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Voting Patterns of Osaka Prefecture W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1974 The Post-War Democratization of Japan: Voting Patterns of Osaka Prefecture Hiroyuki Hamada College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Hamada, Hiroyuki, "The Post-War Democratization of Japan: Voting Patterns of Osaka Prefecture" (1974). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624882. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-yyex-rq19 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POST-WAR DEMOCRATIZATION OF JAPAN: n VOTING PATTERNS OF OSAKA PREFECTURE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Sociology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Arts by Hiroyuki Hamada May, 197^ APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Approved: May, 197^ Edwin H. Rh: Satoshi Ito, Ph.D. ___ Elaine M. The mo ^ Ph.D. DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my father, Kazuo Hamada, OSAKA, Japan. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............... iv LIST OF TABLES ............... v LIST OF MAPS AND GRAPH .......... ....... vii ABSTRACT . ......... viii INTRODUCTION ...................... .......... 2 CHAPTER I. MAJOR THEMES OF THE STUDY .............. 8 CHAPTER II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND METHOD OF STUDY ..... I k CHAPTER III. ANALYSIS OF DATA: DEMOGRAPHIC TREND OF OSAKA PREFECTURE AND JAPAN . ......... 29 CHAPTER IV. VOTING PATTERNS OF PREFECTURE IN ASSEMBLY AND GUBERNATORIAL ELECTIONS ...... 51 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION .......... 119 APPENDIX . 130 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..... ................ ..... 133 VITA ................. 1^3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS' I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Edwin H. Rhyne for his suggestions and over-all structural guidance on this project, and Dr. Elaine M. Themo for her kind advice on the theoretical points concerning the subject matter, and I would like to extend my special thanks to Dr. Satoshi Ito for his painstaking aid in editing the manuscripts as well as in providing many valuable suggestions on the thesis. I am also indebted to Russell Smith, Department of History, at the College of William and Mary, for the careful editing of the final draft. LIST OF TABLES Table Page III-l Japan: Median Age of Total Employed Population by Industry, 1920-1950 .............. 3^ III-2 Population of Shi, Ku, Machi, and Mura for Prefecture 1920-1965 • * • • • • • • • • • . • • • • 3? III-3 Labor Force Status of Population 15 Years and Over, and Industry (Major Groups) of Employed Persons 15 Years and Over for Prefecture, 1930-1965 • • • • • 39 III-4 Percent Distribution by Industry for Prefecture, 1930-1965 • 40 II1-5 Ordinary Households and Household Members and Industry of Household’s Head for Prefecture of OSAKA, 1960-1965 . ............. *+1 III-6 Percent Distribution of Industry (3 Major Groups) by Age and by Sex of 15 Years and Over. Employed Persons for OSAKA Prefecture, I96O-I965 . • . • • » * • • • • ^2 III-7 Percentage Increase of Occupations of Employed Persons, 15 Years and Over by Sex, I96O-I965 ® •. • • • • * * ^3 III-8 Percent Distribution of Employed Persons by Industry, by Occupation, and by Employment Status for OSAKA Prefecture, I96O-I965 ..... • • 'k7 IV-1 Percent of Political Party Seats Won in OSAKA Prefecture Assembly, 19^7-1971 ............ 66 IV-2 Population Characteristics in Percentages of OSAKA Prefecture, I96O-I9 6 5 ......................... .. 59 IV-3 Percent Distribution of Employed Persons 15 Years and Over by Industry, I96O-I965 ............... 60 IV-*+ Percent Distribution by Four Major Occupation Groups, 1965 .......... 62 IV-5 Percent Total Vote of Assembly Elections by Four Preference Groups in OSAKA Prefecture, 1963-1971 ...... 63 vi Table Page IV-6 Conservative Shi and Progressive Shi with Demographic Characteristics • • ......... • ••••••• 91 IV-7 Conservative Gun and Progressive Gun with Demographic Characteristics ..••••••••••••• 92 IV-8 Shift in Political Party Preference from Indigenous Conservative to Non-indigenous Progressive, with Demographic Characteristics, 1967-1971 •••••**••••• 9^ IV-9 Fractionation of Political Parties Among Four Shi, with Demographic Characteristics, 1963-1971 • 95 IV-10 Party Preference by Areas Characterized by Major Occupational Groups, 1963, 1967 and 1971 • •••••*•••• 97 IV-11 Party Support in Percentage by Occupational Status, 1950 ..•••••••••••••••• 102 IV-12 Political Preference and Industrial Distribution, 1963,1967 and 1971 .'••••«••»-...«•• 103 IV-13 Result of the Governor Elections for OSAKA Prefecture in Percentages by Party and by Candidate, 19^-7-1971 • • • • • 105 IV-14 Result of the Governor Election for OSAKA Prefecture in Percentages by Party Candidate and by Fu, OSAKA City, Total Satellite Cities, and Counties, 1967 ••••**•••• 106 IV-15 Result of the Governor Election for OSAKA Prefecture by Party Candidate and by Fu, OSAKA City, Total Satellite Cities, and Counties, 1971 • • • . * • . • • • • . 108 IV-16 Percent of Seats Gained by Party Candidate in Lower House of Representatives, Elections of 1958, 1959, 1963, 1967 and 1969 . .... 115 LISTS OF MAPS AND GRAPH Map Page M-l Electoral Districts for OSAKA Prefecture and Population • 57 M-2 Result of 1951 Assembly Election for OSAKA Prefecture by Four Preference Groups; Percentage Differentials of 2C$ or more • •••«.••••.......... ....... 70 M-3 Population Increase by Cho, Gun, Shi and Fu, 1960-1965 ............ .. l h M-A Result of 1967 Gubernatorial Election for OSAKA Prefecture .•••••••••••»••••••• 109 M-5 Result of 1971 Gubernatorial Election for OSAKA Prefecture ••••••••.••••••••••• 110 M-6 Result of 1971 Gubernatorial Election for OSAKA Prefecture; Percentage Total Vote Differentials • ••.•••••«»••••«•• Ill Graph G-l Results of Prefectural Assembly Election by Four Groups, 19^7-1971 ............ 67 vii STUDY ON POSTWAR DEMOCRATIZATION OF JAPAN: VOTING PATTERNS AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OSAKA PREFECTURE ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis was to analyze the impact of V/estern political democracy on the fabric of Japanese life between the end of World War II and the early 19701 s. Specifically it examined the basic nature of postwar changes in the socio-political economy of a single Japanese province, OSAKA Prefecture. Since OSAKA is a typically urban prefecture in its population characteristics, its political preferences, and its occupational patterns, it is probable that the conclusions herein contained apply more or less to Japan at large. The underlying premise is that the complex of developments associated with industrialization of the economy was the dynamic element which preconditioned the style of political development and the consistency of social life. In 19^-7 American occupational authorities provided Japan with a Western constitution. It followed the Lockean tradition closely with its emphasis on civil liberty, limited government, free elections, and representative assemblies from the local level to the national level. This prescription for social justice did not entirely fit the needs and capabilities of the Japanese people. The minimum requirement to make a Lockean system work is political participation in a society of self- sufficient individuals. Yet the whole ethos of Japanese politics rested on the traditional reverence for decision-making within the family and the common expectation of authoritarian leadership by political elites. Hence the underlying story of political development since the second World War has been that of the mutual adaptation of the Japanese character and political democracy. Because the knowledge and values necessary to the operation of democratic government did not exist in the Japanese conscience, the new constitution could function only with the aid of traditional political methods at first. Thus one traditional party directed by elitist leadership and devoted to consensus rule rapidly gained majority control in the government. This was the Liberal Democratic Party, denominated in this study the Indigenous Conservatives. In interpreting the general will, this party demanded and obtained a near total emphasis on rapid economic growth, often to the exclusion of other and more humane values. As the case of OSAKA Prefecture clearly reveals, the development of an advanced industrial economy brought about the potential capability to move away from authoritarian and elitist politics. The experience of urban living, activity, and everyday exposure to the severe urban problems which resulted from uneven economic development gradually began to politicalize the public. The Liberal Democratic Party neglect of the adverse side effects of rapid growth such as pollution, a bad transporta­ tion network, and other unsolved urban issues began to arouse the urban public against leadership by that party. viii ix Although the Liberal Democratic Party has largely dominated the politics of Japan and OSAKA Prefecture since 19^7» its outmoded orienta­ tion towards authoritarian leadership, along with its failure
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