The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245–1414 Len Scales Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-57333-7 - The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245–1414 Len Scales Index More information

Index

Aachen, 80 , 127 , 143 , 152–3 , 157 , 158 , and the Italians, 374 243 , 456 and the Romans, 311 depictions of rulers at, 135 and the Trojans, 320 , 496 minster, 229 and the two powers, 212–13 candelabra, 153 as Alexander von Leysberg, 205 n. 4 , Rathaus , 135 205 n. 5 see also Charlemagne, and Aachen life, 204–5 , 244–7 Abraham von Temonaria, 511 n. 177 works, 205–7 Adam von Bremen, chronicler, Memoriale de Prerogativa Imperii 282 n. 120 Romani , 249–50 Adolf, count of Berg, 102 , 234 Noticia seculi , 206 , 377 Aeneas, 320 , 322 Pavo , 207 , 342 , 366 , 377 , 497 , 503 Ahr, river, 467 Almaengen , Almanien , 473 Aistulf, 340 Alps, 454 Alaric, 307 as frontier, 193–4 , 453 n. 38 Albert von Stade, chronicler, 105 , 115 , Alsace, 119 , 456 , 515 119 , 275 , 450 , 457 n. 65 , 464 Altenburg, 402 Albertus Magnus, 241 , 358 , 359 , 460 , Amberg, 84 504 Ambrose: Alemanni , 474 , 475 , 479 Hexameron , 460 Alemannia , 185 , 471 , 475 , 478 , 479 Andechs-Meran dynasty, 408 Alemannia inferior see Niderlant Andreae, Johannes, 247 Alemannia superior see Oberlant Angevin dynasty, 206 , 207 , 218 , 220 , Alemans, 304 325 , 345 n. 269 , 390 Alexander the Great, 316 , 387 , 520 kings of Naples, Sicily: Alexander von Roes, treatise-writer, 8 , Charles of Anjou, 344–6 35 , 37–8 , 114 , 161 , 165 , 169 , Charles of Durazzo, 391 n. 35 171 , 181 , 183 , 197 , 234–5 , 239 , Ladislas, 226 249–52 , 256 , 258, 270 , 274 , Robert of Anjou, 198 , 216 , 267 286 , 290 , 291 , 322 , 323 , 325 , Anna von Schweidnitz, empress, 233 328 , 335 , 342 n. 255 , 344 , Annolied , 309 , 311 , 316 , 472, 496 , 505 348 , 356 , 359 , 364 , 366 , 369 , Anschlu ß , 261 396 , 453 , 461 , 471 , 474 n. 179 , Antichrist, 206 475 n. 183 , 478 , 496 , 513 n. 192 , Aquileia, patriarchs of, 462 522 Aragon, kings of: and the French, 64 , 69 , 266 , 372–4 , Jayme I, 214 375–6 Aristotle, 64 , 381 and ‘German’ kingship, 175 Arles, 217 and the German language, 496 archchancellorship, 219 and the Germans, 263 , 277–8 , 289 , kingdom of, 166 , 167 , 217 , 218–20 ; and 296 , 376–7 , 460 see also Burgundy, imperial and history, 69 , 100 Arminius, 305

602

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-57333-7 - The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245–1414 Len Scales Index More information

Index 603

Arnald de Villanova, 18 Begert, Alexander, 274 n. 82 Arnold fi tz Thedmar, 108 n. 58 Below, Georg von, 66 , 67 Arthur, British king, 326 Beraun (Beroun), 419 n. 168 Augsburg, 108 , 132 , 143 , 506 Berengar, 340 augustus , as ‘augmentor’ of realm, 172 ; Bergen, 108 and see also merer des reichs Berlin, 242 Austria, 119 , 393–4 , 454 , 480 , 509 , 510 , Bern, 100 , 131 515 , 520 , 522 Bernard of Clairvaux, 158 armorial, 513 Bernhard von Kremsm ünster, chronicler, rulers (margraves, dukes): 475 , 479 Albert I, 515 ; and see also Empire, Berthold, count of Henneberg, 278 , western, medieval, rulers, 278 n. 100 Albert I Berthold von Regensburg, preacher, 501 Albert II, 514 Besanç on, 219 , 367 Frederick II, 345 , 515 Bible, Leopold III, 510 and the translation of the Empire, Leopold VII, 178 n. 149 281 ; see also Empire, western, Rudolf IV, 137 , 510 medieval, translation of dynasties: Babel, Tower of, 486 Babenberg, 509 , 521 decree of Caesar Augustus, 225 Habsburg, 521 ; and see also Empire, genealogies see Noah, sons of, descent western, medieval, dynasties, from Habsburg Judges, 347 landscape, 451 n. 24 language of peoplehood in, 8 speech, 501 Maccabees, 437 Austrians, 518 Nebuchadnezzar’s dream, 343 Avignon, 218 , 246 Revelation: and the electors, 273 Baldemann, Otto, poet, 142 n. 234 , 451 Bitschen, Peter, chronicler, 418 , 419 Balduin von Luxemburg see Trier, Bloch, Marc, 33 , 40 archbishops Bohemia, 83 , 85 , 102 , 217 , 319 , 342 , 400 , Bamberg, 135 , 206 n. 13 403 , 419 , 448 , 449 , 455 church of, 245 , 342 Elizabeth, P rˇ emyslid heiress, 229 Barthes, Roland, 140 Guta von Habsburg, queen of, 419 , 422 Bartholomaeus Anglicus, encyclopaedist, P rˇ emyslid dynasty, 317 , 384 , 392, 408 359 , 381 , 395 , 437 , 450 , rulers (dukes, kings): 453 , 456 , 461 , 466 n. 120 , as electors, 274–6 466 n. 122 , 500 John of Luxemburg, 53 , 74 , 75 , 184 , Basel, 219 , 456 , 467 221 , 367 , 413 , 420 bishops of: P rˇ emysl Otakar II, 74 , 145 , 196 , 198 , Odo de Grandison, 498 223 , 227 , 245 , 275 , 276 n. 89 , council of, 250 331 n. 204 , 367 , 367 n. 83 , 391 , battle cries, 233–4 , 513 , 513 n. 189 393–4 , 409 , 412 , 413 , 420 , 423 , Bavaria, 508 , 517 , 521 474 n. 177 , 492 dukes of, 87 , 490 Spitihn eˇ v II, 451 electoral vote, 275 Udalrich, 487 Henry XIV of Lower Bavaria, Wenceslas I, 418 191 n. 245 Wenceslas II, 409 , 420 see also Empire, western, medieval, Wenceslas IV see Empire, western, dynasties, Wittelsbach medieval, rulers, Wenceslas Bavarians, 316 , 455 , 479 , 522 see also Moravia ancient ( Norici ), 495 Bohemian forest, 451 Bayernburg, 223 Bohemians, 379 Beaune, Colette, 362 n. 50 medieval German portrayals of, 392–5 Bebel, Heinrich, humanist, 297 n. 12 Bologna, university, 246 Beeskow, 427 Bonn, 100 , 129

604 Index

Book of Kings of the New Law , 54 , 220 , Lothar, 156 285 , 307 , 318 , 335 , 482 Ludwig the Child, 156 , 286 Borgolte, Michael, 39 Ludwig the German, 156 Bouvines, battle of, 356 Pippin the Short, 285 , 340 Brabant, 456 , 460 , 467 , 490 n. 43 , 509 , Celtis, Konrad, humanist, 297 n. 13 , 449 520 Four Books of Love According to the Four duchy of, 100 , 459 Corners of Germany , 449 dukes of, 100 , 463 , 465 , 510 , 522 Chanson de Roland , 481 John I, 457 n. 60 Charlemagne, 126 , 171 , 206 , 216 , 290 , John II, 177 n. 148 299 , 322 , 323 , 324–36 , 338 , frontiers, 448 n. 4 340 , 341 , 357 , 387 , 399 , 514 Brabanters, 517 1965 exhibition, 37 Brandenburg, 74 , 402 , 468 and Aachen, 327–9 margraves of, 87 , 277 , 399 and language, 496 Ludwig of Wittelsbach, 190 , 388 and the translation of the Empire, Bratislava (Pressburg), 404 283–8 Braunschweig, 427 , 511 , 514 as ideal monarch, 331 duchy of, 510 as lawgiver, 138 , 332 dukes of, 87 cult, 327 fountain, 137 depictions of, 135 , 327 St Blasius, 510 ethnic identity of, 326 , 333–6 Braunschweig Rhyming Chronicle , 176 , relics and reliquaries, 152 273 , 286 , 333 Chev è nement, Jean-Pierre, 36 n. 104 Brescia, 141 Chiavenna, countship of, 462 n. 98 Breslau, 397 , 409 n. 118 , 417 , 419 Chirac, Jacques, 42 Brixen (Bressanone), 465 Christburg, commandery of, 402 Brother Arnold the Dominican, 237 Christherre Chronicle , 456 Br ü hl, Carlrichard, 42 Chronicle of Ninety-Five Lordships , 510 , Brunner, Otto, 519 , 520 521 Bruno von Rappoltstein, 96 chronicles: Bruno, bishop of Olm ütz (Olomouc), universal, 146 –8 , 337–8 178 n. 151 , 222 n. 112 and translation of Empire, 281 Bryce, James, 208 Chur, bishops of, 106 Brzeg (Brieg), 424 n. 192 Cistercian order, 408 duke of, 418 Closener, Fritsche, chronicler, 183 , 268 , Budweis (C ˇ eské Budeˇ jovice), 426 280 , 286 , 303 n. 44 , 333 , 337 , Burdach, Konrad, 494 341 , 347 , 458 , 466 Burgundy, Cochlaeus, Johannes, geographer: counts, countship of, 174 n. 128 Germania , 449 dukes, duchy of, 218 Cohn, Norman, 238 imperial, 219 , 466–7 coins, iconography, 139 , 139 n. 221 , 330 Burke, Peter, 359 C ö lln, 242 Byzantines, 280 Colmar chronicler, 103 , 141 , 167 , 331 , 367 , 493 Cambrai, 186 n. 208 Cologne, 112 , 129 , 205 , 244 , 459 , 460 , church of, 457 468 , 490 , 514 n. 193 canon law, 339 archbishops of, 170 Capetian dynasty, 59 , 214 archchancellorship, 193 Carinthia, 402 , 514 as electors, 277 ducal installation ceremony, 512–13 ‘lant’ of, 508 , 508 n. 161 Carolingian dynasty, 114 , 185 , 340–2 Lotharingian duchy, 508 ethnic identity of, 199 , 286 Anno, 355 Charles the Fat, 505 Heribert, 287 Charles the Great see Charlemagne Siegfried von Westerburg, 78 , 167–9 , Charles Martel, 340 178 n. 151 , 180 , 457 n. 60 , 504 Charles the Simple, 156 , 158 burghers, 108

Index 605

church of, 458 372 , 374 , 377 , 456 , 496 n. 81 , St Maria on the Capitol, 204 , 205 n. 4 , 523 205 n. 5 , 328 , 513 n. 192 and the Bohemians, 392 trade, 109 and Charlemagne, 334 Colonna dynasty, 308 and the translation of the Empire, 279 Giacomo, 204 , 206 , 207 and the Wends, 387–9 Margherita, 207 life, 244–7 Comestor, Peter, 284 Viridarium Imperatorum , 255 Constance: Dietrich von Portitz, 89 bishops of: Dinant, 438 Johann Windloch, 365 Dithart, count of Katzenelnbogen, 371 council of, 4 , 228 , 250 , 256 n. 321 Dolomites, 484 Constantinople, 129 Donauw örth, 138 Corpus der altdeutschen Originalurkunden , Dortmund, 190 489–90 Dubois, Pierre, treatise-writer, 69 , 167 , Cosmas of Prague, chronicler, 411 214 , 353 , 357 counts palatine of the Rhine, 87 , 274 Duisburg, 105 regency powers, 185–6 Duo sunt , 212 n. 42 Rupert I, 198 D ü sseldorf, 102 Courlanders, 433 Dynter, Edmund, 233 Cré cy, battle of, 372 Crescentius, consul, 340 Eberheimm ünster, 314 Cumans, 223 Ebstorf world map, 126 , 315 , 395 , 450 , cynocephali, Germans as, 411 455 Egino, count of Freiburg, 366 ‘Dalimil’ chronicle, 412 , 451 n. 28 , Eichst ä tt, 85 , 253 487 Eigil von Sassen, 143 German translation of, 423–4 , 451 Eike von Repgow, 489 Danes, 342 Einbeck, 255 Dante Alighieri, 215 , 243 Einhard: Danube, 103 , 454 , 488 Vita Karoli , 323 Danzig, 406 , 406 n. 97 , 429 Ekkehard, chronicler see Frutolf- Davies, R.R., 469 Ekkehard chronicle De semine scripturarum , 206 Elbe, river, 106 Declaration of Arbroath , 196 Elhen, Tilemann, chronicler, 110 , 130 , Demmin, 315 212 , 271 , 371 Denmark: Elias, Norbert, 67 , 362 n. 51 kings of, 399 Elizabeth of Pomerania, empress, 137 Erik Klipping, 397 Emmerich, 467 Waldemar IV, 83 Empire, Roman: Descriptio Alsatiae , 455 in the Bible, 211 Descriptio Theutoniae , 296 , 453 , 455 , 478 physical remains, 126 Detmar, 115 , 117 , 191 , 193 , 350 , 397 , emperors: 437 , 443 , 459 Constantine, 232–3 , 307 , 512 , and German identity, 440–2 512 n. 184 see also L ü beck, chronicles and annals Constantius II, 214 Deutschenspiegel , 365 , 506 Nero, 214 , 510 n. 176 Die gro ß en Deutschen , 324 Severus, 313 diet , for ‘people’, 10 Tiberius, 313 Dietrich von Bern, hero, 304–5 , 390 Valentinian, 321 , 365 Dietrich von Niem, treatise-writer, 35 , see also Julius Caesar ; Romans ; 84 , 114 , 121 , 126 , 171–2 , 175 , Rome ; Rome, Republic 199 n. 293 , 215 n. 68 , 219 , 226 , Empire, western, medieval: 228 , 249 , 256 , 257 , 287 , 290 , and the Church, 226–8 , 256 , 340 292 , 304 , 330 , 338 , 340 , 342 , and crusades, 213 , 221–4 344 , 345 n. 269 , 346 , 348 , 350 , and the Jews, 94

606 Index

Empire, western, medieval (cont.) burial sites, 133–4 ; see also Speyer, as and the papacy, 241–3 , 343–5 , 349–51 imperial mausoleum and prophecy, 213–14 dynastic properties see Hausmacht , of archchancellorships, 182–95 kings, emperors boundaries, 216–20 images of, 134 n. 191 , 134–8 Burgundian lands see Arles, kingdom late medieval awareness of, 118–24 of ; Burgundy, imperial prophecy, 235–9 coronations, 153–5 pseudo-emperors, 237–40 ; document output, 91 see also Kolup, Tile dynasties: public rituals, 131–3 Habsburg, 74 , 75 , 410 , 489 , 513 reform / renewal of, 212 , 213 , 215 origin myths, 308 regalia, 128 , 181 , 328 , 330 Hohenstaufen, 26 , 73 , 160 , 195 , 213 , crowns, 154 , 328 218 , 291 , 325 , 344 , 348 , 479 ; Holy Lance, Nail, 157 , 268 and see also Konradin, Manfred, feast, 128 , 157 of Hohenstaufen ‘Lothar’ cross, 152 end of, as watershed, 344 resources, 92–5 ; see also institutions, in prophecy, 236–7 fi sc ( Reichsgut ) Luxemburg, 74 , 75 , 233 , 410 rulers: genealogy, 396 n. 57 Adolf of Nassau, 78 , 104 , 133 , 147 , identity, 196–9 222 , 230 , 289 , 493 , 495 , 516 Ottonian, 73 , 158 , 272 n. 68 , 290 , Albert I, 73 , 75 n. 117 , 82 , 133 , 164 , 339 , 341 , 387 , 390 , 399 166 , 170 , 177 , 189 , 191 , 215 , Salian, 73 , 160 , 341 222 , 273 , 289 , 378, 464 , 498 , Wittelsbach, 74 , 75 , 521 509 electors, 77–8 , 272–8 Alfonso (X) of Castile, 178 n. 152 , German identity of, 273–8 214 , 283 n. 126 , 491 n. 53 herald (‘Romreich’), 235 Charles IV, 37 , 75 , 81 , 82 , 83–4 , 85 , heredity, 169–70 , 289–92 87 , 89 , 90 , 94 , 106 , 109 , 117 , imperial eagle, 138–9 , 139 n. 216 , 140 , 118 , 119 , 127 , 128 , 130 , 131 , 234–5 , 342 138 , 139 n. 221 , 140 , 143 , 148 , institutions: 150 , 178 , 179 , 185 , 186 , 188 , assemblies, 88–9 , 130 , 130 n. 168 189 , 190 , 191 n. 247 , 193 , 195 , chamber court (Kammergericht ), 215, 218 , 220 , 221 , 225 , 227 , 96 n. 232 230 , 238 , 254 , 290 , 292 , 301 , chancery, 89–91 309 , 328 , 342 , 343 , 348 , 350 , curial court ( Hofgericht ), 90 , 95–6 , 389 , 392 , 410 , 418 , 442 , 451 , 148–9 454 n. 46 , 458 , 461 , 464 , 493 , fi sc ( Reichsgut ), 73 , 74 , 76 n. 120 , 508 93–4 , 150 and Charlemagne, 329–30 imperial towns, 94 , 143 n. 243 and crusade, 223–4 judicial, 95–6 and language, 493–5 ‘Interregnum’, 122–3 , 150 , 183 , 347 , autobiography, 421 , 494 348 coronations, 129 , 131 Italian lands see Italy, imperial depictions of, 134 , 137 itinerant rule, 113–14 ; election, 129 see also government, medieval, funeral, 132–3 itinerant identity, 199 liturgy, 205–6 , 222 late medieval views of, 121 , 144 , ministeriales , 94 172 , 330 , 397 , 419 monarch, monarchy: names, 325 as king of Germany, 174 – 6 ; titles, 197 see also Germany, medieval, as Frederick I, 211 , 212 , 355 , kingdom ; Germany, medieval, 369 , 495 separation from Empire Frederick II, 4 , 33 , 72 , 161 , 186 , as king of the Romans, 174 187 , 198 n. 288 , 210 , 213 , 214 ,

Index 607

218 n. 87 , 236 , 243 , 271 , 275 , Richard of Cornwall, 81 , 88 , 118 , 301 n. 38 , 328 , 341 n. 247 , 343 , 122 , 174 n. 128 , 198, 221 , 229 , 344 , 347 , 507 328 , 329 , 348 , 379 , 491 n. 53 , death, 192 499 , 499 n. 101 Frederick III, 153 , 503 n. 129 Rudolf I, 78 , 81 , 82 , 85 , 87 , 90 , Frederick the Fair, 76 , 81 , 179 , 181 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 145 , 151 , 163 , 165 , 290 , 458 168–9 , 171 , 177 , 178 , 187 , 188 , coronation, 129 , 130 190 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 215 , 218 , G ünther of Schwarzburg, 86 , 190 220 , 222 , 223 , 226–7 , 233 , 234 , Henry I, 156 , 158 , 171 , 262 , 263 , 238 , 245 , 268 , 272 , 289, 325 , 267 , 286 , 288 , 340 , 341 , 390 , 330 , 345 , 346–7 , 348 n. 286 , 481 364 n. 60 , 366–8 , 367 n. 83 , Henry II, 135 , 214 , 287 , 300 , 341 , 370 n. 98 , 373 n. 117 , 391 , 342 , 414 , 523 393–4 , 457 n. 63 , 471 n. 157 , tomb, 338 474 n. 177 , 476 , 489 , 492 , 495 Henry IV, 71 , 160 , 337 , 338 n. 232 , late medieval views of, 114 , 471 119–20 , 123–4 Henry V, 338 , 344 in prophecy, 141 Henry VI, 210 , 218 n. 87 , 292 physiognomy, 120 Henry (VII), 161 , 274 n. 82 tomb, 134 Henry VII, 53 , 74 , 91 n. 200 , Rudolf of Swabia, 134 139 n. 216 , 141 , 153 , 163 , 174 , Rupert of the Palatinate, 84 , 177 , 182 , 188 , 191 , 195 , 196 , 91 n. 201 , 93 , 95 , 96 , 106 , 209 , 215 , 216 , 222, 224 , 226 , 144 , 187 , 190 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 230–1 , 344 , 350 , 364 n. 60 , 366 , 215 n. 68 , 228 , 269 , 349 , 383 , 367–9 , 372 , 379 , 421 , 463 , 536 451 death, 119 election, 129 election, 130 Sigismund, 75 , 86 , 91 n. 201 , 93 , Henry Raspe, 53 , 118 , 162 , 96 , 107 , 131 , 143 , 185 , 196 , 338 n. 234 199 n. 293 , 221 , 225 , 228 , Jobst of Moravia, 80 269 , 366 n. 68 , 383 , 390 , Konrad I, 156 , 268 , 286 431 n. 227 Konrad IV, 162 , 272 , 289 , 320 coronations, 152 Lothar III, 340 , 341 n. 247 , 392 depictions of, 138 Ludwig IV, 53 , 76 , 81 , 85 , 128 , 131 , Wenceslas, 84 , 86 , 91 n. 201 , 132 , 144 , 179 , 181 , 185 , 186 , 96 , 139 n. 216 , 143 , 143 n. 246 , 188 , 190–2 , 194 , 211 n. 37 , 149 , 185 , 187, 188 , 198 , 221 n. 104 , 223 , 229 , 230–1 , 216 n. 75 , 269 , 329 , 348 , 241–3 , 245 , 249 , 253 n. 307 , 349 , 371 , 383 , 404 n. 90 , 254 , 258 , 264 , 265 , 268 , 270–1 , 459 , 493 , 512 274 , 278 , 285 , 290 , 339 , 343 , deposition, 172 , 189 , 228 345 , 348 , 350 , 354 , 368 , 451 , identity, 199 , 199 n. 293 467 , 476 , 493 , 500 , 506 n. 142 , late medieval views of, 121 522 psalter, 360 coronation, 130 titles, 197 late medieval views of, 141 n. 232 William of Holland, 53 , 82 , 87 , 118 , physiognomy, 120 119 , 149 , 192 , 331 , 493 Maximilian I, 98 , 259 , 297 n. 12 styles and titles, 174 , 176 , 181 , 210 , Otto I, 114 , 158 , 172 , 268 , 284 , 285 , 211 286 , 340 , 342 , 459 territories see Arles, kingdom of ; Otto II, 157 , 341 , 372 n. 109 Burgundy, imperial ; Germany, Otto III, 158 , 272 n. 67 , 284 , 287 , medieval, as kingdom ; Italy, 290 , 340 , 341 imperial Otto IV, 344 , 499 n. 101 translation of, 206 , 214 , 278–89 , 293 , Philip of Swabia, 133 , 218 n. 87 , 299 , 312 , 332 , 334 , 349 , 364 , 275 476 , 532 ; see also Charlemagne ;

608 Index

Empire, western, medieval (cont.) Fabri, Felix, traveller, 484 Dietrich von Niem ; Franks ; Falun, 109 Lupold von Bebenburg ; Saxons Feine, Hans Erich, 262 treatise literature, 243–56 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 503 two swords / powers, 212–13 , 226 ; Ficker, Julius, 22 , 67 see also Empire, western, Fidem catholicam , 145 medieval, and Church ; and Finke, Heinrich, 17 , 35 papacy Fischer, Joschka, 36 n. 104 universalism, 209–14 , 224 Flanders, 443 , 460 , 462 , 465 , 467 vassals, 95 Margaret, countess of, 174 n. 128 vicariates, 184–5 Flemings, 405 visual culture, 126–9 Florence, 366 Engelbert von Admont, treatise-writer, Flores temporum , 117 , 147 , 239 , 306 393 , 486 , 486 n. 13 , 529 n. 9 Folz, Robert, 214 life, 245–7 France, kingdom of, 60 , 61 , 290 Engelhus, Dietrich, chronicler, 255 dauphin, 218 England, independence of, 335 kingdom of, 59 , 60 , 61 , 225 , 439 kings, 210 , 463 pre-Conquest, 60 descent from Charlemagne, 325 kings: Charles V, 349 Edward I, 163 , 177 Charles VI, 219 , 349 Margaret, daughter of, 499 Louis IX, 300 , 325 n. 165 Edward II, 224 n. 126 Philip III, 366 Edward III, 132 , 185 , 196 , 372 , 459 , Philip IV, 164 , 170 , 378 , 463 , 464 467 see also French, people, and Empire Richard I, 210 Francia , journal, 42 Richard II, 196 Francio, 323 Enikel, Jansen, chronicler, 306 n. 56 , Francis of Prague, chronicler, 411 n. 125 307 , 311 , 314 , 332 , 337 , 345 , Franconia, 88 , 323 , 480 379 n. 152 , 394 , 454 , 459 , 476 , Frankfurt am Main, 80 , 83 , 84 , 127 , 486 , 496 , 515 , 517 237 n. 209 , 242 Erfurt, 85 Galgentor, 135 Franciscan chronicle, 476 St Bartholomew’s Church, 330 St Peter’s chronicler, 111 , 130 , 133 , trade, 109 227 Frankish law, 186 Ermland, 448 ‘Frankish soil’, 512 Ernst von Kirchberg, chronicler, Franks, 277 , 316 , 455 , 478 286 n. 142 , 315 , 389 ; distinguished from the French, 322 see also Mecklenburg Rhyming etymology of name, 365 , 371 n. 103 , Chronicle 381 , 478 Essen: German, 287 , 471 Bertha, abbess of, 238 n. 210 identity of, 158 Estish language, 498 kingdom of, 155–7 , 285 Estonia, 399 origin myth, 320–4 Ests, 428 n. 211 , 437 , 441 translation of Empire to, 282 , 284 ethnicity, 12 Frauenlob, poet, 275 n. 88 , 389 n. 22 medieval: Fredegar, chronicler, 320 inter-ethnic hostility, 45 , 419–20 Frederick of Trinacria, king of Sicily, stereotypes, 49–50 , 267 , 355–9 506 n. 142 ‘ethnogenesis’ model, 300–1 free courts, Westphalian, 96 , 107 , 139 , Ettal, 231 n. 169 332 , 509 etymologies, 304 , 307 , 322 , 478 Freising: Etzel, Hunnish king, 9 church of, 403 Etzlaub, Erhard, 449 French, people, 64 European Union, 36 n. 104 , 42 n. 139 and Empire, 206 , 214 , 349

Index 609

friars see mendicants Germania superior see Oberlant Fribourg, 455 Germanien , 473 Fried, Johannes, 46 Germans: Friedrich von Sonnenburg, poet, 226 , ancient, 25 , 296 331 in medieval sources, 303–5 Frisia, 517 medieval: and German identity, 465–6 as barbarians, 376–82 Frisians, 120 , 164 , 331 , 333 as community of honour, 194–5 as gens , 466 n. 122 ascribed genocidal intent, 412–13 frontiers, medieval: and Roman antiquity, 306–16 conceptions of, 448 and the monstrous, 359–60 ; and markers, 448 , 464 see also cynocephali, Germans as Frutolf-Ekkehard chronicle, 288 , 320 aptitude for war, 364–70 ; and furor Teutonicus , 370–1 see also furor Teutonicus Fü rstenfeld chronicler, 123 , 345 eastern settlement, 398–405 eastern settlers, identity, 424–5 Gaul, 321 , 335 , 456 eastern settlers, solidarity, 425–30 Belgic, 456 , 460 , 461 , 462 in eastern portrayals, 410–12 Gauls, 296 maps, 449–50 ‘long-haired’, 321 physical stature, 295 Gellner, Ernest, 99 , 112 , 491 relationship with the Empire, 195 , Genet, Jean-Philippe, 58 262–70 ; and see also Empire, Genoa, 173 western, medieval, translation gens , gentes , 8 , 10 of ; electors, German identity of Germans as, 480 represented as a people, 311–12 Gerdauen (Zheleznodorozhny), stereotypes about, 353–4 , 363–81 429 n. 219 Germany: Gerhoh von Reichersberg, theologian, 71 German Democratic Republic 37 ‘German lands’, 186–94 , 472 ; history, humanists on, 297–8 see also tiutschiu lant ; tiutschiu history, medieval views of, 337–51 r î che medieval: German landscape, as basis of the Empire, 192–3 and identity, 447–52 as communications zone, 99–112 , German language, 104 450 and identity, 487–504 as kingdom, 154 , 155–82 and the imperial monarchy, 491–5 as sphere of law, 505 and the medieval Other, 497–9 archchancellorship, 54 documentary use of, 488–90 Black Death in, 110 regional forms of, 490 disorder in, 104–5 (Middle) Low German, 489 , 490 , Flagellants in, 111 500 , 501 frontiers, 453–67 Middle Netherlandish, 489 government of, 148–50 in medieval myth, 319 in Empire–papacy confl icts, 264 medieval views about, 354 , 410 Jews in, 110 , 111–12 , 121 , 242 , 466 political character in Middle Ages, law, 104 502–3 multiple peoples in, 504–5 use for historical writing, 490 origin myths, 303 German law, 408 , 424 pilgrimage, 106 German nation, medieval: political centres, 126–7 terms for, 479 political communication, 141–6 ‘German soil’, 186 , 483 political life, 69–73 , 76–9 Germani , 471 , 475–6 , 477 , 478 political thought in, 65 Germania , 182 , 185 , 472 , 475–6 , 477 , princes, 270–8 ; and see also Empire, 478 , 482 western, medieval, electors, Germania inferior see Niderlant identity of

610 Index

Germany (cont.) Guelders, 509 , 520 population, 100–1 countship / duchy of, 100 n. 9 , royal government, 79–96 , 182–95 480 n. 216 separation from Empire, 165–71 dukes of, 152 , 513 speed of travel in, 103 Rainald, 509 trade, 107–8 Guen ée, Bernard, 58 universities, 101 , 106–7 Guillaume de Nangis, chronicler, 357 urbanisation, 102 post-1945, 36–40 Habermas, Jü rgen, 251 Third Reich, 33 , 261–2 , 324 Hagen, 296 Weimar Republic, 26 , 32 Hagen, Gottfried, 205 n. 5 Gerolt, Swabian duke, 332 n. 209 , 365 Haller, Johannes, 67 Gesellschaft fü r Deutschlands ältere Ham, 318 , 396 Geschichtskunde, 20 Hamburg annals, 348 Gesta Treverorum , 318 Hameln, 246 Ghibellines, 215 Hansa, 105 , 107–8 , 397 , 400 , 437–43 , giants, 295–6 490 , 498 , 506 Giesebrecht, Wilhelm von, 19 , 21 , 22 , 66 German identity of, 438–9 Gm ünd an der Thaya, 394 titles, 437–8 , 481 Gm ü nder Chronicle , 523 Hausmacht , of kings, emperors, 75–6 , 83 , Gniezno, archbishops of, 85–7 , 92 , 93 , 151 Jakub S ´ winka, 428 n. 215 , 429 Heidegger, Martin, 34 n. 88 Nicholas, 256 n. 321 Heidelberg, 75 , 84 Goch, 513 Gro ß e Liederhandschrift , 409 Golden Bull (1356), 77 n. 125 , 80 , 88 , Heiligenkreuz, monastery, 394 127 , 155 , 183 , 186 , 228 , 229 , Heimpel, Hermann, 33–6 , 262, 324 230 , 273 , 307 , 360 , 494 , 502 , Heinrich von Diessenhofen, chronicler, 507 85 , 116 , 127 , 128 , 172 , 181 , 189 , Golden Bull of Rimini (1226), 210 289 , 464 , 466 , 482 Goldenkron (Zlatá Koruna), monastery, Heinrich von Heimburg, annalist, 394 394 Heinrich von Herford, chronicler, 111 , Gö llheim, battle of, 141, 513 116 , 119 , 120 , 127 , 154 , 171 , Golubac (Taubenburg), 107 194 , 227 , 263 , 275 n. 84 , 279 , Goslar, 82 , 126 , 512 283 n. 125 , 285 , 287 , 290 , 291 , Goths, 340 332 , 336 , 380 n. 153 , 388 , 475 , Gottfried von Ensmingen, 114 , 123 , 480 , 480 n. 215 179 , 180 , 194 , 198 , 366 , 367 , Heinrich von Isny, 142 379 n. 152 , 466 n. 125 , 497 Heinrich von Langenstein, theologian, Gottfried von Viterbo, 323 , 335 , 471 381 , 476 Gottwald, Klement, 384 Heinrich von M ü geln, poet, 418 Gouguenheim, Sylvain, 66 ‘Heinrich von M ünchen’, chronicle of, government, medieval: 338 n. 232 , 345 , 456 and communications, 62–3 Heinrichau (Henrykó w), monastery, 417 itinerant, 80–5 foundation book, 445 Graf, Klaus, 522 Peter, abbot of, 447 Grandes Chroniques de France , 64 , 115 , Helmbrecht , 501 , 518 301 , 302 Helmold von Bosau, chronicler, 387 n. 10 Gratian: Henri de Blâ mont, 498 Decretum , 284 Henry of Huntingdon, chronicler, Gregory of Tours, chronicler, 323 56 n. 9 Greifswald: Henry of Knighton, chronicler, 132 Confraternity of the Virgin, 474 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 503 Groissenbrunn, battle of, 513 n. 190 Hermann of Niederaltaich, chronicler, Groningen, 443 119 gro ß deutsch , 22 Hessler, Heinrich, 240 n. 232 Grundmann, Herbert, 35 n. 98 , 38 Hildebrant, hero, 305

Index 611

Hildegard of Bingen, 338 n. 236 , itineraries see government, medieval, 496 n. 85 itinerant Hitler, Adolf, 16 , 35 , 261 Hobsbawm, Eric, 99 Jakob van Maerlant, poet, 296 , Hoftag see Empire, western, medieval, 320 n. 132 institutions, assemblies Life of St Francis, 499 Holland, 461 , 467 Jan van Boendale, chronicler, 500 counts of, court, 490 Jan van Heelu, chronicler, 176 , 497 , 499 countship of, 102 Japheth, 318 , 396 Hollanders, 457 n. 61 Jean de Jandun, 214 Holstein, counts of, 399 Jeremiah, prophet, 8 Holy Roman Empire: Joachim of Fiore, 213 , 236 , 267 n. 41 2006 exhibition, 526 Joachimsen, Paul, 16 see also Empire, western, medieval Johann, bishop of Verden, 142 Holzschuh, Dietrich see Kolup, Tile Johann de Beke, 500 Honorius Augustodunensis, theologian, Johann von Guben, chronicler, 139 , 150 318 n. 123 , 453 , 456 , 456 n. 58 , Johann von Leuchtenberg, 187 n. 212 467 n. 128 Johann von Viktring, chronicler, 116 , Horace, 211 118 , 121 , 142 , 175 , 179 , 291, Hornburg, Lupold, poet, 121 , 242 , 253 , 331 , 368 , 462 , 466 n. 123 , 474 , 269 , 380 , 452 n. 30 475 , 480 n. 213 , 492 , 514 Hostiensis, canonist, 213 , 275 n. 93 Johann von Winterthur, chronicler, 116 , Hoyer von Falkenstein, 489 141 , 163 , 174 , 191 , 211 n. 37 , Hugelmann, Karl Gottfried, 28 , 30 , 36 , 238 , 280 , 346 , 370 , 451 484 n. 3 Johann von W ürzburg, poet: Hugo von Reutlingen, chronicler, 289 Wilhelm von Ö sterreich , 499 n. 101 Hugo von Trimburg, pedagogue, 458 , Johannes Teutonicus, canonist, 224 , 364 486 , 488 , 500 , 501 , 507 Johannes von Buch, glossator, 154 , 212 , Huizinga, Johan, 40 212 n. 43 , 229 , 275 n. 93 , 276 , Humbert of Romans, 165 , 166 288 , 341 , 387 Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, 225 John, count of Hainault, 373 n. 117 Hundesfeld, battle of, 411 n. 126 John de Harlestone, 96 Hungarians, 342 John of Salisbury, 209 , 355 medieval German portrayals John of Tusculum, 168 , 267 , 370 of, 390 Jordan, Karl, 262 see also Magyars Jordan von Osnabr ück, treatise-writer, Hungary, 400 244 , 249 kingdom of, 75 Jü lich, 314 n. 101 kings: Julius Caesar, 100 , 309–15 , 452 , Andrew II, 408 456 , 461 , 505 , 510 n. 176 ; Ladislas IV, 223 see also Empire, Roman, Louis the Great, 410 emperors Huns: Hungarians as, 390 Kaiserchronik , 310 , 311 , 327 , 340 , 472 , Hussites, 412 , 487 482 continuators, 190 , 473 identity, 12 Kaiserzeit , 3 , 6 , 21 , 22 , 25 , 32 , 34 Ingelheim, 126 , 335 Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig, 26 , 32 , 35 Augustinian monastery, 330 Karlmeinet , 197 , 326 ‘Investiture Contest’, 159 , 243 , Karlstein, 86 , 233 , 329 , 396 n. 57 254 n. 310 , 282 , 530 Kempe, Margery, 106 Irish, people, 355 Kern, Fritz, 28 , 164 , 219 Isidore of Seville, 380 , 453 , 486 Kienast, Walther, 262 , 324 n. 159 Italy: kingship, medieval: Germans in, 268 , 368–9 healing powers, 63 imperial, 79 , 215–16 , 217 , 226 royal saints, 63

612 Index

Kirn, Paul, 35 Land see lant kleindeutsch , 22 Land und Herrschaft see Brunner, Otto Klingenberg (Zvikov), 409 Landbook of the Mark Brandenburg , 508 Koblenz, 132 , 488 Landfriede ( n ), 82 , 95–6 Kolup, Tile, 118 , 129 , 179 , 180 , 190 , 237 , in vernacular, 489 240 , 270 Landshut, 242 K öniggr ä tz (Hradec Kr álov é ), 405 n. 93 , lant , 426 as basis of identity, 518 K önigsaal, monastery, 420 and historical writing, 510–11 chronicle, 123 , 175 , 191 , 459 ; and character, as community, 507 , 519–20, see also Peter von Zittau 521 K önigsberg, 427 n. 205 development, 507 K ö nigslager , 152 n. 3 as object of collective stereotypes, Konrad, bishop-elect of 517–18 Hildesheim, 211 proto-ethnic character of, 514 Konrad von Megenberg, treatise-writer, Lech, battle of, 191 227 , 248–9 , 251–3 , 254 , 256 , Leç zyca, synod of, 429 286 , 287 , 288 , 291 n. 175 , 331 , Leipzig, 402 336 , 340 n. 244 , 342 , 343 , 350 , Leitha, river, 462 365 , 373 , 380 , 501 Leitmeritz (Litome ˇrˇice), 420 and the Germans, 377 , 378 , 380 Leopold von Wien, chronicler, 510 De translacione Romani imperii , 252 Leubus (Lubia˛z· ), 416 life, 244–7 Liber Extra , 225 Planctus ecclesiae in Germaniam , 263 , Licet iuris , 229 267 , 280 , 343 Liè ge, 459 Yconomica , 252 church of, 457 , 465 Konrad von Mure, pedagogue, Life of St Procopius , 413 474 n. 177 , 489 lingua Teutonica , 475 Konrad von W ürzburg, poet: Lithuania, Lithuanians, 223 , 228 Heinrich von Kempten , 192 grand princes, 410 Partonopier und Meliur , 272 , 467 Gediminas, 401 Trojanerkrieg , 320 liut , 10 Das Turnier von Nantes , 198 , 467 Livonia, 217 , 400 , 404 , 437 , 449 Konradin of Hohenstaufen, 163 , 192 , Livonian Rhyming Chronicle , 432 n. 231 , 195 , 237 , 344 433 Kosovo Polje, 109 Livs, 434 Krabice, Bene š , chronicler, 136 Lohengrin , 263 , 267 , 275 , 285, 340 , 390 , Krakó w, 404 , 405 , 408 n. 114 , 411 , 414 , 481 , 482 , 523 438 , 449 Loire, river, 321 bishops of: London, 439 Jan Muskata, 412 ‘Long Claus’, pilgrim, 105 ethnic composition of population, Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, painter, 405 n. 94 371 n. 105 Krantz, Albert, 297 n. 12 Lorraine, duchy of, 459 Kriemhild, Germanic heroine, 9 , 296 , Losse, Rudolf, diplomat, 141 n. 232 , 194 , 390 246 , 256 n. 321 Kuhn, Walter, 401 Lotharingia, 156 , 157 , 171 , 456 Kunigunde, empress, 135 , 300 L ü beck, 82 , 85 , 101 , 131 , 401 , Kuttenberg (Kutn á Hora), 189 427 n. 205 , 439 Kuyavya, 413 and the Hansa, 440–2 Kyeser, Konrad, treatise-writer, burghers, 109 139 n. 216 , 221 , 365 , 377 chronicles and annals, 115 , 163 , 266 , 476 ; and see also Detmar, La Rouill ée, 464 chronicler Lamprecht, Karl, 23 Franciscans, 146

Index 613

Lucan, 296 Marburg, 112 Pharsalia , 371 Marchfeld, battle of, 74 , 223 , 233 , 367 , Luckau, 137 391 , 393 Luden, Heinrich, 20 Marchomanni : Ludolf von Sagan, chronicler, 121 , 415 , Brandenburgers as, 388 416 , 419 , 480 , 494 , 494 n. 66 , Margaret, queen of Norway, 441 n. 280 500 Mark, counts of, 308 Ludwig von Lichtenberg, 105 Marner, poet, 488 Ludwig von Teck, 242 Marsilius of Padua, 243 L üneburg, 315 , 427 , 500 , 512 Defensor pacis , 249 n. 287 , 253 n. 307 St Michael, monastery of, 510 Martin of Troppau, chronicler, 146 , 184 , Lupold von Bebenburg, treatise-writer, 276 , 284 , 290 , 306 , 334 , 345 , 155 , 216 , 250 , 252–3 , 255 , 458 268 , 269 , 320 , 321 , 322 , 333 , Maschke, Erich, 26 , 29 , 29 n. 63 , 335 , 340 , 376 , 380 , 471 , 478 , 35 n. 98 479 n. 202 , 480 Masovia, 413 and the electors, 287 duke of, 399 and ‘German’ kingship, 175 Master Rumelant, poet, 397 and the translation of the Empire, 279 Matthew Paris, chronicler, 499 n. 101 life, 244 Matthias von Neuenburg, chronicler, Tractatus de Iuribus Regni 104 , 116 , 118 , 130 , 144 , 163 , et Imperii , 252 171 , 181 , 195 , 345 , 346 , 372 , Lusatia, 400 498 Luther, Martin, 104 Mayer, Theodor, 33 Luxembourg, countship of, 459 Mecklenburg, 389 , 402 L’viv, 108 princes of: Lynn, 439 Niklotid dynasty, 510 Lyon, 4 , 218 Albert II, 389 council of (1274), 166 , 222 n. 112 , 344 Henry II, 389 n. 22 Mecklenburg Rhyming Chronicle , 389 , Magdeburg, 131 , 135 , 148 , 315 , 395 , 399 , 521 n. 240 ; see also Ernst von 402 , 512 Kirchberg church of, 342 Meinecke, Friedrich, 31 Sch ö ppenchronik , 131 , 144 , 148 , 349 , Meinhard, count of Tirol, 506 461 , 494 Mei ßen: Magi, 514 n. 193 bishops of, 448 shrine, 106 , 129 margraves of, 236 , 399 Magnus III, king of Sweden, 83 Frederick I, 239 Magnus von Reichersberg, chronicler, ‘Mei ßner’, poet, 198 , 269 , 273 continuator of, 227 ‘Meister Boppe’, poet, 331 Magyars, 390 Melve, Leidulf, 254 n. 310 M ährisch-Hermersdorf, 401 n. 74 mendicants, 151 Mainz, 54–5 , 84 , 148 , 150 , 194 , 459 , 460 and political communications, 145–8 archbishops of, 170 , 392 Carmelites, 465 archchancellorship, 182–4 , 273 , 458 Dominicans, 465 as electors, 277 Franciscans, spiritual, 207 Gerlach von Nassau, 289 merer des reichs , 172 , 172 n. 121 ; and Johann II von Nassau, 143 see also augustus , as ‘augmentor’ Peter von Aspelt, 53 of realm Siegfried III von Eppenstein, 53 , 241 Merovingian dynasty, 291 Werner von Eppenstein, 178 Clovis, 304 cathedral, 53 Metz, 459 Landfriede (1235), 347 , 492 , 506 church of, 457 Majestas Carolina , 421 Meuse, river, 464 Manfred of Hohenstaufen, 345 n. 269 Michael de Leone, 255

614 Index

Mies (St rˇibro), 405 n. 93 Noah, sons of, descent from, 317–18 Milan, 217 , 370 Norbert, abbot of Iburg, chronicler, 471 Milvian Bridge, 226 Nö rdlingen, 143 Mitteis, Heinrich, 67 , 78 Normans, 317 Moldova, 108 Novgorod, 438 , 442 , 498 n. 99 Mongols, 236 Nuremberg, 80 , 83 , 84 , 86–8 , 127 , 130 , Montb é liard, 366 131 , 261 , 490 Montenegro, 109 Chapel of Our Lady, 135 , 329 Montpellier, university, 246 fountain, 136 Monumenta Germaniae Historica , 20 , 38 trade, 108 Monza, 217 Moravia, 407 n. 106 ; see also Bohemia Oberlant , 110 , 467–8 , 501 Moraw, Peter, 47 , 73 , 82 , 90 , 116 , 126 , Obodrites, 342 , 390 151 , 247 Billug, king of, 390 classifi catory scheme, 130 , 139 Odoacer, 308 M ü hldorf, battle of, 289 Oeselians, 433 M ü hlhausen, 137 Oldradus de Ponte, 216 n. 73 M ü ller-Mertens, Eckhard, 38 n. 117 , 67 Oppenheim, 241 Munich, 75 , 128 , 249 , 254 Ö rebro, 441 n. 280 M ünster, Sebastian, 449 Orleans, 321 Mussolini, Benito, 261 Orosius, 456 Orsini dynasty, 536 natio , 10 Ö sel (Saaremaa), 437 Germans as, 194 , 479–80 Ostforschung , 27 nation, 11 Otakar uz der Geul see Styrian Rhyming and communications, 98–9 Chronicle idea of, 2 Otto von Freising, chronicler, 158 , 211 , medieval: 323 , 369 , 465 n. 118 , 471 , 479 and history, 298–303 and language, 485 , 487 Padua, university, 246 and territory, 452 Pannonia, 320 , 321 n. 136 approaches to, 42–4 , 48–50 Pantheon, 231 n. 169 , 306 n. 56 formed within the kingdom, 56 , papacy see popes ; Empire, medieval, 58–65 western, and papacy naming, 469 papal Curia, 204–7 vocabulary, 10 Paris, 60 , 225 , 357 modernity of, 46 university, 246 ; and see also studium nation state: Passau, 253 obsolescence of, 39 Pastoralis cura , 216 nationalism, 12 patria , 64 , 452 Nationes project, 3 n. 13 , 41 Germany as, 480–1 Neuhaus (Jind rˇich u˚ v Hradec), Persona, Gobelinus, treatise-writer, 244 , 428 n. 214 , 430 245 , 495 Neuß , 129 , 237 Pest (Ofen), 404 , 426 Neusohl (Bansk á Bistrica), 404 Peter von Dusburg, chronicler, 315 , Nibelungenlied , 9 380 n. 156 , 432 n. 231 , 433 Nicopolis, battle of, 221 , 366 n. 68 , 372 Peter von Zittau, chronicler, 199 , 229 , Niderlant , 110 , 467–8 , 501 319 n. 130 , 372 , 419 , 502 Nijmegen, 82 , 314 , 438 n. 263 and Bohemian identity, 420–2 Nikolaus von Jeroschin, chronicler, 100 , see also K önigsaal chronicle 432 , 432 n. 231 , 433 , 435 Petrarch, 215 , 354 , 371 Nikolaus von Kues, as cartographer, Phalangi, monstrous people, 390 n. 30 450 n. 17 Piccolomini, Enea Silvio, 268 n. 49 Nikolaus von Riesenburg, 89 Pisa, 216 Nine Worthies, 136 , 137 , 313 council of, 269

Index 615

Pliny, 297 n. 12 Augustinian monastery, 329 Poland, 342 , 406 n. 98 , 407 Emmaus monastery, 128 n. 158 Greater, 400 Our Lady of the Snows, 232 rulers (dukes, kings): Old Town, 405 Boles ł aw the Chaste, 405 bridge tower, 136 Casimir the Great, 410 Our Lady on the Tý n, 426 , 429 Wł adis ł aw Łokietek, 414 St George, monastery, 451 Poles, 405 university, 415 n. 151 medieval German portrayals of, 416 Germans at, 410 Pomerania, 389 , 402 , 407 , 449 , 468 Premonstratensian order, 408 Pomerelia, 403 P rˇemysl Otakar II see Bohemia, rulers popes: Priam, younger, 100 , 320 , 360 Alexander III, 355 pride, sin of, 375 n. 123 , 377 n. 139 Benedict XII, 181 , 243 , 264 , 479 Privilegium maius , 309 , 510 , 522 Boniface VIII, 166 , 207 , 215 , 225 , 282 , prophecy, Sibylline, 235 ; and 480 see also Empire, western, Boniface XI, 190 medieval, prophecy Celestine V, 207 Prussia, 100 , 217 , 319 , 401 , 403 , Clement IV, 344 406 n. 97 , 407 , 449 , 490 n. 42 Clement V, 216 , 349 n. 291 , 364 n. 60 Prussians, 315 , 433 Clement VI, 216 , 494 n. 66 Pseudo-Aethicus, 504 Clement VII, 173 , 374 Ptolemy of Lucca, 165 , 277 n. 96 Gelasius I, 226 public peace see Landfriede Gregory VII, 159 , 344 , 471 Pustertal (Val Pusteria), 105 Gregory IX, 357 Gregory X, 178 n. 152 , 198 , 273 Quatrevaux, meeting at, 170 –1 , 464 Hadrian I, 286 Quidort, Jean, treatise-writer, 64 Innocent III, 225 n. 127 , 266 , 282 , 335 Innocent V, 227 Raban von Helmstatt, 91 n. 201 Innocent VI, 128 , 268 race, 12 Innocent VII, 193 Rassow, Peter, 37 John XII, 340 Raumer, Friedrich von, 20 John XXII, 173 , 186 , 228 , 242 n. 242 , Regensburg, 249 253 n. 307 , 264 , 265 , 271 , 350 regnum , 157–8 , 180 Leo III, 286 , 340 late medieval usage, 180–1 , 220 Martin IV, 206 , 266 regnum Alemannie , 161 , 163 , 165 , 168 , Nicholas III, 165 , 166 , 167 , 207 173 , 177–9 , 187 Stephen II, 286 regnum Germanie , 161 Sylvester I, 512 regnum Germanum , 159 Urban IV, 165 , 276 n. 89 regnum Teutonicum, Teutonicorum , 158 , Urban VI, 245 , 441 159 , 160 , 171 populus , 10 regnum Teutonie , 161 Germans as, 480 rei d Alemagne , roi d Alemaigne , 163 , 164 Pozna n´ , bishopric of, 101 Reich ( r î che ), late medieval usage, 172 , Prague, 75 , 84 , 86 , 87 , 127 , 129 , 232 , 220–1 400 , 406 n. 101 , 409 n. 118 , Reichstag, post-1871, 22 413 , 415 Reinbot von Durne, poet, 453 archbishops, bishops: Reinhardsbrunn, monastery, 511 n. 179 Jan IV, 428 n. 214 Reinmar von Zweter, poet, 418 Jan Oc ˇ ko of Vlaš im, 232 Renan, Ernest, 38 as ritual site, 132 Reuter, Timothy, 70 ethnic topography, 405 n. 93 , Reval, 395 , 426 , 428 , 428 n. 211 , 498 426 n. 198 Reynolds, Susan, 56 , 91 monarchical imagery, 133 , 136 rex Alemannie , 161–4 , 167 , 173, 174 New Town, 128 rex Germanie , 175

616 Index

rex Teutonicorum , 159 St Wenceslas, 231 , 330 , 330 n. 194 , rex Teutonie , 162 , 171 411 n. 125 Rheims, 321 Sainte-Chapelle, 328 Rheingau, landscape, 450 Salimbene da Parma, 18 Rhenish League, 119 , 149–50 , 458 Salzburg, archbishops of, 144 Rhens, 129 , 503 n. 129 Sandomir (Sandomierz), 422 declaration of, 155 , 252 ‘Sassenlant’, herald, 189 Rhine, river, 100 , 488 Savoy: as frontier, 55 n. 8 , 170 –1 , 277 , 321 , countship of, 220 455–61 Philip I, 178 n. 150 as monarchical landscape, 129 Saxon law, 186 Rhineland, 73–4 Saxon World Chronicle , 117 , 191 , 239 , 271 , Rhinelanders, 457 n. 61 286 , 288, 292 , 304 , 312 , 315 , Riga, 395 , 400 , 427 , 455 321 , 322 , 332 , 342 , 343 , 344 , Albrecht von Buxtehude, bishop of, 349 , 387 , 395 , 454 , 459 , 473 , 395 516 Roger, Pierre, 354; and see also papacy, continuators, 331 popes, Clement VI Saxons, 277 , 292 , 316 , 332 , 387 , 455 , 517 Roger II, king of Sicily, 340 origin and settlement myths, 316 , Roger of Howden, chronicler, 210 n. 28 452 n. 34 , 516 , 520 Roland, statues of, 138 translation of Empire to, 278 Romagna, 166 , 171 Saxony, 402 , 512 Roman law, 210 dukes, 87 , 152 , 186 , 277 , 399 Romance-speakers, as unwarlike, 371–2 ; Henry the Lion, 514 and see also ethnicity, stereotypes John I, 219 Romans, 322 , 364 Rudolf II, 148 Rome, 129 , 210 , 225–6 ; and Sch ä fer, Dietrich, 19 see also Empire, Roman Schedel, Hartmann, chronicler, German hospice, 246 199 n. 293 Republic, 291 , 307 Schiller, Friedrich, 347 Romulus, 306 Schlesinger, Walter, 38 Rostock, 401 Schreinmadonna , 383 Rothe, Johannes, chronicler, 296 Schultheiß , Franz Guntram, 23 Rothenburg ob der Tauber, 187 n. 212 Schwabenspiegel , 154 , 186 , 187 , 275 , 285 , Roudnice, 428 n. 214 365 , 473 , 477 , 505 , 514 Rudolf von Ems, chronicler, 453 , 455 Schw äbisch Hall, 236 , 239 Russian language, 498 Schwanau, 104 Ruthenia, 400 Scotland, kingdom of, 59 Ruusbroec, Jan, 500 ‘Seifried Helbling’, satirist, 501 , 511 , 515 , 518 Saarburg, 242 Seine, river, 321 Sachsenspiegel , 153 , 186 , 212 , 227 , 274 , Semiramis, 319 275 , 341 , 388 , 402 , 473 , 477 , Sempach, battle of, 468 483 , 489 , 504 , 505 , 507 , 512 Septimer pass, 106 , 450 , 453 n. 38 Sagan ( Z· agan´ ), monastery, 416 Shem, 318 Trudwin, abbot of, 416 ‘Sicilian Vespers’, 207 St Elizabeth of Thuringia, 9 , 112 , 408 Sicily, 216 St Gotthard pass, 106 Siegburg, abbot of, 355 St Hedwig (Jadwiga), 408 Siegfried, hero, 296 Life , 422 Siegfried von Balnhausen, chronicler, 198 St Maternus, 461 Silesia, 83 , 101 , 217 , 401 , 403 n. 82 , St Peter’s staff, 232 , 380 n. 153 , 461 , 406 n. 97 , 416–17 , 449 , 480 513 n. 192 dukes of, 419 Saint Pol, count of, 371 Boles ł aw the Bald, 409 St Sigismund, 232 Henry I, the Bearded, 422 n. 185

Index 617

Henry II, 408 Swabians, 316, 332 , 332 n. 209 , 365 , Henry III, 412 , 424 n. 192 365 n. 65 , 370 , 455 , 514 , 517 Henry IV, 409 n. 119 , 424 Swarte, Johan, 439 Franciscans, 430 Swiss, 218 , 468 towns, 404 Sybel, Heinrich von, 22 , 67 Upper, 102 Sillein (Zilina), 419 n. 168 Tacitus, 297 n. 12 , 449 Skania, 414 Germania , 295 Slovenes, 403 n. 83 Tagliacozzo, battle of, 356 , 380 Smits, Kathryn, 473 n. 166 Tangerm ünde, 84 , 131 Soissons, 321 Tannh äuser, poet, 198 n. 288 Solomon, throne of, 231 Tassilo, 331 n. 204 Solothurn, 466 Tatra mountains, 400 Speyer, as imperial mausoleum, Taube, Heinrich, 85 , 114 , 116 , 127 , 475 , 133 517 Stainreuter, Leopold, 489 n. 38 terra, territorium see lant state-making, medieval: 56–65 territories, German see lant thwarted in Germany, 65–8 Teutoburg Forest, battle, 313 Stein, Heinrich Freiherr vom, 19 Teutones, ancient, 371 Stenzel, Gustav Adolf Harald, 20 Teutonia , 154 , 471 , 478 stereotypes, medieval ethnic Teutonic Order, 103 , 217 , 221 , 223 , see Alexander von Roes, and 383–4 , 396 , 399 , 410 , 431–7 , the French, Germans, Italians ; 438 , 448 ; and see also Virgin ethnicity, medieval, stereotypes ; Mary, and Teutonic Order Bohemians, Hungarians, chronicles, 432 n. 231 Wends, medieval German German identity, 434–7 portrayals of ; Romance- grand masters, 431 speakers ; Teutonic Order, Dietrich von Altenburg, 223 n. 121 portrayal of opponents Siegfried von Feuchtwangen, 436 Stiftung f ür deutsche Volks- portrayal of opponents, 433–4 und Kulturbodenforschung, 27 titles, 431 Stockholm, 108 , 425 , 438 Teutonicus , Teutonici , 159 , 470 , 475 , 476 , Stralsund, 401 478 , 483 Strasbourg, 86 , 104 , 110 , 144 , 148 , 193 , Thangmar, biographer, 470 241 , 264 , 459 , 498 , 512 , 514 Theban Legion, 232 bishops of: Theoderic, 313 Jean de Luxembourg-Ligny, Theodiscus , Theodisci , 470 373 Theutanus, giant, 296 lange br ü ck , 457 Theutates, deity, 296 Nazi university, 29 , 34 Theuto, giant, idol, 304 , 478 , 478 n. 197 Strasbourg Oaths, 17 Theutona, giant, 296 , 496 Strayer, Joseph R., 40 n. 130 , 58 , 95 Thietmar von Merseburg, chronicler, Stricker, poet, 285 157 , 470 Karl , 326 Thimo von Colditz, 90 Stromer, Ulman, 144 Thomas, Heinz, 47 studium , 357 Thomas of Cantimpr é , theologian, 296 Styria, 119 , 520 Thon, idol, 304 , 478 n. 197 armorial, 513 Thorn (Tor ún), 397 Styrian Rhyming Chronicle , 116 , 142 , 226 , Thuringia, 323 , 515 345 , 378 , 391 , 393 , 402 , 473 , Thuringians, 381 , 516 , 517 492 , 511 Tilly, Charles, 58 Styrians, 517 tiutschiu lant , 472 ; see also ‘German lands’ Suchenwirt, Peter, poet, 391 , 459 tiutschiu r î che , 472 ; see also ‘German Sudeten Germans, 384 lands’ Swabia, 88 , 458 , 520 , 522 Toke, Heinrich, 256 n. 321

618 Index

Tongeren, 459 Verdun, 464 T önnies, Ferdinand, 24 church of, 457 Toul, 164 treaty of, 156 bishops of, 167 Veronese, painter, 353 church of, 457 Vienna, 75 , 85 , 296 Tournai, siege of, 459 St Stephen’s Church, 137 , 246 , 510 Transylvania, 400 Vienne, countship of, 218 Trebata, legendary founder of Trier, 316 , Villani, Matteo, chronicler, 120 n. 124 319 , 496 Vincent of Beauvais, 146 Treitschke, Heinrich von, 24 Vincentius, canonist, 68 Trent, Virgil, 211 bishop of, 506 Virgin Mary, and Teutonic Order, 383–4 , church of, 464 436 Trier, 100 , 459 , 460 Visby, 438 as ancient German capital, 313 Visconti, Giangaleazzo, 173 archbishops, 170 Vistula, river, 400 archchancellorship, 183 , 458 Viterbo, 204 as electors, 277 Viviers, 366 lordship of, 508 n. 161 vlaemen , 491 Arnold II von Isenburg, volc , 10 , 479 biographer, 122 Volksgeschichte , 28 , 362 Balduin von Luxemburg, 89 , 177 , Vorm ä rz , 484 191 n. 247 , 225 , 245 , 246 , 252 , 255 , 264 , 278 , 368 n. 85 , 458 , Walloons, 405 , 417 463 , 479 , 490 , 536 Walther von Klingen, 92 Kuno II von Falkenstein, 173 Walther von der Vogelweide, poet, 266 , Arimaspes, tomb of, 514 n. 193 456 , 473 , 481 , 482 foundation myth, 119 , 277 , 319 war, and German identity see Germans, people of, 316 , 318 , 516 medieval, as barbarians ; Porta Nigra, 514 n. 193 aptitude for war Trojans, 296 , 316 , 360 , 478 , 510 ‘Wars of Liberation’, 20 Troy, 100 , 320 Weibe, Jacob, 143 Tusca ny, 268 Welf dynasty, 510 Twinger, Jakob, chronicler, 100 , 104 , 117 , Welsh, people, 358 176 , 182 , 199 , 224 , 228 , 250 , Wendish crusade, 399 268 , 280 , 287 , 292 , 304 n. 49 , Wendish language, 402 305 , 306 , 307 , 311 , 313 , 314 , Wends, 402 , 414 , 427 316 , 319 , 321 , 323 , 324 , 336 , excluded from urban rights, 427 n. 209 338 , 374 , 390 , 397 , 459 , medieval German portrayals of, 387–90 465 n. 120 , 476 , 489 , 496 , 516 Wenskus, Reinhard, 43 , 300 Wernhard, bishop of Seckau, 492 Ulm, 108 , 117 Westphalia, 102 , 244 , 467 n. 131 , 514 Ulrich von Etzenbach, poet, 420 Wettiner dynasty, 511 n. 179 Ulrich von Liechtenstein, poet: Wetzlar, 237 Frauendienst , 514 n. 199 Widukind, Saxon ruler, 510 , 514 , 523 , Utrecht, church of, 112 , 457 523 n. 250 Widukind von Korvei, chronicler, 157 , Vandals, Wends as, 388 314 n. 101 , 316 Veckinchusen family, 197 Wigand von Marburg, chronicler, Hildebrand, 442 432 n. 231 Veme see free courts, Westphalian wild folk, 295–6 Vener, Job, 80 William of Ockham, 243 , 249 , 251–3 , Venerabilem , 275 n. 93 , 282 , 283 , 291 , 471 340 n. 244 Venice, 108 , 192 , 247 Octo quaestiones , 252 doges of, 177 Wilsnack, 106 Verden, church of, 245 Wilton Diptych, 450

Index 619

Winkler, Heinrich August, 1 Wusterwitz, Engelbert, 149 Wipo, chronicler, 70 Wycliffe, John, 410 Wizlaw, prince of R ü gen, 409 n. 118 Wykes, Thomas, chronicler, 68 Wolfram von Eschenbach, poet: Willehalm , 326 Xanten, 100 Wollin, 315 World War I, 16–17 , 35 Zagreb, 108 , 403 , 426 peace settlements, 26 , 31 Zatschek, Heinz, 29 , 29 n. 63 , Worms, 88 , 112 35 n. 98 annals, 149 , 168 , 344 Zerbolt, Gerhard, 500 Concordat of, 160 Ziegenr ücken, 447 Worringen, battle of, 234 , 497 Zittau, 139 Wulf, Maurice de, 18 zunge , 10 W ürzburg, 112 n. 83 , 140 German people as, 481 church of, 245 Zurich, 327 ecclesiastical council, 167–8 , Zutphen, 506–9 474 n. 179 Zwickau, 402