for his re- search and editorial support and to Kamilla Gunzinger for her copyedit- ing. Eric Lindsey also provided graphics support that greatly enhanced the report’s presentation. Any shortcomings in this assessment, however, are the author’s re- sponsibility and the author’s alone. © 2013 Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. -
Jewish Groups Provide Emergency Help to the Bahamas in Wake Of
Editorials ..................................... 4A Op-Ed .......................................... 5A Calendar ...................................... 6A Scene Around ............................. 9A Synagogue Directory ................ 11A News Briefs ............................... 13A WWW.HERITAGEFL.COM YEAR 44, NO. 2 SEPTEMBER 13, 2019 13 ELUL, 5779 ORLANDO, FLORIDA SINGLE COPY 75¢ Jason Greenblatt steps down the leadership of President Trump. I am incredibly grate- ful to have been part of a team that drafted a vision for peace. This vision has the potential to vastly improve the lives of millions of Israelis, Palestin- ians and others in the region.” Trump thanked Greenblatt on his favored forum, Twit- ter, noting Greenblatt’s prior role as a lawyer for Trump’s businesses. “Jason has been a loyal and great friend and fantastic lawyer,” Trump said. “His dedication to Israel and to seeking peace between Israel Lev Radin/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images and the Palestinians won’t be Jason Greenblatt speaks forgotten.” NOAA at the Annual Champions of Barely mentioned in the Dorian stalled over Grand Bahama. Jewish Values Gala at Carn- statements released by the egie Hall in New York City, White House from Greenblatt March 28, 2019. and his colleagues, including Trump’s son-in-law, Jared Jewish groups provide emergency help By Ron Kampeas Kushner, who headed the peace team, were the Pales- WASHINGTON (JTA)— tinians. to the Bahamas in wake of Dorian Jason Greenblatt, President Kushner notably omitted Donald Trump’s top Middle the Palestinians. By Marcy Oster The hurricane stalled over Grand Ba- logical first aid and deploy water filters East peace negotiator, is leav- “Jason has done a tremen- hama Island for nearly two days, leaving to restore access to drinking water while ing the White House. -
Commentary… of a Sovereign State’S Capital? to Promote the P.A
בס״ד Ballabon also עש"ק פרשת כי תבוא 18 Elul 5781 ISRAEL NEWS wrote: “It is troubling Aug 27, 2021 enough that Biden Issue number 1360 A collection of the week’s news from Israel would re-engage with the terror- From the Bet El Twinning / Israel Action Committee of supporting P.A. and send it Jerusalem 6:29 money (also likely a violation of Beth Avraham Yoseph of Toronto Congregation Toronto 7:43 U.S. law); but to establish a beachhead for a hostile terrorist pseudo-government in the center Commentary… of a sovereign state’s capital? To promote the P.A. while it continues publicly to pay terrorists and 10 Reasons not to Reopen the US Consulate in Jerusalem promote the eradication of all Israel?” By Chaim Silberstein And Hillel Fendel 10. It sends a discriminatory signal. Three months ago, when U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken For the United States to open a consulate in Jerusalem just for visited Israel and the Palestinian Authority, he declared that the Biden Arabs “delivers a dangerous and ambiguous signal that this administration would reopen its consulate in Jerusalem. Until it was administration may well support a divided Jerusalem,” writes former closed in 2019 by the Trump administration, following the opening of Deputy National Security Advisor Elliott Abrams. “The fact that the the U.S. embassy in Jerusalem, the consulate had served as a de facto United States is even considering such a move is another unfortunate embassy for Arabs of the P.A. example of Israel being held to a different and discriminatory Bennett must make it clear that Israel will absolutely not accept standard by the international community.