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Salmon Saprolegniasis This Is Invisible Text to Keep Vertical Alignment This Is Invisible Text to Keep Vertical Alignment This I April 1994 SALMON SAPROLEGNIASIS THIS IS INVISIBLE TEXT TO KEEP VERTICAL ALIGNMENT THIS IS INVISIBLE TEXT TO KEEP VERTICAL ALIGNMENT THIS IS INVISIBLE TEXT TO KEEP VERTICAL ALIGNMENT THIS IS INVISIBLE TEXT TO KEEP VERTICAL ALIGNMENT THIS IS INVISIBLE TEXT TO KEEP VERTICAL ALIGNMENT THIS IS INVISIBLE TEXT TO KEEP VERTICAL ALIGNMENT THIS IS INVISIBLE TEXT TO KEEP VERTICAL ALIGNMENT DOE/BP-02836-1 This report was funded by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), U.S. Department of Energy, as part of BPA's program to protect, mitigate, and enhance fish and wildlife affected by the development and operation of hydroelectric facilities on the Columbia River and its tributaries. The views of this report are the author's and do not necessarily represent the views of BPA. This document should be cited as follows: Mueller, George J. - University of Washington, Salmon Saprolegniasis, Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract No. 1990BP02836, Project No. 199006100, 266 electronic pages (BPA Report DOE/BP-02836-1) This report and other BPA Fish and Wildlife Publications are available on the Internet at: http://www.efw.bpa.gov/cgi-bin/efw/FW/publications.cgi For other information on electronic documents or other printed media, contact or write to: Bonneville Power Administration Environment, Fish and Wildlife Division P.O. Box 3621 905 N.E. 11th Avenue Portland, OR 97208-3621 Please include title, author, and DOE/BP number in the request. SALMON SAPROLEGNIASIS Prepared by: George J. Mueller Department of Botany University of Washington Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Bonneville Power Administration Environment, Fish and Wildlife PO Box 3621 Portland, Oregon 97208 Project No. 90-61 Contract No. DE-AC79-90BP02836 April 1994 Salmon Saprolegniasis Mgs of the symposium &z~rokmiu in Salmon held at the 1992 annual meeting of the Mycological Society of America on August 8, 1992, in the Portland Convention Center, Portland, Oregon. CONTRIBUTORS D. J. Alderman. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fish Diseases Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB United Kingdon. G.W. Beakes. Department of Biological and Nutritional Sciences, The University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE 1 7RU United Kingdom. A.W. Burr. Department of Pathdogy The University. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. NE1 7RU United Kingdom. T.-J. Choi. Departments of Botany and Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 124. K. Hatai. Division of Fish Diseases, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University 1-7-1 Kyonan Cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180, Japan. G.-I. Hoshiai. Miyagi Prefectual Fisheries Experimental Station, 1 l-6 Nagahama Cho, Ishinomake 986-2 1, Japan. G. C. Hughes. Departments of Botany and Institute of Oceanography. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada VST 1Z4 I. Jegstrup. Institut for Sporeplanter, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. F. Langvad. Department of Microbiology and Plant Physiology, University of Bergen. Jahnebk. 5, N-5007, Bergen, Norway. L. L. Marking. United States Fish and wildlife Serv ice , l Tear& Center, P.B. Box 8 15, La Crosse, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 54602 G. J. Mueller. Department of Botany, AJ-30, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. 98 195 L. W. Olson. Institut for Sporeplanter, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark. A. Petersen. Institut for Sporeplanter, University of Copenhagen, 0ster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark. iv A.D. Pickering. Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Windermere Laboratory, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cambria, LA22 OCP United Kingdom. J. J. Rach. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fisheries Research Center, P.O. Box 818, La Crosse, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 54602 R J. Roberts. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA Scotland. T. M. Schreier. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fisheries Research Center, P.O. Box 818, La Crosse, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 54602 P. R. Smith. Fish Disease Group, Department of Microbiology, University College, Galway, Ireland. L. G. Willoughby. Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Windermere Laboratory, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cambria, LA22 OCP United Kingdom. H. C. Whisler. Department of Botany, AJ-30, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. 98 195 S. E. Wood. Department of Biological and Nutritional Sciences, The University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU United Kingdom. The chapters in this compilation were presented orally at the symposium SaDrolePnra_. Salmon, on August 8, 1992, at the annual meeting of the Mycological Society of America. The symposium was organized by Howard C. Whisler and funded by the Bonneville Power Administration. This is the first international conference on salmon saprolegniasis in this century. The symposium provided a unique opportunity for an international group of scientists to share their ideas directly with others across discipline boundries. The symposium resulted in a state of the art picture of this disease of salmonid fishes. The symposium was composed of four parts. The first characterized the problem of saprolegniasis from historical, taxonomic,and salmonid physiology perspectives. Pathogenicity and control measures were the subject of the second and third parts respectively. While all authors presented new findings or ideas pertinent to their geographical region, the fourth part of the conference emphasized current regional research. This symposium volume is organized in the order the talks were presented, but, with an additional part. The informal gatherings of the symposium participants included discussions of what research was needed in the field. It seems appropriate that this list of needed research be included in the volume. The usefulness of a comprehensive bibliography was also recognized. Since Gil Hughes had the bibliography in preparation it was decided that each of the authors would submit citations to him and the finished product included in the volume. One of the symposium participants chose not to submit a manuscript, however, the abstract of the talk has been included. The manuscripts have been included in the volume with only minimal editing. The skill and style of each author’s presentation have been retained in the hopes of giving the reader a slight sense of the spirit of the symposium. I would like to thank Ms. Mary Piper, Ms. Rene Fester and Ms. Dan-Lu Zhang for their help in ensuring that the conference proceeded smoothly. Ms. M. Kay Suiter deserves special thanks for her efforts in bringing the manuscripts together into a single format suitable for submission as a single volume. George J. Mueller, Editor vii Page Contributors ............... iv Preface ................ vii I Background 1 Saprolegniasis: Then and Now: A Retrospective . 3 G. C. Hughes 2 Features which Characterize Szprolegniu Isolates from . 33 Salmon Fish Lesions-A Review G. W. Beakes, S. E. Wood, and A.W. Burr 3 Factors Influencing the Susceptibility of Salmonid Fish . 67 to Saprolegniasis A.D. Pickering II Pathogenicity 4 Pathogenicity of Saprolegnia parasitica Coker . 87 K. Hatai and G.-I. Hoshiai 5 Zoospore Motility, its Loss and Recovery, in an Isolate . 99 of Aphanomyces from a Diseased Fish in Thailand L.G. Willoughby and R.J. Roberts III Control Measures Control of Oomycete Pathogens in Aquaculture . D. J. Alderman Search for Antifungal Agents in Fish Culture . L. L. Marking, J.J. Rach, and T.M. Schreier Screening for Bacterial Antagonists Against . Saprolegnia parasitica with BASF Pluronic Polyol F 127 A. Peterson, I. Jegstrup, and L. W. Olson ix Iv Regional Studies 9 Fungal Parasites of Salmon from the Columbia River Watershed . 163 G.J. Mueller and H.C. Whisler 10 Saprolegnia in Norwegian Fish Farming . 189 F.Langvad 11 Saprolegnia in Ireland . 203 P. R. Smith V Postscript 12 Current Research Needs. 207 G. J. Mueller 13 Bibliography Saprolegnia in Salmon . 2 11 G.C. Hughes, G.J. Mueller, and T.-J Choi Author Index .................255 Subject Index .................261 Taxonomic Index .................267 SECTION I BACKGROUND chapter1 SAPROLEGNIASIS, THEN AND NOW: A RETROSPECTIVE’ Gilbert C. Hughes2 “What is the Salmon Disease? However absurd it may seem to start with a question to which an answer might readily be given, on the faith of a lamentable experience, by a host of individuals, yet it is always advisable to proceed in matters of this kind from some common ground as a starting point.” Mordecai Cubitt Cooke, 1880 ‘This paper is dedicated to the memory of Prof. A.W. Ziegler, who introduced me to the Saprolegniaceae and to the idea that studying aquatic fungi could be fun as well as scientifically rewarding. 2Departments of Botany and Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA, V6T, 1Z4 3 4 HUGHES ABSTRACT Over 240 years ago Arderon (1748) first figured what was undoubtedly a saprolegniasis of Roach and more than 100 years ago the notorious “Salmon disease” of English and Scottish rivers (1880-82) attracted much attention from biologists, sportsmen, and fishermen alike. Investigations of “Salmon disease” left no doubt that species of Saprolegniaceae are commonly associated with salmonid fish in nature and might well be important pathogens of these commercially important animals. Despite the years involved and numerous studies of water molds by mycologists, it remains paradoxical that we still know so little of the true nature of fungal-salmonid associations. Even today, we
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