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DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 10099 Bureau of Diplomatic Security Released February 1994 United States Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security Terrorist Tactics and Security Practices This publication was prepared by the Office of Intelligence and Threat Analysis, Bureau of Diplomatic Security (DSIDSSIIT A). Comments and queries are welcomed and may be directed to the Chief of DSIDSSIITA on 202-663-0786. Terrorist Tactics and Security Practices Acknowledgements This publication would not have been possible without the assistance of Regional Security Officers (RSOs) at U.S. Embassies worldwide who provided the Office of Intelligence and Threat Analysis (DS/DSS/ITA) with information, photographs, and schematics on a regular basis. Special thanks to the Graphics Branch of the U.S. Department of State for most of the original art work in this publication. Andrew Corsun Editor ii Table of Contents v letter from the Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Diplomatic Security 1 Introduction 3 RAF Assassination of Alfred Herrhausen 13 Dev-Sol Attacks on Americans 59 Middle Eastern Terrorism in Eastern Europe 67 MANPADs: The Potential for Use as a Terrorist Tactic 115 Embassy Drawdowns and Evacuations iii United States DepRrtment of State Assistant Secretary of State for Diplol1wtic Security Washington, D.C. 20520 February 1994 The Bureau of Diplomatic Security's Office of Intelligence and Threat Analysis (DS/ DSSIlTA) is inaugurating a new analytical publication, Terrorist Tactics and Security Practices. The purpose of the publication is to identify and assess significant security concerns including terrorist tactics, techniques, and innovations, as well as suggesting possible countermeasures useful to potential victims. Terrorist Tactics and Security Practices complements DS/DSSIlTA's annual chronology Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans and will be published on an unscheduled basis as information worthy of dissemination becomes available. This issue focuses on two of the most violent indigenous Marxist-Leninist terrorist groups in Western Europe-Germany's Red Army Faction (RAF) and the Turkish group Devrimci-Sol (Revolutionary Left). Other articles deal with the potential use of surface-to-air missiles by terrorists, increased Middle East terrorist activity in Eastern Europe, and lessons learned from evacuations of U.S. diplomatic missions in sub­ Saharan Africa. I believe the insights this report offers will provide better awareness and understanding of security and terrorist-related issues. Anthony C. t\Quainton C2r:1 (, r. 1::::-~_ .. 'A~tant Secretary Bureau of Diplomatic Security v --~----------------------------------..., Introduction Terrorist Tactics and Security Practices is a compendium of security issues and events that have or could impact U.S. interests overseas. Some articles include lessons learned that may help avoid similar events. The first article analyzes the assassination of Germany's "senior industrialist," Alfred Herrhausen, by Germany's Red Army Faction (RAF). Although Herrhausen traveled in an armored car with a lead and follow car, the a:'; hor de­ scribes how the RAF, through meticulous planning, was able to defeat a $200,000 armored Mercedes using a simple-though ingenious-"Radio Shack" type photoelec­ tric cell device. Turkey's Dev-Sol (Revolutionary Left) is currently the most active and violent European Fighting Communist Organiza­ tion (FCO). After briefly looking at the historical roots of leftwing terrorism in Turkey, the article focuses on the assassination of two Americans and the attempted assassi­ nation of a third by Dev-Sol. Also featured is a 21-page security program developed as a countermeasure during the resurgence of anti-American terrorist activity in Turkey. The security guidelines are designed to assist the reader in preparing his or her own security package based on local requirements, threat levels, and resources. As Middle Eastern terrorism has steadily decreased in West­ ern Europe! there has been an increase-albeit small-in Middle East terrorist activity in Eastern Europe. The third article looks at the reasons for the increase and also synop­ sizes the December 1991 attack on Soviet Jews at Ferihegy Airport in Budapest, Hungary. 1 Terrorist Tactics and Security Practices The scope of the fourth article deals with the proliferation of manportable, surface-to-air missiles (MANPADS) and the potential threat they pose to civil aircraft. Since MANPADS are relatively small, easily concealable, and mobile, insur­ gent groups, narcocriminals, and terrorists are increasingly attempting to acquire them. An outgrowth of the post Cold War era is the increase in ethnic and nationalist strife. To ensure the safety of official Americans and private U.S. citizens who may get caught up in civil disorder, the U.S. Department of State has estab­ lished guidelines and procedures for the evacuation of U.S. Government personnel and private American citizens. Using case studies of the civil unrest in Liberia, Zaire, and Somalia, the last article describes the circumstances and mechanisms for implementing the drawdown and evacua­ tion of Americans. 2 RAF Assassination of Alfred Herrhausen "On 30 November 1989, our 'Wolfgang Beer Commando' executed the head of the Deutsche Bank, Alfred Herrhausen. We blew up his armored Mercedes with the help of a shape-charged mine that we made ourselves." -RAF Communique, dated December 2, 1989 Background The Red Army Faction (RAF) has been West Germany's most By Dennis Pluchinsky dangerous leftist terrorist group since its inception in the early 1970s. In recent years, the RAF has demonstrated the tendency to carry out a major assassination and then go underground for periods up to 14 months. For example, attacks by the RAF com­ mando level have taken place in February 1985, August 1985, July 1986, October 1986, and September 1988. Prior to the assassination of Alfred Herrhausen, the RAF had been inactive for 14 months. In the months preceding the RAP's attack on Herrhausen, there was no specific intelligence to indicate that he had been directly targeted by the RAP. Generally speaking, Herrhausen was one of many prominent West German p\':sonalities who were considered to be logical and attractive targets for the RAF. While there were no specific indicators that the RAF was entering an attack mode, there were several general developments that suggested a height­ ened state of alert. Firstly, imprisoned members of the RAF had engaged in a hunger strike from February to May. The RAF commando level would generally carry out some type of action during a hunger strike. This time, they did nothing. The hunger strike failed to achieve its objectives and was terminated. Sec­ ondly, in early November, one of the imprisoned RAF architects of the hunger strike sent a letter to the "outside" (read: com­ mando level). In it, he relinquishes the "initiative" to the outside. Some people have interpreted this as the final blessing for an RAF attack. The Target It is a mistake to perceive Alfred Herrhausen as just a bank chair­ man. He was the Chairman of the Deutsche Bank, the largest 3 Terrorist Tactics and Security Practices bank of the third largest economic power in the world, and larger than any u.s. bank. However, Herrhausen's influence extended beyond the Deutsche Bank. He has been called Germany's "se­ nior industrialist" and the "most influential economic strategist in Germany." A personal friend and economic advisor to Helmut Kohl, the Chancellor of West Germany, Herrhausen played a central role in pushing t.he Deutsche Bank and West German business toward Eastem Europe. He also engineered the merger between Daimler-Benz and MBB into the biggest arms manufac­ turing complex in West Germany. From the RAF's perspective, he had become a key figure in the "military-industrial complex." His role in expanding Deutsche Bank into Eastern Europe and his involvement in the Daimler-Benz merger made him an ideal symbolic target for the RAF. One u.s. chief executive officer has stated that the "impact of his assassination is no less than that of a European head of state." Herrhausen's murder was significant enough to make the cover of Der Spiegel, a West German news magazine similar in style and influence to Newsweek or Time. The West German government has offered a $2.2 million reward for information leading to the capture of his assassins. Herrhausen was 59 years old. The Attack Herrhausen lived in a quiet, exclusive residential area in Bad Homburg, a suburb of Frankfurt. On November 30, he left his home at around 8:30 a.m. in a three-car motorcade and was travel­ ling down a narrow, tree-lined road that went through a park (see schematic 1). He usually left his home at about the same time each morning and took the same route to work. Due to a school cros1iing and bus stop on this road, cars have to reduce their speed (to about 30-35 mph) as they drive through the area. As Herrhausen's lead security car approached the attack site, it may have noticed on the left side of the road a man in a jogging uniform wearing what appeared to be a Sony W~lkman-like device over his ears.