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The Psychology of Men and Masculinities

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The Psychology of Men and Masculinities THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN AND MASCULINITIES EDITED BY RONALD F. LEVANT AND Y. JOEL WONG AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION • Washington, DC Copyright © 2017 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, including, but not limited to, the process of scanning and digitization, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by To order American Psychological Association APA Order Department 750 First Street, NE P.O. Box 92984 Washington, DC 20002 Washington, DC 20090-2984 www.apa.org Tel: (800) 374-2721; Direct: (202) 336-5510 Fax: (202) 336-5502; TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123 Online: www.apa.org/pubs/books E-mail: [email protected] In the U.K., Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, copies may be ordered from American Psychological Association 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden, London WC2E 8LU England Typeset in Goudy by Circle Graphics, Inc., Columbia, MD Printer: Edwards Brothers, Inc., Lillington, NC Cover Designer: Naylor Design, Washington, DC The opinions and statements published are the responsibility of the authors, and such opinions and statements do not necessarily represent the policies of the American Psychological Association. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Levant, Ronald F., editor. | Wong, Y. Joel, editor. Title: The psychology of men and masculinities / edited by Ronald F. Levant, Y. Joel Wong. Description: Washington, D.C. : American Psychological Association, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016036545| ISBN 9781433826900 (hardback) | ISBN 1433826909 (paperback) Subjects: LCSH: Men—Psychology. | Masculinity. | Sex role. | BISAC: PSYCHOLOGY / Social Psychology. | PSYCHOLOGY / Human Sexuality. | HEALTH & FITNESS / Men’s Health. Classification: LCC HQ1090 .P79 2017 | DDC 155.3/32—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016036545 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. Printed in the United States of America First Edition http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000023-000 CONTENTS Contributors ................................................................................................ ix Foreword: A Brief History of the Psychology of Men and Masculinities ........................................................................................ xi Joseph H. Pleck Acknowledgments ................................................................................... xxiii Introduction: Maturation of the Psychology of Men and Masculinities ......................................................................................... 3 Ronald F. Levant and Y. Joel Wong I. Gender Role Strain Paradigm and Related Theories ........................ 13 Chapter 1. The Gender Role Strain Paradigm ................................. 15 Ronald F. Levant and Wizdom A. Powell Chapter 2. Masculinity Ideologies .................................................... 45 Edward H. Thompson, Jr. and Kate M. Bennett v Chapter 3. Masculinity as a Heuristic: Gender Role Conflict Theory, Superorganisms, and System-Level Thinking ........................................... 75 James M. O’Neil, Stephen R. Wester, Martin Heesacker, and Steven J. Snowden Chapter 4. A Critical Discursive Approach to Studying Masculinities ............................................. 105 Sarah Seymour-Smith Chapter 5. A Review of Selected Theoretical Perspectives and Research in the Psychology of Men and Masculinities ......................................................... 139 Anthony J. Isacco and Jay C. Wade II. Men’s Mental and Physical Health ................................................. 169 Chapter 6. Men’s Depression and Help-Seeking Through the Lenses of Gender ..................................... 171 Michael E. Addis and Ethan Hoffman Chapter 7. A Review of Research on Men’s Physical Health ........ 197 Brendan Gough and Steve Robertson Chapter 8. A Review of Research on Men’s Body Image and Drive for Muscularity ............................................ 229 Sarah K. Murnen and Bryan T. Karazsia III. Ethnic, Racial, and Sexual Minority Men .................................... 259 Chapter 9. The Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Masculinities: Progress, Problems, and Prospects ................................................................ 261 Y. Joel Wong, Tao Liu, and Elyssa M. Klann Chapter 10. Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Masculinities ............. 289 Mike C. Parent and Tyler C. Bradstreet IV. Implications for Practice ................................................................ 315 Chapter 11. Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Psychological Interventions for Boys and Men ................................... 317 Gary R. Brooks vi CONTENTS Chapter 12. Dysfunction Strain and Intervention Programs Aimed at Men’s Violence, Substance Use, and Help-Seeking Behaviors ........................................ 347 Christopher T. H. Liang, Carin Molenaar, Christina Hermann, and Louis A. Rivera V. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 379 Conclusion: Addressing Controversies and Unresolved Questions in the Psychology of Men and Masculinities .......................... 381 Y. Joel Wong and Ronald F. Levant Index ........................................................................................................ 395 About the Editors..................................................................................... 415 CONTENTS vii Contributors Michael E. Addis, PhD, Department of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, MA Kate M. Bennett, PhD, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England Tyler C. Bradstreet, MS, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock Gary R. Brooks, PhD, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX Brendan Gough, PhD, School of Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England Martin Heesacker, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville Christina Hermann, BS, Department of Education and Human Services, Counseling Psychology Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA Ethan Hoffman, MA, Department of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, MA Anthony J. Isacco, PhD, Graduate Psychology Programs, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA ix Bryan T. Karazsia, PhD, Department of Psychology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH Elyssa M. Klann, BA, Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington Ronald F. Levant, EdD, ABPP, Department of Psychology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH Christopher T. H. Liang, PhD, Department of Education and Human Ser- vices, Counseling Psychology Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA Tao Liu, MS, MA, Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington Carin Molenaar, MEd, Department of Education and Human Services, Counseling Psychology Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA Sarah K. Murnen, PhD, Department of Psychology, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH James M. O’Neil, PhD, Department of Educational Psychology, Neag School of Education, University of Connecticut, Storrs Mike C. Parent, PhD, Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock Joseph H. Pleck, PhD, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Wizdom A. Powell, PhD, Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Louis A. Rivera, MEd, Department of Education and Human Services, Counseling Psychology Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA Steve Robertson, PhD, Centre for Men’s Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England Sarah Seymour-Smith, PhD, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, England Steven J. Snowden, MS, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville Edward H. Thompson, Jr., PhD, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA Jay C. Wade, PhD, private practice, Bali, Indonesia Stephen R. Wester, PhD, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Y. Joel Wong, PhD, Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington x CONTRIBUTORS Foreword: A BRIEF History OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN AND MASCULINITIES JOSEPH H. PLECK I first began working in the psychology of men and masculinities in the early 1970s, with Pleck (1973, 1974) and Pleck and Sawyer (1974) my first publications. I was honored when the editors invited me to contribute this Foreword and when they further encouraged me to make it a substan- tive one. This book, The Psychology of Men and Masculinities, shows how far our field has advanced since the 1970s and identifies numerous new directions that our discipline is taking. To appreciate the long way our field has come, it is important to understand what it grew out of. When I started my career in the early 1970s, the new psychology of women was just emerging. At that time, many people thought that there was no psychology of men. But actu- ally, there was. In fact, at that time U.S. psychology’s understanding of gender and gender development was almost entirely a psychology of men. What was that psychology of men, and how did it come about? xi THE GENDER ROLE IDENTITY
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