In October 2012, the Supreme Court of Honduras forced closure on a recent chapter of neoliberal expansionism, ruling against the constitutionality of autonomous cities within its borders. đđđđđđđđđđThe ill-fated enterprise dates back to the 2009 TED conference, when liberal economist
01/12 Paul Romer took the floor to pitch “charter cities,” built on the territory of host countries and subject to the market-friendly jurisdiction of credible guarantor nations. At the 2011 TED conference, Romer returned to announce that his initial speech had directly impacted the Honduran congress’s passage of a constitutional amendment and statute (Decree No. 123-2011), Tyler Coburn which enabled the creation of such cities in Charter Citizen “Special Development Regions.”
Charter Cities proponent, Paul Romer, speaks on television.
đđđđđđđđđđPrivate interests soon followed, overseen by Milton Friedman’s grandson, Patri, and Michael Strong, cofounder of Conscious Capitalism, Inc. Their respective city models had more anarcho- capitalist and libertarian tilts than Romer’s. (Strong’s, for example, made third-party guarantorship a voluntary provision). Notwithstanding these differences, all three plans promoted minimal legal apparatuses to lure foreign investment. đđđđđđđđđđLaissez-faire utopias are not new to the developing world, which has periodically served as a sketchpad for the capitalist dreamer. What Romer's, Strong’s, and Friedman’s theories contribute is the marketization of government. Neoliberalism, Wendy Brown writes, demotes “the political sovereign to managerial status”: a
e - f l u x j o r n a # 5 2 — b y 0 1 4 đ T C C h a r t e i z n weak monitor of the transnational flows that perforate its bounds.1 If the nation-state’s alignment of sovereignty and territory increasingly founders against globalized competitors, as the city planners reason, then the state itself must be abandoned in favor of workable alternatives – “designed in the same way as entrepreneurial business models from Silicon Valley,” Strong proposes, or conceived as
02.19.14 / 11:30:25 EST an operating system and service provider, the outmoding of the nation-state emancipates tailoring user experience to produce what Patri individuals from its alleged predation and forced Friedman calls “a city that’s as fun to use as an taxation. Citizenship as determined by the state iPad.” 2 – conventionally through jus soli,6 jus sanguinis,7 đđđđđđđđđđAt a 2012 conference for his other city- or some combination thereof – gives way to building endeavor, the Seasteading Institute, models of selfhood predicated foremost on Friedman went so far as to term government an voluntaryism. obsolete technology, arguing that “surely the 02/12 đđđđđđđđđđThis scenario fits hand-in-glove with scientific and technical progress of the last two neoliberalism’s extreme horizon: when centuries have unlocked new forms of government is run as a private service, even the government that people today have never even citizen can be put into circulation. Henceforth, dreamed of.”3 Whether floating in international the consent to be ruled will be set by flexible waters or sprouting on foreign territory, these contracts, and civic obligations need extend only proposed cities are the proving grounds for the as far as their terms and conditions. Yet if technolibertarians’ foray into governance. In fact, ideology inheres in the very architecture of they already demonstrate a concrete link greenfield urbanism, the question arises as to between technology and geopolitics: venture who and what are being modeled in these new capitalist Peter Thiel donated the same amount material interfaces. of startup funds to the Seasteading Institute as to Facebook. John Perry Barlow’s 1996 Charter Cities manifesto, “A Declaration of the Independence of Charter cities build on Paul Romer’s theory that Cyberspace,” retrenched the frontierist rhetoric “rules” are the true linchpins of a growing of libertopias past. Internet capital is fueling its economy: the higher their quality, the more real-world return. favorable the circumstances for investment, đđđđđđđđđđThe city, Romer notes, provides a innovation, and economic growth. Good laws and convenient scale for a governmental customs must account for why Taiwan, as Romer “skunkworks,”4 though for each planner, form argues, could develop with a scarcity of natural follows ideology.5 From a libertarian perspective, resources and capital goods. Introducing these
This Seasteading Institute flash drive was given to the author at the 2012 Seasteading Conference in San Francisco. Courtesy of the author.
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The model shown here was developed by SESU Seastead – Marko Järvela for the Seastead Design competition, 2009.
02.19.14 / 11:30:25 EST good rules into a country with weaker ones – in a for reform in the rest of Honduras.”10 Such government-approved charter city/zone – would recommendations risk inflating perceptions of thus incentivize “privately held ideas to be put to the country’s lack of legitimacy, making the use within its borders,” as long as those rules potential authoritarianism of a charter city seem benefit free market practices, such as direct comparably desirable. Indeed, the 2011 investment, the protection of property rights, Latinobarómetro poll found that less than half of and the curbing of regulations.8 The the residents of Honduras – the murder capital implementation of good rules, of course, first 04/12 of the world – “presently believe democracy is requires identifying nations with conspicuously preferable to any other type of government, while weak ones. By so doing, Romer implicitly more than a quarter admit an authoritarian performs a pervasive logic whereby the naming regime is occasionally preferable.”11 This quarter of a “failed” or “failing” state gives justification may someday live in the safety of paranoid for various scales of international and private consent, with a wait-list of would-bes forming intervention.đCharter cities may eschew temporary encampments on the charter city interventionism in favor of territorial partitioning, perimeter. though provide similar grounds for action. đđđđđđđđđđTheoretically, anyone in the world can Migration / Voluntaryism migrate to a charter city. It remains the sovereign Romer’s nonprofit think tank, Charter Cities, territory of a host country, but is privately held – maintains a strict conflict-of-interest policy in as with a case like Singapore, infrastructural and the city zones. His advisory capacity, if anything, administrative costs are drawn from the skews against extant – and, in his opinion, revenues of land leasing and value gains. A given ineffectual – forms of foreign aid, favoring the charter city sources its rules from a guarantor “mutually beneficial exchange” to be found nation, in the manner that Hong Kong recruits between charter citizens, charter courts, and judges from common law jurisdictions, or charter investors.12 Pairing “rising tide” faith Mauritius appeals cases to the United Kingdom’s with an outspoken concern about the imminent Privy Council. In optimal circumstances, a legal urbanization crisis, the economist has made a arrangement with a guarantor nation would spur range of critics wonder if new experiments with the interest of both national and foreign city building aren’t better than none. investors, who could even sign on to help build đđđđđđđđđđReflecting on this crisis at TED2009, Romer the city. outlined the role charter cities could play for the đđđđđđđđđđDespite the economic incentives, there is “many hundreds of millions – if not billions – of questionable business demand for charter cities. people who will move to cities in the coming Multinationals already habitually consign centuries”: the 270 million expected to move to arbitration to third-party courts; in the case of Indian cities by 2030, for example, and the 700 Honduras, this long-standing practice was finally million that a 2009 Gallup poll reported want to formalized with CAFTA-DR’s allowance for migrate permanently. The economist then dispute settlement at the World Bank.9 These redistributed the world’s available arable land existing provisions must suffice to offset the into a dotted grid, noting that the addition of poor accountability of certain developing cities for a billion new people will only add 1 countries, which have seen little diminishment in percent to the 3 percent we’ve already taken.13 business with wealthy nations. The novelty of đđđđđđđđđđLess discussed are those for whom charter cities, then, may lie in their streamlined migration is a habitual state – who, in a very template for arbitration, which can scale to a different way than the citystead innovators, also multinational network without ever requiring experience precaritization as a naturalized mode foreign investors to directly engage with of work. Charter cities thus settle into a familiar territorial hosts. Certainly, a weak-ruled country paradox for ethico-humanitarian could profit through the sale of land and, entrepreneurship, as the application of business potentially, from spillover effects of the models to ameliorate inequitable conditions autonomous zones, but its consent renders ends up yielding contract-based, globalized explicit the operations of global capital: the host networks coextensive with those conditions. acknowledges that it, too, can be remade as a e - f l u x j o r n a # 5 2 — b y 0 1 4 đ T C C h a r t e i z n Moreover, the charter cities’ supposed alleviation frontier. of traditional immigration restrictions could đđđđđđđđđđDefense – like arbitration – can be conceivably supplement, not diminish, existing contracted out. In a 2012 report, Romer and his circuits of migratory labor. colleague Brandon Fuller offered the Royal đđđđđđđđđđCompounding this question is that of the Canadian Mounted Police and the Carabineros de political rights of charter cities’ early adopters. Chile as two organizations that could train As stipulated in the constitutional statute, an officers and provide borrowed accountability to independent “Transparency Commission” would charter city police, while also serving “as a model mediate relations between the Honduran
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The Chinese city of Ordos, built over the last twenty years to support a local coal mining boom, is largely uninhabited today. It is often cited as a beacon of the imminent bust of the Chinese housing bubble.
02.19.14 / 11:30:25 EST government and guarantor nations. In seeming over civic engagement. Michael Strong has confirmation of neoliberalism’s preference for presented this capacity as a democratization of technocratic governance, the commission’s pro choice, though it clearly owes less to democratic tempore members included the former senior governance than to the libertarianism of figures executive of Singapore Power, a Nobel Laureate like Murray Rothbard, whose advocacy of economist, and the Director Emeritus of Bain & voluntary transactions for national defense and Company. “It is easier to create a board of courts can be seen to presage these city models. trustees than to give control of part of your 06/12 đđđđđđđđđđ“‘Voting’ with boots, not ballots,” as political territory to a foreign nation,” the presidential philosopher David Ellerman wryly puts it, figures chief of staff remarked.14 As The Economist into the voluntaryist emphasis on exit over voice, reported in December 2011, among the and on the beneficent effects of the private commission’s more controversial decisions was individual’s free agency in the market.16 This to delay the introduction of democratic universalist framework homologizes self-interest institutions into the charter cities: only when it and economic gain, assuming an equal, natural “deems that the time is ripe will citizens be able agency in its private contractees to seek the one to elect the members of the ‘normative councils’ through the other, regardless of how existing – in effect, local parliaments.”15 inequities may impact their pursuit. đđđđđđđđđđSuch provisions have made Romer’s critics đđđđđđđđđđIn the case of the charter cities, cry neocolonial. The accusation, he replied at overwhelming demand may outpace TED2009, is an “emotional” one, as colonialism construction, creating population overflows that ruled by coercion, whereas charter cities allow necessitate the adoption of legal strictures, as people to opt-in and out. Situating charter cities Adam Davidson writes, to “tactically dissuade within voluntaryist theory, then, may help explain some from coming.”17 Singapore is one of why democracy plays a conditional (not Romer’s templates, as its draconian penalties constitutional) role: the capacity to enter and broadcast strict moral and labor standards for leave is taken as a sacrosanct liberty that exactly these purposes. The limits of renders secondary a given city’s system of voluntaryism here become starkly apparent: governance, thus prioritizing extrinsic contracts even as charter cities attempt to create global
Patri Friedman at the Burning Man festival. Photo: Christopher Rasch.
02.19.14 / 11:30:25 EST migrations unbundled from nation-states, the movement’s Austrian precursor, Friedrich Hayek, “practical” needs of population control may frequently critiqued the application of require similarly discriminating measures. “engineering technique to the solution of social đđđđđđđđđđ“Walls built around political entities cannot problems,” citing a “misuse of science … in fields block out without shutting in, cannot secure where [a scientist] is not competent.” “From the without making securitization a way of life,” earlier utopias to modern socialism,” Hayek Wendy Brown theorizes in Walled States, Waning writes, we can observe “the distinct mark of this
Sovereignty. “If they are among the new 07/12 influence.”25 When asked whether the Honduran technologies of power responding to the city models tempt constructivism, American limitations or even breakdown of the rule of law advisor Mark Klugmann replied that Hayek’s and order in sovereign nations,” she continues objections run against planned and directed elsewhere, “they are in this regard continuous economic interactions, not the legal systems with the extrajuridical practices springing up that facilitate market relations.26 Hayek supports everywhere.”18 Charter cities, in this light, are the this distinction, in his 1973 book Law, extrajuridical enclaves that wall themselves off Legislation, and Liberty: “we can preserve an from their weak-ruled, sovereign hosts. order of such complexity not by the method of directing the members, but only indirectly by Instant Cities / Disaster Capitalism enforcing and improving the rules conducive to While these proposed cities draw on Silicon the formation of a spontaneous order.”27 Valley business models – at a time when the Bay đđđđđđđđđđYet Klugmann would do well to parse theory Area itself seems poised to transform into a from action, as the aforementioned ideas have high-tech city-state – they also figure into recent had all too consequent geopolitical effects. Greg trends in greenfield urbanism that, Ellerman Lindsay reads the Honduran project, for example, notes, fulfill “the classic planners’ fantasy of as an epilogue to Naomi Klein’s The Shock short-circuiting all those messy problems of Doctrine, which plotted neoliberal reforms in development.”19 Immediately after the Chile, Russia, and Iraq within the matrix of constitutional amendment’s passage, for “disaster capitalism.”28 The economic policies of example, a delegation of Hondurans visited Hayek and Patri’s grandfather, Milton Friedman, South Korea and Singapore: “the two places in have not swept the globe “on the backs of the world,” Romer claims, “most interested in freedom and democracy,” Klein contends. “They getting into the city-building business.” 20 The have needed shocks, crises, states of former’s Songdo International Business District emergencies.”29 is the largest private real estate venture in đđđđđđđđđđIn Honduras, such a shock came with history, and the latter’s 2007 agreement with democratically elected president Manuel China yielded the framework for a scalable, Zelaya’s 2009 ouster. The military claimed to replicable eco-city, the first of which is under have prevented a referendum that would extend construction in Tianjin.21 These projects attempt the maximum number of terms a president could to demonstrate the financial feasibility of serve. Critics, however, suspected the real “instant” cities, as part of a general agents to be the Honduran elite, and the true “denationalization” of globalized economic prompt Zelaya’s reforms, which increased social space that, Saskia Sassen theorizes, elaborates welfare funding and the minimum wage, while a network atop the Westphalian map.22 A slowing the sale of state-owned utilities. reterritorializing maxim seeks to become the đđđđđđđđđđThe military coup has since given way to a cosmopolitan rule – even if, for every Hong Kong, “second coup” with the privatization of utilities, there’s at least one Ordos. the ports, and municipal education. đđđđđđđđđđRomer’s seeming disregard for the “messy Nonetheless, foreign investment and aid have problems” marks a surprising departure from his dropped since 2009, as Lobo’s questionably teacher, Robert Lucas, whose theory of the “democratic” post-coup election – and “external effects of human capital” explicitly subsequent allegations of corruption and human drew upon Jane Jacobs’s The Economy of Cities rights violations – have stoked international (1969). Laying the groundwork for Romer’s concern. In March 2012, ninety-four members of theory, Lucas suggested that these effects e - f l u x j o r n a # 5 2 — b y 0 1 4 đ T C C h a r t e i z n the US House of Representatives sent a letter to emerge from the intellection and interaction of Secretary of State Hilary Clinton asking for the groups, which, in the high concentrations of a suspension of assistance to the Honduran city, can account for aggregative growth.23 The military and police, whereas Obama’s proposed technocratic city planning against which Jacobs 2013 budget more than doubled key funding.30 wrote, in other words, has been twisted into a The US continues to be the country’s biggest terminus for her work.24 trading partner, and moral indignation has đđđđđđđđđđNor, for that matter, are the cities wholly remained merely implicit in the rhetoric of the commensurate with libertarian thought. The city builders.
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Honduran locals and members of the Black Fraternal Organization of Honduras (OFRANEH) protest Charter Cities.
02.19.14 / 11:30:25 EST đđđđđđđđđđThe paradox of an endeavor like Romer’s is public.34 And then there’s the matter of the that while his strong-ruled cities seek footage from a 2011 lecture, in which Strong set exceptional status in weak-ruled countries, they his cities’ eventual goal as the realization of an can only come into being by means of those weak “anarcho-capitalist paradise.”35 rules. A “failing state,” in short, must operate đđđđđđđđđđIn practical terms, Grupo MGK shifts focus with enough legitimacy to allow its from Romer’s global community, stipulating that extraterritorial guests to take root. This lesson Hondurans must hold 90 percent of its free cities’ was learned on September 4, 2012, roughly nine 09/12 jobs and charging a given governor to establish months after Lobo appointed Romer’s immigration criteria. The cities do not require Transparency Commission. On that date, their citizens to adopt the law of a guarantor Honduras signed a memorandum of country, but also allow for a governance understanding with Michael Strong’s fledgling structure designed by a Transparency private company, Grupo MGK, to construct three Commission and administered by the governor. “free city” zones throughout the country. Despite “Our model preserves Honduran sovereignty,” the media coverage at the time of the Transparency Grupo MGK website announced, by making Commission’s appointment, Lobo’s guarantorship a voluntary provision. administration never completed the process of Nonetheless, MGK will recommend third party publishing the decree in the official gazette and, legal systems; Strong floated Texas state law, for as such, does not formally recognize its instance, on account of its minimal taxes and existence. Whatever the circumstances of the familiarity to American investors. surprise deal, the administration felt compelled to bring Romer’s charter cities project to an unceremonious end.
Free Cities / Grupo MGK Despite boasting more flexibility and national concessions than charter cities, Grupo MGK’s “free cities” masquerade a pointed, ideological agenda. Strong borrows the company’s rhetoric from his other organization, Conscious Capitalism, Inc., which professes an unflagging optimism that “positive entrepreneurial activity, within appropriate legal boundaries, can solve all the world’s problems.”31 MGK’s free cities offer test sites for this activity, serving the larger effort to steer the libertarian brand away from its Randian associations. In a controversial speech at FreedomFest 2004, Whole Foods CEO and Conscious Capitalism cofounder John Mackey even remarked, “I believe that Rand has … harmed the movement.” Mackey went on to describe how Rand’s valorization of self-interest need not be incommensurate with social responsibility; the “flow of ideas, people, capital, Venn diagram found on the Conscious Capitalism, Inc. website. technology” through free markets, he argued, yield both personal and societal benefits.32 đđđđđđđđđđPresumably, Strong’s free cities would toe đđđđđđđđđđEven before signing the memorandum, the this ethico-entrepreneurial line, excepting the company had entered discussions with interests fact that his organization’s maneuverings have in clothing, pharmaceuticals, nanotechnology, done little to inspire confidence. The LLC of and organic food processing. The goal, MGK’s Strong and Kevin Lyons’s previous Honduran website stated, “is to build on the existing interest was revoked by the state of Nevada for success of Honduran free zones.” Indeed, one of failure to pay associated legal fees, and MGK’s MGK’s initial affiliates, Robert Haywood, drafted parent company only registered in Nevada on the the 1986 proposal to create the first economic very day of the memorandum’s signing.33 processing zones in Honduras. Free-trade zones Furthermore, Grupo MGK’s skeletal website went have a longer history in the country, from their live more than a week later – primarily, Strong 1976 authorizing legislation (effectively jump- told Diario La Prensa, to quell speculation about starting the nation’s maquila industry) to a 1998 the nature of the organization, given that the law that turned the entire country into a zone – memorandum had not yet been released to the an exemplary case of Keller Easterling’s theory
02.19.14 / 11:30:25 EST that a zone can serve as a “patriotic relevance for Greece, unintentionally echoing a doppelgänger or double of the national capital German MP’s past recommendation of selling off from which it is exempt, allowing state and non- the country in monument- and island-sized state to use each other as brand, proxy and parcels. The company’s website gave a more camouflage.”36 telling account: after two redesigns, the home đđđđđđđđđđMGK’s website took pains to differentiate page comprised a truncated history of the free its “Next Generation” zones: “Haywood cities project, concluding with a broken link to its acknowledges that the first generation of free 10/12 final update. It has since disappeared entirely. zones were flawed – precisely because they were only industrial parks that did NOT take community into account.” Even the prospective free city zones, however, have their Caribbean and Latin American precedents: the walled and guarded “Zonas Americanas” originally built for higher-ups in the United Fruit Company and since occupied (rather appropriately) by the foreign owners of the maquiladora zones.37 These were “your classic company towns,” Greg Lindsay notes, and their owners retained their privileges, in part, by backing military governments.38 The opponents of the city projects have drawn the obvious parallels.
Civic Response This stock image appears on Grupo MGK’s website with the Charter and free cities needed available land in a accompanying title: “Clean Slate: A Better Future for All Hondurans.” country of sufficient want and the demand of a global populous of sufficient need – generic conditions undone, in countless ways, by the đđđđđđđđđđCrucial to the Honduran case is that the resilience of context, of history (corruption, too). challengers’ defense of sovereignty and territory Saskia Sassen has characterized similar took shape not in nationalistic rhetoric, but tendencies as a “set of processes that does not through the ethics of a “post-sovereign necessarily scale at the global level as such,” but condition,” which, according to Michael J. which “is a part of globalization.” These Shapiro, resorts to neither strictly universalizing “noncosmopolitan forms of global politics … nor ethnic, tribal, and identitarian claims.42 The remain deeply attached to or focused on 2009 coup “revived the specter of military localized issues and struggles.”39 The civic dictatorships,” Tirza Flores Lanza commented, response in Honduras exemplifies these forms. destroying “the incipient democracy that, with đđđđđđđđđđIn September 2012, representatives of the great effort, we were constructing.”43 Its possible Black Fraternal Organization of Honduras repercussions were not lost on regional leaders (OFRANEH), the LGBT community, the Colectiva of democratic nations: Argentine President de Mujeres Hondureñas (Collective of Honduran Cristina Fernández, for example, anticipated the Women), and others filed over seventy 2013 Paraguayan coup.44 challenges to the model cities. The đđđđđđđđđđThe rejection of the city projects involves Constitutional Law branch of the Supreme Court more than retaliation against past and ongoing finally voted, on October 3, against the foreign incursions; at issue is the premise that constitutionality of the cities, arguing that individuals can assume their greatest liberty “foreign investment … implies transferring when the ethical and the political are bent to national territory.”40 Lacking unanimity, the court facilitate the exercise of economic agency. A reconvened in full on October 18 and reiterated proprietary notion of natural liberty, in other the first ruling. “History will judge who sought words, has been passed over by Hondurans for jobs for Honduras,” congress president Juan those other forms represented within and
Orlando Hernández remarked, “and who did e - f l u x j o r n a # 5 2 — b y 0 1 4 đ T C C h a r t e i z n protected by the state, suggesting its role, via not.”41 Brown, as “the only meaningful site … of political đđđđđđđđđđPatri Friedman’s company, Future Cities citizenship and rights guarantees.”45 Development, declared its dissolution the very đđđđđđđđđđThis is not to ignore how the Lobo regime’s next day, and MGK’s Honduran representative, parceling of services, territory, and rights Guillermo Peña, announced that the company crippled its political legitimacy, or that the had already moved on to talks with Jamaica, as state’s capaciousness, under any administration, well as several countries in the Caribbean and must be cleaved from nationalism’s cohesions Eastern Europe. Peña even considered MGK’s and exclusions to make room for other
02.19.14 / 11:30:25 EST correspondences of sovereignty and peoples. But Tyler Coburn is an artist and writer based in New York. it is to suggest that the cities have negatively demarcated what exists, in potentia, as a political sphere. đđđđđđđđđđThe Honduran response will scarcely slow the spread of greenfield urbanism: if cities are now designed to operate like skunkworks, and technological gains reinforce neoliberal master 11/12 narratives, then the failure of one experimental wing need not foreclose the operations of the others. Nonetheless, what happened in Honduras provides a cautionary tale about the role we resign – of who we lose – when the citizen turns private. đđđđđđđđđđ× Translation assistance by Arden Decker e - f l u x j o r n a # 5 2 — b y 0 1 4 đ T C C h a r t e i z n
02.19.14 / 11:30:25 EST đđđđđđ1 Wendy Brown,đWalled poverty. Mechanics of Economic Haremos Nuestra Primera States, Waning Sovereignty (New Development.”đJournal of Ciudad Modelo.” York: Zone Books, 2010), 22. đđđđđđ12 Monetary Economics vol. 22, no. Paul Romer and Octavio 1 (1988): 36–39. đđđđđđ35 đđđđđđ2 Yesille Ponce, “En Honduras Sanchez, “Urban prosperity in Michael Strong, “Marketing Free Haremos Nuestra Primera the RED,”đGlobe and Mail đđđđđđ24 Cities as a Mainstream Solution Ciudad Modelo,”đDiario La http://www.theglobeandmail.c See DavidđEllerman, “New to Global Poverty” (lecture, The Prensa De Honduras, September om/commentary/urban-prosperi Instant Cities.” Future of Free Cities Conference, 17, ty-in-the-red/article4102333 /. Roatán, Honduras, April 3, 2012,đhttp://www.laprensa.hn đđđđđđ25 2011)đhttp://newmedia.ufm.ed /Secciones-Principales/Hondu đđđđđđ13 Friedrich A. Von Hayek,đThe u/gsm/index.php/Strongfreeci ras/Apertura/En-Honduras-har PaulđRomer, “Why the World 12/12 Counter-Revolution of Science ties. emos-nuestra-primera-Ciudad- Needs Charter Cities,” speech, (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund Modelo; Patri Friedman “The Big TEDGlobal 2009, Oxford, July Inc., 1980)đhttp://mises.org/daily đđđđđđ36 Picture” (lecture, Seasteading 2009đhttp://www.ted.com/talk /2782. Keller Easterling, “Zone,” Institute Conference, San s/paul_romer.html. extrastatecraft.netđhttp://e Francisco, June 1, 2012). đđđđđđ26 xtrastatecraft.net/Projects/ đđđđđđ14 “LEAP Zones: A Legal, Economic, Zone. đđđđđđ3 Patri Friedman,đibid. DuncanđGreen, “Honduras Is Administrative and Political Building a Charter City? This Is Framework for Free Cities,” đđđđđđ37 đđđđđđ4 Never Going to Work,”đFrom interview with Mark Klugmann, SeeđAdrienne Pine,đWorking The term skunkworks designates Poverty to Power (blog), Universidad Francisco Hard, Drinking Hard: On Violence an experimental laboratory or December 21, Marroquín, Guatemala, April 20, and Survival in Honduras department of a company or 2011đhttp://oxfamblogs.org/f 2012đhttp://newmedia.ufm.edu (Berkeley: University of institution. p2p/honduras-builds-a-charte /gsm/index.php/Klugmannleapz California Press, 2008), 136. r-city-this-is-never-going-t o- ones. đđđđđđ5 work/. đđđđđđ38 Sebastian Mallaby, “The đđđđđđ27 Greg Lindsay, “Are Charter Cities Politically Incorrect Guide to đđđđđđ15 Friedrich A. Von Hayek,đLaw, the Cities of the Future?” Ending Poverty,”đThe Atlantic, “Hong Kong in Honduras,”đThe Legislation and Liberty: A New Co.Exist, August 24, July Economist, December 10, Statement of the Liberal 2012đhttp://www.fastcoexist. 2010đhttp://www.theatlantic. 2011đhttp://www.economist.co Principles of Justice and Political com/1680426/are-charter-citi com/magazine/archive/2010/07 m/node/21541392. Economy (Chicago: University of es-the-cities-of-the-future. /the-politically-incorrect-g uide- Chicago Press, 1973), 51. to-ending-poverty/30813 4/. đđđđđđ16 đđđđđđ39 DavidđEllerman, “New Instant đđđđđđ28 Saskia Sassen,đTerritory, đđđđđđ6 Cities: The Über-Planners of Greg Lindsay, “Former Authority, Rights, 3. Derived from Roman law, "jus Libertarianism,” ellerman.org ‘Seasteaders’ Come Ashore To soli" attributes citizenship http://www.ellerman.org/new- Start Libertarian Utopias In đđđđđđ40 within a given state by place of instant-cities-the-uber-plan Honduran Jungle,” Co.Exist, “Honduran court: Private Cities birth. ners-of-libertarianism/. October 31, ‘unconstitutional,’”Washington 2011đhttp://www.fastcoexist. Examiner, October 3, đđđđđđ7 đđđđđđ17 com/1678720/former-seasteade 2012đhttp://washingtonexamin Derived from Roman law, "jus AdamđDavidson, “Who Wants to rs-come-ashore-to-start-libe er.com/honduran-court-privat e- sanguinis" attributes citizenship Buy Honduras?”đNew York Times, rtarian-utopias-in-honduran- cities-unconstitutional/ar within a given state by the May 8, jungle. ticle/feed/2035929. citizenship of a subject's 2012đhttp://www.nytimes.com/ parents. 2012/05/13/magazine/who- đđđđđđ29 đđđđđđ41 want s-to-buy- The Shock Doctrine, directed by “Declaran Inconstitucional đđđđđđ8 honduras.html?pagew Alfonso Cuarón, Jonás Cuarón, Ciudades Modelos En Paul M. Romer, “Economic anted=all. and Naomi Klein (Klein Lewis Honduras,”đDiario La Prensa De Growth,” inđThe Concise Productions, 2007). Honduras, October 17, Encyclopedia of Economics, 2nd đđđđđđ18 2012http://www.laprensa.hn/h ed. (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty WendyđBrown,đWalled States, 42, đđđđđđ30 onduras/apertura/330285-98/d Fund Inc., 87. MarkđWeisbrot, “Legacy of eclaran-inconstitucional-ciu 2007)đhttp://www.econlib.org Honduran Coup Still Threatens dades-modelos-en-honduras. /library/Enc/EconomicGrowth. đđđđđđ19 Democracy in Latin America,” html. DavidđEllerman, “New Instant Huffington Post, July 02, đđđđđđ42 Cities.” 2012đhttp://www.huffingtonpo M. J.đShapiro, “Moral đđđđđđ9 st.com/mark-weisbrot/legacy- Geographies and the Ethics of The Central American – đđđđđđ20 of-honduran-coup_b_1638286.h Post-Sovereignty,”đPublic Culture Dominican Republic Free Trade PaulđRomer, “The World’s First tml. vol. 6, no. 3 (1994): 480. Agreement (CAFTA-DR) was Charter City?” speech, TED2011, established in 2006 between the Long Beach, March đđđđđđ31 đđđđđđ43 United States and El Salvador, 2011đhttp://www.ted.com/talk “Preface,”đLiberating the DanađFrank, “Honduras: Which and has since grown to s/paul_romer_the_world_s_fir Entrepreneurial Spirit for Good, Side Is the US On?”đThe Nation, incorporate five other st_charter_city.html. vol. 1, Freedom Lights Our World May 22, signatories: Costa Rica, (F.L.O.W.), 2008. 2012đhttp://www.thenation.co Dominican Republic, Guatemala, đđđđđđ21 m/article/167994/honduras-wh Honduras, and Nicaragua. Seeđhttp://www.songdo.com/so đđđđđđ32 ich-side-us. ngdo-international-business- John Mackey, “Winning the đđđđđđ10 district/news/press-releases Battle for Freedom and đđđđđđ44 PaulđRomer and Brandon .aspx/d=386/title=Koreas_Son Prosperity,” speech, MarkđWeisbrot, “Legacy of Fuller,đSuccess and the City: How gdo_International_Business_D FreedomFest, Las Vegas, May Honduran Coup Still Threatens Charter Cities Could Transform istrict__One_of_Asias_Larges 13, Democracy in Latin America.” the Developing World (Ottawa: t_Green_Developments__Surpas 2004đhttp://www.flowidealism MacDonald-Laurier Institute, ses_Milestone_of_13_Million_ .org/Downloads/Freedom-Fest- đđđđđđ45 2012)đhttp://www.macdonaldla Square_Feet_of_LEED_Certifie Speech.pdf. WendyđBrown,đWalled States,
urier.ca/files/pdf/How-chart er- d_Space e - f l u x j o r n a # 5 2 — b y 0 1 4 đ T C C h a r t e i z n 67–8. cities-could-transform-th e- andđhttp://www.tianjinecocit đđđđđđ33 developing-world-April-201 y.gov.sg/bg_intro.htm. TimđFernholz, “Behind the race 2.pdf. to build utopian city-states in đđđđđđ22 the Honduran Jungle,” Quartz, đđđđđđ11 Saskia Sassen,đTerritory, October 10, GregđLindsay, “Are Charter Cities Authority, Rights: From Medieval 2012đhttp://qz.com/12436/beh the Cities of the Future?” to Global Assemblages ind-the-race-to-build-utopia n- Co.Exist, August 24, (Princeton: Princeton University city-states-in-the-hondura n- 2012đhttp://www.fastcoexist. Press, 2006), 2. jungle/. com/1680401/can-importing-we ll-run-cities-into-poorly-ru n- đđđđđđ23 đđđđđđ34 countries-lift-the-world-f rom- RobertđLucas, “On the Yesille Ponce, “En Honduras
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