3. SETTING

3.1 FORT ORD LAND USE

3.1.1 Jurisdiction and Population

Fort Ord occupies 28,057 acres of land along the Pacific Coast in Monterey County, California. Fort Ord borders unincorporated lands of Monterey County, except at its western boundary. The western border incorporates the city limits of Marina and Seaside to the north and south, and the Pacific coastline in the center. The installation is adjacent to Sand City, Del Rey Oaks, and Monterey to the southwest and Salinas to the east (Figure 3-l).

Since 1980, Fort Oral’s population has increased by 8,040, or nearly 36 percent. The Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments (AMBAG 1988) estimated the resident population at Fort Ord at 30,460 people for 1990--over 8 percent of the total population of Monterey County. From 1990 to 1995, AMBAG projects that the population of Fort Ord will increase by 1,664 (5 per- cent) to 32,124 and will remain at that level through the year 2005. AMBAG’s estimates and forecasts are based on data from the Department of Defense five-year facility plan. If Fort Ord is closed or realigned, these projections will change.

The on-base resident population is divided between two municipalities, Marina and Seaside. As of 1990, 56 percent of the base population is within the city limits of Seaside (17,139), and 44 percent (13,321) is within Marina (AMBAG 1988).

Employment at Fort Ord as of 1986 was reported at 17,113 active duty military personnel and 4,926 civilians, for a total of 22,039 workers. Both civilian and military employment is projected to decline by 1993 to 19,371 (16,300 active duty personnel and 3,071 civilians). These figures are projected to remain steady to the year 2005, assuming that Fort Ord is not decommissioned (AMBAG 1988).

3.1.2 Existing Land Use at Fort Ord

-. Table 3-1 gives the estimated acreage for the various land use categories at Fort Oral, including the Main Garrison. Excluded from these estimates are acreages associated with roads and rail- road rights-of-way. Figure 3-2 is a map of generalized land uses for the entire installation. There are over 8,000 buildings and other structures at Fort Oral, most of them in the Main Garri- son (Weston 1990). Obviously there are many different ways of identifying land use in the military reservation. We have summarized land uses into one undeveloped category and eight developed categories. First we will list the descriptions of the land uses, and then we will de- scribe the various areas of the post in terms of those land uses.

27bw13 3-1 TABLE 3-1 ESTIMATED ACREAGE FOR EXISTING LAND USE CATEGORIES AT FORT ORD, CALIFORNIA

Land Use - Developed

.- Residential 1,294 Local Services/Commercial 34 Military Support/Industrial 1,404 Mixed Residential/Lwil Semites/Militmy SqppOfi 1,160 Schools 154 Hospitals 78 Training Areas 237 Recreational 600 .- Undeveloped

Open Spaceflraining 22,576

Other

Laguna Seca Recreation Area 512

,..-

-.

--- Developed Land

1. Residential areas include various types of military housing, such as training and temporary personnel barracks, enlisted housing, and officer housing.

2. Militarv SUDDOrt/I ndustrial areas include industrial operations, such as motor pools, machine shops, a cannibalization yard, and the Fritzsche Army Airfield.

3. Local Services/Commercial areas provide retail or other service industries, such as gas stations, mini markets, and fast food facilities.

4. Mixed land use areas combine residential, commercial/local services, and mili- tary support operations.

5. Schools include the Thomas Hayes Elementary, Roger S. Fitch Junior High, General George S. Patton Elementary, and Gladys Stone schools. (High school students attend Seaside High, located outside Fort Ord’s southwest boundary.)

6. HosDitals denotes the Silas B. Hayes Army Hospital, medical facility, and heli- pad.

7. Training Areas include a central track and field, a stadium, and a recreation complex.

8. Recreational areas representing “developed open space” include a golf course and club house, baseball diamonds, tennis courts, and playgrounds.

Undeveloped Land

9. OD en Swace/T raining areas include areas left primarily in their natural state, without the development of facilities, such as the high-impact zones in advanced military training operations, recreational activities (hunting, fishing, and camp- ing), and land leased to local farmers for grazing livestock (see Section 3.3.1).

One other land use, sewage treatment facilities, was taken into consideration during this study, but was not delineated for the purposes of mapping or calculating acreage. Sewage treatment . . facilities are used, or have been used, to collect, treat, and discharge domestic and industrial wastewater produced at the post. .+ The following discussion presents the various areas of the post with respect to land use. The numbers of the study zones that fall within each area are also provided. As explained earlier, this .. .. study was divided into 21 study zones. Twenty of these are on post. The last study zone consists

27*3 3-2 of off-post areas, which were considered for their possible impact on the investigation of contam- ination at Fort Oral.

On-Post Areas

Undeveloped Land

The undeveloped land on post is found along the coast as well as inland.

Coastal Zone: Study Zone 2 Fort Oral’s Coastal Zone is within the jurisdiction of Monterey County. Adjacent communities are Sand City (shown on Figure 3-2) to the south, Marina to the north and east, and Seaside to the east. Military training operations and open space are the primary land uses.

Stilwell Hall (a recreation center), numerous target ranges, ammunition storage facilities, and an inactive water treatment facility all lie to the east of the Fort Ord Dunes, which are between Highway 1 and the coast. An abrupt relief at the eastern edge of the dunes is 40-70 feet, and the dunes are as high as 140 feet above sea level on the gradual, western slopes. They provide a \ buffer zone that isolates the target ranges from the Pacific Coast. Years of target practice has resulted in the accumulation of numerous rounds of ammunition in the dune slopes. Determina- tion of the percentage of ammunition shells which reach the western slopes of the dunes or the Pacific Ocean was beyond the scope of this report.

Monterey County has designated Ford Oral’s Coastal Zone an environmentally sensitive area, due to its many clusters of rare and/or endangered species (and also the sensitivity of its visual at- tributes). The California Natural Coordinating Council (CNCC) and the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service (HCRS ) have identified the Fort Ord Dunes as among the best coastal dunes in California, because they have significant features. Those features include a coastal strand vegetation consisting of a variety of many exotic ice plants and the California legless lizard (Monterey County Planning Department 1984).

Inland Undeveloped Land: Study Zone 3 Inland undeveloped land on Fort Ord includes the Inland Trainfire Ranges, as well as open areas used for livestock grazing and recreational pur- poses such as hunting, fishing, and camping. Most of the inland undeveloped land is incorporat- ed into Study Zone 3.

Developed Land

There are three main areas of developed land on post. Two of these are relatively small and consist primarily of industrial/military support activities: East Garrison and Fritzsche Army Airfield. Each of these is designated as a single study zone. The third, the Main Garrison, in- cludes developed land of all types. The Main Garrison is divided into 16 study zones.

27*3 3-3 East Garrison: Study Zone 17 The East Garrison is located on the northeastern edge of the reservation, adjacent to training and maneuver areas. The primary land use here is industrial/military support services. This includes tactical vehicle storage facilities, defense disposal areas, a sewage treatment plant, a small tank target range, and a pistol range. A second land use category in the East Garrison is recreational open space. There are primitive camping facilities, baseball diamonds, and tennis courts in this area.

Fritzsche Army Airfield: Study Zone 19 Fritzsche Army Airfield is in the northern section of Fort Oral, across Reservation Road and adjacent to the city limits of Marina in the west. The primary land use category for the aitfleld is industrial/militW SUPPOfl.Militv support opera- tions maintained at Fritzsche include air strips, a motor park, aircraft fuel facilities, a sewage treatment plant, aircraft maintenance facilities, a control tower, a fire and rescue station, and hangars.

Main Garrison: Study Zones 1, 4-16, 18, and 20 The Southern Pacific Railroad and State Highway 1 separate the coastal zone from Fort Oral’s Main Garrison. The Main Garrison con- tains a complex combination of all nine of the land use categories. Facilities include schools; a hospital; housing; commercial facilities, including a dry cleaner and a gasoline service station; industrial operations, including motor pools and machine shops. Because of the large extent of this area and the variety of past and present operations, this area was subdivided into 16 study zones.

Off-Post Areas

Outside of the urban areas, the unincorporated areas near Fort Ord are primarily used for agricul- ture (northeast) or are undeveloped areas with steep slopes (south and southwest). Laguna Seca Recreation Area and Race Track is located southeast of Fort Oral. In the past, Laguna Seca was part of the Military resemation of Fort Oral; today it is a special district within Monterey County.

3.1.3 Land Use Issues

State Land Use Issues

The Federal Coastal Zone Management Act was passed in 1972 to encourage states to develop management plans to protect and preseme the coastal zone and to ensure that Federal actions are consistent with these management plans (EPA 1990). In response, the California Coastal Act of 1976 established guidelines for the protection and preservation of natural resources, habitat areas, community character, and scenic and visual qualities of coastal areas. It requires local .- jurisdictions along the California Coast to prepare Local Coastal Programs (LCP). The guide- lines established by the Coastal Act direct coastal communities to preserve existing unique, rare, endangered, or threatened plant and wildlife species; eliminate the potential for sand and soil erosion; preserve groundwater quality; presene prime soils for agricultural use; preserve and

27hu13 3-4 protect unique recreational resources; and protect, presene, and enhance the qualities of scenic and visual resources,

Local Land Use Issues

The LCPS for Seaside, Sand City, Monterey, and Marina address the presemation and enhance- ment of existing coastal resources and identify the needs and goals of the immediate communit- ies, General goals that could influence planning operations and future land use at Fort Ord are:

encouraging public access to lakes and beaches without adversely impacting dune and marsh habitats

allowing land uses which respond to the institutional and natural constraints of the land

minimizing safety hazards from natural and man-induced hazards

presetting and enhancing coastal views, vistas, and view corridors, natural resources, environmental quality, and community character of the Coastal Zone

allowing property owners an economic return on land owned

minimizing dredging and filling unrelated to water quality considerations.

These LCPS consist of each city’s land use plan and the land use regulations that implement the provisions of the California Coastal Act of 1976. Seaside, Sand City, Monterey, and Marina assume full responsibility for issuing coastal development permits within their jurisdictions. Exceptions to their local permit authority include only developments proposed on submerged lands, tidelands, and public trust lands. For these exceptions, the California Coastal Zone Con- servation Commission retains its jurisdiction.

Monterey County Land Use Issues

In Monterey County a strong emphasis is placed on scenic and visual resources. Visually sensi- tive areas predominate throughout the Greater Monterey Peninsula Planning Area. In 1984, the County formed the Greater Monterey Peninsula Area Plan Citizens Advisory Committee. A subcommittee was formed to research and identify existing, potential, and proposed visually sensitive locations throughout the County. Criteria used to choose the locations were the follow- ing: the duration of the view; the degree of variety involved, and the uniqueness of the view.

3.1.4 Jurisdictions Adjacent to Fort Ord — Marina Approximately 2,900 acres of the Fort Ord Military Reservation are within the city limits of Marina (Figure 3-3), about 1,440 acres of Fritzsche Army Atileld and 1,460 acres of the Main Garrison. Two schools and a portion of the base housing are within this jurisdiction.

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I Figure 3-3. Fort Ord Military Reservation (with the mB!_-adjacent towns). ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES Western Division However, the City’s general plan limits its jurisdiction to three specific military operations at Fort Ord that affect Marina: noise, traffic, and circulation. Currently, the City of Marina cannot control land use within Fort Oral’s boundaries.

Monterey The city of Monterey is south of Fort Oral. According to the Monterey General Plan, more than 25 percent of its population was employed at military installations in the immediate area, including Fort Ord (1976 Census). Fort Ord and the other installations play a significant role in supporting this city’s economy.

Del Rey Oaks Del Rey Oaks is a small town adjacent to the Fort Ord Military Reservation, but hilly terrain isolates it from the installation. Only a 17-acre parcel (zoned residential/comrner- cial, R1, for a “country inn”) touches Fort Oral’s boundary, and this parcel is in a valley of its own. This town has no space left in which to grow, except for a few commercial parcels. For now, land use issues at Fort Ord are unlikely to affect Del Rey Oaks.

Seaside Approximately 4,090 acres within the city limits of Seaside lie within the Fort Ord Military Reservation (Figure 3-3). This acreage includes a large portion of the Main Garrison, encompassing a golf course, two schools, and a large section of residential housing.

Sand City Sand City is located south of Fort Oral, adjacent to Fort Oral’scoastal zone. Fort Ord has limited impact on this small community. In the future, a regional bicycle path may be con- structed which will link Sand City to Fort Oral, Marina, and other Monterey Peninsula cities.

3.1.5 Water

The Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD) has the authority to manage water resources for all the Monterey Peninsula cities and portions of Monterey County surround- ing the Monterey Peninsula. The California-American Water Company (Cal-Am) is the primary supplier of water to the Greater Monterey Peninsula, including Seaside, Sand City, and Del Rey Oaks. On the Peninsula, the District derives water from three distinct drainage basins with relat- ed aquifers: the Cannel Valley Basin/Carmel Valley Aquifeq the Canyon del Rey Basin/Seaside AquifeU and the lower portion of the Salinas Valley Basin/S alinas Valley Aquifer.

Water supplies for the City of Mwina and Fort Ord are taken from deeper formations which are extensions of those found in the Salinas Valley (Figure 3-4). These formations are commonly called the 400-and 900-foot aquifers. The water system for the City of Marina is currently oper- ated by the Marina County Water District. It is composed of two wells, a one-half million gallon (MG) and a 2-MG water storage tank, and six-inch and eight-inch distribution lines.

Water withdrawals near the Fort Ord coast and the City of Marina have resulted in the creation of a groundwater trough. The trough allows salt water intrusion into the shallow aquifers, and increasingly deeper wells are required to supply water that is of drinking water quality. Thus,

21ud13 3-6 2

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WATER SUPPLY WELLS

● ACTIVE N o INACTIVE O A STANDBY 6000 2000 ~. 000 FEET x CONTAMINATED

Figure 3-4. Active and inactivewater supplywells at Fort Ord Militay Reservation, California. - ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES W*stern Division water supply and water quality are significant environmental issues for Monterey County and its cities.

3.1.6 Archaeological and Cultural Resources at Fort Ord

According to archaeological records, the Greater Monterey Peninsula was occupied by Native American groups, including the Ohlone (Costanoan) Indians, at least 6,000 years prior to the Spanish colonization of Monterey County.

At Fort Oral, the county has designated the area east of the Main Garrison as an archaeologically sensitive zone. Within this zone there are two known archaeological sites. Both are located in the extreme southeastern portion of the installation (Figure 3-5).

Fort Ord has been a training ground for many of America’s overseas forces since 1917. Before becoming Fort Ord in 1940, it was called Camp Clayton, Gigling Field Artillery Range, and Camp Oral. There are four sites within the installation that have been identified as historically significant: the first is Stilwell Hall, which, when it was built, was considered a prototype for other recreational facilities because of its unique architecture. Martinez Hall, the second, is a unique building that was one of the first permanent buildings within the Main Garrison. The third, the East Garrison Mess Complex, is the oldest building at Fort Oral. It was built in the 1930s by the WPA and the California Conservation Corps (CCC), and its design was considered unusual at the time. Finally, Whitcher Cemetery, a family cemetery plot consisting of four to five graves that belong to members of one of the earliest families to settle in the Greater Monter- ey Peninsula is the fourth. These four sites have been recommended for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (Figure 3-5).

3.2 INFRASTRUCTURE

3.2.1 Water Supply System

Groundwater has always been the only water supply source for Fort Oral. The post’s water supply system consists of seven active water wells (GC- 1, 29, 30, 31, 32, Jacks, and Pilarcitos), two standby active wells which are used during periods of high demand, a number of water stor- age tanks, and a water treatment plant (WTP). Fourteen wells are in the inactive status. The water supply well locations are shown on Figure 3-4. In addition to Fort Oral’s water supply, the City of Marina also has active water supply wells located along the northwest border of Fritzsche Army Airt3eld (FAA). The use of groundwater as a water supply by both the city and the post is believed to cause local variations in the groundwater elevations in the area.

The WTP is located at the Main Garrison’s George Patton Housing Park in Building 4974. According to the Fort Ord Real Property Records office, the complex was established in the mid- 1950s on previously undeveloped land. The facility, of one-million-gallon-per-day capacity,

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Low Archaeological Sensitivity L “$-i 6000 2000 ~. 000 FEET Moderate Archaeological Sensitivity w I

Drawn AW Date Bjjalgj Figure 3-5. Historicalsites and zones of archeological Rwtiti ~ ~ Date.3-3-7/ sensitivity,Fort Oral,California. Rw.1 Date Final Date ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES Western Dlvlslmn uses sand filtration for suspended material removal, disinfection by gas chlorination, and the addition of dry sodium silicofluoride to the effluent. The facility does not use liquid chemicals, and there is no evidence that any contamination has occurred from this operation. DEH staff believe that the operation and design of the facility has remained unchanged over the years except for the addition of a number of pumps.

It is also important to note that the WTP and some of the water supply wells have emergency stand-by power systems which utilize fossil fuels. These fuels are stored in adjacent under- ground storage tanks (USTS).

Groundwater Usage

The largest use of water in the Salinas River basin is irrigation, especially during the dry summer growing season. During the rainy winter months, very little water is used for irrigation.

The next largest use of water in the Salinas River basin is domestic and municipal. The amount of water used for domestic purposes, mainly in the urban areas, is fairly constant throughout the year, except for an increase in the summer months for lawn watering.

Within Fort Oral, water is used, mostly for domestic purposes, by the approximately 35,000 people who live and work there. Most of the water for the base is supplied by wells 29,30,31, and 32, located in the East Garrison (Study Zone 17). These wells are screened between 260 and 535 feet below ground surface (i.e., in the 400-foot aquifer).

The East Garrison used to be supplied by well EG- 17, which is perforated in four different inter- .. vals between 191 and 307 feet, tapping the 180-foot aquifer (HLA 1990a). As of late 1990, it has been placed on non-active standby status (DEH staff). Wells 24 and 27 are currently on standby active status, but their water, because of its high chloride content, must be blended with water from the main wells (29 through 32), and they are only used during peak demand periods. These wells (24 and 27) are located in the northwestern part of Fort Oral. Well 24 is screened — between 176 and 345 feet in the 180-foot aquifer. Well 27 is screened between 218 and 528 feet and taps both the 180- and 400-foot aquifers. In addition to domestic use and human consump- tion, these wells provide the water for any military or industrial activities at Fort Ord.

Water from well GC- 1 is used to irrigate the golf course. This well is located within the Seaside Basin in the southwestern part of the base. It is 208 feet deep and screened within the Paso Robles Formation between 170 and 200 feet. Two wells supply water for firefighting and other non-domestic uses in the remote eastern part of the post: Pilarcitos and Jacks. The Pilarcitos well is 600 feet deep and screened at two intervals: 220-360 and 500-600 feet. It is located within the Salinas Basin and is probably screened within the Paso Robles or the Santa Margarita formation or both. The only data available on the Jacks well is that its depth is 400 fee~

27w13 3-8 Analysis of water supply wells in 1990 reported carbon tetrachloride concentrations in wells 27 and 28, at 0.5 ~g/L and 4.6 ug/L, respectively. Lead at 100 pg/L was also reported in well 24 (Figure 3-4).

Surface Wate%Use

-. Because of insignificant rainfall and the sandy soil that covers most of Fort Oral, not even ephemeral surface water flows there. Soils are less permeable in the southeastern section. In this quadrant can be found permanent marshes, three or four permanent ponds resulting from some small dams, and even a rare streamflow (during a very wet season). Local wildlife and grazing cattle drink from the ponds.

The only permanent flow near the post is the Salinas River, which would, under natural condi- tions, dry up during the summer months. Since the Nacimiento and San Antonio reservoirs were built, the water they release has kept the Salinas flowing year round. Its flow sustains local wild- life along the river and in the Salinas River State Wildlife Area at the river’s mouth. Their reser- voirs are used to recharge the Salinas Basin aquifer, which provides the irrigation water for the extensive farming industry in the Salinas River Valley.

The only recreational use of surface water at Fort Ord is some weekend swimming, wading, and surfing in Monterey Bay west of the base. Monterey Bay has been proposed as a National Marine Sanctuary, and it is a major tourist attraction for the Monterey area and the West Coast. Fishing also plays an important economic role along the coast from Monterey to Santa Cruz (see Section 3.3.3).

3.2.2 Storm Water Systems

The bulk of the storm drain system at Fort Ord was designed and built in the early 1940s as a separate unit from the Sanitary Sewage System lines (see Section 3.2.3). As the base grew over the years, the storm drain system was expanded, but the major lines in the Main Garrison still run .- from east to west. The storm drain lines are shown in Figure 3-6. The system is composed of extensive branches, and it collects surface runoff from housinglrecreational areas, motor pools, maintenance yards, and industrial facilities (paint shop, machine shops, laundry/dry cleaning, etc.). This runoff mainly discharges at three beach outfalls and four ocean outfalls (see Figures 3-7 and 3-8). There are also numerous minor stormwater outfalls in depressions and other open field areas in the Main Garrison. ..-

In the East Garrison, there are two main storm drain lines that run from west to east. Combined with numerous extensions, these lines collect all the storm runoff in this area, and the outfalls are off the base in an open field that is currently under cultivation.

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Final Date .. . Western Division At Fritzsche Army Airfield, many storm drain lines were built to transport stormwater away from the facility. A number of outfalls are located in open fields and depressions, but the main line carries storm runoff discharges into the Salinas River.

Prior to the mid- 1960s, all the releases into the storm drains arrived at the outfalls without any treatment. Weston (1990) reports that in the early 1970s washracks at the 14th Engineers Motor Pool, the Transportation Motor Pool, the 4th Brigade Motor Pool, the 155th Aviation Motor Pool, and the autocraft shop all had NPDES permits to discharge into the Storm Water System. The five washracks were eventually connected with the Sanitary Sewer System (see Section 3.2.3). Later, oil/water separators were installed at motor pools and maintenance yards, some of which had washracks discharging directly into the storm drain system. However, if improperly operated, these oil/water separators overflow and release hazardous materials, not only to the sewer system, but to the storm drains (depending on location and topography).

The storm drain inlets are designed to collect and transport all the storm runoff. With such a design, the system has remained easily accessible to unauthorized releases. It is a common belief among utility and maintenance workers at Fort Ord that past practices have made these inlets, and the storm drain system as a whole, a majm depository of chemical contaminants (oil, fuel, and solvents).

3.2.3 Sanitary Sewage System

The Sanitary Sewage System on the post was installed in the early 1940s. The system underwent expansion and some reconstruction when new housing areas were built after the war, but as a whole the system still exists as was fnst installed. The system was designed to collect, treat, and discharge all domestic and industrial wastewater generated at the post.

The sewer system collected domestic flows and industrial wastewater without any pretreatment until the mid- 1960s. In the mid- 1960s several oil/water separators were instaUed in the mainte- nance shops and motor pools to treat wastewater from vehicle washracks. Prior to that date, some of the washracks drained directly to the Sanitary Sewage System, and some drained direct- ly to the storm drains. As of 1990, the only industrial wastewater flows that the sanitary sewer accepts from these washracks and grease racks are those pretreated with oil/water separators.

Washracks and grease racks are located throughout the Main Garrison and the East Garrison, and are used to clean vehicles on a regular basis. Cleaning materials used may include steam, super tropical bleach (STB), DS-2 (2 percent sodium hydroxide, 28 percent ethylene glycol rnonoetha- nol ether, and diethylene triamine), and solvents. Activities conducted at a particular grease rack may include lubricating mechanical parts with grease, changing oil or other engine fluids, and -. use of solvents. (Particular washrack and grease rack areas are discussed in individual Study Zone sections in Chapter 4.) All of the chemicals noted above were at one time discharged to and treated at the four sewage treatment plants at Fort Oral: the Main Garrison Sewage

ma 3-1o ..—

Treatment Plant (MGSTP), the East Garrison Treatment Plant (EGSTP), the Ord Village Sewage Treatment Plant (OVSTP), and the FAAF Treatment Plan~

The Main Garrison Sewage Treatment Plant

The Main Garrison Sewage Treatment Plant (MGSTP) (Figure 3-9) is located on the Monterey Bay beach near the Beach Range Road. The MGSTP has been the Post’s major wastewater treatment facility since the early 1930s. The original treatment plant, which used Dotten tanks for primary treatment, was demolished in the 1940s and replaced with the present primary plant. This facility was the only treatment plant until 1964, when a secondary treatment plant was constructed. The design flow capacity of the new wastewater treatment plant was 4.25 million gallons per day (mgd), but only 2.8 mgd of wastewater flow was ever realized prior to closure of the MGSTP in May 1990.

The MGSTP unit operations prior to its closure can be described as follows. Raw sewage en- tered into a headworks consisting of a bar screen and two barminutors and passed through an aerated grit chamber that removed heavy solids. The filtered effluent then passed through a Parshall flume into three primary sedimentation tables, where settable solids precipitated. This precipitate (sludge) was pumped into two anaerobic digesters for treatment. The initial sludge was pumped into the primary digester, treated, and then pumped into the secondary digester for final treatment.

The primary effluent, upon separation from the sludge precipitate in the three primary sedimentat- ion tanks, flowed into two trickling filter tanks that biologically oxidized the wastewater. From the trickling filter tanks the effluent flowed through another Parshall flume and then passed .- through microfilters to a chlorine contact tank. After chlorination it was discharged.

Initially the treated final effluent was designed to flow into three percolation ponds, but the ponds were unable to accept the effluent volumes and were never used for this purpose. The treated effluent was discharged via outfall into Monterey Bay under NPDES permit No. CAO110001. The permit required effluent monitoring for flow, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), heavy metals, tticresyl phosphate (TCP), radioactivity, ammonia, and oil and grease.

. . Treated sludge from the digesters was transported to six sludge drying beds. Two of the aban- doned effluent percolation ponds were utilized to store dried sludge from the drying beds and the third was an evaporation pond for the supernatant from the digester.

The MGSTP had a sewage bypass to Monterey Bay, where raw sewage could bypass the plant during power failures and emergency equipment breakdowns and flow directly into the bay. These emergency releases occurred frequently.

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.m 1991) Final Date

Western Division During its operation the MGSTP had continuous effluent violations, including BOD removal inefficiency, and high ammonia, chloroform, and suspended solids counts. From 1983 to 1985 the treatment plant underwent extensive repair and modification because of this failure to comply with government regulations. In spite of these repair and maintenance efforts, the plant was unable to comply with effluent limits consistently, and the facility was phased out in May 1990. MGSTP sewage is currently diverted to the Monterey Regional Treatment Plant (MRTP) for treatment. A description of MRTP operations can be found at the end of this section.

The East Garrison Sewage Treatment Plant

The East Garrison Sewage Treatment Plant (EGSTP, Figure 3-10) is located in the East Garrison, near the Heavy Vehicle Precision Driving Course, on the opposite side of Inter-Grurison Road. It is not known when this facility started operation. The plant was built as a primary treatment plant to serve the East Garrison and consisted of primary sedimentation, several sludge drying beds for raw sludge, and three sand percolation ponds for effluent disposal. The outfall that — camied most of EGSTP’S effluent from the plant to the Salinas River was capped around 1973. At that time, the sludge drying beds were turned into percolation ponds, and the previous perco- lation ponds were abandoned. Now only a portion of the primary sedimentation system is treat- ing raw sludge, and sludge from the sedimentation tanks is pumped into the percolation ponds together with the treatment water. The hydraulic load is approximately 900,000 gallons of wastewater per month, except during the winter months, when the load is reduced to around 300,000 gallons per month. The effluent has not been and is not chlorinated.

The Fritzsche Army Airfield Sewage Treatment Plant

The Fritzsche Army Airfield Sewage Treatment Plant (FAASTP, Figure 3-11) is located in the northeast corner of the airfield, near the post boundary. It serves to treat wastewater collected from the airfield and the U.S. Army Reserve Center. The plant has been operating since the 1950s. Wastewater collected at FAAF consists partly of sanitary sewage and partly of waste- water from the washracks and maintenance shops. Oil/water separators were installed in the mid- 1960s to pretreat wastewater and prevent petroleum hydrocarbons from entering into the sanitary sewer.

The FAASTP consists of a barrninutor, an Imhoff tank, two cement-lined evaporation ponds with an estimated capacity of 20,000 gallons per day (gpd), and two small sludge drying beds for the Imhoff tank sludge. An average of 16,500 gpd of wastewater is treated at this facility. The plant has never been monitored, since there is no off-post effluent discharge from the evaporation ponds, and the cured sludge has never been removed from the drying beds. Chlorination is not carried out at this plant.

The FAASTP Imhoff tank has experienced some upsets in the past due to overflows from the oil/water separators associated with the aircraft washracks. Also the evaporation ponds have “x “ > ~, “\, , .,-: , -, ;.....;?+ . ~.. \\.\\ :>v “\ .... :., . ‘. ... % ,.,\ [:> -. . .! ..%.- . . .,’\,y ‘ ‘ .\ ...., ‘1 -: . \ “k>“\ “i..,,, , “’ .,~“\,\ ,,’,, ““\\ .,:-, \\ “\ ‘ \. ..,. \ \ ‘\ ‘“

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Western Division cracks in the cement-lined bottom, so it is possible that wastewater has percolated into the ground into the groundwater.

A new sewage lift station that will transport the F~STP flow to the Monterey Regional Treat- ment Plant in Marina is currently under construction, so it is anticipated that this facility will be abandoned in the near future.

The Ord Village Sewage !CkeatmentPlant

The Ord Village Sewage Treatment Plant (OVSTP, Figure 3-12) is located on the beach at Monterey Bay near the southern boundary of the post. It was built in the early 1950s to treat sewage generated from the housing area at the former Ord Village. That housing has since been demolished. Primary treatment consisted of two trickling filters, a sludge digestion tank, a chlo- rine contact tank, two small sludge drying beds, and two percolation ponds.

. The OVSTP was abandoned in 1964, when a pumping station to pump the sewage flow to the Main Garrison Sewage Treatment Plant was built. The flow was diverted a second time in early 1990, when the lift station started pumping the flow to the Monterey Regional Treatment Plant (MRTP).

Monterey Regional Treatment Plant and Fort Ord

The sewage system at Fort Ord has 25 lift stations. All of the lift stations pump wastewater collected from different areas on the post to the main trunk line transporting Fort Ord flow to the MRTP or to one of the two remaining treatment plants on the post, the EGSTP and the FAASTP.

Several pumping stations have underground fuel storage tanks. The station at Building 700, the U.S. Army Reserve Center, and the station at Building 6225 both have USTS. The UST near Building 700 is a 1,500-gallon diesel tank, whereas Building 6225 has a 1,300-gallon unleaded fuel tank. Both tanks were installed in 1981 (HLA 1990b). No USTS are documented at the other pumping stations.

There is a known history of overflows at several of Fort Oral’s sewage pumping stations, when raw sewage would pond on the ground surface near the station and percolate into the soil. The most recent ovefflows have been documented. The main stations of concern, with their building numbers, locations, and capacities, are:

Building 6630, Hallen Road, South of Arlonton Court Road (840 gpd) Building 700, Reseme Center, north end of Imjin Road (2,500 gpd) Building 6225, 100 yards west of the end of San Pablo Court (60,000 gpd) Building 31, Ord Avenue, East Garrison (1,000 gpd)

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Building 825, western end of rifle Range Road (20,000 gpd) Building 860, Rifle Range Road, west of Taylor Road (20,000 gpd)

The Monterey Regional Treatment Plant began operations in 1990. It is a modern wastewater -- plant that has a capacity of approximately 30 mgd, with a permitted capacity of 25 mgd. The system consists of a primary and secondary treatment using solid contact trickling filters, along with anaerobic digestion to treat the sludge. The sludge is then dried on sludge drying beds, and disposed of in a lantilll. Chlorinated effluent is discharged to Monterey Bay.

3.3 ECOLOGICAL SETTING

An initial literature review and field reconnaissance have demonstrated the presence of signifi- cant biological resources at Fort Ord and vicinity, including sensitive or unique habitats, wet- lands, threatened and endangered species, and species of recreational or economic importance. The ecological conditions on the reservation are influenced by the geologic and geomorphic setting described in Section 3.4.

The maritime chaparral vegetation on Fort Ord is ecologically important, because it contains endemic plant species and because much of the original acreage of this habitat type in the Mont- erey Bay area has been lost or is currently threatened by development. Native dune scrub at Fort Ord supports rare animals and plants and represents one of the few examples of the habitat remaining on the California coast. The site also includes one of the most extensive stands of native bunchgrasses in the central Coast Ranges. . .

Fort Oral’s oak woodlands represent valuable wildlife habitat, and its wetlands are important for migratory waterfowl and also support rare plants. The Salinas River and Toro Creek, along with their adjoining riparian corridors, provide habitat for many species of aquatic and terrestrial wildlife. In addition, Monterey Bay is currently proposed as a National Marine Sanctuary to protect its fishing and tourist industries and its especially diverse collection of invertebrates, sea and shore birds, and marine mammals.

— 3.3.1 Terrestrial Environments

— Much of the land area at Fort Ord remains in a natural or semi-natural state. Notable exceptions include the urbanized Main Garrison and East Garrison areas and the Fritzsche Army Airileld. As is true for other areas in the fog zone on California’s central coast, vegetation in the unde- veloped portions of the site generally consists of a mosaic of grassland, live oak woodland, and shrub-dominated habitats.

Fort Oral, however, is unusual because it supports extensive stands of chaparral vegetation occur- ring within a few miles of the shoreline. The following is a summary of the site-specific distribu- tion and ecological attributes of terrestrial biological communities at Fort Oral.

-% - Maritime Chaparral (Study Zones 1-20)

The maritime chaparral association is the most extensive natural community at Fort Oral, cover- ing more than 10,000 acres of the site. Chaparral vegetation is characteristically dominated by - -. sclerophyllous shrubs, often forming impenetrable stands. In California, it is typically found on dry, rocky slopes well away from the influence of summer fog. The intrusion of chaparral into the coastal region in and around Fort Ord is related to the extensive occurrence of well-drained, poorly consolidated sand deposits on low hills bordering the southern half of Monterey Bay (Griffin 1978).

The largest continuous stand of maritime chaparral is found in the southwestern quarter of the site and includes the entire high-explosive impact area (in Study Zone 3). Smaller stands are found elsewhere; for example, in and around the Main Garrison (Study Zones 1,4-16, 18, and 20). The dominant shrub in Fort Ord chaparral stands is the burl-forming manzanita (Arcto- staphylos tonzenmsa), but sandmat manzanita (A. pumila), Hooker’s manzanita (A. hookeri subsp. hookeri), and Toro manzanita (A. montereyensis) are also locally important. Other charac- teristic shrubs of the maritime chaparral association include chamise (Adenostoma fasciczdatum), toyon (Heieromeles arbutifolia), coast silktassel (Garrya elliptic), Monterey ceanothus (Ceano- thus rigidus), and Eastwood’s goldenbush (Ericameria fasciczdata). Several non-sclerophyllous shrubs more typical of coastal scrub communities are also found in the maritime chaparral, -- including coyote brush (Baccharis pihdaris), coastal sagebrush (Arternisia californica), black sage (Salvia mell~era), mock heather (Ericameria ericoides), and bush monkey-flower (Mimzk aurantiacus).

In the Monterey Bay area, large examples of intact coastal chaparral remain only on the unde- veloped portions of Fort Ord (Griffin 1976, 1978). Sandmat manzanita, although locally common, is almost entirely restricted to the chaparral areas on the site. The base also contains the best remaining populations of two other endemic chaparral shrubs, the Monterey ceanothus -- and Eastwood’s goldenbush.

Coast Live Oak Woodland (Study Zones 3 and 17)

Coast live oak (Quercw agr~olia) is the dominant native tree at Fort Oral. Oak woodland covers about 4,600 acres of the site (Directorate of Facilities Engineering 1975), often forming pure stands with a closed canopy. Extensive oak woodlands occur in the north-central area of the site (between the Main Garrison and the East Garrison in Study ~ne 3), and smaller woodland tracts

“P- are found in canyons and on north-facing slopes in the eastern portion (Study Zone 17). The oak woodlands on Fort Ord may have a grassy or shrubby understory, depending on site factors such as soil depth, texture, and drainage. Poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) is almost always present.

3-15 In recognition of the significant wildlife habitat and other values of oak woodlands, the County of Monterey has adopted an ordinance regarding the presentation of oak trees (chapter 16.60, Monterey County Code).

* Grassland (Study Zones 3 and 19)

,- Grasslands cover a total of 3,800 acres in the southeastern portion of Fort Ord (in Study Zone 3) and in and around Fritzsche Army Airfield (Study Zone 19) at the northern end of the site (Direc- torate of Facilities Engineering 1975). Species composition in the airileld grasslands is not known, but the southeastern grassland area contains an abundance of valley needlegrass (Stipa pulchra), a native bunchgrass (Directorate of Facilities Engineering 1975; Griffin 1976; Alkon 1990; Natural Diversity Data Base 1990a). Through lease agreements with private ranchers, the area is subject to moderate sheep grazing during the spring months.

Valley needlegrass grassland was formerly an extensive vegetation type in California, especially -, in the Central Valley and adjoining foothills. However, because of the combined effects of agricultural development, urbanization, overgrazing, and displacement by non-native grasses, .* intact examples of this community type are now rare (Heady 1977; Holland 1986).

Coastal Dunes (Study Zone 2)

Stabilized or partially stabilized sand dunes cover approximately 1,000 acres in the portion of the site west of California Highway 1 (Directorate of Facilities Engineering 1975; Study Zone 2). The coastal dunes at Fort Ord are part of a much larger dune system of Flandrian age (i.e., formed within the past 20,000 years) that extends more or less continuously along the southern edge of Monterey Bay (Cooper 1967). Roughly half of the coastal dune area at Fort Ord has been modified by construction and operation of small-arms firing ranges and related facilities. Much of the remainder has been stabilized by extensive plantings of non-native iceplant (Caqm- .- brotus edulis).

What little remains of the original dune scrub on the base is dominated by low shrubs such as mock heather (Ericawzeria ericoides) and bush lupine (Lupinus charnissonis). Native perennial herbs and subshrubs that are characteristic elements of coastal dune vegetation at Fort Ord in- clude sand-verbena (Abronia latifolia and A. umbellata),’beach-bur (Ambrosia chamissonis), beach evening-primrose (Camissonia cheiranthifolia), wild buckwheat (Eriogonum latifolium and E. parvifolium), sand aster (Corethrogynefilagini folia), seaside paintbrush (Castilleja latifo- k), and sea-lettuce (Dudkya caespitosa).

-. In the Monterey Bay area, significant losses of native dune scrub have resulted from urbanization and sand mining operations (Bury 1985). Additional displacement of natural vegetation has occurred through pedestrian and off-road vehicle use and through extensive planting of exotic .- iceplant for dune stabilization. Although stands of native dune scrub are of limited extent on Fort Oral, they support several rare animal and plant species (Bury 1985; White 1987; Alkon 1990; Natural Diversity Data Base 1990a), including Smith’s blue butterfly (Euphilotes enoptes smithi), black legless lizard (Anniella pulchra nigra), sand gilia (Gi2ia tenuij70ra subsp. arenar- ia), and Monterey spine-flower (Ch.orizanthe pungems var. pungem). ..A Freshwater Marsh (Study Zone 3)

The ~Fort reported that 280 acres of marshy wetlands were found on the site in the early 1970s (Directorate of Facilities Engineering 1975). Since then, military training and related activities have altered some wetland areas and destroyed some others (Alkon 1990; Massera 1990, personal communication). The base nonetheless retains a significant wetlands component.

Some of the wetlands at Fort Ord are small freshwater marshes supporting stands of bulrush (Scirpus acutus) and cattail (Typha Wfolia) typically associated with permanent flooding. Swamp knotweed (Polygonum coccinewn) is locally abundant at Mudhen Lake in the eastern part of the reservation (Study Zone 3), indicating a semipermanent flooding regime. Small farm ponds representing artificially flooded wetlands dot the grassland area in the southeastern portion of the site. However, most of Fort Oral’s wetlands consist of naturally occurring, sandy swales that are subject to seasonal or temporary flooding. These scattered depressions remain inundated long enough into the growing season to prevent the establishment of the woodland and chaparral plants dominating the adjacent uplands, but aside from this fact their ecological attributes remain poorly understood. .-

Fort Oral’s wetlands represent important foraging and resting habitat for migratory waterfowl (Directorate of Facilities Engineering 1975; Littlefield 1990, personal communication). Also, at least some of the temporarily flooded habitats may contain vegetation characteristic of “vernal pools,” a unique habitat type which includes a wealth of regionally and locally endemic plants ..- (Stone 1990). An extremely rare plant, Hickman’s onion (Alliurn hickmanii), has been found at Machine Gun Flats and at another vernal swale along Crescent Bluff Road (Alkon 1990 Natural Diversity Data Base 1990a; Massera 1991, personal communication).

Central Coast Riparian Forest (Study Zone 3)

Fort Ord is bordered on its northeast side by the Salinas River and on the southeast by Toro Creek (Study Zone 3). The streambanks and bottom lands associated with these watercourses support tall stands of broadleaved deciduous trees quite unlike the dry-adapted woodland and chaparral vegetation of the adjacent uplands. Arroyo willow (Salix ksiolepis) and black cotton- wood (Popuhs trichocarpa) are the common riparian trees along the Salinas River (Directorate of Facilities Engineering 1975), characteristically forming a closed, multi-layered canopy. The sparse riparian association along Toro Creek is composed of arZOyOwillow and California sycamore (Platanus racemosa).

3-17 Low-elevation riparian habitats in California provide food, water, cover, and movement corridors for many species of terrestrial wildlife (Mayer and Laudenslayer 1988). Riparian vegetation also forms an integral component of stream aquatic ecosystems (Study Zone 3). However, the origi- nal extent of riparian forests in California has been significantly reduced by woodcutting, agri- cultural encroachment, and flood control projects, particularly in the Central Valley (Holland 1986).

3.3.2 Marine Environment (Study Zone 2)

.- Fort Ord is located on California’s central coast and is bounded on its western side by Monterey Bay (Study Zone 2). With a north-south length of 26 miles and measuring 10 miles in width, Monterey Bay is the state’s second largest inlet (NOAA 1990). The northern portion of its 70- -1A mile shoreline is dominated by low shale cliffs, while the southern half (including the Fort Ord coast) consists of sandy beaches flanked by wind-swept dunes. The bay’s southern end is marked by the rocky headlands of the Monterey Peninsula.

The marine environment of Monterey Bay is characterized by a relatively shallow near-shore

L1. shelf sloping gradually to the west and incised by the Monterey Submarine Canyon (NOAA 1990). The main branch of this canyon begins about 300 feet offshore from Moss Landing and extends over 50 miles out to sea, reaching a depth of more than 10,000 feet

The California current flows southward along the coast during the spring and summer months (NOAA 1990). As the surface waters are deflected offshore by the earth’s rotation, they are replaced with cold, nutrient-rich waters from the Monterey Submarine Canyon. This process of upwelling brings nitrates, phosphates, and silicates to the surface, which in turn are responsible for the highly productive waters of Monterey Bay. Upwelling occurs almost continuously between March and October.

Five marine habitat types are found in Monterey Bay: submarine canyon, near-shore sublittoral, rocky intertidal, sandy beach intertidal, and kelp forest (NOAA 1990). Of these habitat types, only two--sandy beach intertidal and near-shore sublittoral--are mapped within the restricted firing range impact area that extends 8,000 yards offshore at Fort Oral. The following is a summary of the site-specific distribution and ecological attributes of these marine biological communities at Fort Oral.

Sandy Beach Intertidal Habitat (Study Zone 2)

Sandy beaches are the dominant intertidal habitat in Monterey Bay (NOAA 1990). The constant shifting of sands caused by wave action and Iongshore transport require almost all organisms to bury themselves. Benthic diatoms are the only marine algae that maybe present. Polychaete worms, bivalve molluscs, and crustaceans are the predominant invertebrates. Sand dollars and gastropod molluscs are also found in this habitat. The only fish that are common are those that

m 3-18 use sandy beaches for spawning (surf smelt and grunion). Other species that forage near sand .- flats include the surf perch, striped bass, jack smelt, sand sole, sanddab, and starry flounder.

During the spring migration, large numbers of shorebirds gather on the beaches of Monterey Bay. Many of these species also winter in the area in large numbers. The snowy plover (Chura- drius alexandrines), a small wading bird that is currently under review for Federal listing as a threatened or endangered species, nests on beaches in the Monterey Bay area (NOAA 1990; NDDB 1990a) and may occur at Fort Oral.

..+ Overall, the biological productivity of sandy beach habitat is lower than that of the rocky interti- dal habitats found on the Monterey Peninsula, the Big Sur coast, and north of Santa Cruz (Nybakken 1982, cited in NOM 1990).

- .& Nearshore Sublittoral Habitat

This habitat is found in the nearshore waters of the continental shelf, in depths from just beyond the surf zone to a depth of 650 feet (NOAA 1990). The food chain is based on planktonic pro-

“.. b., ductivity supported by upwelling of nutrient-rich waters from the Monterey Submarine Canyon. Pelagic organisms found in this habitat include phytoplankton and zooplankton, squid and octo- pus, and most of the important commercial fish (salmon, albacore, mackerel, and anchovy). In — fact, nearshore subtidal habitats exhibit the greatest diversity of fish species in Monterey Bay. Marine birds and California sea lions feed throughout the habitat. Other shallow nearshore inhabitants include the harbor porpoise and Minke whale.

The nearshore benthic habitat is characterized by a soft bottom composed of unconsolidated sand

..A and mud. The subtidal invertebrate fauna is much more diverse than the intertidal fauna. For example, the sandy intertidal habitat has only 29 species or genera, whereas the subtidal habitat includes more than 400. The dominant invertebrate groups in the shallow offshore waters are polychaetes, molluscs, and crustaceans.

3.3.3 Fish and Wildlife Populations (Study Zones 1-20)

Fort Ord (Study Zones 1-20) contains a wealth of fish and wildlife populations. Progressing inland from Monterey Bay across the 28,000 acres of the reservation, an ongoing inventory has documented more than 200 species of vertebrates, including 23 species of reptiles and amphib- ians, 6 species of freshwater and anadromous fishes, 149 species of resident and migratory birds, and 26 species of termsrnal mammals (Directorate of Facilities Engineering 1975).

Approximately 7,000 acres of Fort Ord (Study Zone 3) are open to military personnel and the public for hunting on weekends and holidays from 1 July through31 January (Alkon 1990). Black-tailed deer, California quail, and brush rabbit are the primary game species taken. There are fishing opportunities for warm-water species such as channel catfish, bluegill, dear sunilsh,

m3 3-19 —.

4

and largemouth bass at Mudhen Lake, East Garrison Lake, and in several small farm ponds in the

,-— southeastern portion of the site (Directorate of Facilities Engineering 1975). Rainbow trout are stocked in East Garrison Pond (Study Zone 17) during the winter months, and this is the most popular game fish at Fort Oral.

Bordering the north and northeast side of Fort Ord (Study Zones 3, 17, and 19), the Salinas River still supports anadromous steelhead trout during their return to ancestral spawning grounds. The -... once-great steelhead mns on the Salinas River have declined recently as a result of agricultural and industrial pollution and spawning bed destruction (Directorate of Facilities Engineering ,___ 1975).

Monterey Bay (Study Zone 2) supports a wide array of temperate cold-water organisms, with

-d.. occasional influxes of warm-water species (NOAA 1990). This wealth of species is related to the diversity of marine habitats in the bay and to the upwelling of nutrient-rich waters from the Monterey Submarine Canyon. There are more species of marine algae in the area than anywhere ,- else in the temperate northern hemisphere, and the richness of invertebrate forms can rival that of any marine environment of similar size in the world. In addition, 26 species of marine mammals have been observed in Monterey Bay, and 94 species of seabirds are known to occur in the area.

Monterey Bay also has a large and economically important fishing industry (NOW 1990). The major commercial fishes are salmon, rockfish, swordfish, sole, tuna, sablefish, halibut, white croaker, Iingcod, mackerel, sanddab, shark, anchovy, and squid. Recreational fishing is very popular as well, with rockfish, salmon, lingcod, Pacific mackerel, sablefish, jack mackerel, flat- .- fish, cabezon, tuna, whitefish, and croaker among the most common species taken. Surf fishing along Fort Oral’s coastline is rated as excellent (Directorate of Facilities Engineering 1975). >,-,, 3.3*4 Sensitive or Unique Habitats

,- Section 2903 of the Federal Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1980 requires States to identi- fy significant habitats and develop consenation plans for these areas (EPA 1989). Responding to this requirement, the California legislature passed the Significant Natural Areas Act of 1981, .— creating the Natural Diversity Data Base (NDDB) in the California Department of Fish and Game (Fish and Game Code $$ 1930-1933). The goal of the NDDB is to identify and inventory .- rare species and significant natural areas and to encourage recognition of these resources in land- use planning and land management. Fort Ord contains five terrestrial habitat types currently considered rare or declining and of highest inventory priority by NDDB (Holland 1986): centml -., coast dune scrub (Study Zone 2), central coast maritime chaparral (Study Zones 13-20), valley needlegrass grassland (Study Zones 3 and 19), freshwater marsh (Study Zone 3), and central coast riparian forest (Study Zone 3). The California Native Plant Society, recognizing the signif- — icant natural values of Fort Oral, has worked with the Directorate of Engineering and Housing and the Commanding General’s office since 1967 in attempting to set aside ecological reserves .- in the area. Nine reserves were originally established (Griffin 1976), all but one of them within

.,-., Zlaal 3-20 the maritime chaparral community (Study Zones 1-20). Two additional resemes were designated .—. later to protect examples of remnant coastal dune scrub in Study Zone 2 (NDDB 1990a). Re- sewe number 6 has been enlarged and three more reserves recently added to the system as miti- gation for habitat losses at the new ammunition supply point currently under construction near the East Garrison (Study Zone 12) (Massera 1991, personal communication).

The National Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended, provides for the long-term, comprehensive protection of outstanding marine environments. Section 1401 of the Act declares that it is the policy of the United States to “...prevent or strictly limit the dumping into ocean waters of any material which would adversely affect human health, welfaxe, or amenities or the marine environment, ecological systems, or economic potentialities” (EPA 1989). These statutory requirements may have relevance for ecological assessment and remedial actions at Fort Oral, since the NOAA is currently proposing that Monterey Bay be designated as a National Marine Sanctuary. The proposed Sanctuary regulations also specifically prohibit the “discharging or depositing [ofl materials ... that subsequently enter the Sanctuary and injure a Sanctuary resource or Sanctuary quality” (NOAA 1990).

With the exception of wetland areas, sensitive or unique habitats at Fort Ord are mapped in Figure 3-13. The map also shows the locations of the areas designated as ecological reserves. The following information sources were used in preparation of Figure 3-13: Office of the Post Engineer (1969), DMA (1972, 1984), Arnold (1985), Alkon (1990), and NDDB (1990a).

3.3.5 Wetlands (Study Zones 3 and 17) .-

Section 662(a) of the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, as amended in 1965, requires consulta- . tion with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) when wetlands and other bodies of water are diverted or modified by another Federal agency (EPA 1990). These provisions maybe relevant for cleanup and removal actions in wetlands (Study Zones 3, 17). In addition, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1972 protects almost all species of birds in the United States from unregulated “take,” which can include contamination of wetland habitats.

“k Known or suspected wetlands at Fort Ord are mapped in Figure 3-14. This map was prepared using a set of 9-in. color aerial photographs (scale 1:12,000, date 25 March 1986) on file at the -. post Directorate of Engineering and Housing.

3.3.6 Threatened and Endangered Species (Study Zone 2)

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, as reauthorized in 1988, requires Federal agencies to ensure that their actions will not jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threat- .— ened species (EPA 1989). This statute may have relevance for cleanup and removal actions in the coastal dune areas west of California Highway 1 (Study Zone 2), which support the Smith’s blue butterfly (Euphilotes enoptes smidii), a listed endangered species (FWS 1990a). A recent

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.- Drwn AW Date 3/18/91 Figure 3-14. Known or suspected wetlands on or near Fort Ord w- 6 Date $~d ~f[ Military Reservation, California, 1990. w. 1 Rate Final Data ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES Western Division field survey at Fort Ord found local populations of Smith’s blue near the northern boundary of -. the site (adjoining Marina State Beach) and patchily distributed behind the small-arms firing ranges from the vicinity of Gigling Siding south to the southern resewe boundrtty (White 1987). Smith’s blue populations are closely associated with two essential host plants, the dune buck- -. wheat (Eriogonum parvifolium) and the coast buckwheat (E. latifolium). The latwae feed on the flowering heads of the buckwheat, and the adult butterflies use the plants as their primary nectar source (Thomas Reid Associates 1987). Any activities resulting in the removal of essential host -.., plants may have adverse effects on local populations of Smith’s blue (see Section 4.2.1).

Another Federally listed endangered species, the American peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus mtatu.m), is a winter migrant along the coast [Study Zone 2), but it would not be expected regu- larly at Fort Oral,because there is no suitable habitat for its favored prey species (Jones & Stokes -k Associates 1989).

Candidate plants and animals (NDDB 1990b; FWS 1990b) are not protected under the provisions .- ... of the Endangered Species Act, but they may become so in the future (Bartel 1987). In addition, actions resulting in significant impacts on these species may require mitigation under the Nation- .— al Environmental Policy Actor the California Environmental Quality Act. According to several sources (Directorate of Facilities Engineering 1975; Bury 1985; Alkon 1990; NDDB 1990a), two animal and nine plant species on Fort Ord are currently considered Federal listing candidates (see .— Table 3-2).

In addition to the Federal endangered species law, Article 4 of the California Endangered Species .- Act of 1984 ($$ 2090-2098) prohibits State agencies from approving projects that would jeopard- ize a listed species. Two plant species occurring at Fort Oral--the seaside bird’s beak (Cordylan- thus rigidus ssp. littorals) and the dune gilia (Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria)--sre currently designated as threatened or endangered species by the State of California (Department of Fish and Game 1990). .. Figure 3-15 shows the distribution on Fort Ord of Federally listed species and listing candidates for which specific locations are known. Information sources used in preparation of this map — include the following: Directorate of Facilities Engineering (1975), Bury (1985), White (1987), Alkon (1990), and NDDB (1990a). For many of the species mapped in Figure 3-14, the cuxrent understanding of distribution and abundance is incomplete, and there may be additional, as-yet undiscovered locations on the post. No attempt has been made to map specific locations for the Toro manzanita, sandmat manzanita, Monterey ceanothus, and Eastwood’s goldenbush, since (1) these chapamal shrubs are found over a relatively large portion of the site and (2) their local dis- tribution and abundance remains poorly understood. The areas mapped as maritime chapmral in Figure 3-13 represent suitable habitat for these shrubs.

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_.

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T 0 a .+...--! ..+--- 1 .,<.-’ - --- <:: FRITZSCHE -- SMITH’S BLUE ‘-. AIRFIELD ..+ ‘\ MARINA “---- .*.] ..+ $\ ,. .. ..’ ,., \ . .. -. , ‘k ,,, ‘\ ..- . \. .— -. “---- {“ ‘\ MONTEREY \ ““’-’\/’ \ i BAY \ ,,/‘i. .— J . —.——-- ( EAST : L-GARRISON GARRISON ,-.-~l HICKMAN’S ?“\ ‘k+ ! ,)-- SEASIDE BIRD’S–BEAK& ‘-”

DUNE GILIA ? - -., -- .4> /\P 1. \ .. F .- ...... _-/ v HICKMAN’S ONION’ DUNE GILIA

COAST WALLFLOWER - . . { /7 / f

.-

/--

-“!,

—.

___ 6000 2000 ~. 000 FEET

,—,.

D- AW tile 3/18/91 Figure 3-15. Occurrencesof rare, threatened, atxf endangered Revkwed Date >“~~ -f[ species at Fort Ord Military Reservation, California, Rw.1 Da= m 1990 Flrlal Date ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES Western Dlvlsion t i I .$ F ii

TABLE3-2 THREATENEDANDENDANGEREDSPECIESOF TERRESTRIALHABITATSAT FORTORD,CALIFORNIA

Federal state CNPSList Geographic Occurrence Spezies status status @-E-DCode~ DMribution Habitat at Fort Ord ANIMALS

Antdeilapulchrotdgra C2 Csc N/A MontereyCounty Remnantsstands Ecologicalreserveno. 10 blackleglesslhrd (intergradesin ConmaCosta, of nativecxmstal older museumrecordat SanFrancisco,San Luis Obispo, dune scrub “Giglingn(Bury1985) SantaBarbara,SantaClara, and SantaCruzcmnties)

Clemmys marmoraiapallida C2 Csc N/A Cismontanecenrrd and Ponds,marshes, Non-specificoccurrmce southwesternpond turtle southernCalifornia, SiI&UIE, and cited in Dmtorate of northernBaja California itigation ditches of FacilitiesEngineering (1975)

Euphiloles enoptes smithi FE None N/A MontereyCounty Coastalsanddunes Ecologicalreserveno. 11; Smith’sblue butterfly (intergradesin SantaCruz (habitatfor essential vicinityof Giglingsiding and San Mateocounties) fondplants) southto reserveno. 10 (White1987)

Falco peregrinus anahun FE SE N/A WesternU.S.and adjacent Cliffs(nesting), Noknown sightingsexpected peregrinefalcon Mexico waterfowland seabird as a wintermigmntalong culonies(feeding) the ceast (Jonesand Stokes Associates1989) PLANTS

Allium hickmanii cl None lB Montereyand Seasonallymoistplaces MachineGunFlats (NDDB Hickman’sonion (2-2-3) SanLuis Ob~ counties in grassland,chaparral, 1990a)plusanother and Montereypine vernalswalealongCrescent forest BluffRoad(J.Massera1991, personalcommunication)

Arctostaphylosmonfereyensis C2 None lB Montereyand Cereal coastmaritime Widesprt%idwxosseastern Toro manzanita (3-2-3) SanLuis Obispocounties chaparral portim of post (lXrtXtorate of FacilitiesEngineering 1975;Griffin1976,1978; Alkon1990) > i I

Federal State CNPSList Gwgraphic Occurrence Species status status fR-E-DCode\ Distribution Habitat at Fort Ord

Arctostaphylospumila C2 None MontereyCounty Maritimechaparml, Widespreadin undeveloped Sandrnatmanzanita ::2-3) coastaldune scrub, areasacrossthe western and openingsin portionof the post (Griffin Montereypine forest 1978;AIkon1990)

Ceanothus rigidus C2 None 4 Montereyand Centi coastmaritime Widespreadin undeveloped Montereyceanothus (1-2-3) SantaCroz counties chaparral areasof IXMt(Directorate of FacilitiwEngimming 1975;Griffin1976,1978; Allcon1990)

Chorizanthepungens var. pungens C2 None Montereyand Coastaldunes Non-spific occurrences Montereyspine-flower ::3-3) SantaCruz cmnties chcd in Alkon(1990)and NDDB(1990a)

Cordylanthusrigidus ssp, litloralis cl CE Montereyand Sandyopeningsin Eawm boundmyof post, seasidebird’s-beak ::3-3) SantaBarbaracounties maritimechaparral, aboveMerrilRanchalong coastaldune scrub, CrescentBluffRoad(NDDB Montereypine forest 1990a)

Ericameria fasciculala C2 None MontereyCounty Maritimechaparral, Scatteredacrossundeveloped Eastwood’sgoldenbush ;:3-3) coastaldune scrub,and portionof post (Directorate openingsin Monterey of FacilitiesEngineering pine forest 197fi Griffin1976,1978; Jonesand StokesAssociates 1989;Alkon1990]

Erysimum ammophilum C2 None 4 Montmy, SantaCruz, Remnantstandsof Ecologicalreservenos. 1 Coastwallflower (l-2-3) and San Diegocountiw, nativecoastaldune and 2 (Directorateof SantaRosaIsland scrub FacilitiesEngineering1975); reservenos. 10 and 11 (Alkon1990). > I I 1 / 1 I I I

TABLE3-2 (cont.) Federal Mate CNPSList Geqjraphic Oecurrence Suecies status status JR-E-DCode~ Dktribution Habitat at Fort Ord

Gilia tenuijlorassp. arenaria c1 CT MontereyCounty Sandyopenings in Ecologicalreservenos. 3 Dune gilia &3-3) coastaldune scruband and 6 (Directorateof maritimechaparral FacilitiesEngineering1975); to be expeztedin vicinity of beachranges

FederalStatus(’FWS 1990a,1990b;NDDB1990b~ FE = Federallylistedendangeredspecies. cl = Underreview;sufficientdata on file to supportFederrdlisting. C2 = Underreview;data on threatsor distributioninsufficientto supportFederallisting. State Status(CDFG1990] CNPSList (Smithand Berg 1988\

CE = State-listedendangeredspecies. lB = Plantsrare or endangeredin Californiaand elsewhere. CT = State-liskdthreatenedspecies. 4 = Plantsof limiteddistribution. CSC = Speciesof SpecialConcern.

CNPSR-E-DCode (Smith and Berg 19881 R (Rarity)

1 = Rare,but found in sufficient numbers and distributed widelyenoughthat the potentialfor extinctionis lowat this time. 2 = (kcurreru confinedto severalpopulationsor to one extendedpopulation. 3 = Clccunencxlimitedto one or a few highlyresticted populations,or presentin suchsmallnumbersthat it is seldomreported. E (Endangerment) D (Dislributiem) 1 = Not endangered. 1 = Moreor less widespreadoutsideCalifornia. 2 =‘Endangeredin a portionof its range. 2 = RareoutsideCalifornia. 3 = Endangeredthroughoutits range. 3 = Endemicto California. In addition to the listed species and listing candidates found in terrestrial habitats at Fort Oral, the following Federally threatened or endangered species are known to occur in the marine environ- ment of Monterey Bay (NOAA 1990):

Year-Round ResidenL

Southern sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis

Seasonal Residents

California brown pelican Pelicanur occi&ntalis cal~ornicw California least tern Sterna antillawn browni

Steller sea lion Eumetopitu jubatus .- Seasonal Mimmts

. -. American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum

Gray whale Eschrichtius roburtus Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus ,. Fin whale Balaenoptera physalu Humpback whale h4egaptera novaeangliae

Rare Occurrence~

Short-tailed albatross Diomedea albatm

Pacific right whale Eubalaena glacialis Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis Sperm whale Physeter catodon

Guadalupe fur seal Arctocephaks townsendi

Green turtle Chelonia mydhs Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea Pacific Ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea

The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 protects all marine mammals, some but not all of which are endangered species (EPA 1989).

3.4 GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

Fort Ord is located along the Central California Coast, just north of the Monterey Peninsula. Fort Ord is bordered to the west by Monterey Bay and the Pacific Ocean and to the south by - .- Laguna Seca and the Santa Lucia Range. The cities of Marina and Seaside border the northwest and southwest comers, respectively. The Salinas River runs approximately paxdlel to and within 4,000 feet of most of the northeast border of Fort Ord and is adjacent to part of the border of

3-23 Fritzsche Army Airfield. The river then changes direction to the north and empties into Monter- .- ey Bay approximately four miles north of the installation.

Fort Ord is located within a geologically complex area in the Central Coast Range. Figure 3-16 (cross-section location map) and Figure 3-17 (north-south cross-section) illustrate some of the important features. The stratigraphy of this region is made up of Mesozoic granmliorite (Grd), Miocene marine siltstones and shale of the Monterey formation (Tin), upper-Miocene-tmlower- Pliocene sandstone of the Santa Margarita formation (Tsm), and upper-Pliocene-to-Pleistocene alluvial fan, lake, and flood deposits of the Paso Robles formation (QTp). Overlying the Paso Robles formation is the Aromas sand (Qar), a Pleistocene unit consisting of well-sorted sand containing one or more gravel layers and in some localities a thin breccia member. Younger deposits in the area are unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt, and clay that were deposited as alluvi- um, flood plain deposits, terrace deposits, and sand dunes (GTC 1986).

Fort Ord is located in an area subject to faulting known as the Palo Colorado - San Gregorio Fault Zone. It is between the San Andreas Fault Zone and a lesser zone that trends northwesterly from Point Sur. In the eastern portion of the post, there are several mapped faults and folds. These structural features may be part of the controlling parameters of the hydraulic characteris- tics of the aquifers here, which appear to vary widely.

3.4.1 Hydrogeology

There are two main hydrogeological structures underlying Fort Oral, known as the !Wlinas and Seaside basins. The northern part of the installation, from the Salinas River south to about the Gabilan Fault (DWR 1973), or the line along Welch and Grant Ewing ridges (SGD 1990), is .—.- underlain by the Salinas Basin, known also in its confined portion here as the “pressure area. ” The southern part of the installation is underlain by the Seaside Basin--in particular, the part known as the Northern Seaside Basin. Almost the entire Impact Area (in Study Zone 3) is locat- ed within the Northern Seaside Basin. According to a report of the California Department of Water Resources (DWR 1973), the boundary between the basins on Fort Ord is uncertain, but other hydrogeological reviews and investigations have suggested that the boundmy is along the Welch and Grant Ewing ridges. The Gabilan Fault has been considered to be a hydraulic barrier within the Salinas Basin when groundwater flow in the 180-foot and deeper aquifers has been modeled (GTC 1986).

The Salinas Basin is about 70 miles long, extending from Monterey Bay to San Ardo, and it contains four distinct hydrogeologic areas, referred to as Upper Valley, Forebay, East Side, and Pressure Area. Groundwater in these areas occurs mainly in unconsolidated alluvial deposits, although some consolidated deposits yield water (JMM 1990a). The groundwater basin is re- .— charged by infiltration of precipitation (approximately 80 percent) and subsurface inflow (ap- proximately 20 percent). Regional groundwater flow is to the northwest, parallel to the Salinas

3-24 .—

. —

NORTH

Appmx. Eale: o 2000 4000 (f-t)

Dram RK Date 3/1 8/91 I Figure 3-16. Location of cross-section X-X, Fort Oral,California. Rwhd AA Date3/279 / Rav. 1 Data

Find Data Western Division I I 1 1

Elevation(Feet) 400 x Seaside South ~s:~: Nodhx

200 Seaside Basin

Sea Level

Tm -200 I -. /

-400 I’z ?-’ I -600 ~,” 1; ,“~ !$ I g ?8 Ig -800 I u) 18

-1200 Qar= AromasSand Qod= DuneDeposits -1400 Qtp = PasoRoblesFormation Tsm = SantaMargaritaFormation Tm = MontereyFormation I Grd = Mesozoic Granodioriie -1600 ::..:.,:::,,...... Shaded area indicates zone of Tml n...... predominantly clay, silt or fine-grained Grd sand mixtures, -1800 o 4000 8000 Ft. 1 L Horizontal Scale I Drawn RK I Date 11/25/90 Fgure 3-17. Geologiccross-seotion,X-X, Ford Ord (Adapted from GTC 1986). Revkwad Date I 1 Rev. 1 RK Data 2/6/91

Final M9 Western Dlvlslon River (EA 1990), but local flows are strongly influenced by groundwater use. Annual use of groundwater in the Salinas Basin exceeds the amount of recharge.

The southern part of Fort Ord is underlain by the Seaside Basin. The Seaside Basin has been .— subdivided in general into northern and southern subbasins on the basis of geological and hy- drogeological data (SGD 1990). Fort Ord occupies almost all of the northern and part of the southern Seaside Basin. In both, the water-bearing materials in the area consist of sands of the Santa Margarita formation, sand and gravel of the Paso Robles formation, sand of the Aromas formation, and younger alluvial deposits (SGD 1990).

Salinas Basin Pressure Area

There are three relatively well defined aquifers in the Pressure Area of the Salinas Basin:

The Paso Robles formation is estimated to be 2,000 feet thick at the mouth of the Salinas River (Showalter et al. 1984) and consists of alluvial fan, lake, and floodplain deposits. This formation contains the 400- and 900-foot aquifers. Wells tapping the 400-foot aquifer are limited to the southeastern part of the post and the vicinity of the Fort Ord landflll. A confining clay layer up to 150 feet thick separates the 400-foot aquifer from the 900-foot aquifer (GTC 1986). The 400- foot aquifer is approximately 50-200 feet thick and is found from 300 to 500 feet bgs. The 900- foot aquifer consists of multiple layers of permeable materials at depths between 750 and 1,600 feet near the coast. Two wells in the Marina area tap this deep aquifer.

The Aromas formation is a layer of lagoonal deposits which contains the 180-foot aquifer. Its thickness ranges from 30 feet near the coast to 200 feet in the eastern portion of the basin. The 180-foot aquifer extends to depths ranging from approximately 175 to 350 feet bgs and is under- lain by a zone of fine-grained sand interbedded with thin beds of clay (GTC 1986). The confin- ing layer between the 180-foot and 400-foot aquifers appears to be discontinuous, especially in the northwest section of the post. Dames and Moore (1990) have indicated that in the areas of the Main Garrison Landfdl, the 180-foot and 400-foot aquifers are not definitively separated by a confining layer of clay.

The uppermost aquifer consists of permeable dune deposits of Pleistocene and Holocene age, with a maximum thickness of 300 feet. This aquifer occurs only in the area of an extensive confining clay and silt layer known as the Salinas Valley Aqtticlude (IZA1990). In the central portion of the installation, this aquiclude pinches out to the west along a line approximately parallel to the coast (Figure 3- 18). The exact extent of the aquiclude to the south is difficult to define because of sparse data available for this area. Figure 3-19 shows the extent and topogra- phy of the top of the clayey confining layer intercepted by boreholes at the post. A steep rise of the top of this clay just south of the possible Gabilan Fault trace can be seen on this figure. It is possible that the Salinas Valley Aquiclude continues further south into the second basin, where it is known as the Seaside Clay (see Figure 3-17, GTC 1986). Alternatively, the Salinas Valley

anal 3-25 NWt~_ 11

Fgure 3-18. Siie view of Fort Ord and VicinityShowing western Revkad M Data a~~7+/ Boundary of Salinas Aquiclude. Rw. 1 Date

Find Date m

Western Dlvlslon SALINAS // VALLEY h AQUICLUDE BOUNDARY \ a PACIFIC OCEAN e 0 0 ItMARINA ~~

/~ &&* “’o’.: %+

* \\

/--nP7’17T \

\

\\

f- .

SEASIDE

7 IMPACT AREA

EXPLANATION: -1 *O_ Elevation of top of Salinas Valley Aquiclude, dashed where inferred. Contour interval = 10 feet. Datum = MSL. — - Western boundaw of aquiclude, dashed where inf&red. ” @ —— Fault trace, dashed where inferred NORTH (after GTC 1986) Appmx. o Groundwater Monitoring Well -: 0 2000 4000 (feet) — 1 Drawn &lw.- I Da~ 11/20/90 Figure 3-19. Elevationcontours of the top of the Salinas Valley Reviewed Date Aquiclude (feet above mean sea level), FOCIOral, Rw. 1 RK he ~6/9j California. Final Data #? Jh7/9/ Western Dlvlsion may extend only to the Gabilan Fault and the confining layer south of the fault may be a separate stratigraphic unit which belongs to Seaside Basin. Only detailed mineralogical and paleontologi- cal analysis of clay samples from many boreholes could answer this question. Recent studies using the boring well log inventory compiled by HLA (1990) confm that the aquiclude pinches out along a north-south line (HLA 1990; Dames and Moore 1990, JMM 1990a). To the west of this line, the uppermost aquifer and the 180-foot aquifer are hydraulically connected.

The Gabilan Fault is considered a hydraulic barrier, at least for the deeper aquifers (GTC 1986) along its eastern end, but to the west its effect as a barrier may decrease as its vertical displace- ment decreases and the same formations come into contact. Sieck (1969, cited in GTC 1986) estimated 900 meters of vertical separation at the Gabilan Fault on the basis of a gravity profile traversing the area east of the new well field at Fort Oral. Vertical separation along the fault decreases to the northwest. Near Marina the separation is believed to be about 30 meters (100 feet). Some interpretations (e.g., DWR 1973) suggest a boundary between the Seaside and Salinas basins along this fauh. Although some hydmgeological models (Hydrocomp 1985, cited in GTC 1986) consider the inferred trace of the Gabilan Fault as a southern boundary for flow in deeper aquifers, they do not define it as the boundary between the Seaside and salinas basins. The GTC (1986) and SGD (1990) reports place the Seaside-Salinas basin boundary along Welch and Grant Ewing ridges. The barrier for groundwater flow and the boundary between the two basins is either the Gabilan Fault or an elevated geologic structure of impervious Miocene marine sediments of the Monterey Formation shown on Plate 3 of DWR 1973 and illustrated by Figures 3-20 and 3-21.

Groundwater flow in the uppermost aquifer is topographically controlled, so water will move either toward the Salinas River (inland area) or toward the pacific Ocean (near the coast). Because the aquiclude appears to pinch out toward the west, the water from the uppermost aquif- er could discharge into the 180-foot aquifer and follow the flow direction of the latter, as sug- gested by Dames and Moore (1990). To confm this model, hydrogeological data, especially on groundwater flow direction in the two aquifers, will have to be collected. In some areas (hy- drogeological windows) where the aquiclude does not occur, the uppermost aquifer may be influenced by pumping in the 180-foot aquifer (Dames and Moore 1990).

Hydrogeological and chemical evidence being developed by Dames and Moore fits this model: the evidence to October 1990 suggests that chemicals from the landfdl in the Main Garrison that leach into water in the uppermost aquifer migrate to the northwest, where they mix with water of the 180-foot aquifer at the pIace where the aquiclude pinches out, and the contaminated water then flows back underneath the confining clay layer. This model may only apply to the north- west corner of the Main Garrison,

Although available well logs (HLA 1990) permit the delineation of only one boundary of the Salinas Valley Aquiclude, the clay and siIt were most likely deposited in an extensive lagoon running parallel to the coastline. The aquiclude is made up of an olive-gray clay to the north, a

w 3-26 -.

1

.

-

.

Figure3-20. FOrIOral,withthe trace of the north-southgeobg&f UOSS- seotion A-A’.

Western Division . .

— u Lu ~

~

t

~

1717V9NV71HW3376WSOd .-

—

—

- c ,= I n

— blue clay to the east, and a silty shale to the south of the Main Ganison. Its western boundary runs directly through the Main Garrison.

Based on groundwater elevations measured by EA (1990) in May 1989 at the 14th Engineers .- Building, the 707th Maintenance Facility, and the Fire Department Burn Pit, the direction of groundwater flow in the uppermost aquifer is to the west. Both Dames and Moore and HLA found a transient groundwater divide in the uppermost aquifer toward the eastern portion of the landfill. West of Imjin Road, the flow is toward the west, but in August 1990 the flow in the area east of the road was predominantly to the north. ... Both Dames and Moore and HLA have reported that the location of this divide shifts. This shift might be caused by pumping from water supply wells if the aquiclude is leaking in some areas, as reported by JIvIM (1991) or it may simply be the result of decreased recharge into the surface water and groundwater systems caused by the 5-year drough~ or by their mutual interaction. JMM (1991) reports northwesterly flow direction for confined groundwater under the eastern part of the Main Garrison of Fort Oral. There is not sufficient data on water movement in the uppermost aquifer at the southern boundary of the aquiclude, but it can be assumed that the flow of this unconfined, perched water is controlled by topography wherever it occurs. Because deeper aquifers have been pumped intensively, salt water intrusion has resulted from the lower- ing of the groundwater level below sea level. In addition, the pumping has caused reversal of the natural westward groundwater flow direction. In 1981, the front of the advancing saltwater was about 4.6 miles inland in the 180-foot aquife~ in 1982 it was 1.8 miles inland in the 400-foot aquifer (GTC 1986).

Transmissivity in the uppermost 25 feet of the 180-foot aquifer, based on bail tests, ranges from . about 1,900 ft2/day to 6,800 ft2/day, averaging 3,000 ft2/day (EA 1990). Geotechnical Consult- ants, Inc. (GTC 1986) reported an average transmissivity of 15,240 ft2/day for the 180-foot aquifer, whose thickness is 100 feet. The average hydraulic conductivity of the 180-foot aquifer ranged from 50 ft/day to 200 ft/day, with an average value of 117 ft/day for all wells. The transmissivity of the uppermost aquifer ranged from 230 ft2/day to 1,100 ft2/day, averaging 600 ft2/day for all of the wells tapping this aquifer that were tested. Hydraulic conductivity meas- . urements for the uppermost aquifer ranged from 11 to 56 ft/day, averaging 35 ft/day for all wells tapping the uppermost aquifer (IZA1990).

Seaside Basin

The southern portion of Fort Oral, which includes the golf course, Ord Village, and the Impact Area, is located within the Seaside Basin, more particularly within the northern part, known as the Northern Seaside Basin (SGD 1990). SGD reports that the Northern Seaside Basin is sepa- rated from the Southern Seaside Basin by a northwest-trending anhclinal structure, consisting of non-water-bearing sedimentary or igneous rocks, which extends above the zone of saturation ,- (SGD 1990). Around the pumping fields, the groundwater level has been lowered below sea level, reversing the natural flow direction from westward to radial flow toward the pumping centers. In the Seaside Basin, such depressions are of limited extent and have not caused inland movement of saline water (SGD 1990). Beyond these centers, the water flows westerly, and it is at elevations from 10 to 30 feet above mean sea level under the Fort Ord Golf Course (SGD 1990). The Seaside Basin is not as well characterized as the Salinas Basin, primarily because there are only a few wells in the impact and training areas of the base.

HLA (1990a) found that the water-bearing zones of the Seaside Basin were not well comelated with those of the Salinas Basin. On the basis of a review of the available boring logs and other work they describe four aquifers in the Seaside Basin:

An unconfined aquifer perched on the Seaside Clay unit of the Paso Robles Forma- tion: the perched aquifer is not always present, but it may be contained in one or more of the following units: Recent Alluvium, Aromas Formation, and upper member of the Paso Robles Formation. It is called the “uppermost aquifer,” as in the Salinas Basin, for purposes of this investigation. ,—. Paso Robles Formation aquifer: This confined or semi-confined aquifer beneath the Seaside Clay member is the major water-bearing unit in the Seaside Basin.

Santa Margarita Formation aquifer: Several wells in the city of Seaside and in the Laguna Seca area are known to produce from this aquifeq the maximum thickness is 225 fee~ and it pinches out beneath Seaside.

Monterey formation: The Tertiary marine siltstone sometimes contains water in frac- tures.

Available aquifer tests and specific capacity data for the Seaside Basin have been analyzed by SGD (1987). Transrnissivity values from wells completed in the Paso Robles Formation were found to range from 630 to 7,100 ft2/day. A mean transmissivity value of 2,000 f#/day was derived for the Northern Seaside Basin. .- Several cross-sections through the Fort Ord area have been prepared for this report using boring logs compiled in a report by HLA (1990a). Cross-section A-A’ (see Figures 3-20 and 3-21) runs — north-south through both the Salinas and Seaside basins and indicates a possible location of the Gabilan Fault. Wells in the Seaside Basin penetrate the bedrock of the Santa Margarita and . Monterey formations; one deep well in Marina penetrates five water-bearing zones, but no bedrock.

— Like cross-sections C-C’ and D-D’, cross-section B-B’ runs west to east. It runs from the beach through the landfill area to Fort Ord Military Well Number31 (see Figures 3-22 and 3-23). Sandy water-bearing zones in which wells are screened are indicated as short diagonal lines. . -. Three aquifers are represented on B-B’ (Figure 3-23), and the section shows the”approximate location where the !%dinasValley Aquiclude pinches out to the west. Cross-section C-C’ (Figure .- 3-24) extends from west to east through the Seaside and Salinas basins. Cross-section D-D’

llthl 3-28 J .1 ! i I i

Dr&m RK Data 2/6/91 Fiiure 3-22. Fort Oral,with traces of east-west geologic cross-sectionsB-B’, C-C’, and D-D. I Z!ill B D L-10-A L-28 WEST Test EAST 200 well ? 31 150 L-2o Ieo ~-

100 T

50 ...... -...... 0 ...... -50 ...... -1oo .. . ;% Sandacd gravel ~-:--f clayey lenses -150 .,-:-+=---’ ...... %! i 1WI Aquifer -200

-250

-300 ...... -350 “~:~:~g!:----::: .-...... f::::::::::::::::::::::::...... -. . . . . -400 ...... J::::.t:::::...... Claywkh Sandylgrwdlylenses -. -450 ,---.-...... -....-...... -500 ....H......

-550 well

-MO \ SoreenedInterval +50 .------...... ‘-----’...... Mostly Clay Florlz. o 2000 4000 Feet -. ---,-. Scale: ~—~ -700

Drawn AW Dale j ~f25/9r3 Figure 3-23. Geologiccross-seotionB-B’, Fort Oral,California. Line of section is shown on Figure 3-22. Reviewed Date $h7yf/ Rev. 1 Data

Final Date Western Dlvlslon ) [

c WEST Elevation(feet) MPWIWI HMtman #1o 35(I ‘1 Sand c’ 34)0 ...... 25(I ...... MPWMD ...... ------. . . . ------#4D ...... ------...... {.,.=-:iii:iiiiiiiiii~g&,,..._,:...... 150 ...... - ;& I ;-;<<;;------‘M...... ------..... ,.. - ...... :::::::::::....+am-...... ----- 50. -. I ...... ------.-...... ------... ,...... ------...... ------...... -...... ----”...... --=clay------=clay. . . . ------...... 0 . . . . -. . . ------““- ””-.”--- ...... ------“.. - I ...... ------1 ...... -Ea :{<{- {{” ...... -- ...... ------...... ------...... +...... 1: ...... Ill ...... shale 1 Tm - -:.-c;.” --- -100 .-::: -::, “ ~ ,,,, .--y. .-.”...... watona, Sandstone Tm ...... ,& I ...... -150 ,------~ ....------...... -...... :{:-. ‘:; I J ...... -200 ---- .-.-: ...... Tem ::: I -m :-::. .---: I -3

......

...... 8

-arm :::. ::: 2 ......

-s50 :% + ..-. . . ~mWell -4(M ------“ I -w ------.-...... ‘- . screened Interval -500 1 ...... ~1.‘------...... Mostly Clay ......

Tsm SantaMargaritaFormation Tm Monterey Forrnatlon Horlz. o 2000 4000 Feet %: 1

Drawn RK Date 2/5/91 Figure 3-24. Geologic cross-seotionC-C’, Fort Oral,California. Line of section is shown on Figure 3-22. Reviewed M Date J/?/f/ Rev. 1 Date

Final Date

Western Divlslon (Figure 3-25) extends from west to east from the beach through the Main Garrison area to the East Garrison and the Salinas River, about 3,000 feet south of B-B’, showing the escarpment of the Salinas River Valley.

. ., Movement of Groundwater in the Salinas Basin

Perched water in the uppermost aquifer occurs only above the confining clayey layer. Ground- “— water in the uppermost aquifer flows to the northwest or northeast (Figure 3-26), following either the topography or the downward slope of the clay of the Salinas Valley Aquiclude. Although no ,.- wells produce horn this aquifer, the direction of groundwater flow may be influenced by pump- ing in the areas where the aquiclude is leaking or by the changing topography of the underlying aquiclude. .,.. As measured by EA in spring 1989, groundwater in the 180-foot aquifer flows to the northwest (IZA1990). However, groundwater flow is known to be significantly influenced by the pumping of active wells in Marina and East Garrison. Preliminary results from the Preliminary Assess- ment/Site Investigation study by JMM (1991) indicate that groundwater in the 180-foot aquifer flows to the northeast in the eastern part of the Main Garrison (Figure 3-27). Data colleeted by EA in 1989 indicate that near the coast, beyond the influence of the Marina-Fort Ord pumping centers, groundwater in the 180-foot aquifer apparently maintains its natural westerly direction of flow. This conclusion is based on groundwater flow directions determined for Site 008 (Canni- balization Yard, which is within Study Zone 6) and Site 010 (Fire Drill Burn Pit, which is within Study Zone 5) (Figure 3-27). Saltwater intrusion is limited to the section through the north of ----- Fort Ord below the City of Marina and north of it.

Little information is available on the direction of groundwater flow in the 400-foot aquifer, but it is expected to move toward the ocean except where influenced by pumping from water supply wells in Marina and East Garrison, A substantial pumping trough has been created near Marina municipal wells 8A and 9, where the water table in the 400-foot aquifer has been depressed as much as 70 feet below sea level (GTC 1986).

— Movement of Groundwater in the Seaside Basin

Unlike the Salinas Basin, the Seaside Basin contains few wells, and a description of its hydroge- ology is difficult without making assumptions. Water level data from wells in the Seaside and Laguna Seca area are recorded irregularly. Many of the wells are screened in more than one aquifer, creating difficulty in recording accurate data.

Based on the SGD 1990 report, the groundwater in the Northern Seaside Basin in the Paso Robles Formation flows to the west, except around the pumping center, where the water moves radially toward the well(s). In the Southern Seaside Basin, groundwater flows northwest (SGD

3-29 i i ,!

Elevation (feet) SooL D L-01-A D

250 -

200 -

160 -

100 -

50

0

-60 -

-100 -

-150 -

-m - Irltarhddad SamUgravel -250 - and clay

-300 -

-s50 -

-400 -

-450 - Well -600 - — Tm I 400 ft. Aquifer -650 - —————-——-?i , &reerted Interval -600 - . ..=... .::::::...... Mostly Clay -660 - Tsm Santa Margarita Formation -700 - Tm Monterey Formation Horiz. o 4000 Scale: 8000 Feet

II Drawn RK Date 2/6j91 Figure 3-25, Geologiccross-sectionO-D, Fort Oral,California. Line of section is shown on Figure 3-22, t%vlawed Date JU-? >h7/9/ Rev. 1 Date I Final I kWestern Dlvlsion .—

SALINAS VALLEY I ,AQUICLUDE\ / // /

—. / I / MARINA ,

“-.

. . .

I I * 1’ \ /

-.

SEASIDE -.—

/ / .-.,.. IMPACT AREA

I EXPLANATION: ... / ./ Indicated groundwater flow direction I (’ /’- -120_ Elevation of top of Salinas Valley -..> Aquiclude, dashed where inferred. Contour intewal = 10 feet. Datum = MSL. @ .- — — Western boundary of Salinas Valley Aquiclude, dashed whereinferred NORTH Appmx. o Groundwater Monitoring Well -: 0 2000 4000 I (feet) r --- . .. . . I m—.- . . ,--,-- 1 Figure 3-26. Groundwater elevations (ft. msl) contours,Uppermost Aquifer, Salinas Basin, Fort Oral,California, 1990. R&u.1 RK Dare 2f6i91 Final Date M 2/rr7/,/ . . k!!LWestern Division .—

PACIFIC OCEAN

,—..

EA,

/

H-2&i2xi?’n —.

..

-J Mudhen Lake

SEASIDE “%,, -.

IMPACT AREA

,—— EXPLANATION:

Indicated groundwater flow direction

~1 .o— Groundwater elevation contour, dashed where inferred. Contour intefval = 0.5 ft. Datum = sea level. NORTH —— Western boundary of Salinas Valley Aquiclude, dashed where inferred. APProx. ale: o 2000 4000 Ft .. .-, lfaat} ~ -. -— Drawn PJw Da~~ I 1120190 Figure 3-27. Groundwater elevation (11.abovemsl) contours, Reviwad Date 180-fmt Aquifer, Salinas Basin, Fort oral, California. Fiw. 1 Data 2/6/91 Final ;& ‘a” J/17/f/ . . Western Dlvlslon 1990). In both, the flow of the Seaside Basin seems to follow topography except where it is ... affected by pumping wells (Figure 3-28).

Present Groundwater Monitoring Well Locations ..... There are usable groundwater monitoring wells in all three aquifers in the Salinas Basin. Moni- toring wells screened in the uppermost aquifer are restricted largely to the Main Garrison area and Fritzsche Army Airfield (Figure 3-29), except for three wells installed by JMM (1990a) at the Sewage Treatment Plant near the East Garrison. As of November 1990, there are no wells screened in the uppermost aquifer in the East Garrison or between the Fort Ord Landfill and Fritzsche Army Airfield.

Although fewer wells are screened in the 180-foot aquifer, they cover a much broader area (Figure 3-30). East Garrison is well represented by Test Wells 1 to 4, but no wells screened in the 180-foot aquifer south of the East Gamison can be used, because their construction is incon- sistent with contamination monitoring.

All groundwater monitoring wells screened in the 400-foot aquifer (Figure 3-31) were installed by HLA and Dames and Moore at the Fort Ord Landfill and vicinity. The City of Marina has one water supply well screened in the 400-foot aquifer and two screened in the 900-foot aquifer. The Marina wells cannot be used for gauging, because variable seasonal changes in pumping rates make their groundwater levels unreliable for determining groundwater flow direction.

Figure 3-32 shows all wells screened in the various aquifers in the Seaside Basin. The majority of wells in the uppermost (Aromas sand) and Paso Robles aquifers are located in the Fort Ord Golf Course area. Monitoring wells were installed to the south, near the resewation border, to monitor any contamination that might be moving off the site.

Most areas that lack groundwater monitoring wells, particularly to the southeast, are largely undeveloped, and there is no known source of groundwater contamination nearby. Wells that are subject to abandonment recommendations by HLA (1990a) are not included in Figures 3-29 ,——. through 3-32.

,.... The Seaside Basin boundaries have been established in the past (SGD 1990) on the basis of the Chupines Fault barrier to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west, topographic features, and groundwater data from wells in the north and east. The northern boundary of the basin has been placed at the Gabilan Fault by DWR (1973), but all later publications place it along Welch and Grant-Ewing ridges, and the Gabilan Fault is considered a hydraulic barrier between confined and unconfined aquifer conditions within the Salinas Basin (SGD 1990; GTC 1986). More hydrogeological information is necessary to confirm the exact location of the basin divide.

Tnw 3-30 —.

.-.

~200_ Groundwater elevation contour. Contour intetval 1 ( I variable. Datum = sea level. I 10 20 I J 30

\ -+\\ \\ \

l’: ‘\ @

-.

—, I 200

@ NORTH

.. PACIFIC OCEAN

—.

. L-2EUPP ● L-27-UPP s L-ISA ● L-2&UPP

ALLMW’8MTD m. . . . - / 1 .—

.

\ \ \ \

/ \

I

~@ NORTH

monitoring Appmx. ~ S@e: o 2000 4000 If-n

DrawrI AJW Da~ 11/20/90 Figure 3-29. Groundwater monitoringwells screened in the Wlawed Date Uppermost Aquifer, Salinas Basin, Fort Oral, 46 >//7/9/ California. w. 1 Date IFirW I Date Nestern Dlvlsion SALINAS VALLEY AQUICLUDE BOUNDARY PACIFIC OCEAN & ‘“%% 4/4:’%+% Wd● MARINA &&ld ● ma %~aa ● 2s; ~ /-TOW3

●L-mlao % ‘● L47-1W y MW1 MW2 ● Lelm MW1O MW3 MAIN ● L-241S0 MW;1 ● L.10-1~ s L-2&lW GARRISON L&O +&p Mk13 . Trnt”Wail1 Mwj20 MWI1 ● MWS,EAFTO-OX MW113 MW17 IX5T MS-3 GARRISON MS-2 Mk5 Tmthell 2 EG17 -“ ‘%’ Mwl %“. MW2 /) ‘ ~~ &~~ ~~ I . / v I TestWell3 \ T-;woII 4

l\ .-. SEASIDE \\\ / ( \\

NORTH monitoringwell Approx. Sale: o 2000 4000 (l-,) Drawn AJw Dam 11/20/90 Fgure 3-30. Groundwater monitoringwells screened in the Rwkd Data 180-foot aquifer, Fort Ord Militafy Reservation, JJ 7/?/ California, November 1990. Rev. 1 Date Flt?al Data Western Dlvlsion 1/ SALINAS I/ L’/i”lE’:/+/ PACIFIC OCEAN

. k M-IOD /

MAIN ● L-2M00 GARRISON

/[ I T--J

SEASIDE

● Groundwater monitoring well NORTH D - Wellsscreened in the 900-foot aquifer APPIUX. w: o 2000 4000 (tit!

DmwrI AJw ~a~ 11120190 Fgure 3-31. Groundwater monitoringwells screened in the Rw*ed Data $[[7 ~1 400-Foot and 900-Foot aquifers, Salinas Basin, ForI ++6 Oral,California Rw. 1 Data m final Data Western Division PACIFIC OCEAN

%3-6H?’’’s~%$iiK) ““’ “. GS-1 i

( I

GS-5 Ar \ SEASIDE \ \

/ 1 \

● MPWMD #l (S), PRo

● Groundwater monitoring well Ar - wells screened in the Aromas Formation PRo - wells screened in the Paso Robles Formation NORTH M - wells screened in the Monterey Formation SM - wells screened in the Santa Margariia Formation Appmx. =: o 2000 4000 (feet)

Drawn Date 11/20/90 Figure 3-32. Groundwater monitoringwells located in the Revkd ~ Date $&”~/ Seaside Basin, ForI Oral, 1990. Rw.1 Date m Final Oate Western Division Groundwater has been and continues to be the primary source of drinking water and agricultural water in the vicinity of Fort Oral. The original wells at Fort Ord were drilled in the 1910s and 1920s, but were probably not actively used until the 1930s (GTC 1986). From the 1940s to the 1980s, a series of water supply wells was installed throughout the base, but many of these have been abandoned because of salt water intrusion or chemical contamination. As of 1990, there are four active drinking water supply wells on Fort Ord and two standby wells for potable water. In addition, there are three wells used for irrigation and fwefighting purposes. There are four water supply wells in the City of Marina, northwest of the post. Similarly, the City of Seaside has municipal drinking water wells located in sites adjacent to Fort Oral, near the Inland Trainfme Ranges along the southern boundary of the base.

3.5 REFERENCES

Alkon, M. 1990. Fort Oral: its importance in the protection of California’s natural diversity. B.S. thesis, Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.

AMBAG (Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments). 1988. 1987 Regional Popula- tion and Employment Forecast, AMBAG, Monterey, California.

Arnold, R.A. 1985. Proposed critical habitat for Smith’s blue butterfly. Unpublished map on file at the Directorate of Engineering and Housing, Fort Oral. Scale 1:25,000.

Bartel, J.A, 1987. The Federal listing of rare and endangered plants: what is involved and what does it mean? In T.S. Elias (cd.), Consemation and management of rare and endan- gered plants, pp. 15-22. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento.

Bury, R.B. 1985. Status report: black legless lizard (Annielk pulchra nigra) in central Cali- fornia. Prepared for the Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.

California Coastal Act. 1976. (Amended January 1990.) California State Coastal Commis- sion, San Francisco.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1990. List of designated endangered or rare plants (1990 edition). Unpublished ins., CDFG Endangered Plant Project.

Cooper, W.S. 1967. Coastal dunes of California. Geol. Sot. Amer. Mere. 104. 131 pp.

Dames and Moore. 1990. October 1990 Quarterly Meeting. Fort Oral, California.

Directorate of Facilities Engineering. 1975. Fort Ord natural resources program. Prepared for the Office of the Commanding General, Fort Oral, for submittal in competition for the Secretary of Defense Conservation Award. 114 pp.

DMA (U.S. Defense Mapping Agency). 1972. Fort Ord and Vicinity. (Scale 1:25,000.) Stock no. V895S~ORDVIC. DMA, Washington, D.C.

DMA (U.S. Defense Mapping Agency). 1984. Fort Ord Military Installation map. (Scale 1:50,000.) Stock no. V795SlTORDMIM. DMA, Washington, D.C.

27ua3 3-31 Duncan and Jones, Urban & Environmental Planning Consultants. 1980. General Plan, Prepared for the City of Seaside, Seaside, California.

DWR (California Department of Water Resources). 1973. Sea Water Intrusion, Lower Sali- nas Valley, Monterey County, Califomi~

EA (EA Engineering, Science, and Technology). 1990. Site Investigations Fort Ord and Fort Hunter Liggett. Part 1. Final Report. Prepared for U.S. Army corps of Engineers, omaha District.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response). 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume II: Environmental Evaluation Manual (interim final). Report EPA/540/l-89/001. EPA, [city] 57 pp.

FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1990a. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants (50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12). Publications Unit, FWS, Washington, D.C. 36 pp.

FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1990b. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. Federal Regis- ter 55(35): 6184-6229.

Griffin, J.R. 1976. Native plant reserves at Fort Oral. Fremontia 4(2):25-28.

Griffin, J.R. 1978. Maritime chaparral and endemic shrubs of the Monterey Bay region, California. Madrono 25:65-81.

GTC (Geotechnical Consultants, Inc.). 1986. Hydrogeological update. Fort Ord Military Reservation and Vicinity. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento Dis- trict.

Heady, H.F. 1977. Valley grassland. ~ Terresrnal Vegetation of California (M.G. Barbour and J. Major (eds.), pp. 491-514. Sp. Publ. 9, California Native Plant Society, Sacra- mento.

HLA (Harding Lawson Associates). 1990a. Groundwater Well Management Plan Fort Ord Complex. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District.

HLA (Harding Lawson Associates). 1990b. Draft UST Management Plan Fort Ord Com- plex. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District.

Holland, R.F. 1986. Preliminary descriptions of the temestrial natural communities of Cali- fornia. Prepared for the Non-game Heritage Program, California Dept. of Fish and Game, Sacramento. 156 pp.

JMM (James M. Montgomery). 1990a. Fort Ord and Fort Hunter Liggett, California. Pre- liminary Assessment/Site Investigation. Drilling and Sampling Technical Report. Re- pared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. JMM, Walnut Creek, Califor- nia.

JMM (James M. Montgomery). 1990b. Personal Communication from JMM to EA regarding groundwater flow results, Fort Ord PA/SI. November.

xl- 3-32 JMM (James M. Montgomery). 1991. Fort Ord and Fort Hunter Liggett, Monterey County, PA/SI. Draft (January). Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. JNIM, Walnut Creek, California.

J&S (Jones & Stokes Associates). 1989. Environmental assessment: Fort Ord ammunition supply point relocation (preliminary draft). Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engi- neers (Sacramento District) and the Directorate of Engineering and Housing, Fort Oral.

Littlefield, M. 1990. Wildlife biologist and Endangered Species Act compliance officer, Directorate of Facilities Engineering, Fort Oral. Personal communication.

Massera, J. 1990. Agronomist and land management specialist, Directorate of Facilities Engineering, Fort Oral. Personal communication.

Massera, J. 1991. Agronomist and land management specialist, Directorate of Facilities — Engineering, Fort Oral. Personal communication.

Mayer, K.E. and W.F. Laudenslayer (eds.). 1988. A guide to wildlife habitats in California. California Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection, Sacramento. Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service, California Dept. of Fish and Game, and Pacific Gas and Electric Co. 166 pp.

Monterey County Planning Department. 1984. Greater Monterey Peninsula Area Plan (a Part of the Monterey County General Plan), Prepared for Monterey County, Monterey, Cali- fornia.

NDDB (Natural Diversity Data Base). 1990a. Data base output for the USGS Marina, Sea- side, Salinas, and Spreckels 7.5-minute quadrangles. Unpublished computer printout. Non-game Heritage Program, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento.

NDDB (Natural Diversity Data Base). 1990b. Special animals (April 1990 edition). Unpub- lished list, Non-game Heritage Program, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento.

NOAA (U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 1990. Draft Environmen- tal Impact Statement and Management Plan for the Proposed Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, Marine and Estuarine Management Division, Washington, D.C. 440 pp.

Office of the Post Engineer, Fort Oral. Unpublished. Endemic plant presentation areas. Drawing D578, dated 18 November 1969. Scale 1:25,000.

SGD (Staal, Gardner & Dunne, Inc.). 1990. Hydrogeologic Update, Seaside Coastal Groundwater Basins, Monterey County, California. SGD, Ventura, California

SGD (Staal, Gardner & Dunne, Inc.). 1987. Fort Ord Monitoring Well Project, Monterey County, California. July. SGD, Ventura, California.

Showalter, P., J.P. Akers, and L.A. Swain. 1984. Design of a Ground-Water-Quality Moni- toring Network for the Salinas River Basin, California. Water-Resources Investigations Rep. 83-4049. Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado.

Znu3 3-33 Smith, J.P. and K. Berg. 1988. Invento~ of rare and endangered vascular plants of Califor- nia. (4th cd.) Special Publ. 1. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento.

Stone, R.D. 1990. California’s endemic vernal pool plants: some factors influencing their rarity and endangerment. ~Vernal Pool Plants: Their Habitat and Biology (D.H. Ikeda . and R.A. Schlising, eds.), pp. 89-107. Studies from the Herbarium No. 8, California State University, Chico.

— Thomas Reid Associates. 1987. Smith’s blue butterfly at Sand City. Unpublished consultant repom 26 pp.

Weston (Roy F. Weston, Inc). 1990. Task Order II - enhanced Preliminary Assessment for Fort Oral. Prepared for U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency. Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland.

White, R.R. Unpublished. Field notes dated July 2 and July 3, 1987. Department of Conser- vation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

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3-34