Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia, History and Applications, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
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Author's Accepted Manuscript Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmaco- poeia, history and applications Alexander N. Shikov, Olga N. Pozharitskaya, Valery G. Makarov, Hildebert Wagner, Rob Verpoorte, Michael Heinrich www.elsevier.com/locate/jep PII: S0378-8741(14)00282-7 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.007 Reference: JEP8734 To appear in: Journal of Ethnopharmacology Received date: 22 January 2014 Revised date: 31 March 2014 Accepted date: 4 April 2014 Cite this article as: Alexander N. Shikov, Olga N. Pozharitskaya, Valery G. Makarov, Hildebert Wagner, Rob Verpoorte, Michael Heinrich, Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia, history and applications, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.007 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Review Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia, history and applications Alexander N. Shikova*, Olga N. Pozharitskayaa, Valery G. Makarova, Hildebert Wagnerb, Rob Verpoortec, Michael Heinrichd a St-Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, Bolshaja Porokhovskaja, 56, PoBox 16, 195248, St- Petersburg, Russia b Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University, D - 81377 Munich, Germany c Natural Products Laboratory, IBL, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, Sylviusweg 72 d Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines. Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London. [email protected] Correspondence: Dr. Alexander Shikov Saint-Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, 47/5 Piskarevskiy pr. St.-Petersburg, 195067 Russia Fax +7-812-3225605 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance: Due to its location between West and East, Russian phytotherapy has accumulated and adopted approaches originating in European and Asian traditional medicine. Phytotherapy is an official and separate branch of medicine in Russia and thus herbal medicinal preparations are official medicaments. The aim of the present review is to summarize and critically appraise the data concerning plants used in Russian medicine. This review describes the history of herbal medicine in Russia, current situation and pharmacological effects of those specific plants of Russian Pharmacopoeia which are not included in European Pharmacopoeia. th Materials and methods: Based on the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR, 11 edition we selected plant species which have not been adopted yet in Western and Central Europe (e.g. via the inclusion in the European Pharmacopoeia) and systematically searched the scientific literature for data through library catalogs, the online service E-library.ru and in addition Medline/Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases on the species, effectiveness, pharmacological effects and safety. Results: The Russian Federation follows the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR, 11th edition which contains 83 individual monographs for plants. Fifty one plants are also found in the European Pharmacopoeia and have been well studied, while 32 plants are only found in the Pharmacopoeia of USSR. Many articles about these medicinal plants were newer translated in English and a lot of information collected by Russian scientists was not available for international community. Such knowledge can be applied in future studies aiming at a safe, evidence-based use of traditional Russian medicinal plants in European and global phytopharmacotherapy as well as for the discovery of novel leads for drug development. Conclusion: The review highlights the therapeutic potential of these Russian phytopharmaceuticals, but it also highlights cases where concern is raised about the products safety and tolerability and that would support their safe use. 2 Keywords: Aralia elata, Bergenia crassifolia, Bidens tripartita, Centaurea cyanus, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Inonotus obliquus, Polemonium caeruleum, Rubia tinctorum, Tussilago farfara 3 1. Introduction There are estimates that there are about 350,000 higher plants on earth (Heywood 2011). Relatively speaking, only a very few of the medicinal plants have been studied scientifically. Russia’s large size, different soils, varied topography and climates favored the growth of an extensive number of herbs, trees, and other plants. This led to active interest in locally grown plants, which stimulated serious study by traditional healers and early official physicians alike. Basically herbal and natural remedies are the product of hundreds of years of careful observation of their therapeutic effects and risks and that their properties and side effects are quite well known. In one approach, scientists have isolated one or more of the medicinal principles from a single herb in the laboratory (and possible enhanced them chemically) to create new medication that were often more powerful than the original plant. This approach eventually led to the development of a number of new herb-based medicines as well as to the creation of synthetic pharmaceuticals that duplicated the active medicinal element in original plant. Aspirin, codeine, digoxin and other drugs have their origins in herbal medicines (Yarnell, 2000). However, not all these efforts were successful. Scientists found that the herb itself with its unique combination of chemical components was often more effective than the chemical derivative along (Li, 2002). As a result, medical science also focused on the medicinal value of the herb themselves and how they could best be incorporated into medical practice. While the science of synthetic medicine moves ahead, the value of medicinal plants and and especially the highly developed and unique Russian herbal medical tradition are largely unknown in the West. Although the information about plants, referred in Russian Pharmacopoeia and its application is fragmentary. The aim of the present review is to fill this gap by summarizing the data concerning plants used in Russian officinal medicine. This review describes the history of herbal medicine in Russia, current situation and pharmacological effects of those specific plants of Russian Pharmacopoeia which are not included in European Pharmacopoeia. Such knowledge can be 4 applied in the expansion of the use of plants in the pharmacotherapy of European and other countries as well as for the further discovery of new drugs 2. History of herbal medicine in Russia In many regions of the world and in a very generic way the use of herbal medicines can be classfied into two main strands: popular orally transmitted traditions, passed on from generation to generation, and dogmatic or “official” traditions, which is based more on scientific investigations (Zevin et al., 1997). Until the tenth century in Russia the popular healing traditions existed with limited exchange of ideas between the various regigions, when herbal and medical literature was first introduced. At this time, copies of a number of Greek herbals found their way into Russia derived from monastic traditions and were eventually translated into Russian. Unlike herbal practice in other countries, however, the Russian herbal tradition was strong and well established. The first pharmacy (potion store) (Rus= ) was opened in Russia in the hospital of Kiev- Pechora Lavra in 1005-1010 by the monk Makoveit from Athos – an event which is likely to hav strengthened the Greek influence on Russian medicie. According to the chronicles of the old city of Novgorod, Russian herbalists (called "knowledgists") were able to cure infected wounds with "banya mold" (Solovieva, 2005). In the thirteenth century they discovered the properties of the mold which was used as bandage on the wound. This predates the development of penicillin in England by seven centuries. Thus chronicles give good example of level of Russian popular medicine during this period. Starting in the mid-thirteenth century and for over three hundred years Russia was occupied by Tartars and Mongolians. They brought their own herbal traditions, which were incorporated in healing praxis by local herbalists. While practically no information is available for the next centuries, during the 15th to the -16th century the Russian empire expanded. Russia counted among her neighbors countries in Western Europe and Asia and herbalist started the accumulation and adaptation of herbal traditions of 5 Asian-Arabic herbal system and West European. This led to the development of the unique features and advantages of the Russian herbal system combining autochtonous and introduced knowledge and practice. State-contro over medicine in Russia can be traced back to the end of XVI century. First enterprise that held responsibility for medical affairs was the Apothecary's Chamber opened in Moscow in 1581 by Tsar Ivan the Terrible (Ivan Grozny). In 1620 it was reformed to the Apothecary's Order (Blinova, Yakovlev, 1990). The first head of the Apothecary's Order was oprichnik (a member of an organization established by Tsar Ivan the Terrible to govern the division of Russia known as the Oprichnina), Knjaz Afanasy Vjazemsky. Apothecary James Frencham from Great Britain is generally regarded as the