DOCSLIB.ORG

Liberal Imperialism: the Rise and Fall of Liberal Internationalism in U.S.-China Relations and the Origins of the Cold War, 1898–1945

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Liberal Imperialism: the Rise and Fall of Liberal Internationalism in U.S.-China Relations and the Origins of the Cold War, 1898–1945 Liberal Imperialism: The Rise and Fall of Liberal Internationalism in U.S.-China Relations and the Origins of the Cold War, 1898–1945 by Jason C. Chang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (American Culture) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor Kevin Gaines, Co-Chair Professor Penny Von Eschen, Co-Chair Associate Professor Paul A. Anderson Associate Professor Thomas A. Guglielmo, The George Washington University © Jason C. Chang 2010 All rights reserved. For my parents Annie Koh Chang and Ricky Wu-nan Chang and in loving memory of Nikita, best dog ever. ii Acknowledgments I‘ve always found writing to be a solitary pursuit, but one thing that I‘ve come to learn while working on this dissertation is that the writing itself is perhaps the only part of the long process that does not require the generous aid of mentors, teachers, family, a dog, friends, and strangers. For all the help I‘ve received along the way, I‘d like to give thanks. Penny Von Eschen has been an enthusiastic advocate of my work ever since we first met many years ago, when we were both new arrivals in Ann Arbor. The ideas that eventually coalesced and became this dissertation were first conceived in her seminar on Race, Gender, and Empire in U.S. History, and expanded in the readings we did for my oral examinations. I hope that her longstanding dedication seeing to my intellectual growth, and the influence of her own path breaking scholarship on the importance of thinking U.S. empire in an international frame, will be apparent in the following pages. Her support and feedback through all stages of this dissertation have made it a much better product, and for that I am grateful. It has been an honor to be her student. Kevin K. Gaines has been a steady pillar of support as well, ever since I first sat down in his seminar on the Origins of Black Studies during my first week of graduate school, through my oral examinations, and now as the co-chair of my dissertation committee. His level- headed and incisive critiques helped focus what was at times a rather unwieldy project. Thomas A. Guglielmo has been a model teacher and scholar, as well as a good friend. His iii commitment to a rigorous historical methodology, and his reminders about the primacy of the archive have provided a model worthy of emulation, and some great leads on sources. Paul A. Anderson has been a cheerful interlocutor, and an intensely close reader, for which I am thankful. Plus, I owe my dissertation title to a conversation we had over beers at Ashley‘s one afternoon several years ago. I would like to give thanks to the many wonderful teachers I have had over the years, both at the University of California at Santa Cruz, where I did my undergraduate studies, and at the University of Michigan: Julia Adams, Tomas Almaguer, Jonathan Beller, David Brundage, James Clifford, Christopher Connery, Phil Deloria, John Dizikes, Geoff Eley, Dana Frank, Kevin Gaines, Herman Gray, Gail Hershatter, Scott Kurashige, Curtis Marez, Terrence McDonald, Jim McIntosh, Aamir Mufti, Jeffrey Paige, Hannah Rosen, Maurice Stevens, Penny Von Eschen, David Wellman, Marilyn Westerkamp, Karen Tei Yamashita, Alice Yang, and Judy Yung. Two scholars outside of the Santa Cruz and Michigan network deserve special mention for their support as this project came to fruition. Kevin Scott Wong served as a commentator on several conference panels where earlier versions of the ideas in this dissertation were presented, and at conferences where he wasn‘t giving official comments, he was often in the audience offering his wise counsel and support. Donald E. Pease offered good cheer, insightful comments, as well as a collegial intellectual environment, when I had the good fortune to present a portion of this dissertation in our seminar at the Dartmouth Futures of American Studies Workshop in the summer of 2009. Marlene Moore, of the Program in American Culture, has guided me seamlessly through many years of the bureaucratic aspects of being a graduate student at the iv University of Michigan, and for this I thank her. Funding from the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, The Program in American Culture, Students of Color of Rackham (SCOR), and the Organization for Academic and Multicultural Initiatives, have made much of the research for this dissertation possible. Fellow graduate students at the University of Michigan, and in the Bay Area where I moved to finish the dissertation, have constituted a tremendous support network in all phases of my graduate education. They are, in no particular order: Nicholas Syrett, Laura Hymson, Robin Li, Charles Gentry, Justine Pas, Jennifer Beckham, Dolores Ines Casillas, Robert Hill, Tracie Rubeck, Shawan Wade-Worsley, Robert McLean, Tamar Carroll, Richard Kim, Erika Gassar, Leah Khaghani, Matthew Wittman, Tyler Cornelius, Janxin Leu, Shaun Lopez, Larry Hashima, Daryl Maeda, Anna Pegler-Gordon, Grace Wang, Nikki Stanton, Cindy Wu, Colin Johnson, Dean Saranillio, Sharon Lee, Lee Ann Wang, Brian Chung, Nhi Lieu, John McKiernan Gonzalez, Jess Rigelhaupt, Kim Alidio, Jan Bernabe, Sarah Gould, Afia Ofori-Mensa, Munia Bhaumik, Jennifer Harford-Vargas, Swati Rana, and Jennifer Reimer. I count myself lucky to have a solid group of friends whom I have known since childhood, who have provided me with solid laughs and great times as I‘ve worked on this project for many years. They are: Noah Dasho, Manton Hurd, Joshua Kennedy- Smith, Gabriel Monts, Tobe O‘neal, John Roller, Akiva Schaffer, Jorma Taccone, Paul Vogler, and Noah Zoloth-Levy. I‘d like to thank the librarians and archivists at the Bancroft and Asian American Studies libraries at the University of California at Berkeley, the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University, the Yale Divinity School Library at Yale University, and v the United States National Archives and Records Administration, both in College Park, MD, and San Bruno, CA. In 2002, I adopted a beautiful four-year-old Husky–Shepherd mix named Nikita from the Ann Arbor Humane Society. She was a tireless companion, and spent countless hours by my side, under my feet, and wedged between by leg and some other object. She was there as I read for orals, as I began the task of writing the dissertation, and was always happy to see me when I came home from the archives. I had always had a vision of celebrating the completion of my dissertation with her (and some humans as well), but she passed away in 2008, before I could finish. She‘s always in my heart, and this dissertation is dedicated in part to her memory. I know she would have really enjoyed sleeping on her very own bound copy. Without the love and support of my family none of this would have been possible. My parents, Annie and Ricky Chang, have given me every kind of support imaginable, and then some, and then some more. They are models of kindness and generosity. Words cannot express my gratitude for the sacrifices they made, and the opportunities they provided me with. I hope this dissertation gives them a soupcon of relief, and a feeling that it was worth it. If not, it will at least make an incredibly serviceable doorstop on those particularly windy Beijing days. My grandmother Cecile Koh has been ever interested in my progress, and I am happy to be able to tell her now that the dissertation is done. My uncle Hsing-wu Chang has been eternally supportive, and provided honest and practical life advice. My older sister Aimee Chang has been an inspiration throughout much of my life (in the years after I retired as her living TV-channel-changer, and other sundry things for which there are now wireless technologies widely available). Her good vi cheer and fierce intellect are awe-inspiring, and my pursuit of a Ph.D. can be seen as just one part of the larger life project of becoming, some day, I hope, as smart as she is. But I suspect one cannot just learn these things, it is an expression of her extraordinary habitus. Her partner Becky Escamilla is one of the kindest, most cheerful, and generous persons I have ever met. Plus, she has a mind-bogglingly amazing guitar collection. It has been my good fortune to have her as part of the family. My in-laws, Lois, Mark, and Sam Pipkin provided much-needed cheerleading as this project came to a close. My partner in crime and in life, Erin Pipkin, has been the exemplar of patience and understanding. Her wise counsel and critical acumen have made this a much better dissertation than it could ever have been without it, and our lively conversations always sharpen my thinking. More importantly, her love and companionship have enriched my life beyond measure, and make me feel as though every day brings with it the possibility for newness and something even better than what came before. This is particularly uplifting for someone who spends so much time looking backwards, contemplating what ways, if any, the lessons of history might help lead us towards a more equitable and just future. There is no way that I can thank her enough for all she has given me. vii Table of Contents Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………ii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………iii A Note on Usage………………………………………………………………………….ix Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 2: Empire of Time: Emergent Chinese Modernities in The Republican Advocate and Kang You-wei‘s Da Tong Shu…..………….…………………………….43 Chapter 3: The Missionary Apparatus, American Liberalism, and Chinese Anti- Imperialist Nationalism………………………………….…………………………..….115
Load more

Recommended publications
  • INDIGENOUS HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE Kautilya and His Vocabulary
    INDIGENOUS HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE Kautilya and His Vocabulary VOLUME III INDIGENOUS HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE Kautilya and His Vocabulary VOLUME III Editors PRADEEP KUMAR GAUTAM SAURABH MISHRA ARVIND GUPTA INSTITUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDIES & ANALYSES NEW DELHI PENTAGONPENTAGONPENTAGON PRESSPRESSPRESS Indigenous Historical Knowledge: Kautilya and His Vocabulary Pradeep Kumar Gautam, Saurabh Mishra and Arvind Gupta (Editors) First Published in 2016 Copyright © Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi ISBN 978-81-8274-909-2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without first obtaining written permission of the copyright owner. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, or the Government of India. Published by PENTAGON PRESS 206, Peacock Lane, Shahpur Jat, New Delhi-110049 Phones: 011-64706243, 26491568 Telefax: 011-26490600 email: [email protected] website: www.pentagonpress.in In association with Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No. 1, Development Enclave, New Delhi-110010 Phone: +91-11-26717983 Website: www.idsa.in Printed at Avantika Printers Private Limited. Contents Preface vii About the Contributors xi Welcome Remarks by Dr. Arvind Gupta, Director General (DG) IDSA xv Keynote Address by Shri Shivshankar Menon, National Security Adviser xvii PART I REVISITING CONCEPTS, ISSUES FROM TEXT 1. Economy, Ecology, and National Defence in Kauäilya’s ArthaàÈstra 3 Patrick Olivelle 2. Non-Aggression Pacts and Strategic Partnerships in Kauäilyan Foreign Policy 16 Mark McClish 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Face of Humanitarian Aid and Intervention: China and Its Growing Role in the Realm of African Development
    The New Face of Humanitarian Aid and Intervention: China and Its Growing Role in the Realm of African Development Mark WILD* Abstract In November of 2013, Typhoon Haiyan struck the Philippines causing Despite being seen by western nations as an massive amounts of damage in terms adversarial, confrontational and undemocratic of both property and lives. Winds were nation, the People’s Republic of China has been able to forge a large number of beneficial recorded at 195 mph and waves as high and lasting relationships with many nations, as 5 meters crashed onto shore.1 In particular those on the African continent. To do response, the U.S.S. George Washington so, China has sought not to distance itself from its and the H.M.S. Illustrious, aircraft international detractors by trying to remake their public image as being democratic but rather by carriers of two of the five permanent using their knowledge and wealth accrued from U.N. Security Council members, the rapid industrialization and a massive growing United States and the United Kingdom, economy seeking new markets to create new were deployed to the Philippines with and mutually advantageous relationships. To manage such a rapport, China has taken the cargo holds full of supplies designated traditional western practice of humanitarian aid for humanitarian disaster relief.2 In and molded it to fit the Chinese government’s addition to this force, regional support way of operating; Operating not under the guise of solving human rights issues or exchanges of was promised from Japan, in the form goods for pro-democratic reforms but rather by of a large naval force and over US$ 30 offering credit, infrastructure, knowledge and million.
    [Show full text]
  • REVOLUTION GOES EAST Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University
    REVOLUTION GOES EAST Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University The Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute of Columbia University were inaugu rated in 1962 to bring to a wider public the results of significant new research on modern and contemporary East Asia. REVOLUTION GOES EAST Imperial Japan and Soviet Communism Tatiana Linkhoeva CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON This book is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem)—a collaboration of the Association of American Universities, the Association of University Presses, and the Association of Research Libraries—and the generous support of New York University. Learn more at the TOME website, which can be found at the following web address: openmono graphs.org. The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress. cornell.edu. Copyright © 2020 by Cornell University First published 2020 by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Linkhoeva, Tatiana, 1979– author. Title: Revolution goes east : imperial Japan and Soviet communism / Tatiana Linkhoeva. Description: Ithaca [New York] : Cornell University Press, 2020. | Series: Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019020874 (print) | LCCN 2019980700 (ebook) | ISBN 9781501748080 (pbk) | ISBN 9781501748097 (epub) | ISBN 9781501748103 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Communism—Japan—History—20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Let One Hundered Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China
    Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 23 Issue 3 2002 Let One Hundered Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China Randall Peerenboom University of California, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Rule of Law Commons Recommended Citation Randall Peerenboom, Let One Hundered Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China, 23 MICH. J. INT'L L. 471 (2002). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol23/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LET ONE HUNDRED FLOWERS BLOOM, ONE HUNDRED SCHOOLS CONTEND: DEBATING RULE OF LAW IN CHINAt Randall Peerenboom* I. THIN VERSIONS OF RULE OF LAW ................................................ 477 A. Advantages of Thin Theories................................................ 480 B. Normative Concerns About Thin Theories and the Relation Between Thin and Thick Theories .................... 482 II. FOUR IDEAL TYPES: STATIST SOCIALIST, NEO-AUTHORITARIAN, COMMUNITARIAN, LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC .................................... 486 A . The Economic Regim e .........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE EVOLUTIONARY GLOBAL VISION of CHINESE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY; China's Socio-Economic Transformation in the 21St Century
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Projects and Capstones Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Fall 12-20-2020 THE EVOLUTIONARY GLOBAL VISION of CHINESE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY; China's Socio-Economic Transformation in The 21st Century Meryem Gurel University of San Francisco, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone Part of the Asian Studies Commons, International Economics Commons, International Relations Commons, Other Philosophy Commons, Other Political Science Commons, Political Economy Commons, and the Regional Economics Commons Recommended Citation Gurel, Meryem, "THE EVOLUTIONARY GLOBAL VISION of CHINESE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY; China's Socio-Economic Transformation in The 21st Century" (2020). Master's Projects and Capstones. 1069. https://repository.usfca.edu/capstone/1069 This Project/Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Projects and Capstones by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EVOLUTIONARY GLOBAL VISION OF CHINESE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY China’s Socio-Economic Transformation in the 21st Century Meryem Gurel APS 650 Capstone Project July 16, 2020 2 Abstract Evolving relations of East Asia due to trade liberalization raised the search for financial stability for institutional development. It also increased the importance of China integrating the global economy into renewing its political philosophy in the new century. This capstone project aims to examine why China has transformed its socio-economic structure by generating outward investments and how it has affected international political relations in terms of the role of the economic institution Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Rule Over Rural Manchukuo: Strategies and Policies
    JAPANESE RULE OVER RURAL MANCHUKUO: STRATEGIES AND POLICIES A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MO TIAN September 2015 DECLARATION I, Mo Tian, declare that, except where otherwise acknowledged or noted, this thesis is entirely my own work. Mo Tian iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is the outcome of a frustrating intellectual trajectory. It started as an enquiry into the political ideology of Manchukuo, but later on switched its direction to the examination of the political institutions of Manchukuo, and finally landed on the area of Japanese rule over rural Manchukuo. On the path towards completing this thesis, I have incurred debts to many individuals and institutions. This thesis would have never been possible without their assistance and support. First, I would like to thank my family for carrying me through this PhD journey. I dedicate this thesis to my mother Huang Wei. Her unceasing love has supported me in various ways. I dedicate this thesis to my father Tian Shubin who died prematurely in 2001. He was a great father who taught me to pursue excellence and to become a man of integrity. I dedicate this thesis to my grandfather Huang Kexuan who grew up in Manchuria under the Japanese rule. In my early childhood, he strongly cultivated my genuine interest in Japan. His stories of the various aspects of the Japanese rule in Manchuria are the sources of inspiration for my work on Manchuria. My mentors and colleagues in Australia have greatly facilitated the process of my writing. The three members of my examination panel have been tremendously helpful for my thesis writing.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Sanctions
    Order Code RL31910 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web China: Economic Sanctions Updated February 1, 2006 Dianne E. Rennack Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress China: Economic Sanctions Summary The United States currently maintains the following economic sanctions against China: ! limits on U.S. foreign assistance; ! U.S. “No” votes or abstention in the international banks; ! ban on Overseas Private Investment Corporation programs; ! ban on export of defense articles or defense services; ! ban on import of munitions or ammunition; ! ban on procurement of goods and services listed on the munitions list in the International Trafficking in Arms Regulations; ! denial of Generalized System of Preferences status; ! substantial export controls on dual-use items, particularly satellites, nuclear technology, and computers; ! suspension of export licenses for crime control and detection instruments and equipment; ! export and licensing restrictions on targeted entities found to have engaged in proliferation of missiles and weapons of mass destruction (or related technology); and ! Presidential authority to restrict Chinese military companies and Chinese government-affiliated businesses from developing commercial activities inside the United States. Human rights conditions in China and the threat of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction resulting from China’s lack of export controls or lack of cooperation with international export control standards continue to be the main foreign policy or national security issues that hold these economic restrictions in place. The influence of Congress on U.S. policy toward China, once significant because so much hung on the annual possibility that favorable trade terms could be suspended, has more recently been diffused.
    [Show full text]
  • Designing Governance Structures for Performance and Accountability Developments in Australia and Greater China
    DESIGNING GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES FOR PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY DEVELOPMENTS IN AUSTRALIA AND GREATER CHINA DESIGNING GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES FOR PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY DEVELOPMENTS IN AUSTRALIA AND GREATER CHINA EDITED BY ANDREW PODGER, TSAI-TSU SU, JOHN WANNA, HON S. CHAN AND MEILI NIU Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760463595 ISBN (online): 9781760463601 WorldCat (print): 1162836373 WorldCat (online): 1162821573 DOI: 10.22459/DGSPA.2020 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press This edition © 2020 ANU Press CONTENTS Figures . vii Tables . ix Abbreviations and acronyms . xi Contributors . xv 1 . Designing governance structures for performance and accountability: Developments in Australia and greater China . 1 Andrew Podger, Hon S Chan and John Wanna 2 . Theorising public bureaucracies: Comparing organisational purpose, function and form, while counter‑posing political control versus bureaucratic autonomy . 13 John Wanna 3 . How independent should administration be from politics? Theory and practice in public sector institutional design in Australia . 35 Andrew Podger 4 . Governance structure, organisational reform and administrative efficiency: Lessons from Taiwan . 75 Yi‑Huah Jiang 5 . Practical action, theoretical impacts: Aged care and disability services reform in Australia . 97 Mike Woods and David Gilchrist 6 . All the best intentions: A review of a sub‑national attempt at reshaping the not-for-profit/public sector nexus .
    [Show full text]
  • The Recovery of Hong Kong by the People's Republic of China-A Fifty Year Experiment in Capitalism and Freedom
    Day: The Recovery of Hong Kong THE RECOVERY OF HONG KONG BY THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA-A FIFTY YEAR EXPERIMENT IN CAPITALISM AND FREEDOM Christian C. Day* I. INTRODUCTION The People's Republic of China (PRC) has the opportunity to fashion a novel relationship with the capitalistic city-state of Hong Kong. This opportunity has arisen out of the September 26, 1984 Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong.1 This Joint Declaration, issued with three integrated annexes, and an Ex­ change of Memoranda, comprises the text of the "agreement" be­ tween the UK and the PRC on the future of the current British Colony.2 The UK-PRC agreement, which was signed in Peking on December 19, 1984,3 is an unprecedented solution to the PRC's * Associate Professor of Law, Syracuse University College of Law; A.B. Cornell University, 1967; J.D. New York University School of Law, 1970. 1. Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, signed at Peking Dec. 19, 1984, United Kingdom-People's Republic of China, 1984 Gr. Brit. T.S. No. 20, at 11-13 (Cmd. 9352) [hereinafter cited as Joint Declaration]. Ac­ cording to the Joint Declaration, its effectiveness is subject to "ratification and shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification, which shall take place in Beijing before 30 June 1985." Id.
    [Show full text]
  • The Divided China Problem: Conflict And
    Hoover Press : EPP 101 DP5 HPEP010100 24-05-00 rev2 page 1 THE DIVIDED CHINA PROBLEM Conflict Avoidance and Resolution The year 2000 will be no ordinary year for Taiwan or mainland China. The events of the past decade have so soured relations between the two sides that this year could bring either peace or war to the Taiwan Strait. On April 27, 1993, more than three hundred journalists gathered in Singapore to observe two representatives of Taiwan and mainland China, divided since October 1, 1949, sign three agreements and a joint accord, signaling a breakthrough for peacefully negotiating the end of the Chinese civil war. Both sides began negotiating as equals while agreeing to different interpretations of Taiwan’s relationship to China, or the “one-China” principle. But these negotiations, conducted by private agencies (for Taiwan, the Straits Exchange Foundation, or SEF, and for mainland China, the Association for Relations across the Tai- wan Strait, or ARATS), collapsed after mid-June 1995 when President The authors wish to thank Director John Raisian of the Hoover Institution, the Gov- ernment Information Office of the Republic of China, and the Institutes for Taiwan Research in Beijing and Shanghai of the People’s Republic of China for support to conduct interviews with many individuals about the divided China problem. We also thank Zhang Jialin, Robert J. Myers, Michel C. Oksenberg, William E. Ratliff, Zhao Suisheng, and Wei Yung for criticisms of this essay. None of the above are responsible for the views expressed by the authors or for errors and omissions that exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan's Security Relations with China Since 1989
    Japan’s Security Relations with China since 1989 The Japanese–Chinese security relationship is one of the most important vari- ables in the formation of a new strategic environment in the Asia-Pacific region which has not only regional but also global implications. The book investigates how and why since the 1990s China has turned in the Japanese perception from a benign neighbour to an ominous challenge, with implications not only for Japan’s security, but also its economy, role in Asia and identity as the first devel- oped Asian nation. Japan’s reaction to this challenge has been a policy of engagement, which consists of political and economic enmeshment of China, hedged by political and military power balancing. The unique approach of this book is the use of an extended security concept to analyse this policy, which allows a better and more systematic understanding of its many inherent contradictions and conflicting dynamics, including the centrifugal forces arising from the Japan–China–US triangular relationship. Many contradictions of Japan’s engagement policy arise from the overlap of military and political power-balancing tools which are part of containment as well as of engagement, a reality which is downplayed by Japan but not ignored by China. The complex nature of engagement explains the recent reinforcement of Japan’s security cooperation with the US and Tokyo’s efforts to increase the security dialogues with countries neighbouring China, such as Vietnam, Myanmar and the five Central Asian countries. The book raises the crucial question of whether Japan’s political leadership, which is still preoccupied with finding a new political constellation and with overcoming a deep economic crisis, is able to handle such a complex policy in the face of an increasingly assertive China and a US alliance partner with strong swings between engaging and containing China’s power.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chinese Liberal Camp in Post-June 4Th China
    The Chinese Liberal Camp [/) OJ > been a transition to and consolidation of "power elite capital­ that economic development necessitated further reforms, the in Post-June 4th China ism" (quangui zibenzhuyr), in which the development of the provocative attacks on liberalism by the new left, awareness of cruellest version of capitalism is dominated by the the accelerating pace of globalisation, and the posture of Jiang ~ Communist bureaucracy, leading to phenomenal economic Zemin's leadership in respect to human rights and rule of law, OJ growth on the one hand and endemic corruption, striking as shown by the political report of the Fifteenth Party []_ social inequalities, ecological degeneration, and skilful politi­ Congress and the signing of the "International Covenant on D... cal oppression on the other. This unexpected outcome has Economic, Social and Cultural Rights" and the "International This paper is aa assessment of Chinese liberal intellectuals in the two decades following June 4th. It provides an disheartened many democracy supporters, who worry that Covenant on Civil and Political Rights."'"' analysis of the intellectual development of Chinese liberal intellectuals; their attitudes toward the party-state, China's transition is "trapped" in a "resilient authoritarian­ The core of the emerging liberal camp is a group of middle­ economic reform, and globalisation; their political endeavours; and their contributions to the project of ism" that can be maintained for the foreseeable future. (3) age scholars who can be largely identified as members of the constitutional democracy in China. However, because it has produced unmanageably acute "Cultural Revolution Generation," including Zhu Xueqin, social tensions and new social and political forces that chal­ Xu Youyu, Qin Hui, He Weifang, Liu junning, Zhang lenge the one-party dictatorship, Market-Leninism is not actu­ Boshu, Sun Liping, Zhou Qiren, Wang Dingding and iberals in contemporary China understand liberalism end to the healthy trend of politicalliberalisation inspired by ally that resilient.
    [Show full text]