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Photosynthesis: Evolved Multiple Times

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Photosynthesis: Evolved Multiple Times What is a plant? How can this be answered? 1) By characteristics of “plants”: Photosynthetic Cell walls Spores Sedentary 2) By phylogenetic relationships Three major groups of life! How did chloroplasts evolve? Photosynthesis: Evolved multiple times. By endosymbiosis: Primary Endosymbiosis Secondary Endosymbiosis Botany: study of organisms traditionally called “plants” [Plant Kingdom]? Photosynthetic eukaryotes, including: euglenoids dinoflagellates brown plants red algae green plants: green algae + land plants Slime Molds, Water Molds, Fungi [Formerly, also included bacteria/blue-green "algae"] Non-photosyn. w/ cell walls & spores In this course: “Plants” = Land Plants (Embryophytes) 1) A monophyletic group 2) What most people mean when they say “plants”, as in Plant Systematics. Land Plants - Embryophytes Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes Lycophytes (Lycopods) Isoetes orcuttii Selaginella apoda Selaginella bigelovii Vascular Plants Equisetophytes (Equisetales): Equisetum Equisetum arvense Common Horsetail Equisetum spp. Scouring-Rush Vascular Plants Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes Ophioglossoid Ferns (Ophioglossales) Psilotophytes (incl. Psilotum, Tmesipteris) Ophioglossum californicum Calif. Adder’s Tongue Vascular Plants - Tracheophytes Vascular Plants Marratiophytes Leptosporangiate Ferns (Polypodiales) Polypodium californicum California Polypody Dryopteris arguta Coastal Wood Fern Seed Plants: Gymnosperms Cycads Ginkgo Cycas circinalis Ginkgo biloba Conifers Gnetales Welwitschia mirabilis Abies concolor Pinus torreyana Cupressus forbesii White Fir Torrey Pine Tecate Cypress Ephedra spp. Mormon Tea Seed Plants: Angiosperms - Flowering Plants Monocots 1 cotyledon Eudicots coleoptile 1 cotyledon epicotyl hypocotyl epicotyl embryo radicle radicle coleorhiza seed coat MONOCOTS endosperm 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons epicotyl embryo hypocotyl {radicle NON-MONOCOT parallel 2 cotyledons venation net venation floral parts in 3’s floral parts in 4’s or 5’s (often) (often) Why study plants? Why important? What is Systematics? Oxygen Inclusive of taxonomy Primary producers Goal is to infer evolutionary history Economically important to humans (phylogeny) agricultural plants (food): vegetables, fruits, Using all types of evidence seeds flavoring plants: herbs & spices euphoric/hallucinogenic plants fiber, wood plants medicinal plants plant extracts: essential oils, gums, rubber, etc. Descent What is (biological) evolution? Descent with Modification Time The origin of new life from pre-existing life by transfer of DNA from parent to offspring generation after generation. Descent results in a lineage What is modified? (clade)! Lineage or clade= Genetic material: a sequence of ancestors (parents) DNA and descendants (DeoxyriboNucleicAcid) (offspring) Involves transfer of DNA through space and time Two mechanisms for What is a functional feature that results in increased survivorship and reproductive evolutionary change? ability? Natural Selection - non-random, directed by Adaptation survivorship & reproductive ability Genetic drift - random, directed by chance events Taxonomy: D.I.N.C. Description Assignment/listing of features or attributes to a taxon Description character Identification = a feature e.g., “flower color” Nomenclature character states Classification = two or more forms of a character e.g., “white,” “red,” “yellow” Key (dichotomous/indented): Identification 1. Stamens fused at base into a tube ........……....... Dichelostemma Associating an unknown taxon with a known one 1' Stamens not fused at base into a tube Lead: 2. Fertile stamens 3 ...................................................... Brodiaea Lead: 2' Fertile stamens 6 How? 3. Stamens strongly winged at base ...............…....... Bloomeria taxonomic key 3' Stamens not strongly winged at base .......…......... Muilla compare to a photograph/illustration compare to a specimen Couplet = two Leads ask an expert Key (dichotomous/indented): Nomenclature 1 Ovary inferior 2 Ovule 1 per carpel ....................................................................................................... Dilatris Formal means of naming life. 2’ Ovules 2 or more per carpel 3 Ovules 2 per carpel ................................................................................... Haemodorum 3' Ovules 5-7 per carpel ................................................................................. Lachnanthes 1’ Ovary superior E.g., binomial nomenclature for species names: 4 Perianth actinomorphic; ovules ∞ per carpel ......................................................... Xiphidium 4’ Perianth zygomorphic; ovules 1-4 per carpel 5 Fertile stamen 1 ............................................................................................... Pyrrorhiza For Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn. 5’ Fertile stamens 3 6 Stamens unequal, the two latero-posterior reduced; ovules 3-4 per carpel .... Schiekia Adenostoma = genus name 6' Stamens equal; ovule 1 per carpel fasciculatum = specific epithet 7 Inflorescence a raceme; functional carpel 1; style subterminal ............. Barberetta 7' Inflorescence a thyrse; functional carpels 3; style terminal .............. Wachendorfia Adenostoma fasciculatum = species name Hooker & Arnott = authors of species name Rank Classification Classification Hierarchical - each higher rank is inclusive of lower ranks = placing objects, e.g., life, into some type of Rank Example Ending order. Phylum Magnoliophyta -phyta Class Liliopsida -opsida Taxon = a taxonomic group (plural = taxa). Order Liliales -ales Family Liliaceae -aceae Genus Lilium Species Lilium parryi How to classify life Problem with phenetic class.: Can be arbitrary, Phenetic classification e.g., classify these: Based on overall similarity Those organisms most similar to one another are classified more “closely” together. All of life is interconnected by descent. Phylogenetic classification TAXA Based on known (inferred) evolutionary history. A B C D E F Advantage: lineage Classification reflects pattern of evolution or clade TIME Classification not ambiguous Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree Apomorphy TAXA A B C D E F = derived (new) feature, e.g., sporophyll --------> carpel (ancestral feature) (apomorphy) TIME speciation Presence of carpels - an apomorphy for flowering plants. Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree Phylogeny = Evolutionary History Taxa are grouped by apomorphies TAXA A B C D E F Apomorphy Apomorphies - the result of evolution. for taxon D Apomorphies for taxa B&C Taxa sharing apomorphies underwent same TIME evolutionary history, should be grouped together. Apomorphy for taxa B-F Represented as: Cladogram / Phylogenetic Tree Common ancestry Split of one lineage into two? TAXA A B C D E F Evolutionary divergence. Can lead to speciation - TIME origin of new species common ancestor from pre-existing species (of taxon D, E, & F) common ancestor (of taxon A & taxa B-F) Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree What is a monophyletic group? TAXA A B C D E F a group consisting of: a common ancestor + all descendents of that common ancestor TIME speciation Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree TAXA A B C D E F monophyletic group TIME common ancestor (of taxon D, E, & F) common ancestor (of taxon A & taxa B-F) Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree Relationship Example: = recency of common ancestry Are fish more closely related to sharks or to humans? i.e., taxa sharing a common ancestor more recent in time are more closely related than those sharing common ancestors more distant in time. Shark Fish Humans Shark Fish Humans TIME TIME common ancestor of Fish and Humans common ancestor of Sharks, Fish, and Humans Vertebrata Osteichthyes Shark Fish Humans Major goal in systematics today: Recognize only monophyletic groups TIME monophyletic group common ancestor of Fish and Humans common ancestor of Sharks, Fish, and Humans TAXA Polyphyletic group A B C D E F monophyletic Group with more than one common ancestor. group TIME (Common ancestor of components of group is common ancestor (of taxon D, E, & F) not a member of the group.) common ancestor (of taxon A & taxa B-F) Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree Group consisting of B, C, E, & F is polyphyletic: two common ancestors Therefore, we now Lotus recognize three monophyletic genera Lotus s.l. is not (formerly all Lotus) monophyletic. It is polyphyletic! Acmispon Hosackia Lotus s.s. Type: Type Lotus corniculatus L. Species Planatarum Volume 2, page 773. Paraphyletic group Consist of common ancestor but not all descendents “Dicots” paraphyletic! Features that defined traditional “Dicots” (two cotyledons in embryo seed) are primitive (not apomorphies) Monocots monophyletic Major goal in systematics today: Recognize only monophyletic groups Polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups distort evolutionary history, should not be Eudicots recognized. monophyletic! Why study systematics? Foundation of biology Integrative, unifying science Practical value - economically important plants Conservation biology -rare/endangered spp. Intellectually challenging / fun 27/12/2014 دیدگاه فایلوژنتیک • فایلوژنی )Phylogeny(: تاریخچه تکاملی موجودات زنده • جایگاه مرکزی در سیستماتیک • نقش اساسی در زمینههای دیگر علم اصول و روشهای رده بندی گیاهی o بوم شناسی o زیست شناسی مولکولی سید محمد فاطمی o زیست شناسی نمو گروه زیست شناسی o دانشگاه گلستان زبان شناسی [email protected] o فلسفه 2 اصول و روشهای رده بندی گیاهی دیدگاه فایلوژنتیک سال 10 سال 9 سال 8 سال 7 سال 6 سال 5 سال 4 سال 3 گلبرگها قرمز، گلبرگها سفید، گلبرگها سفید، گلبرگها قرمز، سال 2 ساقه ها علفی، ساقه ها چوبی، ساقه
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