II. Functions and Organization of the

A. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

The General Assembly is the only one of the The Charter, however, recognizes the special six principal organs of the United Nations which responsibilities of the Security Council as the consists of all the Members of the United Nations. organ of the United Nations entrusted with the It is essentially a deliberative, supervisory and re- primary responsibility for the maintenance of viewing organ.1 international peace and security. Thus, Article 12, In broad terms, the Charter states that the Gen- paragraph 1, of the Charter provides that while eral Assembly may discuss any questions or any the Security Council is exercising in respect of matters within the scope of the Charter or relating any dispute or situation the functions assigned to to the powers and functions of any organs of the it in the Charter, the General Assembly is not to United Nations, and, subject to the provisions of make any recommendations with regard to that Article 12, paragraph 1, (see 1. a, below) it may dispute or situation unless requested by the Coun- make recommendations to the Members of the cil to do so. United Nations or to the Security Council, or to The General Assembly may, in accordance with both, on any such questions or matters. The As- Article 11 of the Charter, discuss any questions sembly receives and considers annual and special relating to the maintenance of international peace reports from the Security Council, including an and security brought before it by any Member of account of the measures that the Council had de- the United Nations or by the Security Council, or cided upon, or taken, to maintain international by a State which is not a Member of the United peace and security. The Assembly also receives Nations and which is a party to a dispute, if that and considers reports from other organs of the State accepts in advance the obligations of pacific United Nations. settlement provided for in the Charter. Subject to the provisions of Article 12, paragraph 1, it may make recommendations to the State or States con- 1. Functions and Powers cerned or to the Security Council on such ques- The functions and powers of the General As- tions. Any such question on which action is neces- sembly fall into the following main categories: sary is to be referred to the Security Council by maintenance of international peace and security; the General Assembly either before or after dis- promotion of international political, economic and cussion. social co-operation; operation of the International Subject also to Article 12, paragraph 1, the Trusteeship System and consideration of informa- General Assembly may recommend measures for tion on Non-Self-Governing Territories not placed the peaceful adjustment of any situation, regard- under the System; organizational, administrative less of origin, which it deems likely to impair the and budgetary functions. general welfare or friendly relations among na- tions, including situations resulting from viola- a. MAINTENANCE OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE tions of the Purposes and Principles of the United AND SECURITY Nations. The General Assembly may consider the general In its resolution adopted on 3 November 1950 2 principles of co-operation in the maintenance of under the title "Uniting for Peace," the General international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regula- 1 The Charter provisions with respect to the General Assembly are contained in Ch. IV, Arts. 9-22, and tion of armaments, and may make recommenda- Arts. 1, 2, 4-7, 23, 24, 35, 60-64, 66, 85-88, 93, tions with regard to such principles to the Mem- 96-98, 101, 105, 108 and 109. Arts. 4, 7-15, 32, 33 bers of the United Nations or to the Security and 69 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice also contain provisions relating to the Assembly. Council, or to both. 2 See pp. 193-95. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 13

Assembly decided that if the Security Council, be- fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as cause of lack of unanimity of the permanent mem- to race, sex, language or religion. bers, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for The functions and powers of the United Na- the maintenance of international peace and secu- tions with respect to international economic and rity in any case where there appears to be a threat social co-operation are vested in the General As- to the peace, a breach of the peace or an act of sembly and, under the Assembly's authority, in the 3 aggression, the Assembly is to consider the matter Economic and Social Council. immediately with a view to making recommenda- tions to Members. These recommendations may c. OPERATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL include in the case of a breach of the peace or act TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM of aggression the use of armed force, when neces- The functions and powers of the United Na- sary, to maintain or restore international peace tions with regard to territories not designated as and security. The Assembly may meet for this pur- strategic4 that are placed under the International pose in emergency special session at the request Trusteeship System, including the approval of the of the Security Council, adopted by a vote of any terms of Trusteeship Agreements and of their seven members, or at the request of a majority of alteration or amendment, are exercised by the the Members of the United Nations. General Assembly; the Trusteeship Council, oper- The Assembly at the same time established a ating under the authority of the General Assembly, Peace Observation Commission to observe and re- assists the General Assembly in carrying out these port on the situation in any area where there exists functions.5 international tension the continuance of which is likely to endanger international peace and secu- d. INFORMATION ON NON-SELF-GOVERNING rity. The Assembly also recommended that each TERRITORIES Member of the United Nations maintain within its national forces elements so trained, organized Members of the United Nations which are re- and equipped that they can promptly be made sponsible for the administration of Non-Self- available in accordance with its constitutional pro- Governing Territories not placed under the cesses for service as United Nations units on International Trusteeship System have undertaken, recommendation of the Security Council or the under Article 73 e of the Charter, to transmit to Assembly. the Secretary-General statistical and other tech- nical information relating to economic, social and The General Assembly may call the attention educational conditions in these Territories. The of the Security Council to situations which are General Assembly considers the Secretary-Gen- likely to endanger international peace and secu- eral's summaries and analyses of this information, rity. and is assisted in this consideration by a special The Secretary-General, with the consent of the committee established by it for the purpose.6 Security Council, notifies the General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the main- e. ORGANIZATIONAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND tenance of international peace and security which BUDGETARY FUNCTIONS are being dealt with by the Security Council, and similarly notifies the General Assembly, or the The General Assembly elects the non-perma- Members of the United Nations if the General nent members of the Security Council, the mem- Assembly is not in session, immediately the Secu- bers of the Economic and Social Council, and such rity Council ceases to deal with such matters. members of the Trusteeship Council as may be necessary to ensure that its membership is equally b. PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL divided between Members of the United Nations POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL which administer Trust Territories and Members CO-OPERATION which do not. The General Assembly and the Security Council, voting independently, elect the The General Assembly initiates studies and makes recommendations for the purpose of: members of the International Court of Justice.

(1) Promoting international co-operation in the 3 See p. 57. political field and encouraging the progressive develop- 4 The functions of the United Nations relating to ment of international law and its codification; strategic area Trust Territories are exercised by the (2) Promoting international co-operation in the Security Council; see pp. 46-47. economic, social, cultural, educational and health fields, 5 See p. 105. and assisting in the realization of human rights and 6 See pp. 100-101. 14 Yearbook of the United Nations

Upon the recommendation of the Security of the Members present and voting. These ques- Council, the General Assembly appoints the tions include: recommendations with respect to Secretary-General of the United Nations. The the maintenance of international peace and secu- Secretary-General makes an annual report to the rity; the election of the non-permanent members General Assembly on the work of the United of the Security Council, the members of the Eco- Nations. He appoints the staff of the Secretariat nomic and Social Council and the elective mem- in accordance with regulations established by the bers of the Trusteeship Council; the admission of General Assembly. new Members to the United Nations; the sus- The General Assembly considers and approves pension of the rights and privileges of member- the budget of the United Nations. It decides on ship; the expulsion of Members; questions relating the proportion of the budget to be paid by each to the operation of the Trusteeship System; and Member. The Assembly considers and approves budgetary questions. Decisions on other questions, any financial and budgetary arrangements with including the determination of additional cate- specialized agencies and examines the administra- gories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds tive budget of such agencies with a view to mak- majority, are made by a majority of the Members ing recommendations to them. present and voting. Upon the recommendation, of the Security A Member of the United Nations which is in Council, the General Assembly may admit any arrears in the payment of its financial contribu- State to membership in the United Nations; sus- tions to the United Nations has no vote in the pend the exercise of the rights and privileges of General Assembly if the amount of its arrears membership by any Member against which pre- equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions ventive or enforcement action has been taken by due from it for the preceding two full years. The the Security Council; and expel from the United General Assembly may, nevertheless, permit such Nations any Member which has persistently vio- a Member to vote if it is satisfied that the failure lated the Principles of the Charter. to pay is due to conditions beyond the control of The General Assembly, upon the recommenda- the Member. tion of the Security Council, determines the con- The General Assembly meets in regular annual ditions on which a State which is not a Member of sessions, commencing as a rule on the third Tues- the United Nations may become a party to the day in September. Special sessions may be con- Statute of the International Court of Justice. The voked by the Secretary-General at the request of General Assembly may request the International the Security Council or of a majority of the Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on Members of the United Nations, or they may be any legal question, and it may authorize the other called at the request of one Member if agreed to organs of the United Nations, as well as the spe- by a majority of the Members. Emergency sessions cialized agencies, to request advisory opinions of may be called at the request of the Security Coun- the Court on legal questions arising within the cil, on a vote of any seven members, or at the scope of their activities. request of a majority of Members of the United Any amendment to the Charter comes into Nations. force when it is adopted by a two-thirds vote of The General Assembly adopts its own rules of the General Assembly or of a General Conference procedure. It may establish such subsidiary organs called to amend the Charter, and is ratified by two as it deems necessary for the performance of its thirds of the Members of the United Nations in- functions. cluding all the permanent members of the Secu- rity Council. 3. Structure The rules of procedure of the General Assem- 2. Voting and Procedure bly define its organizational structure, which can be outlined as follows. The voting and procedure of the General At each session, the General Assembly elects a Assembly are defined in the Charter as follows: President and seven Vice-Presidents, who hold Each Member of the United Nations may send office until the close of the session at which they up to five representatives to the General Assembly, are elected. If the President finds it necessary to but each Member has only one vote. be absent during a meeting or any part thereof, Decisions of the General Assembly on impor- he invites one of the Vice-Presidents to take his tant questions are made by a two-thirds majority place. If the President is unable to perform his GENERAL ASSEMBLY 16 Yearbook of the United Nations functions, a new President is elected for the unex- international and national measures to achieve full pired term. employment and economic stability, and problems There are four types of subsidiary bodies of the of the economic development of under-developed General Assembly: countries, such as technical assistance and financ- (1) Main Committees ing. (2) Procedural Committees The Third Committee considers the social, hu- (3) Standing Committees manitarian and cultural aspects of the work of (4) Other subsidiary bodies the General Assembly, of the Economic and Social The Committees under the first three headings are Council and of the specialized agencies. It con- provided for in the Assembly's rules of procedure. siders any other social, humanitarian, cultural, edu- cational, health and related matters within the a. MAIN COMMITTEES scope of the Charter or relating to the powers There are six Main Committees: and functions of any of the organs of the United First Committee—Political and Security (including Nations. the regulation of armaments) The Fourth Committee considers matters relat- Second Committee—Economic and Financial ing to the International Trusteeship System and to Third Committee—Social, Humanitarian and Cul- Non-Self-Governing Territories. tural The Fifth Committee considers matters pertain- Fourth Committee—Trusteeship (including Non-Self- Governing Territories) ing to the budget of the United Nations, the con- Fifth Committee—Administrative and Budgetary tributions of Members, and financial and bud- Sixth Committee—Legal getary arrangements with the specialized agencies. It also considers administrative questions and mat- These Main Committees correspond to the ma- ters relating to the organization of the Secretariat. jor fields of responsibility of the General Assem- bly. They consider agenda items referred to them The Sixth Committee considers legal and con- by the Assembly, and prepare recommendations stitutional questions, such as the registration of and draft resolutions for submission to the Assem- treaties, privileges and immunities of the United bly in plenary meeting. Committees cannot intro- Nations, questions affecting the International duce new items on their own initiative, but items Court of Justice, and, on occasion, the legal and may be disposed of by the Assembly without prior constitutional aspects of questions referred to reference to a Committee. All Members of the other committees. It also concerns itself with the United Nations have the right to be represented progressive development of international law and in each of these Committees. Each Committee its codification. elects its own officers. Decisions are made by a ma- b. PROCEDURAL COMMITTEES7 jority of the Members present and voting, a major- ity of the Committee constituting a quorum. There are two Procedural Committees: a Gen- The First Committee considers, inter alia, the eral Committee and a Credentials Committee. admission, suspension and expulsion of Members; The General Committee consists of fourteen any political and security matters within the scope members, no two of whom may be members of of the Charter; the general principles of co- the same delegation, and is so constituted as to operation in the maintenance of international ensure its representative character. It comprises peace and security and the principles governing the President of the General Assembly, who pre- disarmament and the regulation of armaments; the sides, the seven Vice-Presidents and the Chairmen promotion of international co-operation in the po- of the six Main Committees. The General Com- litical field and the peaceful adjustment of situa- mittee studies the provisional agenda and the tions likely to impair the general welfare and supplementary list, considers requests for the in- friendly relations among nations. clusion of additional items in the agenda, and The Second Committee concerns itself with the reports to the General Assembly. It assists the economic and financial aspects of the work of the President of the General Assembly in drawing up General Assembly, of the Economic and Social the agenda for plenary meetings, in determining Council and of the specialized agencies, and any the priority of agenda items, and in co-ordinating other economic and financial matters within the the proceedings of the committees. It also assists scope of the Charter. It considers the promotion of the President in the general conduct of the work international co-operation in the economic field, 7 including questions of higher standards of living, For members of these committees, see pp. 24-25. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 17 of the General Assembly which falls within his d. OTHER SUBSIDIARY BODIES competence. It may not, however, decide any po- litical question. It may also make recommenda- Under its rules of procedure, the Assembly may tions to the Assembly concerning the closing date also establish such ad hoc committees and other of the session. subsidiary bodies as it deems necessary for the The Credentials Committee, which consists of performance of its functions. nine members, is appointed at the beginning of During its fifth session (1950), the Assembly each session by the General Assembly on the pro- established the following ad hoc committees to posal of the President. The Committee examines assist it in the course of the session: and reports on the credentials of representatives. Ad Hoc Political Committee Any representative to whose admission a Mem- Joint Second and Third Committee ber has objected is seated provisionally with the Joint Second and Third Committee and Fifth Com- same rights as other representatives until the mittee meeting jointly Credentials Committee has reported and the Gen- The Committees had the same membership and eral Assembly has given its decision. general terms of reference as the Main Commit-

8 tees. The Ad Hoc Political Committee considered c. STANDING COMMITTEES political and security items referred to it by the Two Standing Committees have been estab- Assembly, and the Joint Second and Third Com- lished, in accordance with the General Assembly's mittee matters having both economic and social rules of procedure, to deal with continuing prob- aspects: the organization and operation of the lems during and between its regular sessions. They Economic and Social Council and its commissions are the Advisory Committee on Administrative and the relief and rehabilitation of Korea. Joint and Budgetary Questions and the Committee on meetings of the Fifth Committee and of the Joint Contributions. Second and Third Committee were held to con- The Advisory Committee on Administrative and sider questions concerning relations with the spe- Budgetary Questions examines and reports on the cialized agencies. budget and accounts of the United Nations, and Other subsidiary bodies9 as established by the advises the General Assembly on other administra- end of 1950 include the following: tive and financial matters referred to it. It con- sists of nine members, including at least two (1) Interim Committee of the General Assembly recognized financial experts. The members of the Each Member of the General Assembly has the Committee are appointed on the basis of broad right to be represented on the Interim Commit- geographical representation, personal qualifications tee. Originally established during the second ses- and experience; they serve for three years. The sion and re-established for another experimental members of the Committee retire by rotation and year during the third session, the Interim Com- are eligible for re-appointment. The two financial mittee was re-established by the General Assembly experts do not retire simultaneously. at its fourth regular session for an indefinite period The Committee on Contributions advises the as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly. General Assembly concerning all questions relat- It meets as and when it deems necessary, pro- ing to the apportionment of the expenses of the vided the General Assembly is not actually in United Nations among Members and on the action regular session. It assists the Assembly in the per- to be taken with regard to the application of formance of its functions by considering: Article 19 of the Charter, which deals with the (1) Any matters referred to it by or under the question of Members which are in arrears in the authority of the Assembly payment of their financial contributions to the (2) Any dispute or situation likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations, Organization. The Committee is also authorized which may be proposed for inclusion in the provisional by the General Assembly to recommend or advise agenda of the Assembly either by a Member or non- on the scale of contributions for a specialized agency if requested by that agency to do so. The 8 Committee consists of ten members who are se- For members of these committees, see Annex II, lected on the basis of broad geographical repre- p. 38. 9 For members of and representatives serving on these sentation, personal qualifications and experience; bodies during 1950, see Annex II, pp. 39-43. The Atomic they serve for three years. The members of the Energy Commission, though established by the General Committee retire by rotation and are eligible for Assembly in Jan. 1946, reports on all questions affecting peace and security to the Security Council. For details re-appointment. concerning it, see p. 49. 18 Yearbook of the United Nations member State, or brought before the Assembly by the The Commission may appoint sub-commissions Security Council, provided the Committee determines and utilize the services of observers to assist it in the matter to be important and requiring preliminary study the performance of its functions. (3) Questions relating to the general principles of (3) Collective Measures Committee co-operation in the maintenance of international peace The Committee consists of representatives of and security and to the promotion of international co-operation in the political field [Charter, Arts. 11, fourteen Member States designated by the Gen- par. 1, and 13, par. 1(a)] eral Assembly. (4) The question of recommending the calling of In consultation, with the Secretary-General and a special session of the Assembly, in connexion with such Member States as it finds appropriate, the any matter under discussion by the Committee Committee is to study and report to the General The Committee may conduct investigations and Assembly and the Security Council, by 1 Septem- appoint commissions of inquiry within the scope ber 1951, on methods which might be used to of its duties. An investigation or inquiry elsewhere maintain and strengthen international peace and than at the Headquarters of the United Nations security in accordance with the Purposes and is not conducted without the consent of the State Principles of the Charter, taking account of col- or States in whose territory it is to take place. lective self-defence and regional arrangements The Committee may also request advisory opin- (Charter, Arts. 51, 52). ions of the International Court of Justice on legal The Committee is to include in its report questions arising within the scope of its activities. measures taken by Member States to maintain The Committee may not, however, consider any within their national forces elements so trained, matter of which the Security Council is seized and organized and equipped that they could be made which the Council has not submitted to the As- available for prompt service as United Nations sembly. units upon recommendation by the Security Coun- The representatives of the following Members cil or the General Assembly. stated when the Committee was established that With the approval of the Committee, the Sec- they would not participate in its work, because retary-General is to appoint a panel of military they considered that the establishment of such a experts available to Member States requesting Committee was illegal and unconstitutional: the technical advice with regard to the organization, Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, the training and equipment of such elements. Ukrainian SSR, the USSR and Yugoslavia. (4) Committee of Twelve (Established by (2) Peace Observation Commission General Assembly Resolution 496(V)) The Commission is composed of representatives This Committee consists of representatives of of fourteen Member States designated by the the members of the Security Council on 1 Janu- General Assembly. ary 1951, and Canada. When called upon by the General Assembly, the It is to consider and report to the sixth session Interim Committee or the Security Council, the of the Assembly on ways and means of co- Commission is to observe and report on the situ- ordinating the work of the Atomic Energy Com- ation in any area where there exists international mission and the Commission for Conventional tension the continuance of which is likely to en- Armaments, and on the advisability of their func- danger the maintenance of international peace tions being merged and placed under a new and and security. consolidated disarmament commission. The General Assembly, or the Interim Com- (5) United Nations Commission for the mittee when the Assembly is not in session, may Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea utilize the Commission upon the invitation or with The Commission consists of the representatives the consent of the State into whose territory the of seven Member States designated by the General Commission would be sent, provided that the Assembly. Security Council is not exercising the functions assigned to it by the Charter with respect to the The Commission is to: matter in question. Decisions to use the Commis- (a) assume the functions previously exercised by the United Nations Commission on Korea; sion are to be made on the affirmative vote of (b) represent the United Nations in bringing about two thirds of the members present and voting. the establishment of a unified, independent and demo- The Security Council may also utilize the Com- cratic government of all Korea; mission in accordance with its authority under (c) recommend to the Agent-General of the United the Charter. Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency such policies Functions and Organization of the United Nations 19 concerning, the Agency's programme and activities as so far as they relate to the Commission's responsi- it considers necessary for the discharge of its responsi- bilities, and to be governed by the Commission's bilities under (b) above; advice in determining the geographical areas in (d) determine, after consultation with the Agent-Gen- eral, the geographical areas within which the Agency which the Agency operates and the authorities in is to operate; Korea with which he establishes relationships. He (e) designate the authorities in Korea with which is to ascertain, after consultation with the desig- the Agent-General may establish relationships, and ad- nated authorities in Korea, requirements for relief vise him on the nature of such relationships. and services, provide for their procurement, ship- The Commission is also authorized to take steps ping, distribution and utilization, and assist the to support the Agent-General in fulfilling his appropriate Korean authorities in taking the meas- tasks; to consider his reports to the General ures necessary for the rehabilitation of the Korean Assembly and transmit comments on them to the economy. The Agent-General reports to the Gen- Economic and Social Council and the Assembly; eral Assembly. and to call for information from him to assist in The Advisory Committee advises the Agent- its work. The Commission may consult with the General regarding financial, procurement, distribu- Agent-General and make recommendations to the tion and other economic problems relating to his Economic and Social Council regarding the pro- planning and operations. It meets on the call of visional programme for Korean relief and recon- the Agent-General, but not less than four times a struction, particularly its adequacy to meet the year. needs of Korea. (7) Group on Cease Fire in Korea The Commission was instructed to proceed to The Group on Cease Fire in Korea, consisting Korea as soon as possible and to report to the of the President of the General Assembly and two sixth regular session of the General Assembly and persons designated by him, was established on to any prior special session which might be called 14 December 1950 to determine the basis on to consider the problem of the independence of which a satisfactory cease-fire in Korea could be Korea. It is to submit such interim reports as it arranged and to make recommendations to the may deem appropriate to the Secretary-General General Assembly as soon as possible. for transmission to Members. (8) United Nations Conciliation Commission (6) United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency for Palestine The Reconstruction Agency, under the direc- The Conciliation Commission is composed of tion of a United Nations Agent-General, was representatives of three Member States elected by established to administer the relief and rehabilita- the General Assembly. tion programme of the United Nations in Korea. It was established to assume, inter alia, func- This programme is to be financed by voluntary tions originally given to the United Nations Medi- contributions from Member and non-member ator on Palestine and to carry out such additional Governments. Specialized agencies and non-gov- functions and directives as might be given to it ernmental organizations have also been asked to by either the General Assembly or the Security contribute facilities, advice and services. Council. The Agent-General is appointed by the Secre- Among the tasks assigned to the Commission tary-General. He is assisted by one or more depu- are those of taking steps to assist the Governments ties whom he is authorized to appoint in con- and authorities concerned to achieve a final settle- sultation with the Secretary-General, and by an ment of all questions outstanding between them, Advisory Committee consisting of representatives of seeking arrangements among them to facilitate of five Members of the United Nations designated the economic development of the area, and of by the General Assembly. facilitating the repatriation, resettlement and eco- The Agent-General is responsible to the Gen- nomic and social rehabilitation of the refugees. eral Assembly for the conduct of the relief and The Commission has been instructed to establish rehabilitation programme in accordance with poli- an office which, under its direction, is to make ar- cies established by the Assembly, having regard to rangements for the assessment and payment of general policy recommendations made by the compensation for property to refugees not choos- United Nations Commission for the Unification ing to return home, as well as for their repatria- and Rehabilitation of Korea. He is to consult with tion, resettlement and economic and social rehabil- and generally be guided by this Commission con- itation. This office is also to consult with the cerning the Agency's programme and activities in parties concerned regarding measures for the pro- 20 Yearbook of the United Nations tection of the rights, property and interests of the ments might be willing to contribute on a volun- refugees. tary basis towards: The Commission renders progress reports peri- (a) the programme for relief and works for the odically to the Secretary-General for transmission period ending 30 June 1951 for Palestine refugees and the programme of relief and reintegration projects for to the Security Council and to Member States. the year ending 30 June 1952; and (9) United Nations Relief and Works Agency for (b) the programme for the relief and rehabilitation Palestine Refugees in the Near East of Korea. The Agency is administered by a Director with (11) United Nations Special Committee the advice and assistance of an Advisory Com- on the Balkans mittee established by the Assembly. The Commit- The Special Committee is composed of repre- tee consists of representatives of four Members sentatives of nine Member States elected by the designated by the Assembly, and has power itself General Assembly. to add not more than three additional members Seats are being held open for representatives from contributing Governments. from Poland and the USSR. The representatives The Director is appointed by the Secretary- of these countries stated that they would not par- General in consultation with the Governments ticipate in the work of the Committee because represented in the Advisory Committee. they considered that the Assembly in establishing The United Nations Relief and Works Agency it had acted contrary to the principles of the Char- for Palestine Refugees in the Near East was es- ter, and that the Committee was unconstitutional. tablished to carry out, in collaboration with local The Special Committee on the Balkans observes governments, direct relief and works programmes the compliance by Albania, Bulgaria and Yugo- to aid Palestine refugees, as recommended by the slavia on the one hand and Greece on the other Economic Survey Mission for the Middle East. with the recommendation of the Assembly to co- It consults with the interested Near Eastern operate in the settlement of their disputes by Governments on measures to be taken by them peaceful means, and is available to assist the four preparatory to the time when international assist- Governments concerned in implementing the ance for relief and works projects is no longer Assembly's resolutions. It is also instructed to available. The Agency also consults with the observe and report on the response of Albania, United Nations Conciliation Commission for Pal- Bulgaria and the other States concerned to the estine with particular reference to its work in con- Assembly's injunction not to furnish aid to the nexion with refugees. guerrillas in fighting the Greek Government; The Director and the Advisory Committee to continue to utilize observation groups in its consult with each Near Eastern Government con- work; to verify the disarming and disposition of cerned in the selection, planning and execution of the Greek guerrillas who have entered Albania, projects. Bulgaria and Yugoslavia; and to be available to The Agency has been instructed by the Gen- facilitate the peaceful repatriation to Greece of eral Assembly to continue to furnish relief through all Greek guerrillas who desire to return and live June 1952 and to establish a reintegration fund, in accordance with the law of the land. to be utilized for projects requested by any Gov- The Committee is to report to the General ernment in the Near East and approved by the Assembly and may recommend to Members, if it Agency, for the permanent re-establishment of thinks this necessary for the maintenance of peace refugees and their removal from relief. It is and security, the calling of a special session of the authorized to transfer to reintegration projects Assembly. The Special Committee may also con- funds available for its current relief and works sult with the Interim Committee of the General programmes. Assembly regarding the performance of its func- tions in the light of developments. It may recom- (10) Negotiating Committee on Contributions to Programmes of Relief and Rehabilitation in Korea mend to the Interim Committee its own dissolu- and Relief and Reintegration of Palestine Refugees tion, and the Interim Committee may act on this The Negotiating Committee is composed of recommendation as it thinks proper. representatives of seven Member States elected by (12) Standing Committee on Repatriation the General Assembly. of Greek Children It was established to consult during the fifth The Standing Committee is composed of the session of the Assembly with Member and non- representatives of three Member States elected by member States as to the amounts which Govern- the General Assembly. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 21

Acting in consultation with the Secretary-Gen- experts appointed by the Secretary-General of the eral, the Standing Committee is to consult with United Nations. the representatives of the States concerned with a The Administering Power, in consultation with view to the early repatriation of Greek children. the Commissioner, is to prepare the organization The International Committee of the Red Cross of an Eritrean administration, induct Eritreans and the League of Red Cross Societies have been into all levels of the administration and make ar- invited to co-operate with the Committee. rangements for and convoke a representative (13) United Nations Commissioner in Libya; assembly of Eritreans chosen by the people. In United Nations Advisory Council for Libya consultation with the Administering Power, the The United Nations Commissioner in Libya, Government of Ethiopia and the inhabitants of appointed by the General Assembly, is advised by Eritrea, the Commissioner is to prepare a draft of a Council consisting of: the Eritrean Constitution to be submitted to the ( a ) One representative nominated by the Govern- Eritrean Assembly. The Constitution is to be based ment of each of the following countries: Egypt, , on the principles of democratic government. The Italy, , United Kingdom and ; (b) One representative of the people of each of the Commissioner is to advise and assist the Assembly three regions of Libya (Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and in its consideration of the Constitution and is to The Fezzan) and one representative of the minorities approve it before it takes effect. The transition in Libya, appointed by the United Nations Commissioner, period is not to extend beyond 15 September after consultation with the Administering Powers, the 1952; during this period the Eritrean Government representatives mentioned in paragraph (a) and leading personalities and representatives of political parties and is to be organized and the Eritrean Constitution organizations in the territories concerned. put into effect. The main function assigned by the General (16) Special Committee on the Representation Assembly to the United Nations Commissioner in of China Libya and the Council is to assist the people of the The Committee is composed of representatives country in the formulation of the constitution and of six Member States elected by the General the establishment of an independent Government Assembly. as soon as possible, and in any case not later than It is charged with considering the question of 1 January 1952. Chinese representation. The Commissioner, aided and guided by the (17) Office of the United Nations High advice of the Council for Libya, is to draw up a Commissioner for Refugees programme, in co-operation with the Administer- The United Nations High Commissioner for ing Powers, for the transfer of powers to the Refugees, elected by the General Assembly on the Provisional Government, elected by the National nomination of the Secretary-General, is to serve Assembly, of Libya. All powers are to be trans- for a term of three years from 1 January 1951. He ferred by the Administering Powers by 1 Janu- is to appoint for the same term a Deputy High ary 1952. Commissioner of a nationality other than his own. (14) United Nations Tribunal in Libya The High Commissioner is to provide inter- The Tribunal is to be composed of three per- national protection, under the auspices of the sons selected by the Secretary-General for their United Nations, to refugees falling within the legal qualifications from the nationals of three scope of the Statute of his Office. He is to seek different States not directly interested. permanent solutions for the problem of refugees The Tribunal, on request, is to give to the Ad- by assisting Governments, and, subject to the ministering Powers, the Libyan Government after approval of the Governments concerned, private its establishment, and the Italian Government such organizations, to facilitate the voluntary repatria- instructions as may be required to give effect to tion of such refugees, or their assimilation within the Assembly's resolution concerning economic new national communities. and financial provisions relating to Libya result- He acts under the authority of the General ing from the decision to establish an independent Assembly and receives policy directives from the Libyan State. It is also to decide all disputes con- Assembly and the Economic and Social Council. cerning the interpretation and application of this His work is to be of an entirely non-political, resolution. social and humanitarian character. (15) United Nations Commissioner for Eritrea He is to provide international protection to The United Nations Commissioner for Eritrea, refugees falling under the competence of his Office elected by the General Assembly, is assisted by by: 22 Yearbook of the United Nations

(a) promoting the conclusion and ratification of International Red Cross or, failing that, by the international conventions for the protection of refugees; Secretary-General. (b) promoting through special agreements with Gov- ernments the execution of any measures to improve the It is to seek a solution of the question of pris- situation of refugees and to reduce the number requir- oners of war in a purely humanitarian spirit and ing protection; on terms acceptable to all Governments concerned. (c) assisting governmental and private efforts to The Commission is also to examine and evaluate promote voluntary repatriation or assimilation within the information furnished by Governments, in the new national communities; light of the information made available to the (d) promoting the admission of refugees to the fifth session of the General Assembly. territories of States; (e) endeavouring to obtain permission for refugees In case the Commission considers that this in- to transfer their assets, especially those necessary for formation is inadequate or that prisoners of war their resettlement; in custody or control of any foreign Government (f) obtaining from Governments information con- have not been repatriated or otherwise accounted cerning the number and conditions of refugees in their for, it is to seek information from the Govern- territories and the laws and regulations concerning them; ments or authorities concerned regarding such ( g ) keeping in close touch with the Governments prisoners, and to assist all Governments or author- and inter-governmental organizations concerned; ities who so desire in arranging for and facili- (h) establishing contact with private organizations dealing with refugee questions; tating the repatriation of such prisoners. (i) facilitating the co-ordination of the efforts of The Ad Hoc Commission is authorized to use private organizations concerned with the welfare of the good offices of any qualified and impartial refugees. person or organization who might contribute to In the exercise of his functions the High Com- the repatriation or accounting for of such prison- missioner may request the opinion of an Advisory ers. It is to send a report as soon as practicable Committee. The Advisory Committee is to consist on its work to the Secretary-General for trans- of representatives of States Members and States mission to Member States. non-members, to be selected by the Economic and (20) United Nations Advisory Council Social Council on the basis of their interest in and for Somaliland devotion to the solution of the refugee problem. The United Nations Advisory Council for So- The High Commissioner is to report annually maliland is composed of three Member States on his activities to the General Assembly through elected by the General Assembly. the Economic and Social Council. The Advisory Council is to advise Italy as the The Office of the High Commissioner is lo- Administering Authority of Somaliland under the cated at . International Trusteeship System, on all measures envisaged for the inauguration, development and (18) Committee on the Draft Convention on Freedom of Information subsequent establishment of full self-government for the Territory. In particular it is to be consulted The Committee consists of the representatives of regarding plans for: the establishment and devel- fifteen countries elected by the General Assembly. opment of organs of self-government; economic The Committee was instructed to prepare a and financial development; educational develop- draft convention on freedom of Information, tak- ment; labour and social advancement; the transfer ing into account previous drafts and the observa- of the functions of government to a duly consti- tions of the Assembly's Third Committee on the tuted independent government of the Territory. subject. It was also requested to report on the It is also to be consulted on ordinances which the results of its work to the thirteenth session of the Administering Authority may make and promul- Economic and Social Council, submitting recom- gate in exceptional circumstances. mendations, in particular, regarding the advisabil- States Members of the Advisory Council, if ity of convening a conference of plenipotentiaries, they are not members of the Trusteeship Council, with a view to the framing and opening for signa- are entitled to participate without vote in the ture of a Convention on Freedom of Information. debates of the Trusteeship Council on any ques- (19) Ad Hoc Commission on the Question of tion relating to the Territory of Somaliland under Prisoners of War Italian Administration. The Ad Hoc Commission, established by the (The independence of Somaliland under Italian General Assembly, is to be composed of three Administration is to become effective at the end qualified and impartial persons chosen by the of ten years from the date of approval of the Functions and Organization of the United Nations 23

Trusteeship Agreement by the General Assembly The Tribunal is competent to hear and pass on 2 December 1950.) judgment upon applications alleging non-observ- (21) Ad Hoc Committee on South West Africa ance of contracts of employment of staff members The Committee consists of representatives of of the United Nations Secretariat or of their terms five Member States elected by the General Assem- of appointment. It is not competent, however, to bly. deal with any applications where the cause of com- plaint arose prior to 1 January 1950. It is to confer with the Union of South Africa concerning the procedural measures necessary for It is open to: implementing the advisory opinion of the Inter- ( a ) any staff member of the United Nations Secre- national Court of Justice regarding South West tariat even after his employment has ceased, and TC Africa. (The Court, among other things, stated: any person who has succeeded to the staff member's rights on his death; that the Union of South Africa continued to have (b) any other person who can show that he is international obligations under the League of Na- entitled to rights under any contract or terms of tions Mandate assumed on 17 December 1920 for appointment. South West Africa; that the functions of super- In the event of any dispute as to whether the vision over this territory should be exercised by Tribunal has competence, the matter is settled by the United Nations, to which annual reports and decision of the Tribunal. The judgments of the petitions from the inhabitants should be sub- Tribunal are final and without appeal. mitted; that the Union Government was not com- The competence of the Tribunal may be ex- petent to modify the international status of the tended to specialized agencies brought into rela- territory without the consent of the United tionship with the United Nations in accordance Nations.) with a special agreement to be made with each As an interim measure, and as far as possible agency by the Secretary-General of the United in accordance with the procedure of the former Nations. Each special agreement will provide that Mandates System, the Committee is to examine the the agency concerned be bound by the judgments report of the Union of South Africa on the ad- of the Tribunal and be responsible for the pay- ministration of the territory and petitions and ment of any compensation awarded by the Tri- other matters relating to the territory transmitted bunal in respect of a staff member of the agency. to the Secretary-General. The special agreement will also include, among It is to report to the sixth session of the Gen- other things, provisions concerning the agency's eral Assembly. participation in the administrative arrangements (22) Special Committee on Information for the functioning of the Tribunal and for shar- Transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter10 ing its expenses. (23) Board of Auditors (25) United Nations Staff Pennon Committee The Board of Auditors is composed of the Audi- The Staff Pension Committee is composed of tors-General (or officers holding equivalent title) three members elected by the General Assembly, of three Members of the United Nations. The three appointed by the Secretary-General and members of the Board are appointed by the Gen- three elected by the participants in the United eral Assembly for three years and retire by rota- Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund. Members are tion. They serve as external auditors of the ac- elected for three-year terms. counts of the United Nations and of the Inter- The Committee carries out the local administra- national Court of Justice. The Board submits to tion of the United Nations Staff Pension Fund in the General Assembly an annual report. accordance with the regulations established by (24) United Nations Administrative Tribunal General Assembly resolution 248(III) of 7 De- The Administrative Tribunal is composed of cember 1948, and participates in the Joint Staff seven members, no two of whom may be nationals Pension Board, which is composed of members of of the same State. Only three members sit in any the Staff Pension Committees of the United Na- particular case. The members of the Tribunal are tions and the specialized agencies and administers appointed by the General Assembly for three the Pension Fund in accordance with these regu- years. Of the members initially appointed, how- lations. ever, the terms of two members are to expire at the end of one year and the terms of two mem- 10 For details concerning this Committee, see under bers at the end of two years. Non-Self-Governing Territories, pp. 100-101. 24 Yearbook of the United Nations

(26) Investments Committee The following were the officers of the Assembly This Committee consists of three members ap- at its fifth session: pointed by the Secretary-General for three-year President terms after consultation with the Advisory Com- () mittee on Administrative and Budgetary Ques- 12 tions, and subject to the approval of the General Vice-Presidents Assembly. Members retire by rotation. AUSTRALIA UNITED KINGDOM CHINA UNITED STATES The Committee advises the Secretary-General FRANCE VENEZUELA with regard to the investment of the pension USSR funds and other trust and special funds under the control of the United Nations. The General GENERAL COMMITTEE: Assembly has also authorized the Committee to Chairman: The President of the General Assembly provide advice to a specialized agency, at its re- Members: The Vice-Presidents of the Assembly and quest, on the nature and extent of investment of the Chairmen of the six Main Committees its funds. FIRST (POLITICAL AND SECURITY) COMMITTEE: (27) Headquarters Advisory Committee Chairman: Roberto Urdaneta Arbelaez (Colombia) The Headquarters Advisory Committee is com- Vice-Chairman: Fernand van Langenhove (Belgium) posed of representatives of sixteen Member States Rapporteur: Thor Thors (Iceland) elected by the General Assembly. The Advisory Committee assists and advises the SECOND (ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL) COMMITTEE: Secretary-General in making necessary arrange- Chairman: Gustavo Gutiérrez (Cuba) ments for the establishment of the permanent Vice-Chairman: V. V. Skorobogaty (Byelorussian SSR) headquarters of the United Nations in New York Rapporteur: J. Vilfan (Yugoslavia) City. (28) International Law Commission THIRD (SOCIAL, HUMANITARIAN AND CULTURAL) The International Law Commission is composed COMMITTEE: of fifteen persons of recognized competence in Chairman: G. J. van Heuven Goedhart (Nether- international law and representing as a whole the lands) main forms of civilization and the principal legal Vice-Chairman: A. S. Bokhari (Pakistan) systems of the world. Its members are elected by Rapporteur: R. Noriega (Mexico) the General Assembly for terms of three years and are eligible for re-election.11 FOURTH (TRUSTEESHIP) COMMITTEE: The Commission has for its object the promo- Chairman: Prince (Thailand) Vice-Chairman: Ahmed M. Farrag (Egypt) tion of the progressive development of interna- Rapporteur: Peter Anker () tional law and its codification. It is primarily concerned with public international law but is not FIFTH (ADMINISTRATIVE AND BUDGETARY) COMMIT- precluded from entering the field of private inter- TEE: national law. Chairman: Lt. General His Highness Maharaja Jam Shri Digvijayasinhji (India) (29) Committee on International Criminal Jurisdiction Vice-Chairman: Aleksander Krajewski (Poland) The Committee is composed of the representa- Rapporteur: B. G. Fourie (Union of South Africa) tives of seventeen Members elected by the Gen- eral Assembly. SIXTH (LEGAL) COMMITTEE: Chairman: Vladimir Outrata (Czechoslovakia) The Committee was established to meet in Vice-Chairman: Jacob Robinson (Israel) Geneva on 1 August 1951 in order to prepare one Rapporteur: Adnan Kural () or more preliminary draft conventions and pro- posals relating to the establishment and the statute 11 On 10 Dec. 1950, the General Assembly, noting that of an international criminal court. the three-year term of office of the present members of the Commission was insufficient to enable the Com- mission to complete its current work, decided, without 4. Session and Officers prejudice to any modification in the Commission's Statute, to extend the term of office of the present The fifth regular session of the General Assem- members for two years, making a total period of five years from their election in 1948. bly opened on 19 September 1950 at New York. 12 The heads of the respective delegations fill these It was still in session at the end of the year. posts. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 25

Ad Hoc POLITICAL COMMITTEE: Chairman: Victor A. Belaúnde (Peru) China ...... 282 25 Sept. Colombia ...... 285 26 Sept. Vice-Chairman: Alexis Kyrou (Greece) Cuba ...... 282 25 Sept. Rapporteur: Salvador P. López (Philippines) Czechoslovakia ...... 285 26 Sept. JOINT SECOND AND THIRD COMMITTEE: Dominican Republic ...... 282 25 Sept. Ecuador ...... 286 27 Sept. Chairman: Gustavo Gutiérrez (Cuba) Egypt ...... 288 28 Sept. Rapporteur: Mrs. D. B. Sinclair (Canada) ...... 283 25 Sept. CREDENTIALS COMMITTEE: Ethiopia ...... 289 28 Sept. France ...... 286 27 Sept. Representatives of Belgium (Chairman), Chile, India, Greece ...... 280 21 Sept. Mexico, Thailand, Turkey, USSR, United Kingdom Guatemala ...... 280 21 Sept. and United States Honduras ...... 280 21 Sept. India ...... 286 27 Sept. ...... 280 21 Sept. 5. Participants in the General Debate Israel ...... 286 27 Sept. Lebanon ...... 288 28 Sept. Liberia ...... 287 27 Sept. Representatives of the following 44 Member New Zealand ...... 280 21 Sept. States participated in the initial general debate at Netherlands ...... 281 23 Sept. the General Assembly's fifth session. The debate Norway ...... 287 27 Sept. began at the 279th plenary meeting on 20 Sep- Pakistan ...... 283 25 Sept. tember and ended with a brief address by the Panama ...... 288 28 Sept. Peru ...... 279 20 Sept. Secretary-General at the 289th plenary meeting on Philippines ...... 283 25 Sept. 28 September. Poland ...... 287 27 Sept. Sweden ...... 285 26 Sept. Country Meeting Date Turkey ...... 283 25 Sept. Argentina ...... 288 28 Sept. Ukrainian SSR ...... 288 28 Sept. Australia ...... 280 21 Sept. Union of South Africa ...... 282 25 Sept. Belgium ...... 281 23 Sept. USSR ...... 279 20 Sept. Bolivia ...... 283 25Sept. United Kingdom ...... 283 25 Sept. Brazil ...... 279 20 Sept. United States ...... 279 20 Sept. Byelorussian SSR ...... 287 27 Sept. Uruguay ...... 288 28 Sept. Canada ...... 287 27 Sept. Venezuela ...... 286 27 Sept. Chile ...... 281 23 Sept. Yugoslavia ...... 282 25 Sept.

6. Matters Considered by the General Assembly at Its Fifth Regular Session Agenda Item13 Discussion and Action Taken 1. Opening of the session by the Chairman of the Plenary meeting 277 delegation of the Philippines 2. Minute of silent prayer or meditation Plenary meeting 277 3. Appointment of a Credentials Committee Plenary meeting 277 4. Election of the President Plenary meeting 277 5. Constitution of the Main Committees and election First Committee meetings 345, 346. Second Committee of officers meetings 117, 118. Joint Second and Third Committee meetings 45, 48. Third Committee meetings 270, 271. Fourth Committee meetings 143, 144. Fifth Committee meetings 236, 237, 253. Sixth Committee meetings 212, 213. Ad Hoc Political Committee meeting 1 6. Election of Vice-Presidents Plenary meeting 278 7. Notification by the Secretary-General under Article 12, paragraph 2, of the Charter 8. Adoption of the agenda General Committee meetings 69-74. Plenary meetings 284, 285, 294, 319 9. Opening of the general debate Plenary meetings 279-283, 285-289 10. Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization 11. Report of the Security Council Ad Hoc Political Committee meeting 78. Plenary meeting 325. Resolution 397(V)

13 For consideration of items by the General Assembly, see under substantive headings, Chapters III-VI. 26 Yearbook of the United Nations

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 12. Report of the Economic and Social Council Joint Second and Third Committee meetings 45-52, 55, 56. Second Committee meeting 144. Third Committee meetings 276—278. Fifth Committee meetings 248, 253-255, 260-262. Plenary meetings 314, 320, 325. Resolutions 409(V), 411(V)-416(V), 419(V), 420(V) 13. Report of the Trusteeship Council Fourth Committee meetings 144-173, 181. Plenary meeting 316. Resolutions 451(V)-441(V) 14. Election of three non-permanent members of the Plenary meetings 290, 291, 294 Security Council 15. Election of six members of the Economic and Social Plenary meeting 291 Council 16. Election of two members of the Trusteeship Council Plenary meeting 291 17. Appointment of the Secretary-General of the United Plenary meetings 296-298. Resolution 492(V) Nations 18. Installation of the Assistant. Secretary-General in Plenary meeting 305 charge of Conference and General Services 19. Admission of new Members to the United Nations, Plenary meetings 289, 314, 318. Resolutions 491 (V), including the advisory opinion of the International 495(V) Court of Justice 20. Palestine: Ad Hoc Political Committee meetings 31-36, 57, 61-81. (a) Question of an international regime for the Fifth Committee meetings 262, 268, 278, 282, 283. Jerusalem area and protection of the Holy Places; Plenary meetings 315, 325, 326. Resolutions 393(V), special report of the Trusteeship Council 394(7) (b) Assistance to Palestine refugees: report of the Director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (c) Repatriation of Palestine refugees and pay- ment of compensation due to them; implementa- tion of General Assembly resolutions regarding this question (d) Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine 21. Former Italian colonies: Ad Hoc Political Committee meetings 7-17, 37-40, (a) Report of the United Nations Special Com- 48-56, 64, 81, 82. Fourth Committee meetings 172- in Libya 180, 186. Fifth Committee meetings 259, 261, 270, (b) Reports of the Administering Powers in 274.. Plenary meetings 305-307, 315, 316, 325, 326. Libya Resolutions 387(V)-390(V), 392(V), 442(V) (c) Draft Trusteeship Agreement for the Terri- tory of Somaliland under Italian Administration: special report of the Trusteeship Council (d) Report of the United Nations Commission for Eritrea (e) Report of the Interim Committee of the General Assembly on the report of the United Nations Commission for Eritrea (f) Report of the Interim Committee of the General Assembly on the procedure to be adopted to delimit the boundaries of the former Italian colonies in so far as they are not already fixed by international agreement 22. Threats to the political independence and territorial General Committee meeting 69. First Committee meet- integrity of Greece: ings 392-398. Fifth Committee meeting 270. Plenary (a) Report of the United Nations Special Com- meeting 313. Resolution 382(7) mittee on the Balkans (b) Repatriation of Greek children: report of the Secretary-General 23. Threats to the political independence and territorial General Committee meeting 69. First Committee meet- integrity of China and to the peace of the Far East, ings 400-404. Plenary meeting 314. Resolution 383- resulting from Soviet violations of the Sino-Soviet (V) Treaty of Friendship and Alliance of 14 August 1945 and from Soviet violations of the Charter of the United Nations: report of the Interim Com- mittee of the General Assembly Functions and Organization of the United Nations 27

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 24. The problem of the independence of Korea: report First Committee meetings 346-353. Joint Second and of the United Nations Commission on Korea (Plans Third Committee meetings 52-54, 56. Fifth Commit- for the relief and rehabilitation of Korea: report of tee meetings 242, 264, 268, 275. Plenary meetings the Economic and Social Council) 292-294, 314. Resolutions 376(V), 410(V) 25. Observance in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania of General Committee meeting 69. Ad Hoc Political Com- human rights and fundamental freedoms: advisory mittee meetings 2-6. Plenary meetings 302, 303. opinion of the International Court of Justice Resolution 385(V) 26. International control of atomic energy Plenary meetings 321-323. Resolution 496(V) 27. Action to achieve and maintain full employment Second Committee meetings 137-144. Fifth Committee and economic stability: report of the Economic and meeting 278. Plenary meeting 320. Resolutions 405- Social Council (V)-408(V) 28. Economic development of under-developed coun- Second Committee meetings 119-135. Plenary meeting tries: report of the Economic and Social Council 312. Resolutions 399(V)-404(V) 29. Co-ordination between the United Nations and the Joint Second and Third Committee meetings 48-51. specialized agencies: Fifth Committee meetings 253-255, 260. Plenary (a) Agreements between the United Nations meeting 314. Resolutions 411(V)-414(V) and the specialized agencies: report of the Eco- nomic and Social Council (b) Concentration of effort and resources: report of the Economic and Social Council (c) Administrative budgets of the specialized agencies: report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (d) Administrative and budgetary co-ordination between the United Nations and the specialized agencies: report of the Secretary-General 30. Freedom of information: General Committee meeting 69. Third Committee meet- (a) Draft Convention on Freedom of Informa- ings 317-324. Fifth Committee meeting 278. Plenary tion: report of the Economic and Social Council meeting 325. Resolutions 424(V)-426(V) (b) Interference with radio signals (Economic and Social Council resolution 306 B (XI) (c) Question of the freedom of information and of the Press in times of emergency (Economic and Social Council resolution 306 C (XI) 31. Advisory social welfare services: report of the Eco- Third Committee meetings 272-275. Fifth Committee nomic and Social Council meetings 248, 263. Plenary meeting 314. Resolution 418(V) 32. Refugees and stateless persons: Third Committee meetings 324-332, 334-338, 341, (a) Provisions for the functioning of the High 344. Fifth Committee meetings 278, 282. Plenary Commissioner's Office for Refugees: draft resolu- meeting 325. Resolutions 428(V)-430(V) tion proposed by the Economic and Social Coun- cil (b) Definition of the term "refugee" to be ap- plied by the High Commissioner for refugees: recommendations of the Economic and Social Council (c) Problems of assistance to refugees: memor- andum from the General Council of the Inter- national Refugee Organization of 20 October 1949 (d) Draft Convention relating to the status of refugees (e) Election of the High Commissioner for Refugees 33. Administrative unions affecting Trust Territories: Fourth Committee meetings 198, 199. Plenary meeting report of the Trusteeship Council 320. Resolution 443(V) 34. Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories: Fourth Committee meetings 180-191, 198. Plenary (a) Summary and analysis of information trans- meeting 320. Resolutions 444(V)-448(V) mitted under Article 73 e of the Charter: report of the Secretary-General (b) Information transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter: report of the Special Committee (c) Election of two members of the Special Committee 28 Yearbook of the United Nations

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 35. Question of South West Africa: advisory opinion Fourth Committee meetings 190-199. Fifth Committee of the International Court of Justice meeting 278. Plenary meetings 320-322. Resolution 449(V) 36. Headquarters of the United Nations: report of the Fifth Committee meeting 264. Plenary meeting 320. Secretary-General Resolution 461(V) 37. Financial, reports and accounts, and reports of the Fifth Committee meeting 237. Plenary meeting 302. Board of Auditors: Resolutions 450(V)-4)2(V) (a) United Nations, for the financial year ended 31 December 1949 (b) United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, for the financial year ended 31 December 1949 (c) United Nations Relief for Palestine Ref- ugees, for the period 1 December 1948 to 30 April 1950 38. Status of budgetary authorizations for the financial Fifth Committee meetings 263, 275. Plenary meeting year 1950: 324. Resolutions 457(V), 468(V) (a) Statement of 1950 budget expenses to 30 June 1950 (b) Advances from the Working Capital Fund: report of the Secretary-General (c) Unforeseen and extraordinary expenses for 1950: report of the Secretary-General (d) Supplementary estimates for 1950: report of the Secretary-General 39. Budget estimates for the financial year 1951: Fifth Committee meetings 238-252, 256, 258 259, (a) Budget estimates prepared by the Secretary- 263-265, 267, 269-271, 275-282. Plenary meetings General 305, 314, 326. Resolutions 458(V), 470(V) (b) Salary, allowance and leave system of the United Nations; report of the Secretary-General (c) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Ad- ministrative and Budgetary Questions 40. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the Fifth Committee meetings 271-274, 276, 279. Plenary expenses of the United Nations: report of the meeting 324. Resolution 462(V) Committee on Contributions 41. Permanent Financial Regulations of the United Fifth Committee meeting 257. Plenary meeting 305. Nations: report of the Secretary-General Resolution 456(V) 42. Permanent Staff Regulations of the United Nations: Fifth Committee meeting 282. Plenary meeting 326. report of the Secretary-General Resolution 469(V) 43. Appointments to fill vacancies in the membership Fifth Committee meetings 273, 275, 276. Plenary meet- of subsidiary bodies of the General Assembly: ing 324. Resolutions 463(V)-467(V) (a) Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (b) Committee on Contributions (c) Board of Auditors (d) Investments Committee: confirmation of the appointment made by the Secretary-General (e) United Nations Administrative Tribunal 44. United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund: annual Fifth Committee meetings 237, 252. Plenary meeting report of the United Nations Staff Pension Com- 302. Resolution 453(V) mittee 45. Expenses of the Permanent Central Opium Board. Fifth Committee meeting 258. Plenary meeting 305. Assessment of non-members of the United Nations, Resolution 455(V) signatories of the Convention of 19 February 1925 relating to narcotic drugs: report of the Secretary- General 46. Organization of a United Nations postal adminis- Fifth Committee meeting 258. Plenary meeting 305. tration: report of the Secretary-General Resolution 454(V) 47. United Nations telecommunications system: report Fifth Committee meetings 263, 274. Plenary meeting of the Secretary-General 320. Resolution 460(V) 48. Convention on the declaration of death of missing Fifth Committee meeting 263. Plenary meeting 305. persons: report of the Secretary-General Resolution 493(V) 49. Question of the majority required for the adoption Sixth Committee meetings 213, 214. Plenary meeting by the General Assembly of amendments to and 298. Resolution 475 (V ) parts of proposals relating to important questions: report of the Secretary-General Functions and Organization of the United Nations 29

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 50. Reparation for injuries incurred in the service of Fifth Committee meeting 264. Sixth Committee meeting the United Nations: report of the Secretary-General 214. Plenary meetings 299, 305. Resolutions 458(V), 476(V) 51. Designation of non-member States to which a cer- Sixth Committee meeting 250. Plenary meeting 320. tified copy of the Revised General Act for the Resolution 480(V) Pacific Settlement of International Disputes shall be communicated by the Secretary-General for the purpose of accession to this Act: report of the Secretary-General 52. Report of the International Law Commission on Fifth Committee meeting 278. Sixth Committee meet- the work of its second session ings 225—246. Plenary meeting 320. Resolutions 484(V)-489(V) 53. Draft rules for the calling of non-governmental General Committee meeting 69. Sixth Committee meet- conferences: report of the Secretary-General ing 250. Plenary meeting 320. Resolution 479(V) 54. Registration and publication of treaties and inter- Fifth Committee meeting 278. Sixth Committee meeting national agreements: report of the Secretary-General 246. Plenary meeting 320. Resolution 482(V) 55. Regulations to give effect to article III, section 8, Sixth Committee meetings 248, 249. Plenary meeting of the Headquarters Agreement between the United 320. Resolution 481(V) Nations and the United States of America: report of the Secretary-General 56. Reservations to multilateral conventions Sixth Committee meetings 217-225. Plenary meeting 305. Resolution 478(7) 57. Treatment of people of Indian origin in the Union Ad Hoc Political Committee meetings 41-48. Plenary of South Africa meeting 315. Resolution 395(V) 58. Permanent invitation to the Arab League to attend General Committee meeting 69. Sixth Committee meet- sessions of the General Assembly ings 213, 215-217. Plenary meeting 299. Resolution 477(V) 59. The appropriate adjustment of the frontiers be- Ad Hoc Political Committee meeting 80. Plenary meet- tween Egypt and the former Italian colony of Libya ing 325. Resolution 391(V) with particular reference to paragraphs 2 and 3 of Annex XI of the Treaty of Peace with Italy 60. Development of a twenty-year programme for Plenary meetings 308-312. Resolution 494(V) achieving peace through the United Nations 61. Recognition by the United Nations of the repre- Ad Hoc Political Committee meetings 18-24, 57—60. sentation of a Member State Plenary meeting 325. Resolution 396(V) 62. Relations of States Members and specialized agencies General Committee meeting 69. Ad Hoc Political Com- with Spain mittee meetings 25—30. Plenary meeting 304. Resolu- tion 386(V) 63. Draft First International Covenant on Human Third Committee meetings 287-316, 318. Plenary meet- Rights and measures of implementation ing 317. Resolutions 421(V)-423(V) 64. Long-range activities for children. United Nations Third Committee meetings 275, 278-287. Plenary meet- International Children's Endowment Fund ing 314. Resolution 417(V) 65. Technical assistance for Libya after achievement of Second Committee meetings 135-137. Plenary meeting independence 308. Resolution 398(V) 66. Strengthening of democratic principles as a means First Committee meetings 371, 372. Plenary meetings of contributing to the maintenance of universal 281, 283, 287 peace 67. Complaint of failure on the part of the Union of Third Committee meetings 338-340, 342-345. Fifth Soviet Socialist Republics to repatriate or otherwise Committee meeting 282. Plenary meeting 325. account for prisoners of war detained in Soviet Resolution 427(V) territory 68. United action for peace First Committee meetings 354-371. Fifth Committee meeting 256. Plenary meetings 299-302. Resolution 377(V) 69. Declaration on the removal of the threat of a new First Committee meetings 372-383. Plenary meeting war and the strengthening of peace and security 308. Resolutions 380(V), 381(V) among the nations 70. Complaint by the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub- First Committee meetings 405-407 lics regarding aggression against China by the United States of America14

14 The 5th session of the General Assembly was still in progress at the end of the year, the First Committee not having completed its agenda. Agenda items 70, 71, 75 and 76 were still under consideration at the end of the year. The last plenary meeting to be held in 1950 was the 326th on 15 Dec., and the last meeting of the First Committee the 418th on 18 Dec. 30 Yearbook of the United Nations

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken Additional Items: 71. The question of Formosa 14 General Committee meetings 69-71, 74. First Commit- tee meeting 399. Plenary meeting 294 72. Duties of States in the event of the outbreak of General Committee meeting 71. First Committee meet- hostilities ings 384-390. Plenary meetings 294, 308. Resolution 378(V) 73. Establishment of a permanent commission of good General Committee meeting 71. First Committee meet- offices ings 390, 391. Plenary meeting 308. Resolution 379(V) 74. Provision of a United Nations distinguishing rib- General Committee meeting 71. Fifth Committee meet- bon or other insignia for personnel participating in ing 278. Sixth Committee meeting 247. Plenary meet- Korea in the defense of the principles of the Char- ings 294, 320. Resolution 483(V) ter of the United Nations 75. Complaint by the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub- General Committee meetings 69-71, 74. First Commit lics regarding the violation of Chinese air space by tee meeting 408. Plenary meetings 294, 313 the air force of the United States of America and the machine-gunning and bombing of Chinese ter- ritory by that air force, and against the bombard- ment and illegal inspection of a merchant ship of the People's Republic of China by a military vessel of the United States14 76. Intervention of the Central People's Government First Committee meetings 408—418. Plenary meetings of the People's Republic of China in Korea 14 319, 324, 325. Resolution 384(V)

The following two items were also proposed for inclusion in the agenda: Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States: item The General Committee, at its 69th meeting on 21 Sep- proposed by the Secretary-General tember, decided to postpone consideration of the for- Invasion of Tibet by Foreign Forces: item mer item to a future session and, at its 73rd meeting proposed by El Salvador (A/1453) on 24 November, unanimously decided to postpone consideration of the latter item indefinitely on the ground that the information available was insufficient.

7. Constitutional and Organizational Questions a. ELECTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS first twelve of these ballots was inconclusive, the (1) Vacancies in Membership of the results ranging from Turkey 33, Lebanon 27, to Security Council Turkey 36, Lebanon 24. At its 290th and 294th plenary meetings on After the thirteenth ballot, the representative 29 September and 7 October 1950, the General of Egypt asked for a postponement of further Assembly elected Brazil, the Netherlands and Tur- balloting to enable the Arab States to consider key as non-permanent members of the Security the situation in order to find a way out of the Council to replace Cuba, Egypt and Norway, re- impasse. After the postponement the representa- tiring members, for a two-year period beginning tive of Lebanon withdrew his candidature. 1 January 1951. On the fourteenth ballot, 57 valid votes and On the first ballot, 59 votes, all valid, were 3 abstentions were recorded. Turkey received 53 cast, making the two-thirds majority required for votes and Lebanon 4. Turkey was therefore elected election 40. The result of the first ballot was as as the third non-permanent member of the Secu- follows: rity Council. 14 Brazil ...... 57 Sweden ...... 2 See footnote p. 29. 15 Netherlands ...... 47 Yemen ...... 2 In accordance with rule 93 of the Assembly's rules Turkey ...... 32 Bolivia ...... 1 of procedure, the second ballot is restricted to the two Lebanon ...... 30 Burma ...... 1 candidates obtaining the largest number of votes. If Brazil and the Netherlands were thus elected mem- a two-thirds majority is required, balloting is continued until one candidate secures two-thirds of the votes bers of the Security Council. cast, "provided that, after the third inconclusive ballot, Thirteen further ballots were taken for the votes may be cast for any eligible person or Member." 15 In the 1950 elections for the Security Council, however, third place on the Council. The voting in the all ballots were restricted to the two candidates. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 31

(2) Vacancies in Membership of the (a) SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON INFORMATION Economic and Social Council TRANSMITTED UNDER ARTICLE 73 e OF THE CHARTER At its 291st plenary meeting on 29 September 1950, the General Assembly elected the Philip- In accordance with the terms of General Assem- pines, Poland, Sweden, the USSR, the United bly resolution 332(IV) of 2 December 1949, the Kingdom and Uruguay as members of the Eco- Fourth Committee, at its 191st meeting on nomic and Social Council for a three-year term, to 30 November 1950, elected Cuba and Pakistan replace, as of 1 January 1951, Australia, Brazil, as members of the Special Committee to replace, Denmark, Poland, the USSR and the United King- as of 1 January 1951, Sweden and Venezuela, re- dom, retiring members. tiring members. Sixty votes, all valid, were cast, making the There was some disagreement as to whether required two-thirds majority 40. The following the two new members should be elected for three were the votes obtained: years, as provided by the resolution establishing United Kingdom .... 52 ...... 4 the Committee (332(IV)), or for two, 1951 and 1952, when the Committee's composition and USSR ...... 49 Indonesia ...... 2 terms of reference were to be reviewed by the Uruguay ...... 44 Australia ...... 1 Assembly. The Chairman stated that although the Philippines ...... 43 Brazil ...... 1 resolution was not clear on this point, the inten- Poland ...... 41 Burma ...... 1 tion had been to set up a body having continuity. Sweden ...... 40 Denmark ...... 1 If the Assembly decided, in 1952, to renew the Egypt ...... 39 Israel ...... 1 Special Committee, the question as a whole would Bolivia ...... 25 ...... 1 be dealt with then. The Fourth Committee then (3) Vacancies in Membership of the proceeded to a vote. Fifty-two votes, all valid, were Trusteeship Council cast, making the required majority 27. The follow- At its 291st plenary meeting on 29 September ing were the votes obtained: 1950, the Assembly elected the Dominican Re- Cuba ...... 32 Indonesia ...... 4 public and Thailand as members of the Trustee- Burma ...... 18 Guatemala ...... 2 ship Council for three-year terms to replace, as of Pakistan ...... 17 Norway ...... 1 1 January 1951, the Dominican Republic and the Sweden ...... 15 Thailand ...... 1 Philippines, retiring members. Venezuela ...... 11 Peru ...... 1 On the first ballot 60 votes were cast, all valid, Cuba was accordingly elected. No other States making the required two-thirds majority 40. The having obtained the required majority, the Com- following were the votes cast: mittee held a second vote, limited to Burma and Dominican Republic . 54 Cuba ...... 1 Pakistan. Pakistan was elected by 25 of the 44 Thailand ...... 38 Mexico ...... 1 valid votes cast, the required majority being 23. Burma ...... 21 Nicaragua ...... 1 Guatemala ...... 2 Philippines ...... 1 (b) ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON ADMINISTRATIVE AND BUDGETARY QUESTIONS The Dominican Republic was therefore elected On the Fifth Committee's recommendation on the first ballot. Two further ballots were held (A/1671), the Assembly adopted resolution limited to the two countries with the largest num- 463(V) appointing Rafik Asha, André Ganem, ber of votes, Thailand and Burma. On the second Braj Kumar Nehru and Igor V. Chechetkin as ballot, Thailand obtained 36 votes and Burma 24; members of the Advisory Committee. The first on the third ballot, Thailand obtained 40 votes three were appointed for a three-year term, com- and Burma 20. Thailand was therefore elected, mencing on 1 January 1951, to replace the re- having obtained the required two-thirds majority. tiring members of the Committee (André Ganem, (4) Vacancies in Membership of Subsidiary Organs Ján Papánek and N. Sundaresan). Mr. Chechetkin of the General Assembly was appointed for a one-year term, commencing The General Assembly made the following ap- on 1 January 1951, to fill the vacancy in the pointments. All were made by unanimous vote at Committee caused by the resignation of Valentin the Assembly's 324th plenary meeting on 14 De- I. Kabushko. cember 1950 on the recommendation of the Fifth In the elections held by the Fifth Committee at Committee, with the exception of the Special its 275th and 276th meetings on 5 and 6 Decem- Committee on Information Transmitted under ber, three ballots had been taken to decide who Article 73 e of the Charter. should replace the retiring members of the Com- 32 Yearbook of the United Nations mittee. On the first of these Mr. Ganem received tion 467(V) appointing Lord Crook, Vladimir 36 votes and no other candidate received the nec- Outrata and Hamed Sultan as members of the essary two-thirds majority; on the second, Mr. Tribunal. The first two were appointed for a Rafik Asha received 36 votes, no other the re- three-year term ending on 30 November 1953 to quired majority; and on the third Mr. Nehru replace the retiring members of the Tribunal (Sir received 30 votes, no other the required majority. Sydney Caine and Mr. Outrata). Mr. Sultan was On a separate ballot to fill the vacancy caused by appointed for a period ending on 30 November Mr. Kabushko's resignation, Mr. Chechetkin re- 1952, to replace Omar Loutfi, who resigned. ceived 39 votes. At the Fifth Committee's 276th meeting on 6 December, on the ballot to decide who should (c) COMMITTEE ON CONTRIBUTIONS be recommended for a three-year term, the result On the Fifth Committee's recommendation of the voting had been as follows: Lord Crook, 40; (A/1672), the General Assembly adopted resolu- Mr. Outrata, 32; Roland Lebeau, 21. tion 464(V), appointing Sir Sydney Caine, Adolfo On a second ballot to decide who should be Nass, Maria Z. N. Witteveen and Elmer Boyd recommended for a two-year term (the unexpired Staats as members of the Committee on Contribu- portion of Mr. Loutfi's term of appointment), Mr. tions. The first three were appointed for a three- Sultan had received 38 votes and Mr. Lebeau 14. year term, commencing on 1 January 1951, to replace the retiring members of the Committee (Rafik Asha, H. Campion and Miss Witteveen). b. MAJORITY REQUIRED FOR THE ADOPTION Mr. Staats was appointed for a two-year term to BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF AMEND- fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of MENTS TO AND PARTS OF PROPOSALS Frank Pace. RELATING TO IMPORTANT QUESTIONS No elections had been held in the Fifth Com- In its resolution 362(IV)16 of 22 October 1949, mittee, there being four candidates for appoint- the General Assembly asked the Secretary-General ment to four vacancies, and it having been indi- to make a thorough legal analysis of the question cated that Mr. Staats would prefer to be appointed of the degree of majority required for the adop- for a two-year rather than for a three-year term. tion of amendments to and parts of proposals relating to important questions, which under Arti- (d) BOARD OF AUDITORS cle 18, paragraph 2, of the Charter require a On the Fifth Committee's recommendation two-thirds majority of the Members present and (A/1673), the General Assembly adopted resolu- voting in order to be adopted. The Assembly's tion 465(V), reappointing the Auditor-General Special Committee on Methods and Procedures of Colombia as a member of the Board of Audi- had recommended (A/937) that the Assembly tors for a three-year term to commence on 1 July study this question, since its existing rules of pro- 1951. The candidature had been unopposed. cedure did not indicate whether amendments to proposals requiring a two-thirds majority for (e) INVESTMENTS COMMITTEE adoption also had to satisfy that requirement nor whether, when proposals were voted on in parts, On the Fifth Committee's recommendation each part required a two-thirds majority for adop- (A/1674), the General Assembly adopted resolu- tion. tion 466(V) confirming the reappointment of Jacques Rueff, Honorary Governor of the Bank of As requested in Assembly resolution 362(IV), France, as a member of the Investments Commit- the Secretary-General reported on the question to tee for a three-year term of office to commence on the fifth session (A/1356). The report showed 1 January 1951. that it had been the Assembly's practice to require a two-thirds majority for the adoption of parts of Mr. Rueff had been appointed by the Secre- proposals themselves requiring such a majority. tary-General and the Advisory Committee on In the case of amendments to such proposals, Administrative and Budgetary Questions had con- however, the precedents were less conclusive, curred in the reappointment. though the practice of adopting such amendments by a simple majority seemed to have been es- (f) UNITED NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL tablished. The report went on to state that the On the Fifth Committee's recommendation (A/1675), the General Assembly adopted resolu- 16 See Y.U.N., 1948-49, p. 41. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 33

Charter was not specific on the problem under c. PROCEDURES OF THE FOURTH COMMITTEE consideration; it appeared to have been the inten- The Fourth Committee of the General Assem- tion of the Charter to leave the question for set- bly, at its 173rd meeting on 10 November, con- tlement by the Assembly in its rules of procedure. sidered a draft resolution concerning the proce- On the basis of the legal analysis of the ques- dures it would follow in the future in examining tion, the Secretary-General proposed a new rule matters relating to conditions in Trust and Non- of procedure for adoption by the Assembly. This Self-Governing Territories. The resolution was stated that decisions of the Assembly on amend- submitted jointly by India, Indonesia, Pakistan ments to proposals relating to important ques- and the Philippines (A/C.4/L.76/Rev.1). It was tions, and on parts of such proposals, should be proposed in this draft that the Committee should taken by a two-thirds majority of the Members consider problems of an economic, social or edu- present and voting. cational nature in the Trust and Non-Self-Govern- ing Territories jointly, without prejudice to the The question was considered by the Sixth Com- consideration of procedure, substance or general mittee at its 213th and 214th meetings on 27 Sep- principle relating exclusively to either the Trust tember. or the Non-Self-Governing Territories. The spon- The representatives of Argentina, Australia, sors of the draft resolution held that this proce- Belgium, Brazil, Burma, Cuba, the Dominican dure would simplify the work of the Fourth Com- Republic, France, India, the Philippines, Syria, mittee and reduce the amount of time spent in Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United discussion. States expressed their agreement with the Secre- Arguments against the suggested procedure, tary-General's conclusions. They supported a draft however, were put forward by other members of resolution introduced orally by the representative the Committee, who referred to the United Na- of Belgium, to have the Assembly adopt, with a tions' extensive powers of control and supervision slight drafting change, the proposed new rule as over Trust Territories as against its somewhat rule 85A of the rules of procedure and to provide limited functions with regard to Non-Self-Gov- that it enter into force from the time of its erning Territories. They feared that the procedure adoption. might tend to weaken the Committee's discussion of questions concerning Trust Territories without The representative of Yugoslavia, opposing the in any way working to the advantage of Non- draft resolution, argued that, in constitutional law, Self-Governing Territories. Moreover, decisions a qualified majority was required only for final concerning the latter required only a simple ma- decisions taken by a legislative body, whereas all jority vote, while decisions relating to the Trustee- other decisions of the same body were taken by a ship System required a two-thirds majority of the simple majority. Only final decision of the Gen- Assembly. It was also argued that the proposed eral Assembly on important questions, he main- procedure might cause loss of time, since a ques- tained, should require a two-thirds majority. He tion might be discussed three times—as a prob- thought it advisable to retain that flexibility in lem common to both categories of Territories, in the procedure of the Assembly, as this would offer connexion with the Trusteeship Council's report, the greatest opportunities for conciliating the vari- and finally, in connexion with the report of the ous views put forward. Special Committee on Information Transmitted After adopting, by 27 votes to none, with 14 under Article 73 e. abstentions, a Philippine amendment to have the Further consideration of the draft resolution new rule follow rule 84 as 84A rather than rule was postponed until the Fourth Committee had 85, the Committee adopted the Belgian draft reso- discussed the information concerning Non-Self- lution, thus amended, by 45 votes to none, with Governing Territories. At the 181st meeting of 3 abstentions. the Committee, on 17 November 1950, the spon- sors decided to withdraw their proposal because of On the Committee's recommendation (A/1433), the misgivings expressed in the Committee as to it was adopted by the General Assembly at its its practicability and because nothing would be 298th plenary meeting on 1 November by 57 lost if more time elapsed before considering such votes to none, with 1 abstention, as resolution suggestions. 475(V).17 17 For text of new rule, see Annex III, p. 44. 34 Yearbook of the United Nations ANNEX I. DELEGATIONS TO THE FIFTH REGULAR SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY18

AFGHANISTAN: BYELORUSSIAN SSR: Representatives Abdol Hosayn Aziz Representatives Kuzma V. Kiselev Abdul Hamid Aziz V. V. Skorobogaty Pavel E. Astapenko Alternates CANADA: Nour Ahmad Etemadi Abdul Hakim Tabibi Representatives Lester B. Pearson Hokom Tschand Hugues Lapointe James Gray Turgeon ARGENTINA: Jean Lesage Representatives Jerónimo Remorino John H. Dickey José Carlos Vittone Alternates A. D. P. Heeney Luís A. Arean C. Fraser Elliott Rodolfo Muñoz R. G. Riddell Alternates Ruben Dussaut C. S. A. Ritchie Andres Lescure Mrs. D. B. Sinclair Julio C. Rodriguez Arias CHILE: Representatives Hernán Santa Cruz AUSTRALIA: Eduardo Frei Representatives P. C. Spender Enrique Canas-Flores Sir Keith Officer Jacobo Schaulsohn E. Ronald Walker Oscar Schnacke Vergara B. C. Ballard Alternates Serafin Soto A. H. Tange Mrs. Ana Figueroa Alternates D. O. Hay Horacio Suarez C. T. Moodie CHINA: J. Plimsoll Representatives Tingfu F. Tsiang K. C. O. Shann Shih-shun Liu BELGIUM: P. C. Chang Chao-chin Huang Representatives Paul van Zeeland Chieh Liu Fernand van Langenhove Alternates Tsune-chi Yu August de Schryver Chun-jien Pao Jean Duvieusart C. L. Hsia Herman Vos Shuhsi Hsu Alternates Robert de Man Chih-mai Chen Albert Lilar COLOMBIA: Adolphe van Glabbeke Representatives Roberto Urdaneta Arbelaez Pierre Ryckmans Eliseo Arango Mme. Simone Lehouck Juan Uribe Cualla BOLIVIA: Francisco Urrutia Representatives Adolfo Costa du Rels Alternates Carlos Martinez Aparicio Eduardo Anze Matienzo Jorge Mejia Palacio Raúl Diez de Medina Gabriel Betancourt Alternate R. Pacheco Eduardo Carbonell : BRAZIL: Representatives Mario Echandi Jimenez Representatives C. de Freitas-Valle Luís Fernando Jimenez Mendez João Carlos Muniz Fernando Fournier Acuña Vicente Rao Manuel A. Freer Jimenez Luiz Pereira Ferreira de Faro, Jr. Ruben Esquivel de la Guardia Gilberto Amado Alternate Felix Roberto Cortes Noriega Alternates Fernando Lobo CUBA: Danton Jobim Representatives Ernesto Dihigo Henrique de Souza Gomes Gustavo Gutierrez Alvaro Teixeira Soares Francisco Ichaso Olyntho P. Machado Manuel Brana BURMA: Carlos Blanco Alternates Alberto Espinosa Representatives Myanaung U Tin Guy Perez Cisneros James Barrington José Manuel Cortina Aung Khine Francisco V. Garcia Amador U Kya Bu José Miguel Ribas Alternates Saw Ba Yin 18 Thakin San Myint For officers of the General Assembly at the fifth U Tin Maung session, see pp. 24-25. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 35

CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Alternates Georges Gorse Representatives Viliam Siroky Pierre Abelin Vavro Hajdu Roger Garreau Frantisek Fisek Maurice Couve de Murville Vladimir Outrata GREECE: Adolf Hoffmeister Representatives Sophocles Venizelos Alternates Arnost Tauber Constantine Tsaldaris Eduard Goldstucker Panayotis Kanellopoulos Jiri Nosek Jean Politis Bedrich Biheller Alexis Kyrou Frantisek Vavricka Alternates Gregoire Cassimatis DENMARK: Leon Maceas Representatives Gustav Rasmussen Jean Stephanou William Borberg Jean Spiropoulos Alsing Andersen Michel Melas Henry L. W. Jensen Kristen Amby GUATEMALA: Hermod Lannung Representatives Ismael Gonzalez Arevalo Alternates Mathias Aagaard Wassard Ricardo Castaneda Paganini Mrs. Bodil Begtrup Carlos Garcia Bauer Alfredo Chocano DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Gustavo Santiso Gálvez Representatives Virgilio Diaz Ordonez Max Henríquez-Ureña Alternate Juan Luís Orantes Luna Jose Ramon Rodriguez HAITI: Porfirio Herrera Baez Enrique de Marchena y Dujarric Representatives Jean Price-Mars Minerva Bernardino Joseph L. Dejean Ernest G. Chauvet ECUADOR: Max H. Dorsinville Representatives Antonio Quevedo Herard Roy José A. Correa Teodoro Alvarado Olea Alternate August de Catalogne Clemente Duran Ballen HONDURAS: Alternates Teodoro Bustamante Representatives Tiburcio Carias, Jr. Jorge Mantilla Alejandro Rivera Hernandez Wilson Cordova EGYPT: ICELAND: Representatives Mohamed Salah-el-Din Bey Representatives Thor Thors Mahmoud Fawzi Bey Jonatan Hallvardsson Mahmoud Hassan Pacha INDIA: Mahmoud Abou El-Fath Representatives Sir Benegal Narsing Rau Guefry Ghali Bey Lt.-General His Highness Maharaja Alternates Ahmed Galal Eldine Abdel-Razzek Jam Shree Sir Digvijaysinghji Bey Ranjit Singhji Jadeja Abdel Monem Mostafa Bey B. V. Keskar Mahmoud Azmi Bey B. Shiva Rao Ahmed M. Farrag Nawab Ali Yawar Jung Hamed Sultan Alternates Mrs. Lakshmi Menon EL SALVADOR: Gopal Swaroop Pathak Representatives Hector David Castro Ramji Ram Saksena Hector Escobar Serrano B. K. Nehru Miguel Angel Magaña A. C. N. Nambiar Rolando Deneke Sigui INDONESIA: ETHIOPIA: Representatives Ato Abte-Wold Aklilou Representative Lambertus Palar Blatta Ephrem Tewelde Medhen Alternates R. Soedjatmoko Mangoendiningrat Ato Abbebe Retta R. Moekarto Notowidigdo Ato Emmanuel Abraham Idrus Nasir Djajadiningrat Alternates Ato Imru Zelieke Soeleiman Hosein Tajibnapis John Spencer Artati Sudirdjo FRANCE: IRAN: Representatives Robert Schuman Representatives Nasrollah Entezam Jean Chauvel Ali Gholi Ardalan Pierre Montel Ghassem Ghassemzadeh Maurice Schumann Gholam Hossein Khochbin Léon Jouhaux Djalal Abdoh 36 Yearbook of the United Nations

Alternates Ali Nasr Alternates Marga A. M. Klompe Mohammad Ali Hedayati P. V. A. Roling Bagher Varasteh J. H. Sprockel Khosrow Khosrovani Maria Z. N. Witteveen IRAQ: J. P. Bannier NEW ZEALAND: Representatives Mohammed Fadhil Jamali Atta Amin Representatives Sir Carl Berendsen Ibrahim Alkhudairy G. R. Laking Abdullah Bakr Alternates T. P. Davin Awni Khalidy F. H. Corner Alternates Ahmed Izzet Mohammed Charles Craw Mohamed Nasir R. G. Collins Hashim Hilli NICARAGUA: Representative Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa ISRAEL: Alternates Colonel Carlos Eddie Monterrey Representatives Moshe Sharett Diego Manuel Chamorro Abba S. Eban NORWAY: Arthur Lourie Representatives Jacob Robinson Halvard M. Lange Finn Moe Zalman Aranne Arne Sunde Alternates Yehuda Pinhas Kohn Carl J. Hambro Schmuel Eliashiv Jacob S. Worm-Muller Moshe A. Tov Alternates Erling Wikborg Gideon Rafael Mrs. Aase Lionaes Joseph Oren Erling Qvale LEBANON: Peter Anker Representatives Philippe Takla Bredo Stabell Bahije Takiddine PAKISTAN: Fouad Ammoun Representatives Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan Tafazzul Ali Jamil Mikaoui Ahmed S. Bokhari Alternates Joseph Aboukater Mian Ziauddin Victor Khouri S. Amjad Ali Nadim Dimashkie Alternates C. M. Lobo Nazih Lahoud Hatim A. Alvi Karim Azkoul Qazi Mohammed Isa Khan Bahadur Syed Itaat Husain LIBERIA: Aziz Ahmed Representatives D. B. King PANAMA: Abayomi Cassell Representatives Carlos N. Brin Henry Ford Cooper Jeptha B. Duncan Richard Bright Jose Lasso de la Vega F. A. Price Julio E. Heurtematte Alternate Roland H. Cooper Ernesto de la Ossa PARAGUAY: LUXEMBOURG: Representatives Luis Oscar Boettner Representatives Joseph Bech Osvaldo Chaves Hugues Le Gallais Amadeo Baez Allende Pierre Majerus Manuel J. Diaz de Vivar Pierre Pescatore PERU: MEXICO: Representatives Victor Andres Belaunde Representatives Juan Bautista de Lavalle Jose Ortiz Tirado Fernando Berckemeyer Luciano Joublanc Rivas Carlos Holguín de Lavalle Benito Coquet Raul A. Pinto Raúl Noriega Alternates Teodosio Cabada Manuel F. Maurtua Alternates Carlos Peon del Valle Carlos Salazar Romero Alonso Aguilar Monteverde Luís Alzamora NETHERLANDS: PHILIPPINES: Representatives D. U. Stikker Representatives Brig.-General Carlos P. Rómulo G. J. van Heuven Goedhart Justiniano Montano L. J. C. Beaufort Esteban Abada Daniel J. von Balluseck Diosdado Macapagal W. J. A. Kernkamp José Roy C. L. Patijn Arturo Tolentino Functions and Organization of the United Nations 37

Alternates Salvador P. Lopez Alternates J. R. Jordaan José D. Ingles H. M. Moolman Mauro Mendez Brand Fourie Narciso G. Reyes M. I. Botha Adriano R. Garcia J. S. F. Botha POLAND: USSR: Representatives Stefan Wierblowski Jozef Winiewicz Representatives Andrei Y. Vyshinsky Jerzy Michalowski Yakov A. Malik Juliusz Katz-Suchy Alexander S. Panyushkin Jan Drohojowski G. N. Zarubin Alternates Aleksander Krajewski Amazasp A. Arutiunian Manfred Lachs Alternates T. T. Tajibaev Henryk Altman A. Y. Babahodjaev Stanislaw Gajewski Mrs. Irena Domanska UNITED KINGDOM: SAUDI ARABIA: Representatives Ernest Bevin Representative Shaikh Asad Al-Faqih Kenneth Younger Alternates Shaikh Ahmed Abdul Jabbar Sir Frank Soskice Shaikh Mohamed Muhtasib Lord MacDonald of Gwaenysger Aouney W. Dejany Sir Gladwyn Jebb Jamil M. Baroody Alternates Lord Ogmore Omar Haliq Lord Crook SWEDEN: T. F. Cook Representatives Osten Unden Mrs. Barbara Castle Rickard Sandier G. H. R. Rogers Georg Andren UNITED STATES: Erik Boheman John Bergvall Representatives Dean Acheson Warren R. Austin Alternates Erik von Heland Rolf Sohlman Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt Sven Grafström John J. Sparkman Mrs. Ulla Lindstrom Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Ragnar Casparsson John Foster Dulles SYRIA: Alternates Benjamin V. Cohen Representatives Faris Bey El-Khouri John Sherman Cooper Farid Zeineddine Ernest A. Gross Salaheddin Tarazi Mrs. Edith S. Sampson Rafik Asha John C. Ross Alternate Najmuddin Rifai URUGUAY:

THAILAND: Representatives Enrique C. Armand Ugon Representatives Nai Warakan Bancha Don José A. Mora Prince Wan Waithayakon Enrique Rodríguez Fabregat Konthi Suphamongkhol Alvaro Vázquez Alternates Chitti Sucharitakul Gilberto Pratt de Maria Prasong Pibulsonggram Alternates Felix Polleri Carrio Somchai Anuman Rajadhon Eduardo Jimenez de Aréchaga TURKEY: VENEZUELA: Representatives Selim Sarper Muharrem Nuri Birgi Representatives César González Haydar Gork Eduardo Plaza A. Victor M. Pérez-Perozo Alternates Adnan Kural Hamdi Ozgurel Luís Cabana Lorenzo A. Mendoza-Fleury UKRAINIAN SSR: Alternates Nelson Himiob Representatives A. M. Baranovsky Adolfo Nass A. D. Voina Roberto Álamo-Blanco C. P. Demchenko P. P. Udovichenko YEMEN: G. D. Stadnik Representatives Sayed Alcadi Mohammad Al-Amri UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: Sayed Hassan Ibrahim Representatives T. E. Donges Sayed Abdurrahman Aboulsamad G. P. Jooste Abou-Taleb A. A. Roberts Sayed Alcadi Ismail Al-Girafi D. H. Botha Sayed Ahmad Zebara B. J. Jarvie Alternate Talsat Yakoulo Al-Ghossain 38 Yearbook of the United Nations

YUGOSLAVIA: C. M. Berkeley Representatives Edward Kardelj S. G. Gebelt Viada Simic Solomon V. Arnaldo Vlado Popovic Arthur Gagliotti Ales Bebler Gerald Carnes Sudjan Prica INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION Alternates Joza Vilfan (ICAO): Milan Bartos Representatives Edward Warner, President of the Veljko Vlahovic Council Marjan Barisic Albert Roper, Secretary-General Jaksa Petric E. R. Marlin REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND COURT OF JUSTICE DEVELOPMENT (BANK): Representatives Jules Basdevant, President Representatives J. Burke Knapp Enrique Lopez-Herrarte REPRESENTATIVES OF THE SPECIALIZED INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (FUND): AGENCIES Representatives Camille Gutt, Managing Director INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO): Gordon Williams A. G. B. Fischer Representatives David A. Morse, Director-General Léon Eli Troclet UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION (UPU): Léon Jouhaux Representatives John M. Redding Sir Guildhaume Myrddin-Evans John J. Gillen Harry Taylor Greever Allan George P. Delaney WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): C. E. Shaw Representatives Brock Chisholm, Director-General FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION (FAO): M. P. Siegel Representatives Norris E. Dodd, Director-General W. P. Forrest Sir Herbert Broadley P. M. Kaul Frank L. McDougall Bernice Newton F. L. Weisl Mabel Ingalls Karl Olsen G. E. Hill UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CUL- INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ORGANIZATION (IRO): TURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO): Representatives J. Donald Kingsley, Director-General Representatives Jaime Torres Bodet, F. C. Blanchard Director-General G. G. Kullmann André de Blonay Marcel de Baer

ANNEX II. MEMBERSHIP OF SUBSIDIARY BODIES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY19

STANDING COMMITTEES To serve until 31 December 1951: A. Advisory Committee on Administrative and Gustavo Martinez Cabanas (Mexico) Budgetary Questions René Charron (France) Served until 31 December 1950: Pavel M. Chernyshev (USSR) André Ganem (France) Seymour Jacklin (Union of South Africa) Ján Papánek (Czechoslovakia) Josué Sáenz (Mexico)21 N. Sundaresan (India) To serve until 31 December 1952: To serve until 31 December 1951: Kan Lee (China) Thanassis Aghnides (Greece) (Chairman) Frank Pace (United States) C. L. Hsia (China) Mitchell W. Sharp (Canada) Valentin I. Kabushko (USSR) Elmer Boyd Staats (United States)22 Igor V. Chechetkin (USSR)20

To serve until 31 December 1952: 19 For membership and officers of the Main and Pro- William O. Hall (United States) cedural Committees, see pp. 24-25. Olyntho P. Machado (Brazil) 20 Elected on 14 Dec. 1950 to fill, from 1 Jan. 1951, Sir William Matthews (United Kingdom) the unexpired term of Mr. Kabushko, who resigned B. Committee on Contributions effective 5 Dec. 1950. 21 Elected on 11 May 1949 to fill the unexpired term Served until 31 December 1950: of Mr. Martinez Cabañas, who resigned effective 8 Mar. Rafik Asha (Syria) 1949. H. Campion (United Kingdom) 22 Elected on 14 Dec. 1950 to fill the unexpired term Maria Z. N. Witteveen (Netherlands) of Mr. Pace, who resigned effective 1 Jan. 1951. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 39

OTHER SUBSIDIARY BODIES ECUADOR: C. Interim Committee of the General Assembly Representative Antonio Quevedo Chairman: Joao Carlos Muniz (Brazil) Alternate José A. Correa 23 Vice-Chairmen: Abdur Rahim Khan (Pakistan) EGYPT: J. R. Jordaan (Union of South Africa) Representative Mahmoud Fawzi Bey Rapporteur: Joseph Nisot (Belgium) Alternate Ahmed M. Farrag

AFGHANISTAN: EL SALVADOR: Representative Abdol Hosayn Aziz Representative Roberto Aguilar-Trigueros ARGENTINA: ETHIOPIA: Representative Juan Ramón Otano-Vilanova Representative Hadis Alemayehou AUSTRALIA: FRANCE: Representative K. C. O. Shann Representative Jean Chauvel BELGIUM: Alternates Francis Lacoste Representative Fernand van Langenhove Pierre Ordonneau Alternate Joseph Nisot Jacques Tiné GREECE: BOLIVIA: Representative Alexis Kyrou Representative Eduardo Anze Matienzo Alternate Byron Theodoropoulos Alternate R. Pacheco GUATEMALA: BRAZIL: Representative Carlos Garcia Bauer Representative João Carlos Muniz Alternate Carlos Sylvestre de Ouro Preto HAITI: Representative Stephen Alexis BURMA: Representative U So Nyun HONDURAS: Alternates U Tin Maung Representative Tiburcio Carias, Jr. U Ba Maung ICELAND: BYELORUSSIAN SSR:24 Representative Thor Thors

CANADA: INDIA: Representative Lester B. Pearson Representative Sir Benegal Narsing Rau Alternates Leon Mayrand Alternate M. Gopala Menon John W. Holmes IRAN: R. G. Riddell Representative Nasrollah Entezam Arnold Smith Alternate Djalal Abdoh CHILE: Representative Hernán Santa Cruz IRAQ: Representative Ahmed Izzet Mohammed CHINA: Representative Tingfu F. Tsiang ISRAEL: Alternates Chieh Liu Representative Abba S. Eban Tsune-chi Yu Alternates Arthur Lourie Shushi Hsu Jacob Robinson COLOMBIA: Gideon Rafael Representative Eliseo Arango LEBANON: Alternate Eduardo Carrizosa Representative Karim Azkoul COSTA RICA: LIBERIA: Representative Roberto Loria Representative Henry Ford Cooper CUBA: Alternates Richard Bright Representative Alberto I. Alvarez Roland H. Cooper Alternates Carlos Blanco LUXEMBOURG: José Miguel Ribas Representative Hugues Le Gallais Manuel G. Hevia MEXICO: Francisco V. Garcia Amador Representative Luis Padilla Nervo CZECHOSLOVAKIA:24 Alternate Raúl Noriega

DENMARK: 23 Resigned on 15 Mar. 1950. Representative William Borberg 24 The Governments of the Byelorussian SSR, Czecho- slovakia, Poland, the Ukrainian SSR, the USSR and DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Yugoslavia stated that they would not participate in Representative Max Henríquez-Ureña the work of the Interim Committee, as they regarded Alternate Enrique de Marchena y Dujarric it as unconstitutional. 40 Yearbook of the United Nations

NETHERLANDS: UNITED STATES: Representative Daniel J. von Balluseck Representative Warren R. Austin Alternates H. Riemens Alternates Ernest A. Gross J. M. A. H. Luns Charles P. Noyes NEW ZEALAND: URUGUAY: Representative Sir Carl Berendsen Representative Enrique Rodríguez Fabregat Alternates G. R. Laking F. H. Corner VENEZUELA: NICARAGUA: Representative César González Representative Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa Alternates Victor M. Pérez-Perozo Alternate Juan Morales Marenco Lorenzo Mendoza-Fleury YEMEN: NORWAY: Representative Sayed Abdurrahman Aboulsamad Representative Arne Sunde Abou-Taleb Alternates Bredo Stabell YUGOSLAVIA:24 Hans Engen PAKISTAN: D. Peace Observation Commission Representative Ahmed S. Bokhari CHINA NEW ZEALAND Alternate Colonel Rahat Said Chhatari COLOMBIA PAKISTAN PANAMA: CZECHOSLOVAKIA SWEDEN Representative Jeptha B. Duncan FRANCE USSR Alternate Ernesto de la Ossa INDIA UNITED KINGDOM IRAQ UNITED STATES PARAGUAY: ISRAEL URUGUAY Representative Osvaldo Chaves Alternate Luis Oscar Boettner E. Collective Measures Committee PERU: AUSTRALIA MEXICO Representative Carlos Holguín de Lavalle BELGIUM PHILIPPINES BRAZIL TURKEY PHILIPPINES: BURMA UNITED KINGDOM Representative Brig.-General Carlos P. Rómulo CANADA UNITED STATES Alternates Teodoro Evangelista EGYPT VENEZUELA Mauro Mendez FRANCE YUGOSLAVIA POLAND:24 F. Committee of Twelve (Established by SAUDI ARABIA: General Assembly Resolution 496(V)) Representative Shaikh Asad Al-Faqih Alternates Jamil M. Baroody BRAZIL NETHERLANDS Omar Haliq CANADA TURKEY Omar Abou Khadra CHINA USSR SWEDEN: ECUADOR UNITED KINGDOM Representative Sven Grafström FRANCE UNITED STATES INDIA YUGOSLAVIA Alternate Claes I. Wollin SYRIA: G. United Nations Commission on Korea Representative Rafik Asha AUSTRALIA: Alternates Ahmed el-Aadly Najmuddin Rifai Representative A. B. Jamieson THAILAND: CHINA: Representative Prince Wan Waithayakon Representative Yu-wan Liu (from 25 January) TURKEY: Alternate Ting Teh Ssutu Representative Selim Sarper Alternate Adnan Kural EL SALVADOR: Representative Angel Gochez Marin UKRAINIAN SSR:24 (from 29 May) UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: Alternate Fidel Sánchez Hernández Representative G. P. Jooste (from 29 May) FRANCE: Alternates J. R. Jordaan Brand Fourie Representative Henri Brionval USSR:24 (from 15 February) Temporary UNITED KINGDOM: Representative Henri Costilhes (until 15 February) Representative Sir Alexander Cadogan Alternate Sir Terence Shone 24 See footnote p. 39. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 41

INDIA: L. United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees Representative Anup Singh ARGENTINA LEBANON Alternates Chenchal Kondapi AUSTRALIA UNITED KINGDOM (from 29 January) EGYPT UNITED STATES Colonel M. K. Unni Nayar FRANCE (from 25 July to 12 August)25 M. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for PHILIPPINES: Palestine Refugees in the Near East Representative Bernabe Africa (from 30 January) Director Maj.-General Howard Kennedy Alternate Maximino G. Bueno (Canada) (from 22 May) TURKEY: Deputy Director James Keen (United Kingdom) Representatives Kasim Gulek Advisory Committee (from 26 January to 24 March) FRANCE: Kamil Idil (from 27 May) Representative J. Tarbe de St. Hardouin

H. United Nations Commission for the Unification TURKEY: and Rehabilitation of Korea Representative Refet Bele

AUSTRALIA: UNITED KINGDOM: Representative J. Plimsoll Representative Sir Henry-Knight Alternate H. W. Bullock UNITED STATES: CHILE: Representative John B. Blanford, Jr. Representative Manuel Trucco N. Negotiating Committee on Contributions to Alternate Manuel Garreton Programmes of Relief and Rehabilitation in Korea and Relief and Reintegration of Palestine Refugees NETHERLANDS: Representative Hendrik Mouw CANADA UNITED KINGDOM EGYPT UNITED STATES PAKISTAN: FRANCE URUGUAY Representative Mian Ziaud-Din INDIA

PHILIPPINES: O. United Nations Special Committee on the Balkans27 Representative Bernabe Africa AUSTRALIA: THAILAND: Representative B. C. Ballard Representative Pote Sarasin Deputy John E. Ryan

TURKEY: BRAZIL: Representative Cemal Husnu Taray Representative Rangel de Castro Alternate Kamil Idil Deputy P. Carlos Magno CHINA: I. United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency Representative Yuan-ning Wen 26 Agent General FRANCE: 26 Deputy Agent General Representative Emile Charveriat Advisory Committee Deputy Paul Fouchet CANADA UNITED STATES INDIA URUGUAY MEXICO: UNITED KINGDOM Representative F. Castillo Nájera Deputy Omar Josefe J. Group on Cease Fire in Korea NETHERLANDS: Nasrollah Entezam, President of the General Assembly Representative P. C. Visser (Iran) Deputy Coert Binnerts Lester B. Pearson (Canada) Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (India) PAKISTAN: Representative Ali Haider Abbasi K. United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine 25 Colonel Nayar was killed on 12 Aug. during a field FRANCE: trip to the front north of Taegu. Representative Claude de Boisanger 26 J. Donald Kingsley was appointed on 7 Feb. 1951 and his deputy, Sir Arthur Rucker, on 11 Apr. 1951. TURKEY: 27 Seats were held open for representatives of Poland Representative Tevfir Rustu Aras and the USSR, which were also elected to membership of the Committee, but both Governments declared that UNITED STATES: they would not participate in the work of the Commit- Representative Ely Palmer tee, since they considered it unconstitutional. 42 Yearbook of the United Nations

UNITED KINGDOM: UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: Representative W. L. C. Knight Representative Maj.-General F. H. Theron Deputy G. A. Crossley Alternate F. J. van Biljon

UNITED STATES: United Nations Commissioner for Eritrea: Representative Jefferson Patterson Eduardo Anze Matienzo (Bolivia) Deputy Philip A. Mangano S. Special Committee on the Representation P. Standing Committee on Repatriation of of China Greek Children CANADA MEXICO PERU SWEDEN ECUADOR PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES INDIA POLAND IRAQ Q. United Nations Commissioner in Libya; United Nations Advisory Council for Libya T. Office of the United Nations High United Nations Commissioner in Libya: Commissioner for Refugees Adrian Pelt (Netherlands) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: United Nations Advisory Council for Libya G. J. van Heuven Goedhart (Netherlands) EGYPT: U. Committee on the Draft Convention on Representative Mohamed Kamel Selim Bey Freedom of Information FRANCE: CUBA LEBANON SAUDI ARABIA Representative Georges Balay ECUADOR MEXICO USSR EGYPT NETHERLANDS UNITED KINGDOM ITALY: FRANCE PAKISTAN UNITED STATES Representative Baron G. Vitaliano Confalonieri INDIA PHILIPPINES YUGOSLAVIA

PAKISTAN: V. United Nations Advisory Council for Somaliland Representative Abdur Rahim Khan COLOMBIA: UNITED KINGDOM: Representative Edmundo de Holte-Castello Representative Sir Hugh Stonehewer-Bird EGYPT: UNITED STATES: Representative Mohamed Amin Rostem Bey Representative Lewis Clark PHILIPPINES: CYRENAICA: Representative Manuel Escudero Representative Ali Assad el Jerbi

TRIPOLITANIA: W, Ad Hoc Committee on South West Africa Representative Mustapha Mizran DENMARK UNITED STATES SYRIA URUGUAY THE FEZZAN: THAILAND Representative Ahmed el Hadj Es Senoussi Sofou X. Board of Auditors MINORITIES IN LIBYA: Representative Giacomo Marchino Served until 30 June 1950: Robert Watson Sellar (Canada) R. United Nations Commission for Eritrea; United Nations Commissioner for Eritrea To serve until 30 June 1951: United Nations Commission for Eritrea Antonio Ordonez Ceballos (Colombia) BURMA: To serve until 30 June 1952: Representative Aung Khine Otto F. Remke (Denmark) Alternate U Maung Maung Soe To serve until 30 June 1953: GUATEMALA: Robert Watson Sellar (Canada) Representative Carlos Garcia Bauer Y. United Nations Administrative Tribunal Alternate José Luís Mendoza Served until 30 November 1950: NORWAY: Sir Sydney Caine (United Kingdom) Representative Erling Qvale Vladimir Outrata (Czechoslovakia) Alternate Ivar Lunde To serve until 30 November 1951: PAKISTAN: Roland Andrews Egger (United States) (2nd Vice- Representative Mian Ziaud-Din President) Alternate Mir Mohamed Shaikh Emilio N. Oribe (Uruguay) Functions and Organization of the United Nations 43

To serve until 30 November 1952: AA. Investments Committee Mme. Paul Bastid (France) (1st Vice-President) Served until 31 December 1950: Lt.-General His Highness Maharaja Jam Shree Sir Jacques Rueff, Honorary Governor of the Bank of Digvijaysinghji Ranjit Singhji Jadeja (India) France (President) Omar Loutfi (Egypt) To serve until 31 December 1951: Hamed Sultan28 (Egypt) Leslie R. Rounds, First Vice-President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York To serve until 30 November 1953: To serve until 31 December 1952: Lord Crook (United Kingdom) Ivar Rooth, Former Governor of the Bank of Sweden Vladimir Outrata (Czechoslovakia) Z. United Nations Staff Pension Committee BB. Headquarters Advisory Committee Elected by General Assembly (for three years to 31 AUSTRALIA COLOMBIA POLAND December 1952): BELGIUM FRANCE USSR KINGDOM Members R. T. Cristobal (Philippines) BRAZIL GREECE UNITED (Chairman) CANADA INDIA UNITED STATES CHINA NORWAY YUGOSLAVIA Edmundo de Holte-Castello (Colombia) N. I. Klimov (USSR) CC. International Law Commission Alternates Carol C. Laise (United States) Ricardo J. Alfaro (Panama) A. Nass (Venezuela) Gilberto Amado (Brazil) P. Ordonneau (France) James L. Brierly (United Kingdom) Appointed by the Secretary-General (for three years to Roberto Córdova (Mexico) 31 December 1952): J. P. A. François (Netherlands) Shuhsi Hsu (China) Members Hans C. Andersen Manley O. Hudson (United States) Mrs. Alva Myrdal (to August 1950) Faris Bey El-Khouri (Syria) (2nd Vice-Chairman) Elisabeth Scheltema (from August Vladimir M. Koretsky (USSR) 1950) Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (India) Georges Palthey A. E. F. Sandstrom (Sweden) (1st Vice-Chairman) Alternates W. P. Barrett Georges Scelle (France) (Chairman) Laurence Michelmore Jean Spiropoulos (Greece) Hanna Saba (to August 1950) Jesús María Yepes (Colombia) Urbain Roullier (from August Jaroslav Zourek (Czechoslovakia) 1950) Elected by the participants (for three years to 31 DD. Committee on International Criminal December 1952): Jurisdiction Members Marc Schreiber (Vice-Chairman) AUSTRALIA FRANCE PERU Raphael Trachtenberg BRAZIL INDIA SYRIA David B. Vaughan CHINA IRAN UNITED KINGDOM Alternates François Eyriey CUBA ISRAEL UNITED STATES Charles Hogan DENMARK NETHERLANDS URUGUAY Georges Rabinovitch EGYPT PAKISTAN

ANNEX III. MODIFICATIONS OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE29

To give effect to its resolution 377(V)30 adopted on I. SESSIONS 3 November 1950 under the title "Uniting for Peace," the General Assembly, in an annex to the resolution, SPECIAL SESSIONS amended rules 8, 9, 10, 16 and 19 of its rules of pro- SUMMONING ON REQUEST FROM THE SECURITY cedure and added a new rule 64A. COUNCIL OR MEMBERS It also adopted a new rule 84A on the majority Rule 8 required for adoption of amendments to and parts of proposals relating to important matters.31 The amend- (a) Special sessions of the General Assembly shall ments and the new rules are given below in italics. be held within fifteen days of the receipt by the Secre- tary-General of a request for such a session from the Security Council, or of a request from a majority of the 28 Appointed on 14 Dec. 1950 to fill the unexpired Members of the United Nations, or of the concurrence term of Mr. Loutfi, who resigned effective 25 May 1950. of a majority of Members as provided in rule 9. 29 For complete text of revised Rules of Procedure, see (b) Emergency special sessions pursuant to resolu- A/520/Rev.2. tion 377 A (V) shall be convened within twenty-four 30 See pp. 193-95. hours of the receipt by the Secretary-General of a request 31 See pp. 32-33. for such a session from the Security Council, on the vote 44 Yearbook of the United Nations of any seven members thereof, or of a request from a at least fourteen days before the opening of the session. majority of the Members of the United Nations expressed The provisional agenda of a special session summoned by vote in the Interim Committee or otherwise, or of the at the request of a majority of the Members, or the concurrence of a majority of Members as provided in concurrence of a majority in the request of any Member, rule 9. shall be communicated at least ten days before the open- ing of the session. The provisional agenda of an emer- REQUEST BY MEMBERS. gency special session shall be communicated to the Rule 9 Members of the United Nations simultaneously with the O) Any Member of the United Nations may request communication summoning the session. the Secretary-General to summon a special session. The Secretary-General shall immediately inform the other ADDITIONAL ITEMS. Members of the United Nations of the request and in- Rule 19 quire whether they concur in it. If within thirty days of During a special session items on the supplementary the date of the communication of the Secretary-General list and additional items may be added to the agenda by a majority of the Members concur in the request, a spe- a two-thirds majority of the Members present and vot- cial session of the General Assembly shall be summoned ing. During an emergency special session additional in accordance with rule 8. items concerning the matters dealt with in resolution (b) This rule shall apply also to a request by any 377 A (V) may be added to the agenda by a two-thirds Member for an emergency special session pursuant to majority of the Members present and voting. resolution 377 A (V). In such a case the Secretary- General shall communicate with other Members by the XII. PLENARY MEETINGS most expeditious means of communication available, CONDUCT OF BUSINESS NOTIFICATION OF SESSION. Rule 64(A) Rule 10 EMERGENCY SPECIAL SESSIONS. The Secretary-General shall notify the Members of the United Nations, at least fourteen days in advance, Notwithstanding the provisions of any other rule and of the opening of a special session summoned at the unless the General Assembly decides otherwise, the request of the Security Council, and, at least ten days in Assembly, in case of an emergency special session, shall advance, in the case of a request by a majority of the convene in plenary session only and proceed directly to Members or the concurrence of a majority in the request consider the item proposed for consideration in the of any Member. In the case of an emergency special ses- request for the holding of the session, without previous sion convened pursuant to rule 8 (b), the Secretary- reference to the General Committee or to any other General shall notify the Members of the United Nations Committee; the President and Vice-Presidents for such at least twelve hours in advance of the opening of the emergency special sessions shall be, respectively, the session. Chairman of those delegations from which were elected the President and Vice-Presidents of the previous session.

II. AGENDA TWO-THIRDS MAJORITY. SPECIAL SESSIONS Rule 84(A) PROVISIONAL AGENDA. Decisions of the General Assembly on amendments to Rule 16 proposals relating to important questions, and on parts The provisional agenda of a special session, sum- of such proposals put to the vote separately, shall be moned at the request of the Security Council, shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the Members present communicated to the Members of the United Nations and voting.

B. THE SECURITY COUNCIL

The Charter provides that a Security Council,32 The General Assembly elects the Council's non- consisting of eleven members, shall be established permanent members, paying due regard, in the as a principal organ of the United Nations and first instance, to the contribution of Members of that, acting on behalf of all the Members of the the United Nations to the maintenance of inter- United Nations, this Council shall have the pri- national peace and security and to the other pur- mary responsibility for the maintenance of inter- 32 For the Charter provisions relating to the Security national peace and security. Council, see Ch. V, which defines the composition, functions and powers, voting and procedure of the Council; Ch. VI, which deals with pacific settlement of disputes; Ch. VII, which deals with action with respect 1. Composition to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression; Ch. VIII, which relates to regional ar- rangements; Ch. XII, Arts. 76, 82-84, which relate China, France, the USSR, the United Kingdom to strategic areas in Trust Territories. Other provisions and the United States are the permanent members are to be found in Arts. 1, 2, 4-7, 10-12, 15, 18, 20, 65, 93, 94, 96-99, 106-109 of the Charter, and Arts. 4, of the Security Council. 7-15, 35, 41, 69 of the Statute of the Court. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 45 poses of the Organization, and also to equitable matter which in his opinion may threaten the geographical distribution. The non-permanent maintenance of international peace and security. members are elected for a term of two years. If any party to a dispute brought before the A retiring member is not eligible for immediate International Court of Justice fails to comply with re-election. a decision of the Court, the other party may have Each member of the Security Council has one recourse to the Security Council, which may make representative. recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the decision. 2. Functions and Powers The specific functions and powers of the Secu- Broadly speaking, while the General Assembly rity Council fall into five categories: pacific settle- may discuss any international dispute or situation, ment of disputes, preventive or enforcement it is the Security Council which recommends ap- action, regional arrangements, strategic areas in propriate procedures or methods of adjustment or Trust Territories and organizational functions. terms of settlement for the pacific settlement of a. PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES disputes and takes preventive or enforcement measures with respect to threats to the peace, The Security Council may recommend proce- breaches of the peace or acts of aggression. dures or methods of adjustment or terms of settle- In discharging its duties for the maintenance ment for the pacific settlement of disputes. of peace and security, the Security Council is re- The parties to a dispute, the continuance of quired to act in accordance with the Purposes and which is likely to endanger the maintenance of Principles of the United Nations as set forth in international peace and security, are, first of all, the United Nations Charter. The Members of the to seek a solution by negotiation, inquiry, media- United Nations have agreed, for their part, to tion, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, carry out the decisions of the Council in accord- resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or ance with the Charter. other peaceful means of their own choice. When In order to promote the establishment and it deems it necessary, the Council is to call upon maintenance of international peace and security the parties to settle their dispute by such means. with the least diversion for armaments of the The Security Council may investigate any dis- world's human and economic resources, the Secu- pute, or any situation which might give rise to a rity Council has been made responsible for formu- dispute, in order to determine whether the con- lating plans for establishing a system for the tinuance of the dispute or situation is likely to regulation of armaments. These plans, in the prep- endanger the maintenance of international peace aration of which the Council is assisted by the and security. Military Staff Committee,33 are to be submitted Any Member of the United Nations may bring to Members of the United Nations. any such dispute or situation to the attention of The Security Council submits annual and, when the Security Council. A State which is not a Mem- necessary, special reports to the General Assembly. ber of the United Nations may bring to the Coun- The General Assembly may call the attention cil's attention any dispute to which it is a party, of the Security Council to situations which are if it accepts in advance the obligations of pacific likely to endanger international peace and security. settlement provided in the Charter. Subject to the provisions of Article 12, paragraph At any stage of a dispute, the continuance of 1, of the Charter (which provides that while the which is likely to endanger the maintenance of Council is exercising its functions with regard to international peace and security, the Security Coun- any dispute or situation, the General Assembly cil may recommend appropriate procedures or may not make recommendations with regard to methods of adjustment. It is required to take into that dispute or situation unless requested to do so consideration any procedures which have already by the Council), the Assembly may make recom- been adopted by the parties and, as a general rule, mendations to the Council on any questions re- is to refer any legal dispute to the International lating to the maintenance of international peace Court of Justice. and security. Should action be required on any Should it consider that the continuance of a such question being considered by the Assembly, dispute is in fact likely to endanger the mainte- it is to be referred to the Council either before or nance of international peace and security, the after discussion. Likewise, the Secretary-General 33 may bring to the attention of the Council any See pp. 47-48. 46 Yearbook of the United Nations

Council is to decide whether to recommend such Nothing in the Charter, however, impairs the procedures or methods of adjustment or to recom- inherent right of individual or collective self- mend appropriate terms of settlement. defence, if an armed attack occurs against a Mem- ber of the United Nations, until the Security Coun- b. PREVENTIVE OR ENFORCEMENT ACTION cil has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken The Security Council determines the existence by any Member in self-defence are to be reported of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace or immediately to the Security Council, and are not act of aggression, and makes recommendations or in any way to affect the Council's authority and may take enforcement measures in order to main- responsibility under the Charter to take at any tain or restore international peace and security. time such action as it deems necessary in order to Before making any recommendations or decid- maintain international peace and security. ing upon any enforcement measures, the Council may call upon the parties concerned to comply c. REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS with such provisional measures as it deems neces- The establishment of the United Nations does sary or desirable. These measures are to be with- not preclude the existence of regional arrange- out prejudice to the rights, claims or position of ments or regional agencies which are consistent the parties concerned. The Council is duly to take with the Organization's Purposes and Principles. account of failure to comply with such provi- sional measures. The Security Council is to encourage the devel- There are two categories of enforcement action opment of pacific settlement of local disputes the Security Council may take: "measures not in- through such regional arrangements or agencies, volving the use of armed force" and "action by air, either on the initiative of the States concerned or sea or land forces". The Council may call upon the by reference from the Council. This provision, Members of the United Nations to apply such however, does not impair the functions and pow- measures as the complete or partial interruption of ers of the Council in dealing with any interna- economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, tional dispute or situation which might endanger telegraphic, radio and other means of communica- the maintenance of international peace and tion, and the severance of diplomatic relations. If security. it considers these measures inadequate, the Secu- The Security Council is to utilize, wherever rity Council may take such action by air, sea or appropriate, such regional arrangements or agen- land forces as may be necessary to maintain or cies for enforcement action under its authority. restore international peace and security. Such ac- But no enforcement action may be undertaken tion may include demonstrations, blockade and under regional arrangements or by regional agen- other operations by air, sea or land forces of cies without the authorization of the Council, ex- Members of the United Nations. cept against the renewal of aggressive policy by All Members of the United Nations undertake the ex-enemy States of the Second World War. to make available to the Security Council, on its The Security Council is at all times to be kept call and in accordance with a special agreement fully informed of activities for the maintenance or agreements, armed forces, assistance and facili- of international peace and security undertaken or ties, including rights of passage, necessary for the in contemplation under regional arrangements or purpose of maintaining international peace and by regional agencies. security. Such agreement or agreements are to gov- ern the numbers and types of forces, their degree d. STRATEGIC AREAS IN TRUST TERRITORIES of readiness and general location, and the nature All functions of the United Nations relating to of the facilities and assistance to be provided. The strategic areas in Trust Territories, including the agreement or agreements are to be concluded be- approval of the terms of Trusteeship Agreements tween the Council and Members or groups of and of their alteration or amendment, are exer- Members of the United Nations. cised by the Security Council. When the Security Council decides to use force, The Security Council avails itself of the assist- it must, before calling upon a Member not repre- ance of the Trusteeship Council to perform those sented on it to provide armed forces, invite that functions of the United Nations under the Trus- Member, if the Member so desires, to participate teeship System relating to political, economic, so- in the Council's decisions concerning the em- cial and educational matters in the strategic areas. ployment of contingents of the Member's forces. The Administering Authority of a Trust Terri- Functions and Organization of the United Nations 47 tory may make use of volunteer forces, facilities Each member of the Council has one vote. De- and assistance from the Trust Territory in carrying cisions of the Council on procedural matters are out the obligations toward the Security Council made by an affirmative vote of seven members. undertaken by the Authority. Decisions on all other matters are made by an affirmative vote of seven members, including the e. ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTIONS concurring votes of the permanent members, pro- The Security Council exercises certain func- vided that a party to a dispute abstains from vot- tions and powers of an organizational or consti- ing in decisions with respect to the pacific settle- tutional nature. ment of that dispute. It may request the convening of special ses- In the special case of the election of the judges sions of the General Assembly, the Economic and of the International Court of Justice, an absolute Social Council and the Trusteeship Council. It majority (i.e. six votes) is required. may request information and assistance from the The Security Council is organized to function Economic and Social Council. continuously. Each member of the Council is rep- The Security Council and the General Assembly, resented at all times at the seat of the United voting independently, elect the judges of the Nations. The Council may hold meetings at places International Court of Justice. Upon the recom- other than the seat of the United Nations. mendation of the Security Council, the General The Security Council may establish such sub- Assembly determines the conditions under which sidiary organs as it deems necessary for the per- a State which is not a Member of the United formance of its functions. Nations may become a party to the Statute of the The Security Council adopts its own rules of Court, and the Council lays down the conditions procedure, including the method of selecting its under which the Court may be open to a State President. which is not a party to the Statute. The Council may request the Court to give an advisory opin- Any Member of the United Nations which is ion on any legal question. not a member of the Security Council may parti- cipate, without vote, in the discussion of any ques- The Secretary-General is appointed by the Gen- tion brought before the Council whenever the eral Assembly upon the recommendation of the latter considers that the interests of that Member Security Council. are specially affected. New Members are admitted to the United Na- Any Member of the United Nations which is tions by the General Assembly upon the Security not a member of the Security Council, or any Council's recommendation. A Member of the State which is not a Member of the United Na- United Nations against which preventive or en- tions, if it is a party to a dispute under considera- forcement action has been taken by the Council tion by the Council, is invited to participate, with- may be suspended from the exercise of the rights out vote, in the discussion relating to the dispute. and privileges of membership by the General The Council lays down such conditions as it deems Assembly on the Council's recommendation. The just for the participation of a State which is not Council may restore the exercise of these rights a Member of the United Nations. and privileges. A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles of the Charter may be expelled from the United Na- 4. Structure tions by the General Assembly upon the recom- Subsidiary organs reporting to the Security mendation of the Council. Council are: Any amendment to or any alteration of the (a) Military Staff Committee Charter comes into force when it is adopted by (b) Atomic Energy Commission a two-thirds vote of the General Assembly or of (c) Commission for Conventional Armaments the General Conference provided for in Article (d) Standing committees 109 of the Charter, and ratified by two thirds of (e) Ad hoc committees and commissions the Members of the United Nations, including the a. MILITARY STAFF COMMITTEE34 permanent members of the Security Council. The Military Staff Committee, which is pro- 3. Voting and Procedure vided for in the Charter, is composed of the Chiefs

The voting and procedure of the Security Coun- 34 For representatives serving on the Committee, see cil are defined in the Charter as follows: Annex II, p. 55. SECURITY COUNCIL Functions and Organization of the United Nations 49 of Staff of the permanent members of the Security of the Security Council. It prepares and reports to Council or their representatives. the Council proposals for the general regulation It advises and assists the Council on all ques- and reduction of armaments and armed forces and tions relating to the Council's military require- for practical and effective safeguards in this con- ments for maintaining international peace and nexion in order to give effect to General Assem- security, the employment and command of forces bly resolutions 41(1) and 42(1) of 14 December placed at its disposal, regulation of armaments and 194637 relating to the principles governing the possible disarmament. general regulation and reduction of armaments The Committee is to be responsible, under the and to information on armed forces to be sup- Security Council, for the strategic direction of any plied by Members of the United Nations. armed forces placed at the Council's disposal in It may make proposals concerning studies to be accordance with the special agreements provided undertaken by the Military Staff Committee and for in Article 43 of the Charter. other organs of the United Nations. The Com- Members not represented on the Military Staff mission may not, however, deal with matters with- Committee will be invited to participate in its in the competence of the Atomic Energy Com- work when the efficient discharge of the Com- mission. mittee's duties so requires. The Commission for Conventional Armaments The Committee, after consulting the appro- has established one continuing subsidiary organ, priate regional agencies, may establish regional a Working Committee, composed of representa- sub-committees. tives of all the members of the Commission. The b. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION35 Working Committee formulates proposals for the general regulation and reduction of armaments The Atomic Energy Commission, established by and armed forces. It may establish such sub-com- the General Assembly, consists of all the mem- mittees as are necessary to deal with various as- bers of the Security Council and, in addition, pects of its work; the Committee co-ordinates the Canada when that State is not a member of the work of these sub-committees, receives their re- Council. ports and submits its own proposals in turn to the The Commission deals with the problems raised Commission for consideration. by the discovery of atomic energy and other re- lated matters. d. STANDING COMMITTEES In particular, it makes proposals for: extending between all nations the exchange of basic scien- Two standing committees have been estab- tific information for peaceful ends; control of lished, each composed of representatives of all atomic energy to the extent necessary to ensure the members of the Security Council: its use only for peaceful purposes; the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and (1) Committee of Experts other major weapons adaptable to mass destruc- The Committee of Experts studies and advises tion; effective safeguards, e.g., by inspection, to the Security Council on the rules of procedure. protect complying States against the dangers of It also studies such matters as may be referred to violations and evasions. it by the Council. The Commission submits its reports and recom- (2) Committee on the Admission of New Members mendations to the Security Council, and receives directions from the Council on matters affecting The Committee examines all applications for the maintenance of peace and security. membership in the United Nations referred to it The main committees of the Atomic Energy by the Security Council, and reports on them to Commission are the Working Committee; Com- the Council. mittee 2, dealing with controls; the Legal Com- 35 mittee; and the Technical and Scientific Commit- For representatives serving on the Commission, see Annex II, p. 55. The General Assembly at its fifth ses- tee. Each is composed of all members of the sion established a committee to consider ways and means Atomic Energy Commission. whereby the work of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Commission for Conventional Armaments might be co-ordinated and the advisability of their functions c. COMMISSION FOR CONVENTIONAL being merged and placed under a new, consolidated ARMAMENTS36 disarmament commission. 36 For representatives serving on the Commission, see The Commission for Conventional Armaments Annex II, p. 56. is composed of representatives of all the members 37 For text, see Y.U.N., 1946-47, pp. 143 and 139. 50 Yearbook of the United Nations e. AD HOC COMMITTEES AND COMMISSIONS38 June...... India...... Sir Benegal Narsing Rau The Security Council establishes such ad hoc July...... Norway...... Arne Sunde committees and commissions as may be required August...... USSR...... Yakov A. Malik from time to time for special purposes. The fol- September..... United Kingdom.... Sir Gladwyn Jebb lowing commissions appointed by the Security October...... United States...... Warren R. Austin Council were in operation at 31 December 1950. November. .... Yugoslavia...... Ales Bebler December...... China...... Tingfu F. Tsiang (1) The United Nations Commission for In- donesia39 (formerly Committee of Good Offices) was established by the Security Council on 28 6. Meetings of the Security Council and January 1949, to assist the Governments of the Matters Considered during 1950 Netherlands and of the Republic of Indonesia in The Security Council is organized to function the settlement of their dispute. The Commission continuously. was to make recommendations to the Security Meeting Subject Date Council as to the nature, powers and functions of January the United Nations agency which should remain 459th The question of the representation of China 10 in Indonesia to assist in the implementation of on the Security Council the provisions of the agreement between the Gov- 460th The question of the representation of China 12 ernments of the Netherlands and of the United on the Security Council States of Indonesia. 461st The question of the representation of China 13 on the Security Council (2) The Chief of Staff of the United Nations Regulation and reduction of conventional Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine ob- armaments and armed forces serves the maintenance in Palestine of the cease- 462nd Regulation and reduction of conventional 17 fire. It is also his function to assist the parties to armaments and armed forces the armistice agreements—Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon Provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and Syria on the one hand, and Israel on the The question of the representation of China other—in the supervision of the application and on the Security Council observance of the terms of those agreements. He February reports to the Security Council on the observance 463rd The India-Pakistan question 7 of the cease-fire in Palestine, and keeps the United 464th The India-Pakistan question 8 40 Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine 465th The India-Pakistan question 9 informed of matters affecting the Commission's 466th The India-Pakistan question 10 work. 467th The India-Pakistan question 24 468th The India-Pakistan question 28 5. Members and Presidents Provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council The following were members of the Security March 41 Council during 1950: 469th The India-Pakistan question 8 Permanent Members 470th The India-Pakistan question 14 China, France, USSR, United Kingdom, United States April Non-Permanent Members 471st The India-Pakistan question 12 Elected to serve until 31 December 1950: Cuba, Egypt, May Norway 472nd Appointment of a rapporteur or conciliator 24 Elected to serve until 31 December 1951: Ecuador, India, for a situation or dispute brought to the Yugoslavia attention of the Security Council The presidency of the Council is held in turn 38 by member States in the English alphabetical or- For members of and representatives serving on commissions, see Annex II, p. 56. The United Nations der of their names, each President holding office Truce Commission for Palestine, established by the for one month. The following representatives Security Council to assist it in supervising the Council held the office of President during 1950: truce resolution of 17 April 1948, although dormant, has never been terminated by the Security Council. January...... China...... Tingfu F. Tsiang 39 On 1 April 1951, the Commission adjourned sine February...... Cuba...... Carlos Blanco die, while continuing to hold itself at the disposal of the parties. March...... Ecuador...... Homero Viteri-Lafronte 40 See p. 41. April...... Egypt...... Mahmoud Fawzi Bey 41 For representatives serving on the Council, see May...... France...... Jean Chauvel Annex I, pp. 54-55. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 51

Meeting Subject Date Meeting Subject Date June 493rd Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 31 473rd Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 25 of Korea of Korea I Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan 474th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 27 (Formosa) of Korea Complaint of bombing by air forces of the 475th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 30 territory of China of Korea The unceasing terrorism and mass execu- July tions in Greece42 476th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 7 of Korea September 477th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 25 494th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 1 of Korea of Korea 478th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 28 495th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 5 of Korea of Korea 479th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 31 496th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 6 of Korea of Korea August 497th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 7 480th President's ruling on the representation of 1 of Korea China Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan Recognition of the representative of the (Formosa) Central People's Government of the Complaint of bombing by air forces of the People's Republic of China as the repre- territory of China sentative of China42 Peaceful settlement of the Korean question42 498th Discussion of draft report to General 8 Complaint of aggression upon the Republic Assembly of Korea 499th Complaint of bombing by air forces of the 11 481st Recognition of the representative of the 2 territory of China Central People's Government of the 500th Discussion of draft report to General 12 People's Republic of China as the repre- Assembly (closed meeting) sentative of China42 501st Complaint of bombing by air forces of the 12 Peaceful settlement of the Korean question42 territory of China Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 502nd Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 18 of Korea of Korea 482nd Recognition of the representative of the 3 Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan Central People's Government of the (Formosa) People's Republic of China as the repre- 42 Complaint of expulsion by Israel of sentative of China thousands of Palestinian Arabs into Egyp- Peaceful settlement of the Korean question42 tian territory, and the violation by Israel Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of the Egyptian-Israeli General Armistice of Korea Agreement 483rd Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 4 503rd Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan 26 of Korea (Formosa) 484th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 8 Complaint of expulsion by Israel of thou- of Korea sands of Palestinian Arabs into Egyptian 485th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 10 territory, and the violation by Israel of of Korea the Egyptian-Israeli General Armistice 486th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 11 Agreement of Korea The India-Pakistan question 487th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 14 Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea of Korea 488th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 17 Application for membership of the Repub- of Korea lic of Indonesia 489th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 22 504th Adoption of the agenda 27 of Korea Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan (Formosa) 490th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 25 of Korea 505th Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan 28 (Formosa) 491st Consideration of draft report to General 28 Assembly (closed meeting) 506th Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan 29 (Formosa) 492nd Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 29 of Korea 42 Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan These items were proposed, but not included in the (Formosa) agenda. 52 Yearbook of the United Nations

Meeting Subject Date Meeting Subject Date 507th Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan 29 530th Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan 30 (Formosa) (Formosa) and 508th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 30 Complaint of aggression against the Repub- of Korea lic of Korea43 (No meetings of the Council were held during October December 1950) 509th Recommendation regarding the Secretary- 9 General (closed meeting) 7. Constitutional and Organizational 510th Recommendation regarding the Secretary- 12 General (closed meeting) Questions 511th The Palestine question 16 a. WITHDRAWAL OF THE USSR FROM 512th Recommendation regarding the Secretary- 18 MEETINGS44 General (closed meeting) 513th Recommendation regarding the Secretary- 20 On 8 January 1950, a telegram bearing the General (closed meeting) signature of the Foreign Minister of the People's 514th The Palestine question 20 Republic of China informed the Security Council 515th Recommendation regarding the Secretary- 25 that his Government considered that the presence General (closed meeting) of the "Kuomintang delegation" in the Council 516th Recommendation regarding the Secretary- 30 was illegal. His Government's position was that General (closed meeting) the "Kuomintang delegates" should be expelled 517th The Palestine question 30 from the Council. The Indonesian question On 10 January 1950, the representative of the November USSR submitted a draft resolution (S/1443) 518th Special Report from the United Nations 6 which, considering the statement of the Central Command in Korea People's Government of the People's Republic of The Palestine question China of 8 January, proposed that the Council 519th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 8 decide not to recognize the credentials of the of Korea representative concerned and to exclude him from 520th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 8 of Korea the Security Council. The representative of the 521st Adoption of the agenda 10 USSR stated that if the Council failed to take Complaint of aggression upon the Republic the "appropriate measures" the USSR delegation of Korea would not participate in the work of the Council 522nd The Palestine question 13 until the "Kuomintang representative" was ex- 523rd Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 16 cluded. of Korea On 13 January 1950, the Council rejected the 524th Complaint of aggression upon the Republic 17 USSR draft resolution by 6 votes to 3, with 2 ab- of Korea stentions. The representative of the USSR there- The Palestine question upon withdrew from the Council chamber after 525th Adoption of the agenda 27 stating that the USSR would not recognize as Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan (Formosa) and, legal any decision of the Security Council adopted Complaint of aggression against the Repub- with the participation of the representative of the lic of Korea43 "Kuomintang group" and would not deem itself 526th Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan 28 bound by such decisions. (Formosa) and Complaint of aggression against the Repub- b. AMENDMENTS TO THE PROVISIONAL RULES lic of Korea43 OF PROCEDURE 527th Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan 28 By a letter (S/1447) dated 13 January 1950, the (Formosa) and Complaint of aggression against the Repub- representative of India submitted to the Security lic of Korea43 Council two amendments to the provisional rules 528th Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan 29 of procedure of the Council concerning represen- (Formosa) and tation and credentials of its members. The first Complaint of aggression against the Repub- amendment would add to rule 13 a new sentence, 43 lic of Korea before the last sentence, stating that: 529th Complaint of armed invasion of Taiwan 30 (Formosa) and 43 These two items were jointly considered. Complaint of aggression against the Repub- 44 For discussion of question of the representation of lic of Korea43 China, see pp. 421-29. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 53

The credentials shall be issued either by the Head cerned or by its Minister of Foreign Affairs."45 of the State or the Government concerned or by its The Council adopted the amendment. Minister of Foreign Affairs. With reference to the proposed new rule 17A, The second amendment would add a new rule the Council endorsed the conclusions of the Com- (rule 17A) stating that: mittee of Experts. Where the right of any person to represent, or to continue to represent, a State on the Security Council, c. APPOINTMENT OF A RAPPORTEUR OR CON- or at a meeting of the Security Council, is called in CILIATOR FOR A SITUATION OR DISPUTE question on the ground that he does not represent, or BROUGHT TO THE COUNCIL'S ATTENTION has ceased to represent, the recognized Government of that State, the President of the Council shall, before In a letter (S/1323), dated 13 May 1949, the submitting the question to the decision of the Council, Secretary-General transmitted to the Security ascertain (by telegraph if necessary) and place before Council the text of resolution 268 B (III)46 the Council, so far as available, the views of the Gov- adopted by the General Assembly on 28 April ernments of all the other States Members of the United 1949 regarding the appointment of a rapporteur Nations on the matter. or conciliator for a situation or dispute brought The Council, at its 462nd meeting on 17 Jan- to the attention of the Security Council. uary 1950, referred the proposal of India to its At the 472nd meeting of the Council on 24 May Committee of Experts for study and report. 1950, the President of the Council stated that the The Committee of Experts, on 14 February, General Assembly's resolution would not involve submitted its report (S/1457 & Corr.1) to the making a general rule of a practice to which the Council. It was the opinion of the Committee Council had had recourse in the cases of Palestine that the first amendment proposed by the repre- and Kashmir. Nor would it involve establishing sentative of India should be incorporated in the a procedure which would remove an item from provisional rules of procedure of the Security the Council's agenda and would precede or follow Council. The Committee felt that it should be left the discussions in the Council. Discussion of the to the Council to decide whether to adopt that resolution in the General Assembly had indicated amendment to rule 13 immediately or to defer it a desire to avoid any conflict or overlapping with till a later date. the existing procedure and to avoid establishing With regard to the proposed new rule 17A, the any rigid rules. Recalling previous cases in which Committee agreed with the representative of India the President of the Council had already exercised that it would be desirable to establish a uniform his powers of conciliation, he pointed out that it procedure which could be adopted by all the or- sometimes took longer than a President's term of gans of the United Nations in order that the office to settle a dispute or to clarify a situation. possibilities of adopting conflicting decisions Moreover, the parties to the dispute might wish might be minimized. It was the opinion of the to have the help of some member of the Council majority that the question was of such a nature other than the President. The Assembly resolution that the General Assembly should be the organ meant that the President would be asked to en- of the United Nations to initiate the study and to courage the parties to agree upon the appointment seek uniformity and co-ordination with regard to of a member of the Council, who might be the the procedure governing representation and cre- President himself or any other member. Upon dentials. The Committee had, however, accepted appointment, the member would carry out his the basic assumption that the right of the Security work independently of his office, if he was Presi- Council to deal with any issue relating to the dent, and even independently of his membership representation or credentials of its members was of the Council. not open to question. The Committee therefore The majority of the Council representatives considered that the Council should not, for the were, in general, in favour of the idea embodied moment, take any decision on this amendment. in the Assembly resolution. It was emphasized, At the 468th meeting on 28 February 1950, the however, that the Security Council should remain master of its own procedure and avoid the pit- Council considered the report of the Committee falls of following a procedure that was laid down and accepted without objection the suggestion of too rigidly. It was also generally agreed that the the representative of the United States that the English text of the proposed addition to rule 13 45 For text of the rule as amended, see Annex III, should read: "Credentials shall be issued either by p. 56. the Head of the State or of the Government con- 46 See Y.U.N.. 1948-49, p. 416. 54 Yearbook of the United Nations procedure recommended by the General Assembly ences to those decisions which had been taken by was in no way to be mandatory for the Security the Council at a time when its composition was Council with regard to each and every case illegal, and, failing to secure this, had been forced brought to its attention. to abstain from voting on the draft report. He The President, speaking as the representative considered that the General Assembly could not of France, submitted a draft resolution (S/1486) properly take note of the report adopted by the which, taking note of General Assembly resolu- Council until those decisions had been deleted. tion 268 B (III) of 28 April 1949, stated that the The representative of France stated that the Security Council decided, should an appropriate views of his delegation had been fully set forth occasion arise, to base its action on the principles in the records of the Security Council, and that set forth in that resolution. It was adopted unan- they were diametrically opposed to those of the imously, one member (USSR) being absent. USSR. The representative of the United States said 8. Annual Report that, while he did not question the USSR repre- The report of the Security Council (A/1361) sentative's right to criticize the report, he empha- to the fifth session of the General Assembly, cov- tically disagreed with his views. ering the period from 16 July 1949 to 15 July The representative of China protested against 1950, was referred by the Assembly to the Ad Hoc the use of the term "representative of the Kuo- Political Committee, which considered it at its mintang group". He declared that the statement 78th meeting on 12 December. made by the USSR representative was not only an The representative of Australia orally proposed insult to his Government, which was the only that the Committee should follow the procedure legal Government of China, but also to the other taken in the past and adopt a resolution calling on members of the Security Council, which had en- the General Assembly to take note of the report. dorsed the report. The representative of the USSR said that the The Chairman then put the Australian proposal Council's report included a number "of illegal de- to the vote; it was adopted by 42 votes to none, cisions" which had been taken when the composi- with 8 abstentions. tion of the Council was "illegal because of the The report of the Ad Hoc Political Committee absence of the representatives of the USSR and (A/1679), containing the draft resolution which China," and because of the "illegal participation it recommended that the General Assembly adopt, of the representative of the Kuomintang group". was considered by the Assembly at its 325th ple- He referred in particular to the resolutions on the nary meeting on 14 December. The representative Korean question, stating that they had no legal of the USSR criticized the Security Council's re- validity because they had been adopted in the port, repeating the arguments advanced in the Ad absence of two permanent members of the Coun- Hoc Political Committee. The draft resolution cil, the USSR and China, and arguing that those submitted by the Ad Hoc Political Committee was resolutions had been adopted on the basis of "one- then put to the vote and adopted by 45 votes to sided information submitted by the United States none, with 6 abstentions, as resolution 397(V), delegation" and because of United States pressure. as follows: When the draft report had been under considera- The General Assembly tion in the Security Council, he said, the USSR "Takes note of the report of the Security Council delegation had pressed for the deletion of refer- covering the period from 16 July 1949 to 15 July 1950.

ANNEX I. REPRESENTATIVES AND ALTERNATES ACCREDITED TO THE SECURITY COUNCIL

CHINA: ECUADOR: Representative Tingfu F. Tsiang Representatives Homero Viteri-Lafronte Antonio Quevedo Alternates C. L. Hsia Alternates Miguel Albornoz Shuhsi Hsu Alfonso Moscoso Teodoro Bustamante CUBA: EGYPT: Representatives Alberto I. Alvarez Representative Mahmoud Fawzi Bey Carlos Blanco Alternate Ahmed M. Farrag Manuel G. Hevia FRANCE: José Miguel Ribas Representative Jean Chauvel Functions and Organization of the United Nations 55

Alternates Francis Lacoste UNITED KINGDOM: Pierre Ordonneau Representatives Sir Alexander Cadogan INDIA: Sir Gladwyn Jebb Representative Sir Benegal Narsing Rau Alternates J. E. Coulson Alternates Rajeshwar Dayal D. S. Laskey M. Gopala Menon A. S. Mehta UNITED STATES: NORWAY: Representative Warren R. Austin Representative Arne Sunde Alternates Ernest A. Gross Alternates Ivar Lunde John C. Ross Bredo Stabell YUGOSLAVIA: USSR: Representative Ales Bebler Representative Yakov A. Malik Alternates Vlado Popovic Alternate Semen K. Tsarapkin Djuro Nincic

ANNEX II. MEMBERS OF SUBSIDIARY ORGANS REPORTING TO THE COUNCIL

A. Representatives Accredited to the Military CUBA: Staff Committee Representative Alberto I. Alvarez CHINA: Alternates Carlos Blanco Army Representative Maj.-General Tai Chien José Miguel Ribas Air Force Representative Lt.-General Pong-tsu Mow Manuel G. Hevia Navy Representative Commodore Ju-fon Kao Francisco V. García Amador FRANCE: ECUADOR: Army Representatives Lt.-General P. Billotte Representative Antonio Quevedo (to 27 January 1950) Alternate José A. Correa Général de Brigade M. Penette EGYPT: (from 28 January 1950) Representative Mahmoud Fawzi Bey Air Force Representatives Lt.-Colonel Jean Fournier Alternate Brig.-General Mohamed Abdel (to 31 August 1950) Halim Khalifa Bey Commandant Louis J. P. Le Gelard FRANCE: (from 1 September 1950) Representative Jean Chauvel Navy Representative Capitaine de Fregate Pierre Alternate Pierre Auger H. Mazoyer (from 5 July 1950) INDIA: USSR: Representative Sir Benegal Narsing Rau Army Representative Lt.-General A. Ph. Vasiliev Alternate M. Gopala Menon Air Force Representative Lt.-General A. R. Sharapov NORWAY: UNITED KINGDOM: Representative Arne Sunde Army Representative Colonel G. O. M. Jameson Air Force Representative Air Vice-Marshal G. E. Alternate Bredo Stabell Gibbs USSR: Navy Representative Rear-Admiral Lord Ashbourne Representative Yakov A. Malik UNITED STATES: Alternate Semen K. Tsarapkin Army Representative Lt. General Willis D. Crittenberger UNITED KINGDOM: Air Force Representative Lt. General H. R. Harmon Representatives Sir Alexander Cadogan Navy Representative Vice-Admiral B. H. Bieri Sir Gladwyn Jebb Alternate Sir Terence Shone B. Representatives and Alternate Representatives Accredited to the Atomic Energy Commission UNITED STATES: CANADA: Representative Warren R. Austin Representative General A. G. L. McNaughton Acting Deputy Alternate John W. Holmes Representative John C. Ross CHINA: YUGOSLAVIA: Representative Tingfu F. Tsiang Representative Ales Bebler Alternate Hsieh-ren Wei Alternate Djuro Nincic 56 Yearbook of the United Nations

C. Representatives and Alternate Representatives D. Representatives and Alternate Representative; Accredited to the Commission for Conventional on the United Nations Commission for Indonesia Armaments CHINA: AUSTRALIA: Representative Tingfu F. Tsiang Representatives T. K. Critchley Alternates Shuhsi Hsu T. W. Cutts Hsieh-ren Wei Hugh Gilchrist CUBA: Alternate W. B. Pritchett Representative Alberto I. Alvarez BELGIUM: Alternates Carlos Blanco Representative Paul Bihin José Miguel Ribas Manuel G. Hevia Alternate H. Baeyens Francisco V. Garcia Amador UNITED STATES: ECUADOR: Representatives Edward A. Dow, Jr. Representatives Homero Viteri-Lafronte Hooker A. Doolittle Antonio Quevedo Jacob D. Beam Alternate José A. Correa H. Merrel Benninghoff EGYPT: E. Representatives on the United Nations Representative Mahmoud Fawzi Bey Commission for India and Pakistan47 Alternates Brig.-General Mohamed Abdel Halim Khalifa Bey ARGENTINA: Colonel Abdel Hamid Ghaleb Bey Representative Carlos Leguizamon FRANCE: BELGIUM: Representative Jean Chauvel Representative Robert van de Kerchove d'Hallebast Alternate Francis Lacoste COLOMBIA: INDIA: Representative Sir Benegal Narsing Rau Representative Alfredo Lozana Alternates M. Gopala Menon CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Rajeshwar Dayal Representative Oldrich Chyle NORWAY: Representative Arne Sunde UNITED STATES: Alternates Ivar Lunde Representative Robert Macattee Bredo Stabell USSR: CHIEF UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVERS IN Representative Yakov A. Malik KASHMIR Alternate Semen K. Tsarapkin Brigadier H. H. Angle (from 10 January to 17 July 1950) UNITED KINGDOM: Colonel G. Coblentz (from 18 July to 27 October Representatives Sir Alexander Cadogan 1950) Sir Gladwyn Jebb Maj.-General R. H. Nimmo, C.B.E. (from 28 October Alternates Sir Terence Shone 1950) J. E. Coulson UNITED STATES: F. United Nations Representative for India Representative Warren R. Austin and Pakistan Deputy Sir Owen Dixon (Australia) (from 12 April to 26 Representative Frank C. Nash September 1950) YUGOSLAVIA: G. United Nations Truce Supervision Organization Representative Ales Bebler in Palestine Alternate Djuro Nincic Chief of Staff: Maj.-General William E. Riley

ANNEX III. MODIFICATION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE

Rule 13 was amended at the 468th meeting on credentials shall be issued either by the Head of the 28 February 1950.48 The amendment is printed in italics. State or of the Government concerned or by its Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Head of Government or Minister Rule 13 of Foreign Affairs of each member of the Security Coun- cil shall be entitled to sit on the Security Council with- Each member of the Security Council shall be repre- out submitting credentials. sented at the meetings of the Security Council by an accredited representative. The credentials of a representa- 47 The Commission terminated on 30 June 1950 after tive on the Security Council shall be communicated to its powers and responsibilities had been transferred to the Secretary-General not less than twenty-four hours the United Nations Representative. before he takes his seat on the Security Council. The 48 See pp. 52-53. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 57 C. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL The Charter recognizes that conditions of (d) to call international conferences on matters falling stability and well-being are necessary for peaceful within its competence. and friendly relations among nations, based on As regards the specialized agencies, the Eco- respect for the principle of equal rights and self- nomic and Social Council may: determination of peoples.49 With a view to creat- (a) enter into agreements with any of the specialized agencies, defining the terms on which the agencies are ing such conditions, the United Nations under- to be brought into relationship with the United Nations, takes to promote: such agreements being subject to approval by the Gen- (a) higher standards of living, full employment and eral Assembly; conditions of economic and social progress and develop- (b) co-ordinate the activities of the specialized agencies ment; through consultation with and recommendations to them (b) solutions of international economic, social, health and through recommendations to the General Assembly and related problems; and international cultural and and to the Members of the United Nations; educational co-operation; and (c) take steps to obtain regular reports from the agen- (c) universal respect for, and observance of, human cies, and arrange with the Members of the United rights and fundamental freedoms for all without dis- Nations, and with the agencies, to obtain reports on tinction as to race, sex, language or religion. the steps taken to give effect to its own recommendations All Members pledge themselves to take joint and to recommendations on matters falling within its and separate action in co-operation with the competence made by the General Assembly; and United Nations for the achievement of these pur- (d) communicate its observations on these reports to the General Assembly. poses. The Charter also provides that the various inter- The Charter provides that any financial and governmental agencies having wide responsibilities budgetary arrangements with the specialized agen- in economic, social, educational, health and related cies are to be considered and approved by the fields are to be brought into relationship with General Assembly, which is also to examine the the United Nations. The United Nations makes administrative budgets of the agencies with a recommendations for co-ordinating the policies view to making recommendations to them. and activities of these specialized agencies and, The Economic and Social Council may furnish where appropriate, it initiates negotiations among information to the Security Council and assists the States concerned for the creation of new agen- that Council upon its request. It performs such cies required for the accomplishment of its eco- functions as fall within its competence in con- nomic and social purposes. nexion with the carrying out of the recommenda- The responsibility for the discharge of these tions of the General Assembly. It may, with the functions is vested in the General Assembly and, approval of the General Assembly, perform ser- under the Assembly's authority, in the Economic vices at the request of Members of the United and Social Council, which is established as a prin- Nations and at the request of specialized agencies. cipal organ of the United Nations. In accordance with the terms of the Charter, The Council consists of eighteen Members of the Council has been authorized by the General the United Nations, elected by the General Assem- Assembly to request advisory opinions of the In- bly for a term of three years. A retiring member ternational Court of Justice on legal questions of the Council is eligible for immediate re-elec- arising within the scope of its activities. tion. Each member has one representative. 2. Voting and Procedure 1. Functions and Powers The principal functions and powers of the Each member of the Council has one vote. The Economic and Social Council are: Council's decisions are made by a majority of the (a) to make or initiate studies and reports with respect members present and voting. to international economic, social, cultural, educational, The Charter provides that the Council shall set health and related matters, and to make recommenda- tions with respect to any such matters to the General up commissions in the economic and social fields Assembly, to the Members of the United Nations and to the specialized agencies concerned; 49 For the Charter provisions relating to the Economic (b) to make recommendations for the purpose of pro- and Social Council, see Ch. IX, which sets forth the moting respect for, and observance of, human rights objectives and functions of the United Nations in the and fundamental freedoms for all; realm of international economic and social co-operation, and Ch. X, which defines the composition, functions (c) to prepare draft conventions for submission to the and powers, voting and procedure of the Economic General Assembly with respect to matters falling within and Social Council. Other provisions are to be found its competence; and in Arts. 1, 2, 7, 15, 17, 18, 91, 96, 98, 101. GENERAL ASSEMBLY Functions and Organization of the United Nations 59 and for the promotion of human rights, and such (8) Commission on the Status of Women other commissions as may be required for the per- (9) Commission on Narcotic Drugs formance of its functions. Members of the functional commissions (ex- The Council invites any Member of the United cept the Commission on Narcotic Drugs) after Nations to participate, without vote, in its delib- the initial period, are selected by the Council for erations on any matter of particular concern to three-year terms. One third of the initial members that Member. were selected for two years, one third for three The Council may make arrangements for repre- years and one third for four years. In the case of sentatives of the specialized agencies to partici- the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, however, the pate, without vote, in its deliberations and in initial members were all selected for three years. those of its commissions, and for Council repre- Subsequently ten members were appointed for an sentatives to participate in the deliberations of the indefinite period, the remaining five being ap- specialized agencies. pointed for three years. The Council also makes arrangements for con- sultation with non-governmental organizations (1) Economic, Employment and Development Commission which are concerned with matters within its com- petence. Arrangements are made with interna- The Economic, Employment and Development 52 tional organizations and, where appropriate, also Commission, consisting of eighteen members, with national non - governmental organizations advises the Council on economic questions in order after consultation with the Member of the United to promote higher standards of living. In partic- Nations concerned. ular, it advises the Council on: The Economic and Social Council adopts its (a) the prevention of wide fluctuations in economic activity and the promotion of full employment by the own rules of procedure. It meets as required in co-ordination of national full employment policies and accordance with its rules, which include provision by international action; for the convening of meetings on the request of a (b) problems of the reconstruction of devastated areas majority of its members, or at the request of the and other urgent problems arising from the war, so General Assembly or the Security Council. as to help various Members of the United Nations whose territories have been devastated as a result of the war; and (c) the promotion of economic development and prog- 3. Structure ress, with special regard to the problems of less de- Subsidiary organs reporting to the Council are veloped areas. of five types: The Commission draws the attention of the (1) Functional commissions and sub-commissions Council to the probable influence of policies and (2) Regional economic commissions activities of the other Commissions of the Coun- cil, the specialized agencies or other international (3) Standing committees (4) Special bodies organizations on these matters. (5) Ad hoc committees Since its establishment, the Commission has also been charged with keeping under continuous a. FUNCTIONAL COMMISSIONS AND review the problem of financing the economic SUB-COMMISSIONS50 development of under-developed countries and with advising the Council on full employment The Council has established the following func- tional commissions: measures and policies reported by Governments under Council resolution 290(XI).53 (1) Economic, Employment and Development Commis- sion51 50 (2) Transport and Communications Commission For members of the commissions and sub-comis- sions and representatives serving on them, see Annex (3) Fiscal Commission II, pp. 93-98. (4) Statistical Commission 51 The name and composition of this Commission, Sub-Commission on Statistical Sampling previously the Economic and Employment Commission, (5) Population Commission were changed at the Council's 11th session, and its two sub-commissions, on Employment and Economic (6) Social Commission Stability and on Economic Development, were abolished (7) Commission on Human Rights (see pp. 79-81). 52 Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information and The Economic and Employment Commission (the of the Press name of which was changed at the Council's 11th session) consisted of 15 members. The three new mem- Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimina- bers were elected to take office as from 1 Jan. 1951. tion and Protection of Minorities 53 See pp. 472-74. 60 Yearbook of the United Nations

( 2 ) Transport and Communications Commission and organs, the specialized agencies and non-gov- The Transport and Communications Commis- ernmental organizations brought into consultative sion, consisting of fifteen members, has the fol- status with the United Nations. It makes recom- lowing functions: mendations regarding the use of sampling meth- (a) To assist the Economic and Social Council in its ods in conjunction with an attempted complete tasks concerned with transport and communications enumeration, taking account of the circumstances problems (b) To advise the Council on the co-ordination of the which make sampling methods preferable to com- work of the specialized agencies in the sphere of trans- plete enumeration. port and communications It also examines the use of statistical sampling (c) To report to the Council, on its request, on the in different countries and promotes the improve- work of any of the specialized agencies in the sphere of transport and communications ment of methodology in statistical sampling and (d) To advise the Council in fields where no permanent its applications. international organization yet exists and on problems which concern more than one sphere of transport or (5) Population Commission communications The Population Commission, consisting of (e) To suggest to the Council the creation of new twelve members, studies and advises the Economic agencies, or the conclusion of new conventions or the revision of existing conventions and Social Council on: (f) On instructions of the Economic and Social Coun- (a) size and structure of populations and changes cil and when so authorized by convention or agreement therein; between the parties, to perform the task of conciliation (b) the interplay of demographic factors and economic in cases of disputes between States and/or specialized and social factors; agencies on problems concerning international transport (c) policies designed to influence the size and structure and communications where such disputes are not dealt of populations and the changes therein; with by other means (d) any other demographic questions on which either (g) To perform such other tasks as the Economic and the principal or the subsidiary organs of the United Social Council may require of it on any question con- Nations or the specialized agencies seek advice. cerning international transport and communications (6) Social Commission (b) To assist the Security Council, if so desired by the Economic and Social Council, in accordance with The Social Commission, consisting of eighteen Article 65 of the Charter members, advises the Council on: ( i ) To assist the Trusteeship Council, if so desired (a) social questions of a general character, and in by the Economic and Social Council, in accordance with particular on all matters in the social field not covered Article 91 of the Charter by specialized inter-governmental agencies; (b) practical measures that may be needed in the (3) Fiscal Commission social field; The Fiscal Commission, consisting of fifteen (c) measures needed for the co-ordination of activities members, studies and advises the Council in the in the social field; (d) such international agreements and conventions on field of public finance, particularly in its legal, any of these matters as may be required, and on their administrative and technical aspects. execution. (4) Statistical Commission It reports to the Council on the extent to which the recommendations of the United Nations in The Statistical Commission, consisting of fifteen the field of social policy are being carried out. members,54 assists the Council in: (a) promoting the development of national statistics (7) Commission on Human Rights and the improvement of their comparability; The Commission on Human Rights, consisting (b) advising the organs of the United Nations on gen- of eighteen members, submits proposals, recom- eral questions relating to the collection, interpretation and dissemination of statistical information; mendations and reports to the Council on: (c) promoting the improvement of statistics and statis- (a) an international bill of rights; tical methods generally; (b) international declarations or conventions on civil (d) co-ordinating the statistical work of specialized liberties, the status of women, freedom of information agencies; and and similar matters; (e) developing the central statistical services of the (c) the protection of minorities; Secretariat of the United Nations. (d) the prevention of discrimination on grounds of race, sex, language or religion; and The Sub-Commission on Statistical Sampling is (e) any other matter concerning human rights not composed of five experts elected by the Commis- covered by items (a), (b), (c) and (d). sion for an indeterminate period. It assists the Statistical Commission to give special considera- 54 The membership of the Statistical Commission was tion to the use of statistical sampling methods in increased from twelve to fifteen at the Council's 11th session. The new members were elected to take office meeting the needs of United Nations Members as from 1 Jan. 1951. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 61

The Sub-Commission on Freedom of Informa- lem. Ten Members of primary importance in these tion and of the Press consists of twelve persons, fields are appointed to membership of the Com- chosen by the Commission on Human Rights, to mission for an indefinite period until such time serve until 31 December 1952. It considers issues as they may be replaced by decision of the Coun- and problems involved in the dissemination of cil; the remaining five are appointed for three information by newspapers and news periodicals, years. The terms of office of the Members of the radio broadcasts and newsreels, and performs any Commission begin on the day of the first meeting other functions which may be entrusted to it by of the session following their election and end on the Council or the Commission on Human Rights. the eve of the first meeting of the session follow- The terms of reference specify various matters on ing the election of their successors. which the Sub-Commission may make studies, re- The Commission assists the Council in exer- ports and recommendations to the Council and cising such powers of supervision over the applica- state that it may collaborate with any legally con- tion of international conventions and agreements stituted national or international press, informa- dealing with narcotic drugs as may be assumed tion, broadcasting or newsreel enterprise or asso- by or conferred on the Council; carries out such ciation in the formulation of general principles functions entrusted to the League of Nations Ad- and proposals in the field of freedom of informa- visory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other tion. The Sub-Commission also discharges, with Dangerous Drugs by the international conventions the approval of the Council, such other functions on narcotic drugs as the Council has found neces- in the field of freedom of information as may be sary to assume and continue; advises the Council entrusted to the United Nations by inter-govern- on all matters pertaining to the control of narcotic mental agreements on information. It reports to drugs and prepares such draft international con- the Economic and Social Council, except in mat- ventions as are necessary; considers what changes ters relating to freedom of information as a may be required in the existing machinery for the fundamental human right, on which matters it international control of narcotic drugs and sub- reports, in the first instance, to the Commission mits proposals to the Council; and performs such on Human Rights. other functions relating to narcotic drugs as the The Sub-Commission on Prevention of Dis- Council may direct. crimination and Protection of Minorities consists b. REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS55 of twelve persons, elected to serve until 31 De- cember 1952. It undertakes studies, particularly in The Council has established the following re- the light of the Universal Declaration of Human gional economic commissions: Rights, and makes recommendations to the Com- (1) Economic Commission for Europe mission on Human Rights concerning the preven- (2) Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East tion of discrimination of any kind relating to (3) Economic Commission for Latin America human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the Members of the regional economic commis- protection of racial, national, religious and lin- sions were selected for the duration of the respec- guistic minorities. It also performs any other func- tive commissions. The membership of the com- tions which may be entrusted to it by the Council missions is largely based on the geographic scope or by the Commission on Human Rights. of their work. Following are their terms of refer- (8) Commission on the Status of Women ence. The Commission on the Status of Women, con- ( 1 ) Economic Commission for Europe sisting of fifteen members, prepares recommenda- The Economic Commission for Europe consists tions and reports to the Council on promoting of the European Members of the United Nations women's rights in political, economic, social and and the United States. educational fields. It may also make recommenda- Other Members of the United Nations partici- tions to the Council on urgent problems requiring pate in a consultative capacity when the Commis- immediate attention in the field of women's rights. sion considers matters of particular concern to (9) Commission on Narcotic Drugs them. European States not Members of the United The Commission on Narcotic Drugs is com- posed of fifteen Members of the United Nations, 55 For members of the commissions, see Annex II, which are important narcotics-producing or -man- p. 98. The Council is to review their organization and ufacturing countries or countries in which illicit terms of reference, in accordance with the terms of reference of the commissions and of General Assembly traffic in narcotic drugs constitutes a serious prob- resol. 409(V) (see p. 79). 62 Yearbook of the United Nations

Nations, except Spain, may also participate in a admitted as a member of this Commission. Burma, consultative capacity, on certain conditions, in the Pakistan and Indonesia became members of the work of the Commission. Commission under this provision. The Commission, with the agreement of the Other Members of the United Nations partici- country concerned: pate in a consultative capacity when the Commis- (a) initiates and participates in measures to facilitate sion considers matters of particular concern to concerted action for them. (i) raising the level of European economic activity; (ii) maintaining and strengthening the economic Certain territories, or parts of territories, are relations of the European countries both among them- admitted to associate membership in the Commis- selves and with other countries of the world; sion without voting privileges. (iii) dealing with European economic reconstruc- The terms of reference of this Commission, tion; (b) investigates and studies economic and technological within its area of operation, are similar to those problems and developments within member countries of the Economic Commission for Europe (see of the Commission and within Europe generally; above). (c) collects, evaluates and disseminates economic, tech- The Commission may also consult with the re- nological and statistical information. presentatives of the Allied Control Authorities The Commission may consult with the repre- in Japan on matters concerning the economy of sentatives of the Allied Control Authorities of the Japan in relation to the rest of the economy of occupied countries on matters concerning the Asia and the Far East. economies of these countries in relation to the rest of the European economy. It may also consult This Commission has the following subsidiary with specialized agencies and non-governmental organs: (a) Committee on Industry and Trade organizations. (i) Sub-Committee on Iron and Steel The Commission has established the following (ii) Sub-Committee on Electric Power subsidiary organs: (b) Inland Transport Committee (a) Committee on Agricultural Problems (i) Inland Water Sub-Committee (b) Coal Committee (ii) Railway Sub-Committee (c) Electric Power Committee (iii) Road Sub-Committee (not yet established) (d) Industry and Materials Committee (c) Ad hoc Committees and Working Parties, e.g. Ad (e) Inland Transport Committee Hoc Sub-Committee on Travel; Joint ECAFE-UNESCO (f) Manpower Committee Working Party to increase the availability of educa- (g) Steel Committee tional, scientific and cultural materials in the ECAFE (h) Timber Committee region (i) Committee on the Development of Trade The Commission also has under it a Bureau of These organs act in a consultative and advisory Flood Control, consisting of experts, which is part capacity, reporting on their activities and making of the Secretariat. recommendations in their fields to the Commis- (3) Economic Commission for Latin America sion. They are authorized to present certain recom- Membership of the Economic Commission for mendations direct to interested Governments but Latin America is open to the Members of the may not take any action with respect to any coun- United Nations in North, Central and South try without the approval of the Government of America and in the Caribbean area, and France, that country. the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Committees and sub-committees of the Com- Certain territories or parts or groups of terri- mission are composed of interested members of tories in Central and South America and the the Commission and such other European States Caribbean area may be admitted by the Com- as the Commission decides. mission to associate membership without voting (2) Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East privileges. The Economic Commission for Asia and the The geographical scope of the Commission's Far East consists of fourteen members: the Mem- work is the twenty Latin American States Mem- bers of the United Nations in Asia and the Far bers of the United Nations, participating terri- East and Australia, France, the Netherlands, New tories in Central and South America that have Zealand, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the frontiers adjoining any of these States, and par- United States. ticipating territories in the Caribbean area. Any State in the area which may later become The tasks assigned to the Commission are, inter a Member of the United Nations may then be alia: Functions and Organization of the United Nations 63

(a) to initiate and participate in measures to facilitate Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance for concerted action for Economic Development of Under-Developed Countries (i) dealing with economic problems arising out of when these are submitted to it by the TAB, through the war; its Chairman; (ii) raising the level of economic activity in Latin (d) receive reports from the TAB on progress and America; implementation of, and disbursement of funds under, (iii) maintaining and strengthening the economic the Expanded Programme; relations of the Latin American countries both among (e) review the working relationships between the par- themselves and with other countries of the world; ticipating organizations and the effectiveness of the (b) to investigate and study economic and technolo- methods of co-ordination in connexion with their tech- gical problems and developments in Latin American nical assistance programmes, making recommendations territories. when appropriate; The Commission may not take any action in (f) perform other functions which the Council may respect to any country without the agreement of assign to it. the Government of that country, and is subject to (2) Committee on Negotiations with the general supervision of the Economic and So- Specialized Agencies cial Council. The Committee, under the chairmanship of the The Commission makes recommendations di- President of the Council, is composed of eleven rectly to Governments and specialized agencies members, elected by the Council for an indeter- concerned, subject to the Council's prior approval minate period. of proposals for activities affecting the world's This Committee enters into negotiations, as economy. specifically authorized, with inter-governmental It works in co-operation with the specialized agencies—agencies having wide responsibilities in agencies whose representatives attend its meetings economic, social, cultural, health and related fields and participate, without vote, in its deliberations —for the purpose of bringing them into relation- with respect to items on its agenda relating to ship with the United Nations as specialized agen- matters within the scope of their activities. cies. It submits to the Council draft preliminary Non-governmental organizations that have been agreements based upon these negotiations. granted consultative status by the Economic and (3) Council Committee on Non-Governmental Social Council may participate in the same capa- Organizations city in the work of the Commission. This Committee is composed of the President In order to avoid unnecessary duplication of and seven members of the Council elected each effort, the Commission has co-ordinated its activi- year at the first regular session of the Council. The ties with the Inter-American Economic and Social President is chairman of the Committee; he does Council and, as may be necessary, the Commission not have the right to vote. will take measures to co-operate and co-ordinate The Committee: its work with the Caribbean Commission. (a) considers the detailed information submitted by the Secretariat on the non-governmental organizations c. STANDING COMMITTEES56 which apply for consultative status and recommends to the Council what action should be taken; (1) Technical Assistance Committee of the Council (b) considers any proposals related to the consultative arrangements; This Committee, which is authorized to sit (c) examines the record of the organizations in con- while the Council is not in session, is assisted by sultative status from time to time and recommends to a Technical Assistance Board (TAB), an admin- the Council whether or not their status should be istrative body consisting of the executive heads, renewed or modified; or their representatives, of participating organiza- (d) hears the representatives of the organizations and reports thereon to the Council; tions. It is composed of the members of the Eco- (e) recommends to the Council which organizations in nomic and Social Council. category A57 should be heard by the Council; and The Committee's terms of reference are to: (f) considers requests from category A organizations (a) make for the Council critical examinations of ac- that an item be placed on the provisional agenda of tivities undertaken and results achieved under the the Council. In this connexion the Committee takes Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance; into account the adequacy of the documentation sub- (b) examine each year's programme presented to it by mitted by the organization, the extent to which the the TAB and report to the Council making such item lends itself to early and constructive action, and recommendations as it considers necessary; (c) interpret and decide any cases of conflicts or ques- 56 For their members, see Annex II, p. 98. tions concerning Council resolution 222(IX) on the 57 For categories of organizations, see pp. 66-67. 64 Yearbook of the United Nations the possibility that the item might be more appropriately The Interim Committee is authorized to con- dealt with elsewhere. The Committee's decision that sult with the Secretary-General: the item should not be placed on the provisional (a) in making adjustments in the calendar of confer- agenda is final. ences of the subsidiary organs of the Council; and (4) Agenda Committee ( b ) in planning the draft calendar of conferences for succeeding years. The Agenda Committee is composed of the President, the two Vice-Presidents and two other d. SPECIAL BODIES members elected at the first regular session of the (1) Permanent Central Opium Board Council each year to hold office until the first The Board is composed of eight persons ap- regular session of the following year, subject to pointed for five years by the Economic and Social their remaining members of the Council. At the Council in accordance with the provisions of same time, the Council also elects one alternate the Convention of 19 February 1925, as amended member State for each member of the Agenda by the Protocol of 11 December 1946. These Committee whose continued service on the Com- provisions require that consideration be given mittee would be dependent on re-election to the to appointing, in equitable proportions, persons Council before the terms of office of the Com- possessing a knowledge of the situation in nar- mittee expires. cotics-producing and -manufacturing countries on The Agenda Committee, prior to each session the one hand and in -consuming countries on the of the Council, considers the provisional agenda other, and connected with these countries. Mem- and makes recommendations on it to the Council bers may not, however, hold any office which puts at the first meeting of the session, including re- them in a position of direct dependence on their commendations as to the inclusion, deletion or Governments. deferment of items and as to the order in which The Permanent Central Opium Board, estab- they will be considered. lished by the Convention of 19 February 1925, is The Committee, inter alia, makes recommenda- an independent institution connected administra- tions to the Council concerning the procedure to tively with the United Nations. be followed in the consideration of the items on It is charged with the general international the agenda, including the reference of certain supervision of the narcotics trade. It receives, from items to the committees of the Council without parties to the Conventions of 19 February 1925 preliminary debate in the Council. and 13 July 1931, statistics on imports and ex- The Agenda Committee may also recommend ports of narcotics, including stocks, seizures, manu- that, without preliminary debate in the Council, facture and trade; from this data, the Board pre- any item be referred to: pares an annual report to the contracting parties (a) a specialized agency, with the proviso that the and to the Economic and Social Council. If infor- specialized agency report on its work to the Council; mation the Board receives leads it to conclude that (b) one or more of its commissions, for examination any country is accumulating excessive quantities and report at a subsequent session of the Council; of narcotic drugs, it has the right to recommend (c) the Secretary-General for study and report at a that no further exports of narcotics shall be made subsequent session of the Council; or to that country. (d) the authority proposing the item, for further in- formation or documentation. ( 2 ) Supervisory Body A Member of the United Nations, or a special- The Supervisory Body is composed of four ized agency, which has requested the inclusion of experts, two appointed by the World Health an item in the provisional agenda, or a non-gov- Organization and one each by the Commission ernmental organization which has proposed to the on Narcotic Drugs and by the Permanent Central Council Committee on Non-Governmental Organ- Opium Board. izations that an item be placed on the provisional The Supervisory Body, established by the Con- agenda, is entitled to be heard on the inclusion of vention of 13 July 1931, examines each year gov- the item by the Agenda Committee. ernment estimates of the needs for narcotic drugs for medical and scientific purposes throughout the (5) Interim Committee on Programme of Meetings world and prepares estimates for any territory for The Interim Committee is composed of five which estimates are not provided. It publishes an members, appointed for an indeterminate period annual statement fixing the limits for the follow- by the President of the Council, with the Presi- ing year of imports, manufacture, etc., for every dent or Acting President serving ex officio. territory in the world. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 65

( 3 ) United Nations International Children's Operating within the framework of the Com- Emergency Fund mittee are the following inter-agency consultative The United Nations International Children's bodies: Emergency Fund, established by the General As- Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions sembly in December 1946, reports to the Eco- Consultative Committee on Statistical Matters nomic and Social Council. Consultative Committee on Public Information The assets of the Fund are derived from con- Other bodies are established as the need arises. tributions from Governments, voluntary agencies, These include ad hoc technical working groups for individuals and other sources. In addition, the the purpose of planning joint action in specific Fund received the residual assets of UNRRA. For fields, such as migration, long-range activities for the first four years of the Fund's existence, priority children and rehabilitation of the physically handi- was given to children and adolescents of coun- capped. The International Civil Service Advisory tries which were victims of aggression. Now its Board, the Joint Staff Pension Fund Committee resources are being utilized to meet emergency and the Joint Panel of Auditors are special bodies and long-range needs and the continuing needs of on which the interests of specialized agencies are children particularly in under-developed coun- represented. tries, with a view to strengthening the permanent child health and welfare programmes of the coun- ( 5 ) Interim Co-ordinating Committee for International Commodity Arrangements tries receiving assistance. The assistance of the Fund is principally in the form of supplies and This Committee is composed of a chairman, equipment. nominated by the Interim Commission for the The Fund is administered by an Executive Di- International Trade Organization; one member, rector under policies, including the determination nominated by the Food and Agriculture Organiza- of programmes and allocation of supplies, estab- tion and concerned in particular with agricultural lished by an Executive Board in accordance with primary commodities; and one member concerned such principles as may be laid down by the Eco- in particular with non-agricultural primary com- nomic and Social Council and its Social Commis- modities. It keeps informed of and facilitates inter- sion. governmental consultation or action with respect The 26-nation Executive Board58 consists of the to commodity problems. Governments of the States represented on the Social Commission and the Governments of eight e. AD HOC COMMITTEES other States, not necessarily Members of the During its sessions, the Economic and Social United Nations. The latter are appointed by the Council usually establishes sessional committees Council with due regard to geographical distribu- to deal with special categories of business, e.g. the tion and to the representation of the major con- Economic Committee, the Social Committee and tributing and recipient countries. the Co-ordination Committee. The Council and its (4) Administrative Committee on Co-ordination subsidiary organs also establish such ad hoc com- The Administrative Committee on Co-ordina- mittees as may be required from time to time for tion is composed of the Secretary-General of the special purposes. For example, the Council set up United Nations, as chairman, and the executive an ad hoc committee, to be composed of not more heads of the specialized agencies brought into than five experts, to survey the field of slavery and relationship with the United Nations. other institutions or customs resembling slavery The corresponding officers of agencies with and to suggest methods of attacking the problems which agreements are not yet in force, as well as arising from slavery. The Committee was requested the High Commissioner for Refugees, the Agent- to submit its final report to the thirteenth session General of the United Nations Korean Recon- of the Council. struction Agency and the executive heads of other An Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and agencies within the structure of the United Na- Related Problems (later called Ad Hoc Commit- tions itself, may also attend the meetings. tee on Refugees and Stateless Persons), consisting The Committee takes appropriate steps to en- of representatives of Belgium, Brazil, Canada, sure the fullest and most effective implementation 58 of the agreements entered into between the Its composition was altered by the General As- United Nations and the specialized agencies and sembly in resol. 417(V) of 1 Dec. 1950; see p. 621. Previously it had been composed of 25 Members of the co-ordination of activities to prevent duplica- the United Nations nominated by the Assembly and tion of work among the organizations. Switzerland, so designated by the Council. 66 Yearbook of the United Nations

China, Denmark, France, Israel, Poland, Turkey, g. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS the USSR, the United Kingdom, the United States IN CONSULTATIVE STATUS60 and Venezuela, was established by the Council to There are two categories of non-governmental consider the desirability of preparing a revised organizations which have been granted consulta- and consolidated convention relating to the inter- tive status by the Economic and Social Council: national status of refugees and stateless persons, and to consider means of eliminating the problem Organizations in Category A—Those which have a basic interest in most of the activities of the Council and of statelessness. The Secretary-General was invited are closely linked with the economic or social life of to submit the report of the Committee to Govern- the areas which they represent. ments for comments and subsequently to the Organizations in Category B—Those which have a spe- Council at an early session. cial competence in and are concerned specifically with only a few of the fields of activity covered by the The Council established an ad hoc committee, Council composed of representatives of Australia, Brazil, In addition, other organizations which have a China, India, France, the USSR, the United King- significant contribution to make to the work of dom and the United States, to undertake, in co- the Council are placed on a register for ad hoc operation with the Secretary-General, a compara- consultation. The register includes: tive review of the organization and operation of the Council and its commissions. This Ad Hoc (a) Organizations recommended for inclusion by the Council or its Committee on Non-Governmental Or- Committee on the Organization and Operation of ganizations the Council and Its Commissions was asked to (b) International organizations in consultative status report to the thirteenth session of the Council. or similar relationship with a specialized agency which have not been granted consultative status in category f. SPECIALIZED AGENCIES IN RELATIONSHIP A or B WITH THE UNITED NATIONS (c) Other international organizations which apply to the Secretary-General for inclusion, and which, in his Agreements are in full force and effect between opinion, have a significant contribution to make to the the United Nations and the following agencies: work of the Council or its subsidiary bodies International Labour Organisation (ILO) Organizations to which the Council has decided Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- not to grant consultative status in categories A tions (FAO) and B are not thereby debarred from inclusion in United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural the register. Organization (UNESCO) 61 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Non-governmental organizations are excluded World Health Organization (WHO) from relationship with the Economic and Social International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Council if they have legally constituted branches (Bank) in Spain whose policies are determined and con- International Monetary Fund (Fund) Universal Postal Union (UPU) trolled by the Franco Government. They are, how- International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ever, eligible if: International Refugee Organization (IRO) (a) they have only individual members in Spain who The draft agreement between the World Me- are not organized into a legally constituted branch; teorological Organization (WMO) and the United (b) the branches in Spain though legally constituted Nations59 will come into force when approved by have a purely humanitarian character and their policies are not determined and controlled by the Franco Gov- the Economic and Social Council and the General ernment; and Assembly of the United Nations. (c) such branches are not active at the present time. An agreement with the proposed Inter-Gov- The provisional agenda of the Economic and ernmental Maritime Consultative Organization Social Council is communicated to categories A (IMCO), approved by the General Assembly on and B organizations and to those on the reg- 18 November 1948, will come into force when ister. Category A organizations may propose to that Organization is officially established and the Council Committee on Non-Governmental when the agreement has been approved by the Assembly of IMCO. 58 This Agreement was approved by the WMO Cong- ress, Mar.-Apr. 1951. The negotiation of an agreement between the 60 For list, see pp. 666-67. United Nations and the International Trade Or- 61 The Economic and Social Council on 21 Mar. 1951 ganization (ITO), when and if established, has by resol. 366(XII) revoked the decision intended to been authorized by the Economic and Social Coun- exclude from relationship with the Economic and Social Council those international non-governmental organiza- cil. tions which have legally constituted branches in Spain. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 67

Organizations that the Secretary-General be re- The Eleventh Session met at Geneva, 3 July- quested to place on the provisional agenda items 16 August 1950. Its work was dealt with in 41 of special interest to themselves. plenary meetings, fifteen Economic Committee Organizations in categories A and B and on the meetings, 49 Social Committee meetings, five register may designate authorized representatives Technical Assistance Committee meetings, four- to sit as observers at public meetings of the Coun- teen Co-ordination Committee meetings, ten cil and its committees. meetings of the Council Committee on Non-Gov- Categories A and B organizations may, under ernmental Organizations and two of the Interim Committee on Programme of Meetings. The certain conditions, submit written statements rele- 62 vant to the work of the Council on subjects on eleventh session resumed at New York, 12 Octo- which these organizations have a special compe- ber-13 December 1950, and held 21 plenary tence. They are also consulted by the Council meetings. Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations b. COMMITTEES OF THE COUNCIL concerning matters within their competence which figure on the Council's provisional agenda or Committee on Procedure: 9-17 January 1950 at Lake Success which the Council or the Committee or the organi- Agenda Committee: 1-2 February 1950 at Lake Success; zation requests consultation on. 27 and 28 June 1950 at Geneva Whenever the Council discusses an agenda item Council Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations proposed by a category A organization, that or- (in addition to meetings during Council sessions): ganization may make an introductory statement 23 January, 6 February and 12 May 1950 at Lake to the Council; it may be invited to make a fur- Success ther statement for purposes of clarification in the Interim Committee on Programme of Meetings (in addition to meetings during Council sessions): 10 course of the discussion. In the instance of other March, 29 May, 9 June and 15 June 1950 at Lake items, the Council Committee on Non-Govern- Success mental Organizations recommends which organi- Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery: 13 February-23 March zations in category A should be heard by the 1950 at Lake Success Council or its committees. With the approval of Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Prob- the Council or the committee concerned, such lems: 16 January-16 February 1950 at Lake Success; 14-25 August 1950 at Geneva63 organizations are entitled to make one statement Ad Hoc Committee on Organization and Operation of on such items. the Council and Its Commissions: 18 December 1950 at New York 4. Members and Officers c. FUNCTIONAL COMMISSIONS The following were the members of the Coun- Economic and Employment Commission: Fifth session— cil during 1950 (elected to serve until the end of 18-30 January 1950 at Lake Success the year given): Sub-Commission on Economic Development: Fourth 1950: Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Poland, USSR, session—17 April-11 May 1950 at Lake Success United Kingdom Transport and Communications Commission: Fourth 1951: Belgium, Chile, China, France, India, Peru session—27 March-4 April 1950 at Lake Success 1952: Canada, Czechoslovakia, Iran, Mexico, Pakistan, Statistical Commission: Fifth Session—8—17 May 1950 United States at Lake Success The officers of the Council were as follows: Sub-Commission on Statistical Sampling: Fourth ses- President: Hernán Santa Cruz (Chile) sion—5—15 September 1950 at Lake Success First Vice-President: Sir A. Ramaswami Mudaliar (In- Committee on Statistical Classification: Fourth session dia) —2—5 May 1950 at Lake Success Second Vice-President: Fernand Dehousse (Belgium) Population Commission: Fifth session—22 May-2 June 1950 at Lake Success 5. Sessions Social Commission: Sixth session—3 April—5 May 1950 at Lake Success a. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL Agenda Committee of the Social Commission: Sixth session—28-30 March 1950 at Lake Success The Tenth Session was held at Lake Success, Commission on Human Rights: Sixth session—27 7 February-6 March 1950. There were 31 plenary March—19 May 1950 at Lake Success meetings, two Economic Committee meetings, eight Social Committee meetings and nine meet- 62 See pp. 270-76. ings of the Council Committee on Non-Govern- 63 Name later changed to Ad Hoc Committee on mental Organizations. Refugees and Stateless Persons. 68 Yearbook of the United Nations

Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information and of Meeting of Railway Experts: 20-22 February 1950 at the Press: Fourth session—15-26 May 1950 at Bangkok Montevideo ECAFE/UNESCO Joint Working Party on Educa- Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and tional and Scientific Materials: 20-22 December Protection of Minorities: Third session—9-27 1950 at Bangkok January 1950 at Lake Success Economic Commission for Latin America: Third session Commission on the Status of Women: Fourth session— —5-21 June 1950 at Montevideo 8-19 May 1950 at Lake Success Commission on Narcotic Drugs: Sixth session—1-15 e. SPECIAL BODIES December 1950 at New York Permanent Central Opium Board: 55th session—14—22 d. REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS June 1950; 56th session—9-15 November 1950, Economic Commission for Europe: Fifth session—31 both at Geneva May-15 June 1950 at Geneva Narcotic Drugs Supervisory Body: 34th session—31 Committee on Agricultural Problems: Second session October-3 November 1950 at Geneva —20-25 March 1950 at Geneva Joint sessions of the Permanent Central Opium Board Coal Committee: Tenth session—21 February 1950; with the Narcotic Drugs Supervisory Body: Third Eleventh session—26 May 1950; Twelfth session— session—20-23 June 1950; Fourth session—6-8 25 August 1950; Thirteenth session—23-25 November 1950, both at Geneva November 1950; Fourteenth session—14-16 De- Administrative Committee on Co-ordination: 9th session cember 1950, all at Geneva 2-3 May 1950 at ; 10th session—17 October 1950 at New York Committee on Electric Power: Sixth session—12-13 January 1950; Seventh session—27-28 September Interim Co-ordinating Committee for International Com- 1950, both at Geneva modity Arrangements: 5—7 June 1950 at Washington Industry and Materials Committee: Fourth session— United Nations International Children's 29 March-1 April 1950 at Geneva Emergency Fund Inland Transport Committee: Sixth session—19-22 Executive Board: 6-7 March 1950, 19-20 June 1950, September 1950 at Geneva 27-28 November 1950. all at Lake Success Steel Committee: Sixth session—2-3 March 1950; Programme Committee: 1 February 1950 at New York; Seventh session—27-29 November 1950, both at 6 March 1950 at Lake Success; 5-6 June 1950 at Geneva New York Timber Committee: Sixth session—3-6 April 1950; Committee on Administration and Budget: 20—23 Feb- Seventh session—30 October-1 November 1950, ruary 1950, 7 March 1950, 9 May 1950, 22 May both at Geneva 1950, 8-9 June 1950, all at New York Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East: Sixth Committee on Voluntary Fund Raising: 20 March 1950 session—16-20 May 1950 at Bangkok at New York Committee on Industry and Trade: Second session—9 -17 May 1950 at Bangkok f. CONFERENCES CALLED BY THE COUNCIL Sub-Committee on Iron and Steel: Second session— 10-13 April 1950 at Calcutta Conference on Declaration of Death of Missing Persons: Travel Facilities Working Group: Third session—17- 15 March-6 April 1950 at Lake Success 18 April 1950 at Bangkok (Consultative Meeting) Technical Assistance Conference: 12-14 June 1950 at Ad hoc Committee of Experts on Inland Transport: Lake Success 20-22 February 1950; 24 October-4 November United Nations Tin Conference: 25 October-21 Novem- 1950, both at Bangkok ber 1950 at Geneva

6. Matters Considered by the Council at Its Tenth and Eleventh Sessions a. TENTH SESSION Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 1. Election of the President and the Vice-Presidents Plenary meeting 344 for 1950 2. Adoption of the agenda Agenda Committee meetings 15, 16. Plenary meeting 345 3. Report of the ad hoc Committee on the factors Agenda Committee meeting 15. Plenary meeting 345. bearing upon the establishment of an Economic Consideration deferred until 1951 Commission for the Middle East 4. Report of the Transport and Communications Agenda Committee meeting 15. Plenary meeting 345. Commission (second session): inland transport in Consideration deferred until 1951 the Middle East 5. Question of the election of three members of the Agenda Committee meeting 15. Plenary meeting 345. Economic Board for Palestine Consideration deferred indefinitely Functions and Organization of the United Nations 69

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 6. World economic situation64 Agenda Committee meeting 15. Plenary meetings 345, 359-362, 366, 367. Resolution 265(X) 7. Report of the Economic and Employment Com- mission (fifth session) 8. Full employment: (a) Report of the group of experts appointed Considered jointly. Agenda committee meeting 15. by the Secretary-General under Council Plenary meetings 345, 355-358. Resolution 267(X) resolution 221 E (IX), on national and international measures for full employment (b) General Assembly resolution 308(IV) of 25 November 1949 9. Economic development of under-developed coun- Agenda Committee meeting 15. Economic Committee tries: meeting 82. Plenary meetings 349, 367-371. Resolu- (a) Third report by the Secretary-General on tion 268(X) technical assistance for economic development under General Assembly resolution 200(III) (b) General Assembly resolution 306(IV) of 16 November 1949 on economic development of under-developed countries (c) Methods of financing economic development of under-developed countries (d) General Assembly resolution 307(IV) of 16 November 1949 on economic development and international economic and commercial policy 10. International centre for training in public adminis- Agenda Committee meeting 15. Plenary meeting 371. tration Resolution 269(X) 11. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East: Economic Committee meetings 81, 82. Plenary meeting action arising out of resolutions of the fifth session 349. Resolution 270(X) of the Commission 12. Report by the Secretary-General on the United Plenary meeting 349. Resolution 271(X) Nations Scientific Conference on Conservation and Utilization of Resources 13. Report by the Secretary-General on the United Plenary meeting 347. Resolution 272(X) Nations Conference on Road and Motor Transport 14. Report of the Commission on Human Rights (fifth Social Committee meeting 119. Plenary meeting 354. session): completion of the consideration of the Resolution 275(X) report, begun at the ninth session of the Council 15. Survey of forced labour and measures for its aboli- Agenda Committee meeting 15. Plenary meetings 365, tion 366. Consideration deferred to 12th session 16. Trade union rights (freedom of association) Agenda Committee meeting 15. Social Committee meet- ings 120-123. Plenary meeting 355. Resolution 277- (X) 17. Draft convention on freedom of information Agenda Committee meeting 15. Plenary meetings 345, 348. Resolution 278(X) 18. Report of the Social Commission (fifth session) Considered jointly. Agenda Committee meeting 15. 19. Housing and town and country planning Social Committee meetings 117, 118. Plenary meet- ings 345, 354. Resolution 279(X) 20. Report of the United Nations International Chil- Plenary meeting 372. Resolution 280(X) dren's Emergency Fund 21. United Nations Appeal for Children Plenary meetings 348, 349. Resolution 281(X) 22. Report of the Permanent Central Opium Board Social Committee meeting 124. Plenary meeting 368. Resolution 282(X) 23. Implementation of recommendations on economic Plenary meetings 346, 347. Resolution 283(X) and social matters 24. Co-ordination between the United Nations and the Plenary meeting 350. Resolution 284(X) specialized agencies: (i) Report of the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination (ii) Report by the Secretary-General on parti- 64 cular co-ordination matters Considered jointly with item 31. 70 Yearbook of the United Nations

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 25. Report of the International Bank for Reconstruction Agenda Committee meeting 15. Plenary meeting 353. and Development Resolution 273(X) 26. Report of the International Monetary Fund Agenda Committee meeting 15. Plenary meeting 352. Resolution 274 (X) 27. General Assembly resolution 266(III) of 17 May Agenda Committee meeting 15. Plenary meeting 345. 1949: "Problems of economic development and Consideration deferred to 11th session social progress of the former Italian colonies" 28. Application of the Republic of Korea for member- Agenda Committee meetings 15, 16. Plenary meeting ship in the United Nations Educational, Scientific 347. Resolution 285 A (X) and Cultural Organization 29. Inter-governmental organizations Plenary meeting 347. Resolution 286(X) 30. Non-governmental organizations: (i) Applications and re-applications for consulta- Plenary meeting 372. Resolution 287(X) tive status (ii) Review of consultative arrangements Plenary meetings 362-365. Resolution 288(X) (iii) Question of non-governmental organiza- Plenary meeting 372. Consideration deferred to 11th tions handbook session 31. Study of the economic situation of Africa65 Agenda Committee meetings 15, 16. Plenary meetings 345, 359-362, 366, 367, 371. Resolution 266(X) 32. International reduction of working hours as a con- Agenda Committee meeting 16. Plenary meeting 345. sequence of rising labour productivity Item referred to International Labour Organisation 33. Procedure for a study of world oil resources Agenda Committee meeting 16. Plenary meeting 345. Consideration deferred to 12th session 34. Abolition of discriminatory measures of an economic Agenda Committee meeting 16. Plenary meeting 345. and social character from which workers suffer on Item referred to International Labour Organisation grounds of race or colour 35. Revision of rules of procedure of functional com- Committee on Procedure meetings 35—43. Plenary meet- missions of the Council ings 351, 374. Resolution 289(X) 36. Calendar of conferences for 1950: adjustments Plenary meetings 354-356, 362, 371 consequent upon decisions of the General Assembly and other changes 37. Calendar of conferences for 1951: budgetary and Plenary meeting 372 administrative assumptions relating to the pro- gramme of conferences for 1951 38. Summary of financial implications of actions of the Plenary meeting 374 Council 39. Confirmation of members of functional commis- Plenary meetings 347, 374 sions of the Council 40. Election of members of the Agenda Committee for Plenary meeting 369 1950 41. Election of members of the Council Committee on Plenary meeting 374 Non-Governmental Organizations for 1950

Supplementary Items 1. Application of the Republic of the United States of Agenda Committee meeting 16. Plenary meetings 345, Indonesia for membership in the United Nations 347. Resolution 285 B ( X ) Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 2. Application of the Hashemite Kingdom of the Jor- Plenary meetings 345, 348, 354. Resolution 285 C (X) dan for membership in the United Nations Educa- tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization 3. Interim report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery Plenary meetings 362, 372-374. Resolution 276(X) 4. Question of the exemption of Ipécopan from the Plenary meetings 362, 372 provisions of international conventions on narcotic drugs

65 At its 345th meeting, on 7 Feb. 1950, the Council decided that the title of item 31 should be reformulated to read "Studies and data relating to the economic situation of Africa" and that the item should be considered with item 6. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 71

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken b, ELEVENTH SESSION 1. Adoption of the agenda Agenda Committee meetings 18-20. Plenary meetings 376 2. General Assembly resolution 266(III): "Problems Plenary meetings 413, 414. Resolution 322(XI) of economic development and social progress of the former Italian colonies" 3. Full employment: Agenda Committee meeting 19. Economic Committee (a) Report of the group of experts appointed by meetings 86-89, 93-95, 97. Plenary meetings 389- the Secretary-General under Council resolution 394, 411, 412. Resolution 290(XI) 221(IX), on national and international measures for full employment (b) General Assembly resolution 308(IV) (c) Council resolution 267 B (X) 4. Organization of the Economic and Employment Agenda Committee meeting 19. Economic Committee Commission and its two Sub-Commissions meetings 92, 96, 97. Plenary meetings 396, 408, 415. Resolution 295 A (XI) 5. Technical assistance for economic development: (a) Technical assistance for economic develop- Agenda Committee meeting 19. Plenary meeting 412. ment under General Assembly resolution 200- Resolution 291 A (XI) (III): (i) Report by the Secretary General (ii) Eligibility of associate members of the regional economic commissions for technical assistance under General Assembly resolution 200(III) ( b ) Expanded programme of technical assistance Agenda Committee meetings 19, 20. Plenary meetings for the economic development of under-developed 412, 413. Resolution 291 B (XI) countries 6. Methods of financing economic development of Agenda Committee meeting 19. Economic Committee under-developed countries, including consideration meetings 90, 91, 95-97. Plenary meetings 381-385, of the report of the Sub-Commission on Economic 409. Resolution 294(XI) Development (fourth session) 7. General Assembly resolution 331(IV): "Inter- Agenda Committee meeting 18. Plenary meeting 413. national collaboration in regard to economic, social Resolution 321(XI) and educational conditions in Non-Self-Governing Territories" 8. Trusteeship Council resolution 110(V): "Higher Agenda Committee meetings 18, 20. Plenary meetings education in the Trust Territories in Africa" 376, 413. Resolution 320(XI) 9. Report of the International Labour Organisation Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Plenary meeting on training for apprentices and technical workers 395. Resolution 293(XI) 10. International Centre for Training in Public Admin- Plenary meetings 379, 380. Resolution 292(XI) istration 11. Availability of insecticides for the control of Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Plenary meeting malaria 403. Resolution 297(XI) 12. Annual report of the Economic Commission for Agenda Committee meeting 19. Plenary meeting 398. Europe Resolution 300(XI) 13. Annual report of the Economic Commission for Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Plenary meetings Asia and the Far East 402, 403. Resolution 302(XI) 14. Annual report of the Economic Commission for Agenda Committee meeting 19. Plenary meetings 400, Latin America 401. Resolution 301(XI) 15. Report of the Transport and Communications Com- Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Economic Com- mission (fourth session) mittee meetings 83, 85. Plenary meetings 386, 414. Resolution 298(XI) 16. Report of the Statistical Commission (fifth session) Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Economic Commit- tee meeting 83. Plenary meeting 386. Resolution 299(XI) 17. Interim Co-ordinating Committee for International Agenda Committee meeting 19. Economic Committee Commodity Arrangements: Review of International meetings 84, 85. Plenary meetings 386, 399. Resolu- Commodity Problems 1949 tion 296(XI) 18. Report of the Population Commission (fifth ses- Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Social Committee sion) meetings 131, 132. Plenary meetings 388, 389. Resolution 308(XI) 72 Yearbook of the United Nations

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 19. Report of the Commission on Human Rights (sixth Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Social Committee session) meetings 139-155, 157. Plenary meetings 377-379, 404. Resolution 303(XI) 20. Report of the Commission on the Status of Women Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Social Committee (fourth session) meetings 132-134. Plenary meetings 388, 389. Reso- lutions 304(XI), 305(XI) 21. Report of the Sub-Commission on Freedom of Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Social Committee Information and of the Press (fourth session) meetings 135-139. Plenary meeting 405. Resolution 306(XI) 22. Forced labour Plenary meeting 413. Consideration deferred to 12th session 23. Trade union rights: allegations regarding infringe- Agenda Committee meeting 19. Plenary meeting 376. ments of trade union rights Item referred to International Labour Organisation 24. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery (first Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Plenary meeting session) 407. Resolution 307(XI) 25. Report of the Social Commission (sixth session)66 Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Social Committee meetings 125-129. Plenary meeting 387. Resolution 309(XI) 26. Long-range activities for children Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Social Committee meetings 162-164. Plenary meetings 387, 392, 406. Resolution 310(XI) 27. Advisory social welfare services Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Social Committee meetings 129, 130. Plenary meeting 388. Resolution 312(XI) 28. Social problems of the aboriginal populations and Plenary meeting 397. Resolution 313(XI) other under-developed social groups of the Amer- ican Continent 29. Procedure regarding the draft single convention on Plenary meeting 377. Resolution 315(XI) narcotic drugs 30. Invitation to the United States of Indonesia to Plenary meeting 377. Resolution 317(XI) become a Party to the Protocol of 19 November 1948 relating to Narcotic Drugs 31. United Nations research laboratories Plenary meetings 410, 411. Resolution 318(XI) 32. Refugees and stateless persons: (a) General Assembly resolution 319 A (IV) Agenda Committee meeting 19. Social Committee meet- ings 156, 169-173. Plenary meeting 414. Resolution 319 A (XI) (b) Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on State- Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Social Committee lessness meetings 156-161, 165-170. Plenary meetings 399, 406, 407. Resolution 319 B (XI) 33. Teaching of the purposes and principles, the struc- Plenary meeting 397. Resolution 314(XI) ture and activities of the United Nations and the specialized agencies in schools and other educational institutions of Member States 34. Report of the United Nations International Chil- Agenda Committee meeting 19. Social Committee meet- dren's Emergency Fund ing 165. Plenary meeting 406. Resolution 311(XI) 35. Report of the International Labour Organisation Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Co-ordination Committee meetings 53, 54. Plenary meeting 396. Resolution 325(XI) 36. Report of the Food and Agriculture Organization Co-ordination Committee meeting 58. Plenary meeting of the United Nations 396. Resolution 326(XI) 37. Report of the United Nations Educational, Scientific Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Co-ordination and Cultural Organization Committee meetings 66, 67. Plenary meeting 405. Resolution 331(XI) 38. Report of the World Health Organization Co-ordination Committee meeting 57. Plenary meeting 396. Resolution 330(XI) 39. Report of the International Civil Aviation Organi- Co-ordination Committee meetings 54, 55. Plenary meet- zation ing 396. Resolution 327(XI) 40. Report of the International Telecommunication Co-ordination Committee meeting 68. Plenary meeting Union 403. Resolution 328(XI)

Excepting parts covered by items 26 and 27. 66 Functions and Organization of the United Nations 73

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 41. Report of the Universal Postal Union Co-ordination Committee meeting 55. Plenary meeting 396. Resolution 329(XI) 42. Report of the International Refugee Organization Co-ordination Committee meetings 55, 56. Plenary meeting 396. Resolution 332(XI) 43. Relations with and co-ordination of specialized Co-ordination Committee meetings 59-65, 69-71. Plen- agencies: ary meeting 405. Resolution 324 A-E (XI) (a) Action taken in pursuance of the agree- ments between the United Nations and the specialized agencies (b) Problem of the proliferation and overlap- ping of the programmes of the United Nations and specialized agencies (e) Report of the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination (d) Regional co-ordination ( e ) Report by the Secretary-General on parti- cular co-ordination matters 44. Inter-governmental organizations Agenda Committee meeting 19. Co-ordination Commit- tee meetings 48-52. Plenary meeting 396. Resolution 333(XI) 45. Non-governmental organizations: (a) Hearings of non-governmental organizations Plenary meeting 381 (b) Review of non-governmental organizations Agenda Committee meeting 19. Plenary meeting 395. in consultative status Resolution 334 A (XI) (c) Question of non-governmental organizations Plenary meeting 395. Resolution 334 B (XI) handbook 46. Draft rules for the calling of non-governmental Agenda Committee meetings 18, 19. Plenary meetings conferences 376, 395. Resolution 335(XI) 47. Calendar of conferences for 1951 Interim Committee on Programme of Meetings, meet- ings 18-24. Plenary meetings 414, 434-436. Reso- lution 336(XI) 48. Summary of financial implications of actions of the Plenary meeting 415. Council 49. Election of one third of the members of the Eco- Plenary meetings 408, 409 nomic, Employment and Development Commission, the Transport and Communications Commission, the Fiscal Commission, the Statistical Commission, the Population Commission, the Social Commission, the Commission on Human Rights and the Com- mission on the Status of Women 50. Confirmation of members of functional commis- Plenary meeting 412 sions of the Council 51. Arrangements regarding report of the Council to Plenary meeting 409 the General Assembly Supplementary Items 1. Report of the Interim Committee on Programme of Agenda Committee meetings 19, 20. Plenary meetings Meetings on the sessions of the Commission on 376, 377, 381. Resolution 316(XI) Narcotic Drugs and related meetings 2. Assistance for the civil population of Korea67 Plenary meetings 399, 411, 416. Resolution 323(XI) 3. Plans for relief and rehabilitation of Korea Temporary Committee on Provisional Programme for Relief and Rehabilitation in Korea meetings 1-6. Plenary meetings 416-433. Resolutions 337(XI), 338(XI) 4. Study of long-term measures to promote economic Plenary meetings 416, 436. Resolution 339(XI) development and social progress of Korea

67 At its 416th meeting, the Council decided to replace this supplementary item by supplementary items 3 and 4. 74 Yearbook of the United Nations

7. Constitutional and Organizational Questions a. WITHDRAWAL OF CERTAIN MEMBERS The draft resolution submitted by the repre- FROM THE COUNCIL sentative of the USSR was put to the vote, and re- jected by 10 votes to 3, with 5 abstentions. At the commencement of the tenth session of the Council, the representative of the USSR stated The representatives of the USSR, Poland and at the 344th plenary meeting that he supported Czechoslovakia announced that their delegation the announcement of the Central Government of would refrain from participating in the work of the People's Republic of China that that Govern- the Council, and that their Governments would ment did not recognize the right of the representa- not feel bound by any decisions taken by the tives of the "Kuomintang Group" to represent Council as long as the representative of the "Kuo- China and to speak on behalf of the Chinese mintang Group" participated in its work. people; he insisted that those representatives The representatives of the USSR, Poland and should be excluded from the Council, and referred Czechoslovakia then left the Council chamber. to the announcement by the Central Government Similar statements were made by the represen- of the People's Republic of China to the Secretary- tatives of the Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, General of the United Nations of the nomination Poland, the Ukrainian SSR and the USSR at ses- of its representative to the Council. He stated that sions of the functional commissions, standing his delegation considered the presence of the committees and ad hoc committees of the Coun- "Kuomintang Group" as illegal. His delegation cil would not participate in the work of the Council In the case of the functional commissions listed so long as the representative of the "Kuomintang below, the Acting Chairmen of the respective Group" continued to serve on that organ. Similar bodies ruled the draft resolutions concerning the statements were made by the representatives of representation of China out of order. The Acting Czechoslovakia and of Poland. The representative Chairmen, in their rulings that the commissions of the USSR submitted orally a draft resolution were not competent to effect changes in their calling upon the Economic and Social Council to membership, made reference to the terms of refer- exclude the representative of the "Kuomintang ence of the functional commissions. According to Group" from the Council. these terms of reference, the functional commis- sions (except the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, The representative of China stated that the of which the members are States) consist of repre- members of the Economic and Social Council were sentatives from Members of the United Nations elected by the General Assembly, and that the selected by the Council; the Secretary-General con- Council was not qualified to consider the problem sults with the Governments so selected before the of diplomatic recognition. His delegation repre- representatives are finally nominated by these sented the Chinese National Government, the legal Governments and confirmed by the Council. In Government of China. The fact that the Council the cases listed below, on the dates given, a vote was faced with a problem for which its rules of was taken and the ruling of the Chair upheld. procedure failed to provide a solution, namely, the Thereupon the representatives of the countries question of recognition or non-recognition of a mentioned withdrew. Member State of the United Nations, in no way Economic and Employment Commission (fifth session), justified the refusal of some representatives to par- 18 January 1950: Representatives of the Byelorussian ticipate in the work of the Council. SSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland and the USSR Other members of the Council considered that Transport and Communications Commission (fourth session), 27 March 1950: Representatives of Czecho- it was the duty of members elected by the General slovakia, Poland and the USSR Assembly to take part in the working of the Coun- Statistical Commission (fifth session), 8 May 1950: cil and that withdrawal was a violation of the Representatives of Czechoslovakia and the USSR Charter. They stated that the question of the repre- Population Commission (fifth session), 22 May 1950: sentation of China was not a justification for with- Representative of the USSR Social Commission (sixth session), 3 April 1950: Rep- drawal. Withdrawal would not, however, affect the resentative of the USSR validity of the decisions of the Council. The Coun- Commission on Human Rights (sixth session), 27 cil, they declared, was not competent to examine March 1950: Representative of the USSR the legal status of Governments, which question The representative of the USSR did not attend fell within the competence of the General Assem- the fourth session of the Commission on the bly and the Security Council. Status of Women. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 75

In the case of sub-commissions, similar motions the matter should be decided by a higher body of were made. It was argued that, though the sub- the United Nations. The representative of the commissions were composed of individuals who USSR stated that his delegation would not parti- had been selected by the parent commission, their cipate in the work of ECAFE so long as the repre- nominations had been subject to the recommenda- sentative of the "Kuomintang Group" continued tion of the Governments of which they were na- to sit on it. Before withdrawing from the meeting, tionals. the representative of the USSR declared that his In three cases referred to below, the Chairmen Government would not recognize as legal any ruled that the sub-commissions, being composed decision adopted by the Commission with the par- of persons selected by their respective parent com- ticipation of the representative of the "Kuomin- missions in consultation with the Secretary-Gen- tang Group" and would not deem itself bound by eral, were not competent to decide upon their own such decisions. composition. Their members were present in the The representative of the USSR moved a mo- capacity of experts and not as representatives of tion requesting the exclusion of the "Kuomintang Governments. The motions were ruled out of Group" at the 63rd meeting of the Executive order and the rulings of the Chair were upheld. Board of the United Nations International Chil- Thereupon, the following members withdrew: dren's Emergency Fund. The Chairman stated that Sub-Commission on Economic Development (fourth the Board was an inter-governmental body, and session), 17 April 1950: Mr. Chernyshev (USSR) ruled that, like other United Nations organs, it Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information and of was competent to decide the question of Chinese the Press (fourth session), 17 May 1950: Mr. Kotek representation for itself. On the other hand, it was (USSR) argued by some members that the Executive Board Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and should follow the Economic and Social Council, Protection of Minorities (third session), 16 January which had left the decision in this matter to the 1950: Mr. Formashev (USSR) and Mr. Winiewicz (Poland) major political organs of the United Nations. The In the case of the Committee on Procedure, a Chairman's ruling was challenged and rejected by proposal calling for the exclusion of the Chinese the Board. The representatives of Czechoslovakia, representative was ruled out of order by the Poland and the USSR then withdrew. Chairman and the ruling of the Chair was upheld At the session of the Agenda Committee in connexion with the eleventh session of the Coun- by the Committee (16 January 1950). Thereupon, cil, the representative of Poland stated that he was the representatives of the USSR and Czechoslo- vakia withdrew. participating in the work of the Agenda Commit- tee in preparing the work of the eleventh session In the case of the following committees, where in the hope that a change in the problem of repre- the Chairmen had not yet been elected at the time, sentation would enable him to participate in the similar proposals were voted upon and rejected. work of the Council proper during its eleventh Thereupon the representatives of the countries session. His Government had several proposals to mentioned withdrew. make with the object of facilitating that work, Council Committee on Non-Governmental Organiza- though it did not retreat from the position which tions, 23 January 1950: Representative of the USSR it had taken at the tenth session of not recognizing Interim Committee on Programme of Meetings, 10 March 1950: Representative of the USSR as legally valid any decisions taken during sessions Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Prob- of the Council and organs of the Council when lems, 16 January 1950: Representatives of Poland the rightful Government of China had been de- and the USSR prived of representation. Other members of the At the sixth session of the Economic Commis- Committee said that the decisions taken by the sion for Asia and the Far East, the representative Council and its Commissions in the absence of of the USSR presented a motion calling for the certain members were within their competence to expulsion of the representative of the Chinese take, and were legal and valid; and that it was National Government and for the recognition of wrong for members who had been elected to the the representative of the Central People's Govern- Council and its Commissions to absent themselves. ment of the People's Republic of China as the The representatives of Czechoslovakia, Poland legal representative of China; ECAFE resolved and the USSR did not participate in the eleventh that, without raising the question of the compe- session of the Council. tence of the Commission to decide upon these At the 378th meeting of the Council, a com- subjects, it was the wish and desire of ECAFE that munication was read from the USSR to the effect 76 Yearbook of the United Nations that the , "in confirmation of the of Pakistan, for example, declared that those in- statement made by the representative of the USSR termediary bodies of the Council which gave rise at the tenth session of the Council, would take no to duplication of work and added to the burdens part in the work of the Council while it was at- of government departments and the Secretariat tended by the Kuomintang representative". should be dissolved. The representatives of Bel- At the 384th meeting of the Council, a note gium and the United Kingdom, inter alia, pro- verbale from the Permanent Delegation of Czecho- posed that the Council's session be divided into slovakia to the United Nations and a letter from several periods, one devoted to economic ques- the Permanent Representative of Poland to the tions, another to social questions and a third to United Nations were read, in which similar views human rights. The representative of the United were presented. The latter communication also Kingdom further stated that it appeared to him deplored the fact that no invitation had been ex- that the Social Commission was not needed in tended to the Central Government of the People's addition to the Social Committee, nor the Eco- Republic of China to participate in the work of nomic and Employment Commission in addition the Council. to the Economic Committee, and that both those The representative of China said that the States Commissions might therefore be dissolved. The which had absented themselves from the Council representative of India, however, submitted that were thereby acting illegally. The Chinese Na- the question should be considered by the General tionalist Government was the legal government of Assembly, since all States Members of the United China and represented the people of China, and it Nations would undoubtedly wish to express an would be contrary to the Charter to unseat its opinion on it, and many of them might wish to representatives. be represented on any ad hoc committee set up No further action was taken by the Council to examine the question. with regard to these communications. The joint draft resolution (E/L.72) was voted upon by the Council at its 408th plenary meeting b. REVIEW OF THE ORGANIZATION AND on 12 August and was adopted unanimously. The OPERATION OF THE COUNCIL AND ITS Council, at its 415th plenary meeting on 16 Aug- SUBSIDIARY BODIES ust, decided to increase the number of members (1) Resolution Adopted by the Economic to be appointed to serve on the proposed ad hoc and Social Council committee from seven to eight, the President of The Economic and Social Council at its eleventh the Council to act as Chairman without a vote, session considered a number of matters relating to except in the case of a tie, when he would have the question of increasing the effectiveness of the the deciding vote. The resolution adopted (295 B organization and operation of the Council and its (XI)) read as follows: commissions. In connexion with the organization of the Economic and Employment Commission B and its two sub-commissions,68 the Council ex- amined the question of establishing an ad hoc The Economic and Social Council, committee to undertake a comprehensive review Considering the obligation of the Council to make a special review of the work of the regional economic of the organization and operation of the Council commissions not later than 1951 with a view to deter- and all of its commissions. This question was con- mining whether they should be terminated, modified, sidered by the Council's Economic Committee at or continued, and its 92nd, 96th and 97th meetings held on 31 July Considering the interest that various Members of the and 11 August 1950. United Nations have evidenced in increasing the effect- The Committee had before it a draft resolution iveness of the organization and operations of the Council (E/L.72), submitted by Canada, Chile, France and its commissions, and the United States, which called upon the Requests the President of the Council to appoint an ad hoc committee of not more than eight members of Council to request the President to appoint an the Council together with the President, acting as ad hoc committee to undertake a comprehensive Chairman without vote (except in case of a tie), to review of the organization and operation of the undertake, in co-operation with the Secretary-General, Council and its commissions and to submit a re- a comprehensive review of the organization and opera- port on the matter to the thirteenth session of the tion of the Council and its commissions and to submit a report and recommendations thereon to the thirteenth Council. session of the Council. The majority of representatives were in favour 68 of such a review being made. The representative See pp. 79-81. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 77

The President subsequently appointed as mem- ity, as such rigidity might result in curtailing the bers of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Organiza- activities of the Council and the specialized agen- tion and Operation of the Council and Its Com- cies. The representative of Belgium, on the other missions: Australia, Brazil, China, France, India, hand, considered that it would be useful if the the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United Ad Hoc Committee were to suggest priorities in States. the various economic and social programmes, since it was obvious that all problems could not be (2) Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly effectively studied at once. The representative of The General Assembly referred to its Joint Yemen felt that the choice of projects and pro- Second and Third Committee the section of the grammes should be left to the Governments con- report of the Economic and Social Council which cerned because they were better acquainted with dealt with, among other things, constitutional and the particular conditions of their own countries. organizational matters and general questions. The The representative of Belgium considered that Committee considered the report at its 45th-47th, many of the activities which the United Nations 52nd, 55th and 56th meetings on 4 and 5 October appeared eager to assume could be undertaken by and 11, 20 and 25 November 1950. Member States at the national level, thus leaving The Committee first heard the President of the the United Nations free to concentrate on a lim- Economic and Social Council make a comprehen- ited number of essential activities, such as the sive statement on the activities of the Council in Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance. the economic, social and co-ordination fields. He The representatives of Egypt and Yemen spoke drew the attention of the members of the Com- of the need for increasing the membership of the mittee to the establishment of the Ad Hoc Com- Economic and Social Council from eighteen to 24 mittee to examine the present organization and so as to ensure a more adequate representation of activities of the Council and its commissions. all parts of the world. The representatives of Iraq, While several members of the Joint Commit- Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Yemen drew attention tee, including the representatives of Australia, to the importance of the principle of geographic Belgium, Egypt and the United Kingdom, paid distribution in the membership of the Council's tribute to the achievements of the Council, they commissions and asked that genuine regional expressed the opinion that there was an impera- representation be granted the Arab countries in tive need for the United Nations and the spe- the commissions. cialized agencies to review their economic and A number of representatives welcomed the es- social activities. They felt that the General Assem- tablishment of the Ad Hoc Committee to examine bly itself should lay down a policy which would the organization and activities of the Council. permit the establishment of an order of priorities The representative of the United Kingdom stated for economic and social projects and a distinction that his delegation would submit to that Ad Hoc between the tasks to be undertaken immediately Committee recommendations based upon its and those which were not of pressing importance. doubts about the usefulness of certain of the non- It was argued that no new activity should be un- technical functional commissions and sub-com- dertaken unless it was urgent and there was a missions, which, in the opinion of the United prospect of its being brought to a successful con- Kingdom delegation, had lost their expert char- clusion. acter and had become merely "forums for the On the other hand, several representatives, in- repetition of debates of the committees of the cluding those of Chile, France, Lebanon, Saudi Council and of the Council itself." Arabia, Uruguay and Yemen, although they were The representative of China thought that each in favour of any measures which would eliminate of the functional commissions should study a spe- proliferation of separate organizations with over- cific question and report immediately to the Coun- lapping functions, expressed concern about any cil. They should not, therefore, be permanent in scheme which, for reasons of economy, might cur- nature. Thus, he explained, there would be no tail the vital functions of the Council. It was proliferation of commissions and the Council pointed out that the aim should not be to curtail would be kept informed of the questions dealt expenditure but rather to spend well, and, when with by each of them. With regard to questions results became apparent, to spend more on such requiring continuous action, such as those of hu- projects. The representatives of Lebanon and man rights or technical assistance, they should be Yemen, inter alia, spoke against too much rigidity entrusted to permanent committees of the Coun- in the establishment of a certain order of prior- cil. 78 Yearbook of the United Nations

The representative of Lebanon stated that his An Egyptian proposal (A/C.2&3/L.17&Add.1) delegation had submitted a memorandum on the was designed to recommend the Council to draw question of the organization and operation of the the attention of its Ad Hoc Committee (see Council and its commissions. This memorandum, above) to the necessity of taking into considera- among other things, had suggested as an alterna- tion General Assembly resolution 207(III) con- tive solution the setting up of a kind of interim cerning the distribution of membership in sub- committee composed of all the members of the sidiary organs of the Council; to draw the atten- Council. Such a committee would hold a session tion of Members of the United Nations to before each of the two sessions of the Council and the necessity of implementing General Assembly at least one session between the two sessions of resolution 208(III) concerning the participation the Council. He thought that the Council should of Member States in the work of the Economic in any case set up such an interim subsidiary organ and Social Council; and to request the Secretary- if it wished to fulfil all its obligations under the General to submit a report to the General Assem- Charter. bly on the proposals communicated by Member States in pursuance of General Assembly resolu- In the course of the general debate, the repre- 69 sentative of the USSR asked to have his statement tion 208(III). recorded that the Economic and Social Council The purpose of an Argentine draft resolution had no power to take decisions with the participa- (A/C.2&3/L.18/Rev.3) was to suggest to the tion of the "Kuomintang" representative. The ab- Ad Hoc Committee that it was desirable that the sence of China and the "illegal presence of a largest number of Member States compatible with person who did not represent that country", he efficiency should be enabled to participate in the stated, had prevented the USSR, Poland and organization and work of the Council and its Czechoslovakia from participating in the Coun- subordinate bodies. cil's work, and he regarded the decisions which The joint draft resolution as a whole was had been taken in their absence as illegal. In his adopted by 32 votes to 3, with 7 abstentions; the opinion the Economic and Social Council was not Egyptian draft resolution as a whole was adopted working satisfactorily. A number of questions of by 33 votes to 2, with 9 abstentions; and the secondary importance, such as the effects of chew- Argentine draft resolution was adopted by 33 ing coca leaves, training in public administration votes to none, with 9 abstentions. and the question of the Geneva library, had been The report of the Joint Second and Third Com- placed on its agenda and the Council had refused mittee (A/1567) containing the texts of the to consider a number of important questions such three resolutions adopted was considered by the as the infringement of trade union rights, equal General Assembly at its 314th plenary meeting rights—including political rights—for women, on 1 December. The first draft resolution was and equal pay for equal work. He also criticized adopted by 48 votes to 2, with 2 abstentions; the certain decisions of the Council concerning non- second draft resolution by 51 votes to none, with governmental organizations. He regretted that the 2 abstentions; and the third draft resolution unan- World Federation of Trade Unions had been de- imously. prived of the right to submit proposals to the The representative of Australia, explaining the Council and that certain other international non- reason for his abstention from voting on the first governmental organizations formerly in category resolution, declared that it was a procedural or B status had been placed on the register. The constitutional resolution. He explained that the representatives of Czechoslovakia and the Ukrai- regional economic commissions were the creations nian SSR associated themselves with the statements of the Economic and Social Council, and were made by the USSR representative. responsible not to the General Assembly but to At the conclusion of the general debate, the the Economic and Social Council. The Council, he Joint Committee began a discussion of three went on to say, by resolution 295 B (XI), had draft resolutions. set up an ad hoc committee to review its subor- A joint draft resolution (A/C.2&3/L.16), sub- dinate machinery, including the regional economic mitted by Brazil, Chile, Cuba, India, Mexico, commissions. It seemed to him unwise for the Lebanon and Yugoslavia, called for the main- General Assembly at this stage to "interfere with tenance of the regional economic commissions, the right of a principal organ of the United Na- although their organization and terms of reference 69 For texts of resols. 207(III) and 208(III), see might shortly have to be revised. Y.U.N., 1948-49, pp. 107, 109. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 79 tions, namely the Economic and Social Council, to (3) Preliminary Meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee form its own independent views as to the future The Ad Hoc Committee on the Organization of its own machinery and its own regional eco- and Operation of the Council and Its Commis- nomic commissions". At the same time he pointed sions, under the chairmanship of the President of out that he was not taking a position against the the Council, held a preliminary meeting70 on 18 maintenance of regional economic commissions. December 1950. He declared that Australia's experience as a mem- The representative of the USSR stated that he ber of ECAFE had led it to value very highly the considered the presence in the Committee of the regional approach to international economic prob- "representative of the Kuomintang group" as ille- lems. gal, and moved that the Chairman and the Com- The texts of the resolutions (409 A, B and mittee should exclude from participation in its C (V)) adopted read as follows: work the "representative of the Kuomintang A group", and should invite the rightful representa- The General Assembly, tive of the Central People's Government of the 1. Takes note with satisfaction of the Economic and People's Republic of China to participate. The Social Council's decision to undertake in the near Chairman indicated that a similar resolution had future a complete review of its organization and opera- been considered and voted on in the Council and tion and that of its Commissions; in some of its commissions. Since the Ad Hoc 2. Expresses the opinion that the regional economic Committee was a committee of the Council, ap- commissions should be maintained, although their or- pointed under a Council resolution, it was unable ganization and terms of reference may have to be revised in the light of the experience acquired since itself to change the composition of its members their establishment. and must accept the representative of China who B had been accepted by the Council. He therefore declared the USSR motion out of order. The The General Assembly, Chairman's decision was approved by 6 votes to 1. Considering its resolutions 207(III) and 208(III) of the General Assembly of 18 November 1948, The Committee decided at that meeting that Taking note of resolution 295(XI) adopted by the Member Governments should be requested to Economic and Social Council on 16 August 1950, transmit any proposals or observations which they 1. Recommends the Economic and Social Council to might wish to make on the questions before the draw the attention of the Committee appointed in Committee so as to reach the Secretary-General pursuance of its resolution 295 B (XI) to the necessity not later than 1 March 1951 in order that the of taking into consideration General Assembly resolu- tion 207(III) concerning the distribution of member- Committee might have adequate time to study ship in subsidiary organs of the Economic and Social their views. Member Governments who wished to Council; make oral as well as written statements to the 2. Draws the attention of Members of the United Committee were invited to do so. Nations to the necessity of implementing as soon as The Committee also requested the Secretary- possible General Assembly resolution 208(III) con- cerning the participation of Member States in the work General to submit (1) a statement on the ad- of the Economic and Social Council; ministrative implications of frequent or continuous 3. Invites the Secretary-General to give consideration sessions of the Council, and (2) reports on the to the suggestions which will be communicated to him activities of the functional commissions of the by Member States in pursuance of resolution 208(III), Council and their sub-commissions, together with and to submit a report on this subject to the General an account of the decisions of the Council, the Assembly. General Assembly and other United Nations bod- ies based upon their recommendations. The General Assembly, Considering the desirability of laying down guiding c. INCREASE IN MEMBERSHIP OF SUBSIDIARY principles for the Committee appointed to review the BODIES AND ABOLITION OF organization and operation of the Economic and Social SUB-COMMISSIONS Council and its commissions, (1) Organization of the Economic and Employment Bearing in mind General Assembly resolution 208- Commission and Its Two Sub-Commissions (III), Suggests to the Committee that it is desirable that The Economic and Employment Commission, at the largest number of Member States compatible with its third session in April-May 1948, discussed the efficiency should be enabled to participate in the organ- ization and work of the Economic and Social Council 70 The Ad Hoc Committee met subsequently at New and its subordinate bodies. York, 10 Apr.-22 May and 25-28 June 1951. 80 Yearbook of the United Nations revision of its methods of work and its terms of The majority of the representatives in the Eco- reference, and appointed an organizing committee nomic Committee spoke against the draft resolu- to examine the problem in all its implications. tion adopted by the Drafting Committee and in At its seventh session, the Economic and Social favour of the alternative text submitted by Chile Council, by its resolution 139 C (VII) adopted on and the United States. They considered that it 26 August 1948, decided to defer the amendment would be unwise to suspend the meetings of the of the Commission's terms of reference until a Economic and Employment Commission at the later stage and requested the Member States of the very time when "new and ambitious tasks had United Nations to submit their comments on that been entrusted to it". They declared that the obli- point. At its fourth session, in May 1949, the Eco- gations imposed by the Charter made it difficult to nomic and Employment Commission took note of suspend entirely the meetings of the Commission. that resolution and decided to recommend to the It was felt that the Commission's being made up Council that the Sub-Commission on Employ- of non-governmental representatives provided for ment and Economic Stability and the Sub-Commis- greater flexibility in the results of its deliberations. sion on Economic Development should be abol- While the representatives of Australia and Den- ished. The Council at its tenth session deferred mark, among others, favoured the Chilean-United decision on that proposal until its eleventh ses- States draft, they felt that the membership of the sion, and agreed that no further meeting of the Economic and Employment Commission should Sub-Commission on Employment and Economic not be increased. They considered that, as the pro- Stability should be held until the question of its posed Ad Hoc Committee71 would shortly be future had been settled. reviewing the organization of the Council and its At its eleventh session, the Economic and Social subsidiary bodies, it was desirable that for the Council considered the question at its 396th and present there should be as few changes as pos- 408th plenary meetings, held on 20 July and sible in the composition of the Commission. 12 August, and the Economic Committee of the The representatives of Brazil, France and the Council considered it at its 92nd, 96th and 97th United Kingdom, inter alia, spoke in support of meetings held on 31 July and 11 August 1950. the Drafting Committee's resolution. They con- sidered the work of the Economic and Employment A Drafting Committee set up by the Economic Commission to be unsatisfactory, and the reason Committee, after considering the question on lay in the way in which it was organized. As an 4 August, adopted, by 4 votes to 2, a draft reso- ad hoc committee was to be set up to look into lution which would, inter alia, (1) suspend meet- the organization of the subsidiary bodies of the ings of the Economic and Employment Commis- Council, it seemed desirable to these representa- sion between the Council's eleventh and thirteenth tives that that committee should have a chance of sessions; (2) authorize the Council's Economic considering a new system, which would, in their Committee to sit while the Council was not in opinion, probably prove more efficient than the session in order to carry out the functions which old. would have been carried out by the Commission When put to the vote, the draft resolution sub- during the period of its proposed suspension; and mitted by the Drafting Committee was rejected (3) abolish the Commission's two sub-commis- by 11 votes to 4. The draft resolution submitted by sions. Chile and the United States was amended slightly The report of the Drafting Committee and then adopted unanimously. (E/AC.6/L.10 & Add. 1 & 2) which contained the The report of the Economic Committee text of this draft resolution was considered by (E/1816) was considered by the Council at its the Economic Committee at its 96th and 97th 408th plenary meeting on 12 August. The draft meetings. The Committee also had before it a resolution was voted upon first in parts, and then draft resolution (E/AC.6/L.16) submitted by as a whole, and was adopted unanimously, as a Chile and the United States as an alternative text. whole, as resolution 295 A (XI). Its text is as This, among other things, suggested (1) changing follows: the name of the Economic and Employment Com- The Economic and Social Council, mission to the Economic, Employment and Devel- Recognizing that problems of economic development opment Commission; (2) increasing the member- of under-developed countries, particularly that of fi- ship of the Commission to eighteen; (3) author- nancing such development, should receive increased izing the Commission to meet twice a year; and and continuing attention, 71 (4) abolishing the two sub-commissions. See pp. 76-77. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 81

Bearing in mind the additional responsibilities placed it difficult for it to work satisfactorily on all the upon the Economic and Employment Commission by additional tasks which it had undertaken since it the Council's resolution 290(XI) on the problem of had been set up. The limited number of persons full employment; on the Commission made it impossible to assign Having taken note of the Council resolution 295 B (XI) establishing an ad hoc committee for the purpose qualified experts to the subsidiary ad hoc bodies of reviewing the organization and operation of the established by the Commission to deal with spe- Council and its commissions, cialized statistical problems. Increasing the Com- Changes the name of the Economic and Employment mission's membership, they declared, would Commission to the Economic, Employment and Devel- strengthen it, both by broadening its geographical opment Commission; basis and by extending its technical qualifications. Increases the membership of the Commission to eighteen; The representatives of France and the United Authorizes the Commission to meet twice a year; Kingdom, while in favour of increasing the Com- and, if exceptional circumstances require, to hold an mission's membership, pointed out that it was extraordinary sesion at the call of its Chairman; important that Governments should nominate ex- Requests the Commission to place the problem of perts completely qualified to take part in the work financing economic development on the agenda of at which the Commission was supposed to do, and least one of its sessions each year; and not government officials without special qualifica- Abolishes the Sub-Commission on Employment and tions. Economic Stability and the Sub-Commission on Eco- nomic Development. A draft resolution increasing the membership of the Statistical Commission from twelve to fif- ( 2 ) Statistical Commission teen was adopted unanimously by the Economic In its report (E/1696/Rev.1) to the Economic Committee, and, on its recommendation (E/1753), and Social Council, the Statistical Commission, at by the Council at its 386th plenary meeting on its fifth session held in May 1950, stated that it 12 July as resolution 299 G (XI). had drawn the attention of its members to General Assembly resolution 207(III) adopted on 18 No- d. DRAFT RULES FOR THE CALLING OF vember 1948, in which it was urged that it would be equitable and highly beneficial if all Members NON-GOVERNMENTAL CONFERENCES of the United Nations were invited to co-operate By resolution 367(IV) of 3 December 1949,72 on the functional commissions and recommending the General Assembly requested the Secretary- that the Economic and Social Council should try General to prepare, after consulting the Economic to achieve a wider geographical distribution of and Social Council, draft rules for the calling of membership in these commissions. non-governmental conferences, with a view to The Commission reported that a number of their study by the Assembly. developments since its establishment in 1946 jus- Accordingly, the Secretary-General submitted to tified an increase in its size, such as: establishment the Council at its eleventh session a memorandum of the regional economic commissions; wide inter- on the question (E/1723). The Council, in reso- est created in the work of the Statistical Commis- lution 335(XI) of 20 July 1950, unanimously ap- sion arising from the establishment of international proved the draft rules and recommended that they standards in different branches of statistics; and be submitted to the General Assembly. the development of technical assistance and other At the Assembly's fifth session, the matter was similar programmes to give help on statistical considered at the 250th meeting of the Sixth matters to under-developed countries. The Com- Committee on 4 December, and at the 320th plen- mission recommended that its size be increased ary meeting on 12 December 1950. from twelve to fifteen members to bring it in Amendments to the draft rules submitted by the line with other commissions. Secretary-General (A/1333) were proposed by The question was considered by the Council's Australia (A/C.6/L.161) and South Africa Economic Committee at its 83rd meeting on 7 July (A/C.6/L.166). 1950. The representative of Australia considered that The representatives of Canada, India and the it was necessary to delegate some powers in this United States spoke in favour of approving the respect to the Secretary-General, since circum- Commission's recommendation that its member- stances requiring action might arise in the time ship be increased to fifteen. They explained that 72 the Commission's limited membership had made See Y.U.N., 1948-49, p. 113. 82 Yearbook of the United Nations between the Council's decision to call a conference Council the right to call such conferences, in that of non-governmental organizations and its actual it authorized the Council to make suitable arrange- meeting. He submitted, however, that there were ments for consultation with non-governmental or- some matters on which the Council should make ganizations which were concerned with matters its own final decisions, and which should be ex- within its competence. The Council, they argued, cluded from any possible delegation of powers. could, therefore, convene with the representatives These were the settling of terms of reference and of such organizations individually or collectively, of who should be invited. His proposal, he said, and the calling of a conference was clearly a suit- was submitted as an appropriate formula to se- able arrangement for consultation with the organi- cure this end. After discussion in the Committee, zations. the representative of Australia withdrew his After a series of votes on the draft rules and amendment; he and the representative of France the amendments to them, during which the Aus- submitted a joint amendment (A/C.6/L.167) tralian-French and the Argentine amendments which, with some modifications suggested orally were adopted in slightly modified form, the Com- by the representative of Iran, was subsequently mittee adopted the draft rules, as a whole, as adopted. (For text, see rule 2, paragraph 3, below.) amended, by 25 votes to 4, with 7 abstentions. The representative of the Union of South On the Committee's recommendation (A/1632), Africa said that he had some doubts as to whether the Assembly, at its 320th plenary meeting on non-governmental organizations could be invited 12 December, adopted by 35 votes to 5, with to a conference without consulting the State in 2 abstentions, resolution 479(V), as follows: which they were domiciled. His delegation had The General Assembly, therefore proposed (A/C.6/L.166) the addition Having considered the draft rules for the calling of of a clause providing that the Economic and Social non-governmental conferences by the Economic and Council should in each case obtain the approval of Social Council, which were submitted by the Secretary- the State within whose jurisdiction the person or General after consultation with the Council, organization concerned fell. Approves the following rules for the calling of non- governmental conferences by the Economic and Social The representative of Argentina considered that Council: in convening non-governmental conferences the Rule 1 Council should, in line with the provisions gov- The Economic and Social Council, after consultation erning its relations with those bodies, apply dif- with the Secretary-General, may at any time decide to ferent rules to national or international organiza- call a non-governmental conference on any matter within tions enjoying consultative status on the one hand, its competence. and to those without consultative status on the Rule 2 other. Therefore, he proposed (A/C.6/L.168) that 1. When the Council has decided to call a conference, as provided for in rule 1, it shall: a sub-paragraph should be added which would (a) Prescribe the terms of reference; establish a distinction between national organiza- (b) Fix the date, the place and the appropriate dura- tions with and those without consultative status; tion of the conference and prepare its provisional the latter might be invited only after consultation agenda; with the State concerned. (c) Determine who shall be invited; (d) Make recommendations for financing, subject to The South African amendment was withdrawn the applicable regulations, rules and resolutions of the in favour of the Argentine amendment, which, General Assembly; with slight modifications, was later adopted. (For (e) Make such other arrangements in connexion with text, see rule 2, paragraph 2, below.) the conference as it sees fit. 2. In applying rule 2, sub-paragraph (c) of para- The Sixth Committee also considered whether graph 1, the Economic and Social Council shall, when the Charter gave the Economic and Social Coun- it decides to invite non-governmental organizations, cil the right to call non-governmental conferences. have regard to the terms of Article 71 of the Charter. The representatives of Czechoslovakia and the National organizations without consultative status may be invited only after consultation with the Member USSR were of the opinion that only the General of the United Nations concerned. Assembly could decide whether such conferences 3. The Council may decide to entrust the Secretary- should be called and that the Economic and Social General with any of the tasks mentioned in sub-para- Council could merely be asked to convene them. graphs (b), (d) and ( e ) of paragraph 1. It may also Representatives of, among others, France, the authorize him to make such modifications as circum- stances may require in carrying out any decision of the United Kingdom and the United States, on the Council made pursuant to sub-paragraphs (b), (d) other hand, considered that the Charter gave the and (e). Functions and Organization of the United Nations 83

Rule 3 December following the election of the succeeding The Secretary-General shall notify all Members of Governments" (rule 11). the United Nations of the conference and shall send When a member of a commission is unable to them copies of the provisional agenda. He shall also attend the whole or parts of a session, his alternate inform each Member State of the invitations issued. has the same rights as a member of the commission. (The previous rule provided that an alternate should e. REVISION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE be designated to serve for the duration of a whole OF THE FUNCTIONAL COMMISSIONS session in order to have the same rights as a member.) (d) Officers. Rule 16 provides that none of the During its tenth session, the Council revised officers of a commission will hold office after the ex- the rules of procedure of its functional Commis- piration of the term of office for which his own State sions. The Council had before it the report of its was elected. (e) Records. The summary records of the public Committee on Procedure (E/1593) which, re- meetings of the commission and its subsidiary bodies, constituted in accordance with its resolution instead of being issued immediately after the meeting 219(VIII), had met from 9 to 17 January 1950. in their definite form, subject to additional corrigenda It also took into account part V of its resolution sheets being issued separately when members partici- 288(X) on the review of consultative arrange- pating in the meeting submit corrections, are produced in two stages: (i) a provisional text is distributed to ments with non-governmental organizations in its those participating in the meeting; and (ii) a final consideration of those rules of functional Commis- text is issued incorporating corrections received within sions containing provisions relating to non-gov- 48 hours of the receipt of the provisional text from ernmental organizations. those participating in the meeting concerned (rule 37). (f) Reports. Recommendations by a commission to By its resolution 289(X), the Council adopted the Council contained in a commission report are to the revised rules of procedure contained in Annex be framed as draft resolutions of the Council (rule 39). B to the resolution (see also E/1663), and decided (g) Conduct of Business and Voting. Whenever the that they should come into force on 6 March rules of procedure of functional commissions and those 73 of the Council were designed to cover similar matters, 1950. the Council decided either to amend the rules of its The most important changes which were made functional commissions or to add new rules following by the Council by way either of substantive amend- closely the text of the rules of the Council itself. This ments of the rules or by the addition of new rules applies in particular to the following matters: the power of the Chairman regarding the conduct of the deal with the following topics: debates (rule 43), points of order (rule 44), time- (a) Sessions. Rule 1 provides that each functional limit on speeches (rule 46), closing of the list of commission shall hold one session annually, unless the speakers (rule 47), closure of the debate (rule 48), Council decides otherwise. In fixing the date and place the suspension or the adjournment of the meeting of each session, the Council, in consultation with the (rule 49), order of procedural motions (rule 50), Secretary-General, will take into account any recom- decisions on competence (rule 52), withdrawal of mendation of the Commission (rules 2 and 3). motions (rule 53), conduct of voting (rule 58), divi- (b) Agenda. Rule 5 provides that the provisional sion of a proposal (rule 59), voting on amendments agenda shall be communicated not less than 42 days and proposals (rules 60 and 61) and equally divided before the opening of the session (instead of 21 days as votes (rule 65). previously). The same time-limit applies to the distri- (h) Participation of Members of the United Nations bution of basic documents relating to agenda items; Not Represented on a Commission, and of Specialized in exceptional cases, however, the Secretary-General Agencies. Rule 72 provides for the participation of may transmit such documents not less than 28 days Members of the United Nations not represented on a before the opening of the session. The provisional commission on any matter which the commission con- agenda is to include items which reach the Secretary- siders is of particular interest to any such Member. General not less than 49 days before the first meeting Rule 73, like the corresponding rule 77 of the Council, of each session (rule 6). It is further provided in new implements provisions of the relationship agreements rule 7 that a non-governmental organization in cat- between the United Nations and the specialized agen- egory A may propose items on condition that (i) it cies which have a procedural character relating, in so informs the Secretary-General at least 63 days before particular, to participation in meetings. the commencement of the session and gives due con- sideration to any comments he may make; and (ii) it f. ELECTION OF MEMBERS OF submits the relevant basic documentation not later than 49 days before the commencement of the session. SUBSIDIARY ORGANS Inclusion of the item requires a two-thirds majority (1) Functional Commissions vote of those present and voting. (c) Representatives and Alternates. The term of At its eleventh session, on 12 August 1950, office of members of functional commissions (with the Council renewed one third of the membership, the exception of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs) 73 the memberships of which are defined by Council For changes made as a consequence of the Council's resolution 199(VIII), begins on 1 January "following review of arrangements for consultation with non-gov- the election of their Governments and ends on 31 ernmental organizations, see p. 663. 84 Yearbook of the United Nations respectively of the Economic, Employment and De- as members of the Council Committee on Non- velopment Commission, the Transport and Com- Governmental Organizations for 1950. munications Commission, the Fiscal Commission, (3) Executive Board of the United Nations the Statistical Commission, the Population Com- International Children's Emergency Fund mission, the Social Commission, the Commission The Assembly in resolution 417(V) of 1 De- on Human Rights and the Commission on the cember 195076 decided that the Executive Board Status of Women, in accordance with the arrange- of the United Nations International Children's ments in terms of reference of each for renewal of Emergency Fund should be reconstituted to con- membership on a system of rotation. sist of the Governments represented in the Social In accordance with decisions taken on 12 July Commission and the Governments of eight other and on 12 August 1950 to increase the member- States not necessarily United Nations members ship of the Statistical Commission and the Eco- designated by the Economic and Social Council. nomic, Employment and Development Commis- Accordingly, the Council at its 436th meeting on sion to fifteen and eighteen, respectively,74 the 13 December elected by secret ballot the follow- Council also elected three new members to serve ing States to the Executive Board of the United on each. Nations International Children's Emergency Fund: Members, as follows, were elected for three For one year: Dominican Republic, Thailand years, their terms of office beginning 1 January For two years: Ceylon, Indonesia, Iraq 1951 (those starred were re-elected): For three years: Italy, Switzerland, Uruguay Economic, Employment and Development Commission: Argentina, Australia,* Chile, the Philippines, Turkey, g. PROGRAMME OF CONFERENCES the USSR,* the United States* and Yugoslavia Transport and Communications Commission: Brazil, (1) Calendar of Conferences for 1950 the Byelorussian SSR, Egypt,* the USSR* and the At its tenth session, the Council decided to United States* maintain its decision that its eleventh session Fiscal Commission: China,* France,* India, the Union should be held in Geneva. of South Africa* and the United Kingdom* The Council, at its eleventh session, decided to Statistical Commission: Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France,* Panama, the Philippines and the United adjourn that session temporarily after having dis- Kingdom * posed of its agenda, and authorized the President, Population Commission: Brazil,* Belgium, Peru* and in consultation with the Secretary-General, to re- Yugoslavia* convene the Council at United Nations Headquar- Social Commission: Belgium, the Byelorussian SSR, ters whenever necessary in connexion with mat- Canada,* China,* Ecuador* and Israel ters requiring action under resolution 323(XI), Commission on Human Rights: Australia,* Chile,* "Assistance for the civil population of Korea". Pakistan, Sweden, the United States* and Yugo- slavia* The session was resumed on 12 October in New Commission on the Status of Women: Cuba, the Dom- York and adjourned on 13 December 1950. inican Republic, France,* the Netherlands and Po- (2) Programme of Conferences for 1951 land (2) Committees of the Council At its eleventh session, the Council took a num- ber of decisions (resolution 336(XI)) relating to The Economic and Social Council at its eighth session, by resolution 219(VIII) adopted on the programme of conferences for 1951. 17 March 1949, reconstituted the Committee on The Council expressed its high appreciation of Procedure, which had originally been set up to the invitation of the Government of Chile to hold deal with the revision of the rules of procedure its twelfth session in Santiago de Chile and de- of the Council. Pursuant to that resolution, the cided to postpone a decision as to the venue of its President replaced the members of the Committee twelfth session until a date during the fifth regular who ceased to be members of the Council on session of the General Assembly. The Council also 1 January 1950.75 decided that its thirteenth session should be held At its 369th meeting, on 1 March 1950, the in Geneva commencing 3 July 1951. Council elected Canada and Poland as members of The Council expressed its general approval of the Agenda Committee for 1950 and Czechoslo- the Calendar of Conferences submitted by the vakia as alternate member for Poland.

74 At its 374th meeting, on 6 March 1950, the See pp. 79-81. 75 Council elected China, France, Pakistan, Peru, the For members, see p. 99. 76 USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States See p. 621. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 85

Secretary-General in consultation with the Interim necessary amendments in paragraph 3, adopted Committee on Programme of Meetings and author- the draft resolution proposed by its Interim Com- ized the Secretary-General, after consultation with mittee. The Commission met in New York, the Interim Committee on Programme of Meet- 1-15 December 1950. ings, to make the necessary adjustments in the Calendar of Conferences. h. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ACTION As regards its commissions, the Council de- TAKEN BY THE COUNCIL AT ITS TENTH cided that the seventh session of the Commission AND ELEVENTH SESSIONS on Human Rights and the seventh session of the (1) Tenth Session Social Commission should be held in Geneva. Two The final summary (E/1598/Rev.2) of finan- meetings were arranged for the Economic, Em- cial implications of proposals approved by the ployment and Development Commission, in view Council at its tenth session indicated that the ag- of Council resolution 295 A (XI) authorizing at gregate direct costs attributable to proposals would least two sessions a year for the Commission. total $242,178 for 1950 and $155,432 for 1951. As regards its sub-commissions, the Council de- Out of the total of $242,178 gross for 1950, cided that no provision should be made in the approximately $30,000 was covered in the 1950 Calendar of Conferences for the two Sub-Commis- budget, representing the following items: sions of the Commission on Human Rights. {a) Proposed experts' mission on tropical housing (3) Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs ($20,000) and Related Meetings (b) Revisions in the form of the Secretary-General's reports on implementation of recommendations on eco- At its eleventh session, the Council had before nomic and social matters ($2,700) it a report by its Interim Committee on Pro- (c) Second session of the Ad Hoc Committee on gramme of Meetings (E/1715 & Add.1) on the Slavery ($6,860) holding of (a) preparatory meetings of representa- In addition, $123,360 represented a tentative tives of the principal opium-producing countries estimate of the cost of holding the eleventh ses- and the principal drug-manufacturing countries re- sion of the Council in Geneva, for which the Sec- spectively; and (b) the fifth and sixth sessions of retary-General was specifically authorized to make the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. The Interim withdrawals from the Working Capital Fund under Committee recommended the convening of a Joint General Assembly resolution 357(IV). Committee of the principal opium-producing The other items for which no budgetary provi- countries and of the principal drug-manufacturing sion existed concerned: countries on 14 August 1950, and a meeting of (d) Consultation by the Secretary-General with the the principal drug-manufacturing countries on former members of the Preparatory Committee of the 7 August 1950. At its 377th plenary meeting, the United Nations Scientific Conference on the Conserva- Council, by resolution 316(XI), adopted these tion and Utilization of Resources on the next steps to recommendations. be taken in the field of conservation and utilization of resources ($870) In its report, the Interim Committee had also (e) Provisions for improving Secretariat working rela- proposed that the fifth session of the Commission tionships with non-governmental organizations under on Narcotic Drugs, which had been postponed the new statute ($9,090) (f) Adoption of the fascicule method of reproduction from April until August 1950, should be further of the records of functional commissions ($4,718) postponed until January 1951. At its 381st plen- (The three foregoing items the Secretary-General ary meeting the Council, however, agreed with the undertook to absorb within the 1950 appropriations) view expressed by the representative of Canada (g) Giving priority in 1950 to the additional work that it would be undesirable for the Commission projects (arising out of the report of the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East) in the fields on Narcotic Drugs not to meet at all during 1950, of transport and technical assistance which the Council and accordingly it requested the Secretariat to in- considered urgent ($44,820) vestigate the possibilities of holding this fifth ses- (h) Expenses arising from the proposed meeting of sion in December 1950. The Secretariat subse- road and motor transport experts ($11,600) quently reported back to the Council on the results (i) Additional works projects arising out of the work of the Social Commission ($18,160) of its examination of the Canadian proposal (For the three foregoing items the Secretary-General (E/1750), and concluded that it would be pos- stated that he would request a supplementary ap- sible for the Commission on Narcotic Drugs to propriation, should it be necessary) meet between 30 November and 16 December In the preparation of his budget estimates for 1950. Accordingly, the Council after making the 1951, the Secretary-General, after reviewing the 86 Yearbook of the United Nations estimated costs, made provision for continuing of the first of these studies might be met by those new projects which, at the request of the releasing funds as the result of postponing work on projects given lower priority by the Com- Council, were to start in 1950. He also included mission and by exploring with the Government in the estimates the amounts necessary to hold the of India the possibility of developing a technical 1951 session of the Economic Commission for assistance project financed from the special account Asia and the Far East at Lahore and to convene in to meet part of the additional costs involved) 1951 one further meeting of experts on road and (ii) Increased activities arising from the report of the Social Commission, particularly in the fields of motor transport. family, youth and child welfare, social rehabilitation (2) Eleventh Session of the physically handicapped, social defence, hous- ing and town and country planning, and the Social Projects approved at the Council's eleventh ses- Reference Centre ($76,000) sion, it was estimated, would require supplemen- (d) Activities in the economic field, resulting from the tary estimates for 1951 in the amount of some Council's decision on full employment and certain addi- $997,000 gross. This would be reduced to a net tional expenditures arising from the report of the Economic Commission for Europe and the Statistical total of $920,000 through the operation of the Commission ($226,000) staff assessment plan, through which an income of (e) Adjustments in the programme of meetings for approximately $77,000 would derive. The esti- 1951, change in total membership of certain commis- mate of $997,000 covered the following items: sions and a meeting in 1951 of the Ad Hoc Committee (a) Long-range activities of children, for which it was on Slavery ($27,000) proposed central administrative expenses should be cov- In addition, decisions of the Council at its ered by the regular United Nations budget ($450,000) eleventh session involved an estimated additional (b) Broadening of the programme of advisory social expenditure of $48,000, which the Secretary-Gen- welfare services ($158,000) (.e) Other activities in the social field involving an eral stated he would endeavour to absorb within expansion in the normal work of the Secretariat the limits of the budgetary appropriations. This ($136,000) comprising: $48,000 was made up of the following items: (i) Services arising from the report of the Popu- (a) Full Employment ($37,000) lation Commission and dealing with the interrela- (b) Report of Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness tionships of demographic, economic and social factors ($12,400) in India, and of a study of the recent recovery of (c) Calendar of Conferences for 1950 ($6,721) the birth rate in certain countries ($60,000) (Less a saving of $8,000 resulting from the post- (The Council in resolution 308(XI) had sug- ponement of the meeting of the Ad Hoc Com- gested that essential additional costs arising out mittee on Slavery to 1951) ANNEX I. DELEGATIONS TO THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL A. Tenth Session CHINA: MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL Representative P. C. Chang AUSTRALIA: CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Representative Norman J. O. Makin Representative Vladimir Houdek Alternates Jiri Nosek Alternates K . C. O. Shann Jiri Stary J. Plimsoll DENMARK: Gordon A. Jockel Representative William Borberg BELGIUM: Representative Fernand Dehousse Alternates Carl L. Iversen Finn T. B. Friis Alternates Omer de Raeymaeker Jean J. Ricard Robert Fenaux Christian D. Holten-Eggert Maurice Masoin Mrs. Nonny Wright BRAZIL: Count C. A. Moltke Representative João Carlos Muniz FRANCE: Alternates Pedro Demostenes Rache Representative Pierre Mendes-France Carlos Sylvestre de Ouro Preto Alternates Georges Boris Enrico Penteado Mme. Germaine Peyrolles CANADA: Louis Bugnard Representative R. Eudes INDIA: Alternates G. F. Davidson Representative Sir A. Ramaswami Mudaliar S. D. Pierce Alternates Rani Lakshmibai Rajwade CHILE: B. P. Adarkar Representative Hernán Santa Cruz IRAN: Alternates Oscar Schnake-Vergara Representative Nasrollah Entezam Joaquin Larrain Alternates Djalal Abdoh Mrs. Ana Figueroa Khosrow Khosrovani DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE COUNCIL AND ITS COMMISSIONS DURING 1950 REPRESENTED ON– COMPOSITION OF COMMISSIONS BY STATES ENTITLED TO NOMINATE MEMBERS Narcotics Functional Com- Economic Transport Human Status of STATES Council Com- mission & Employ- & Com- Statistical Fiscal Social Population missions Rights Women (18) (Members ment munications (12)† (15) (18) (18) (15) (12) (except are States: (15)* (15) Narcotics) 15) Argentina Australia Belgium Bolivia

Brazil Functions Byelorussian SSR Canada Chile China Costa Rica Cuba and Czechoslovakia

Denmark Organization Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt France Greece Guatemala Haiti India Iran of the Israel Lebanon Mexico Netherlands United New Zealand Norway Pakistan

Peru Nations Philippines Poland Sweden Turkey Ukrainian SSR Union of South Africa USSR United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Yugoslavia NOTE: Of 60 Member States, 42 were represented during 1950 on the Council and its commissions. In this table, the year given is that in which the term of membership ends. The figure following the name of each body indicates the number of its members. For members elected at the Council's 11th session, to take office in 1951, see p. 84. 87 *Name changed to Economic, Employment and Development Commission at Council's 11th session; membership increased to 18. New members took office from 1 Jan. 1951. †Membership increased to 15 at Council's 11th session; new members took office from 1 Jan. 1951. 88 Yearbook of the United Nations

MEXICO: UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION (UPU): Representative Luis Padilla Nervo Representatives Paul Aiken John J. Gillen PAKISTAN: Greever Allan Representative S. Amjad Ali Shah Alternate Ahmed S. Bokhari INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU): PERU: Representative Francis C. de Wolf Representative Teodosio Cabada INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ORGANIZATION (IRO): POLAND: Representative Martha Biehle Representative Juliusz Katz-Suchy Alternates Jan Drohojowski NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS Jan Galewicz USSR: Category A Representative Semen K. Tsarapkin WORLD FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS (WFTU): Representatives V. Lombardo Toledano UNITED KINGDOM: A. Diallo Representative Sir Terence Shone B. Gebert Alternates Sir Sydney Caine Georges Fischer G. T. Corley Smith UNITED STATES: INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE ALLIANCE (ICA): Representative Willard L. Thorp Representatives Thorsten Odhe Deputy Repre- Wallace J. Campbell sentative Walter M. Kotschnig Howard A. Cowden M. D. Lincoln OTHER MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AF of L): ARGENTINA: Representatives Matthew Woll Julio C. Rodriguez Arias Observer Toni Sender NETHERLANDS: George Stolz Observers H. Riemens Maria Z. N. Witteveen INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (ICC): VENEZUELA: Representatives Philip D. Reed Observers Victor M. Pérez-Perozo Robert D. Peters Adolfo Nass Michael A. Heilperin YUGOSLAVIA: Edith Sansom Observer Ratko Pleic INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AGRICULTURAL SPECIALIZED AGENCIES PRODUCERS (IFAP): Representative Andrew Cairns INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO): Representative Luís Alvarado INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF CHRISTIAN TRADE Alternate R. A. Métall UNIONS (IFCTU): Representatives Auguste J. Vanistendael FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO): G. Thormann Representatives Frank L. McDougall Karl Olsen INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION (IPU): Representative Boris Mirkine-Guetzévitch UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CUL- TURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO): INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF EMPLOYERS Representatives Solomon V. Arnaldo (IOB): Gerald Carnes Representative John Meade INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION WORLD FEDERATION OF UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIA- (ICAO): TIONS (WFUNA): Representatives E. R. Marlin Representative John A. F. Ennals A. G. Orbaneja Category B WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): Representatives M. E. Eliot AGUDAS ISRAEL WORLD ORGANIZATION: W. P. Forrest Representative Isaac Lewin Mabel Ingalls CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE G. E. Hill (United States): Representative Howard E. Wilson INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (BANK): COMMISSION OF THE CHURCHES ON INTERNATIONAL Representatives Eugene R. Black AFFAIRS (CCIA): Richard H. Demuth Representatives Mrs. Ellen J. Nolde Enrique Lopez-Herrarte Robert L. Steiner INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (FUND): CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS Representatives Camille Gutt (CCJO): Gordon Williams Representative Moses Moskowitz Functions and Organization of the United Nations 89

CO-ORDINATING BOARD OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS: WORLD'S YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIÁN ASSOCIATION: Representative Bernard Bernstein Representatives Mrs. C. Beresford Fox Mrs. Alfred E. Mudge FRIENDS' WORLD COMMITTEE FOR CONSULTATION Kathleen McArthur (FWCC): Representative Elmore Jackson B. Eleventh Session (July-August) INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF DEMOCRATIC MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL LAWYERS: Representatives Martin Popper AUSTRALIA: Representative E. Ronald Walker Robert J. Silberstein Alternate B. C. Ballard INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE OF WOMEN——EQUAL RIGHTS, BELGIUM: EQUAL RESPONSIBILITIES: Representative Mrs. M. Baker van den Berg Representative Fernand Dehousse Alternates Louis-Ghislain Delhaye INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PENAL LAW: Joseph van Tichelen Representative V. V. Pella Omer de Raeymaeker Albert Herment INTERNATIONAL BUREAU FOR THE UNIFICATION OF BRAZIL: PENAL LAW: Representative Helio Lobo Representative V. V. Pella Alternate Antonio Mendes Viana INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF WOMEN (ICW): CANADA: Representatives Mrs. Laura Dreyfus-Barney Representative Alphonse Fournier Mrs. W. B. Parsons Mrs. Eunice Carter Alternates G. F. Davidson Mrs. H. Gordon Freeman A. F. W. Plumptre Arnold Smith INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR HOUSING AND CHILE: TOWN PLANNING: Representative Hernán Santa Cruz Representatives Walter Blucher Alternates Oscar Schnake-Vergara Charles S. Ascher Enrique Bernstein INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATIVE Carlos Valenzuela SCIENCES: CHINA: Representative Charles S. Ascher Representative P. C. Chang Alternate Tsune-chi Yu INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF CRIMINOLOGY: Representative George Dession CZECHOSLOVAKIA77 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CHILD WELFARE DENMARK: (IUCW): Representative William Borberg Representative Mary A. Dingman Alternates Carl L. Iversen INTERNATIONAL UNION OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES: Jean J. Ricard Representative Charles S. Ascher Finn T. B. Friis LIAISON COMMITTEE OF WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL FRANCE: ORGANIZATIONS: Representative Pierre Mendes-France Representative Janet Robb Alternates Georges Boris Louis Bugnard NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS (NAM) Philippe Perier (United States): INDIA: Representative Philip Cortney Representative Sir A. Ramaswami Mudaliar WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION Alternates Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan (WIDF): M. J. Desai Representative Mme. Maria Maddalena Rossi B. P. Adarkar WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE AND IRAN: FREEDOM (WILPF): Representative Nasrollah Entezam Representative Gertrude Baer Alternates Khosrow Khosrovani Taghi Nasr WORLD FEDERATION OF DEMOCRATIC YOUTH: Mohsen Merat Esfendiary Representative Guy de Boysson MEXICO: WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS (WJC): Representative Luis Padilla Nervo Representative Maurice L. Perlzweig Alternates Pedro de Alba WORLD UNION FOR PROGRESSIVE JUDAISM: Raúl Noriega Representatives Rabbi I. I. Mattuck PAKISTAN: Rabbi D. J. Seligson Representative Nurul Amin WORLD'S ALLIANCE OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIÁN PERU: ASSOCIATIONS: Representative Teodosio Cabada Representative Wesley F. Rennie Alternate José A. Encinas 90 Yearbook of the United Nations

POLAND77 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (FUND): Representative Camille Gutt USSR77 Alternate Gordon Williams

UNITED KINGDOM: UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION (UPU): Representative Viscount Alexander of Hillsborough Representative Fulke R. Radice Alternate G. T. Corley Smith INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU): UNITED STATES: Representative Léon Mulatier Representative Isador Lubin Deputy Repre- INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ORGANIZATION (IRO): sentative Walter M. Kotschnig Representatives J. Donald Kingsley Myer Cohen F. C. Blanchard OTHER MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS G. G. Kullmann

EGYPT: INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION Observer Moin Ahmed Lotfy (IMO): ETHIOPIA: Representative G. Swoboda Observer Jean Ouannou INTERIM COMMISSION FOR THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE ORGANIZATION (IC-ITO): ISRAELS Observer M. Kahany Representatives Eric Wyndham White Jean Royer NETHERLANDS: PREPARATORY COMMITTEE OF THE INTER-GOVERN- Observers W. H. J. van Asch van Wyck MENTAL MARITIME CONSULTATIVE ORGANIZATION: J. A. de Ranitz Representative Branko Lukac M. J. Keyzer O. H. B. Schoenewald NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS J. Tinbergen SWEDEN: Category A Observer B. Nordell WORLD FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS (WFTU): VENEZUELA: Representatives Giuseppe di Vittorio Observer Victor M. Pérez-Perozo Georges Fischer J. Dessau YUGOSLAVIA: Observer Salko Fejic INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE ALLIANCE (ICA): Representatives Thorsten Odhe SPECIALIZED AGENCIES Edgar Milhaud Marcel Boson INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO): INTERNATIONAL CONFEDERATION OF FREE TRADE Representative David A. Morse UNIONS (ICFTU): Alternates C. W. Jenks Representative Toni Sender Luís Alvarado INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (ICC): FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO) Representatives Sir Jeremy Raisman Representatives Frank L. McDougall P. J. Pointet Karl Olsen Jacques L'Huillier UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CUL- INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AGRICULTURAL TURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO): PRODUCERS (IFAP): Representatives Jaime Torres Bodet Representative Roger Savary André de Blonay H. Saba INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF CHRISTIAN TRADE C. M. Berkeley UNIONS (IFCTU): P. C. Terenzio Representatives Gaston Tessier P. J. S. Serrarens INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION F. Glaser (ICAO): Representative E. R. Marlin INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION (IPU): Representatives Léopold Boissier WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): Adrien Robinet de Clery Representatives Brock Chisholm M. E. Eliot INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF EMPLOYERS (IOB) M. P. Siegel Representatives Ch. Kuntschen W. P. Forrest J. Lecocq Paul Bertrand Georges Emery M. H. Hafezi WORLD FEDERATION OF UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATIONS Beatrice Howell (WFUNA): INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND Representative John A. F. Ennals DEVELOPMENT (BANK): 77 Representative Enrique Lopez-Herrarte Not represented at the first part of the 11th session. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 91

Category B INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE WOMEN'S GUILD: AGUDAS ISRAEL WORLD ORGANIZATION: Representative Lucie Rossier Representatives H. A. Goodman INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF WOMEN (ICW): Chief Rabbi Shafran Representatives Mrs. Laura Dreyfus-Barney ALL-INDIA WOMEN'S CONFERENCE (India): L. C. A. van Eeghen Representative Ganguben Hadkar Renée Girod ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY (United Kingdom): INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR HOUSING AND Representative Charles W. W. Greenidge TOWN PLANNING: Representative Oscar Leimgruber ASSOCIATED COUNTRY WOMEN OF THE WORLD: Representatives Mrs. Charles Russell INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF FRIENDS OF YOUNG Mrs. Coomaraswamy WOMEN: Representatives Anna Lagemann CATHOLIC INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR SOCIAL Mme. P. Berthoud van Werveke SERVICE (CIUSS): Andrée Kurz Representative Mlle. J. de Romer Mme. Aloys Gautier Mme. Gaston Bridel COMMISSION OF THE CHURCHES ON INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (CCIA): INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF NEWSPAPER Representatives O. Frederick Nolde PUBLISHERS (PROPRIETORS) AND EDITORS: Elfan Rees Representatives Karl Sartorius Jacques Bourquin CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS (CCJO): INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF UNIONS OF Representatives Moses Moskowitz EMPLOYEES IN PUBLIC AND CIVIL SERVICES: Norman Bentwich Representatives T. Williamson André Chouraqui M. C. Bolle

CO-ORDINATING BOARD OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS: INTERNATIONAL FISCAL ASSOCIATION (IFA): Representatives Saul Joftes Representative Pierre Folliet Barnett Janner INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATIVE FRIENDS' WORLD COMMITTEE FOR CONSULTATION SCIENCES: (FWCC): Representative Oscar Leimgruber Representative Colin Bell INTERNATIONAL LAW ASSOCIATION (ILA): INDIAN COUNCIL OF WORLD AFFAIRS (India): Representatives Charles W. W. Greenidge Representative Sir Shriram Marc Paschoud INTERNATIONAL ABOLITIONIST FEDERATION (IAF): INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR THE RIGHTS OF MAN: Representative Théodore de Felice Representatives Max Beer Roger N. Baldwin INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE OF WOMEN——EQUAL RIGHTS, André de Maday EQUAL RESPONSIBILITIES: Gertrude Baer Representatives Mrs. Hanna Rydh Mrs. Marthe Beer Miss M. Ginsberg Mrs. Bader INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO): INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF DEMOCRATIC Representatives Henry St. Léger LAWYERS: Roger Maréchal Representatives Baron van den Branden de Reeth M. Lyon-Caen INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTE (ISI): Representative J. W. Nixon INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PENAL LAW: Representative Max Habicht INTERNATIONAL STUDENT SERVICE: Representatives Robert S. Smith INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOBILE FEDERATION AND INTER- James T. Harris, Jr. NATIONAL TOURING ALLIANCE: Henry Jacqz Representatives Joseph Britschgi Edmond Gay INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CATHOLIC WOMEN'S Paul Ossipow LEAGUES (IUCWL): INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS Representatives Mlle. J. de Romer (ICRC): Mlle. F. de Saint-Maurice Representatives E. Gloor Miss Liang Pai Tchin R. Olgiati Mrs. Brull Jean E. Duchosal INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CHILD WELFARE (IUCW): M. Borsinger Representatives Mary A. Dingman INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGE- Georges Thélin MENT (ICSM): Mlle. L. Frankenstein Representatives Hugo de Haan INTERNATIONAL UNION OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES: Jacques A. Chapuis Representative M. Cottier 92 Yearbook of the United Nations

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF RAILWAYS (UIC): CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Representative A. Tuja Representative Arnost Tauber Alternates INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY Jiri Nosek Jiri Stary OF POPULATION: Representatives L. Hersch DENMARK: William Borberg G. Frumkin Representative Alternates Finn T. B. Friis LIAISON COMMITTEE OF WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL Christian D. Holten-Eggert ORGANIZATIONS: Mrs. Nonny Wright Representatives Mrs. Laura Dreyfus-Barney FRANCE: Lady Nunburnholme Representative Philippe de Seynes

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS (NAM) INDIA: (United States): Representative Ramji Ram Saksena Representative August Maffry Alternate Rajeshwar Dayal PAX ROMANA—INTERNATIONAL CATHOLIC MOVEMENT IRAN: FOR INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS Representative Khosrow Khosrovani (ICMICA): Representative Ramon Sugranyes de Franch MEXICO: Representative Luis Padilla Nervo PAX ROMANA—INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF Alternate Raúl Noriega CATHOLIC STUDENTS (IMES): Representatives Bernard de Hoog PAKISTAN: Jean Paul Buensod Representative S. Amjad Ali Alternate A. A. Farooq SOCIETY OF COMPARATIVE LEGISLATION (France): Representative P. Arminjon PERU: Representative Teodosio Cabada WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM (WILPF): Alternate José A. Encinas Representatives Gertrude Baer POLAND: Mrs. Betty McCorkel Representative Juliusz Katz-Suchy WORLD ASSEMBLY OF YOUTH: Alternate Henryk Altman Representative F. P. Mercereau Jan Galewicz Jan Drohojowski WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS (WJC): USSR: Representatives A. L. Easterman Representative Amazasp A. Arutiunian F. R. Bienenfeld G. Riegner UNITED KINGDOM: Representatives Kenneth Younger WORLD'S YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIÁN ASSOCIATION: G. T. Corley Smith Consultants Alice Arnold UNITED STATES: Madeleine Barot Representative Isador Lubin Mrs. C. Beresford Fox Alternate Walter M. Kotschnig Marion U. Royce SPECIALIZED AGENCIES C. Eleventh Session, Resumed (October-December) INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO): AUSTRALIA: Representative Léon-Eli Troclet Representative Arthur Tange Alternate C. W. Jenks Alternate J. Plimsoll FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO): BELGIUM: Representative Frank L. McDougall Representative Fernand Dehousse Alternate Robert Fenaux UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CUL- TURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO): BRAZIL: Representatives André de Blonay Representatives João Carlos Muniz E. H. Barger Luiz Pereira Ferreira de Faro, Jr. C. M. Berkeley CANADA: Solomon V. Arnaldo Representative John H. Dickey WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): Alternate R. G. Riddell Representatives Brock Chisholm CHILE: W. P. Forrest Representative Hernán Santa Cruz P. M. Kaul Alternates Oscar Schnake-Vergara Mabel Ingalls Carlos Valenzuela G. E. Hill CHINA: INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND Representative P. C. Chang DEVELOPMENT (BANK): Alternate Tsune-chi Yu Representative Enrique Lopez-Herrarte Functions and Organization of the United Nations 93

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (FUND): FRIENDS' WORLD COMMITTEE FOR CONSULTATION Representative Camille Gutt (FWCC): Alternate Gordon Williams Representatives Elmore Jackson Mrs. M. Cedergren INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF WOMEN (ICW): NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS Representatives Mrs. W. B. Parsons Category A Mrs. Eunice Carter INTERNATIONAL CONFEDERATION OF FREE TRADE INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR THE RIGHTS OF MAN: UNIONS (ICFTU): Representative Max Beer Representatives Toni Sender INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CATHOLIC WOMEN'S John Brophy LEAGUES (IUCWL): Representative Catherine Schaefer INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS (IFAP): WORLD YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION: Representative Andrew Cairns Representatives Margaret Forsyth Esther Park WORLD FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS (WFTU): Mrs. C. Beresford Fox Representative Georges Fischer INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CHILD WELFARE (IUCW): WORLD FEDERATION OF UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIA- Representative Mary A. Dingman TIONS (WFUNA): COMMISSION OF THE CHURCHES ON INTERNATIONAL Representatives Miss M. Olson AFFAIRS (CCIA): Mrs. H. Thomas Representatives O. Frederick Nolde Category B Mrs. Ellen J. Nolde Arnold Vought CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE F. W. Ramsey (United States): H. D. Appenziller Representative Leslie Paffrath WORLD'S ALLIANCE OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN CATHOLIC INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR SOCIAL SERVICE ASSOCIATIONS: (CIUSS): Representatives Owen E. Pence Representative Mrs. Grace Aieta D. A. Davis INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF BUSINESS AND PRO- CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS FESSIONAL WOMEN: (CCJO): Representative Mrs. Esther Hymer Representative Moses Moskowitz INTER-AMERICAN COUNCIL OF COMMERCE AND PRO- CO-ORDINATING BOARD OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS: DUCTION (IACCP): Representative Bernard Bernstein Representative Earl F. Cruikshank

ANNEX II. MEMBERS OF SUBSIDIARY ORGANS OF THE COUNCIL

A. FUNCTIONAL COMMISSIONS AND BYELORUSSIAN SSR:79 SUB-COMMISSIONS Representative S. N. Malinine 78 1. Economic and Employment Commission CANADA: Members elected for four years to serve until 31 Representative John Deutsch (Rapporteur) December 1950: CHINA: AUSTRALIA, BYELORUSSIAN SSR, CUBA, USSR, UNITED Representative Franklin L. Ho STATES CUBA: Members elected for three years to serve until 31 Representative Nicasio Silverio December 1951: 78 At the Council's 11th session the name of the BELGIUM, BRAZIL, FRANCE, POLAND, UNITED KINGDOM Commission was changed to Economic, Employment Members elected for three years to serve until 31 and Development Commission, the membership in- December 1952: creased to 18 and its two sub-commissions abolished (see pp. 80-81). The new members took office as from CANADA, CHINA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, INDIA, NORWAY 1 Jan. 1951. At the Commission's 5th session, the following members were represented by alternates at AUSTRALIA: all meetings: Byelorussian SSR, Pavel E. Astapenko; Representative Roland Wilson (Chairman) Czechoslovakia, Jiri Nosek; France, Jean M. Jeanneney BELGIUM: and Philippe de Seynes; Norway, Trygve Haaveimo; Representative Fernand van Langenhove USSR, Pavel M. Chernychev. The following were rep- resented at one or more meetings by alternates: Belgium, (Second Vice-Chairman) Jean Godeaux and Jules Woulbroun; Canada, Sidney BRAZIL: Pollock; United States, Lewis Lorwin. Representative José Nunes Guimaraes 79 Representative attended only the first part of the (First Vice-Chairman) 92nd meeting. 94 Yearbook of the United Nations

CZECHOSLOVAKIA:78 CZECHOSLOVAKIA:83 Representative Jan Patek Representative Pavel Baracek-Jacquier FRANCE: EGYPT: Representative Jacques Rueff Representative Shoukry Abaza Bey INDIA: FRANCE: Representative Ramji Ram Saksena Representative Jean Goursat NORWAY: INDIA: Representative Gunnar Boe Representative Y. N. Sukthankar (Vice-Chairman) POLAND:79 NETHERLANDS: Representative Stefan Boratynski Representative Jan J. Oyevaar (Chairman) USSR:79 NORWAY: Representative Alexander P. Morozov Representative Frederik Odfjell UNITED KINGDOM: PAKISTAN: Representative Marcus Fleming Representative Masarrat Husain Zuberi UNITED STATES: POLAND:83 Representative Isador Lubin Representative Stefan Boratynski USSR:83 a. SUB-COMMISSION ON EMPLOYMENT AND 80 Representative N. Y. Bezroukov ECONOMIC STABILITY UNITED KINGDOM: Selected by the Economic and Employment Commission Representative Brig.-General Sir H. Osborne Mance for three-year terms of office, to serve until 31 December 1950: UNITED STATES: Representative George P. Baker J. Belin (France) Alexander Danilov (USSR) VENEZUELA: Ragnar Frisch (Norway) (Second Vice-Chairman) Representative Manuel Reyna R. F. Harrod (United Kingdom) YUGOSLAVIA: Oscar Lange (Poland) (First Vice-Chairman) Representative Slavko Pezelj Leslie G. Melville (Australia) (Chairman) Winfield W. Riefler (United States) 3. Fiscal Commission84 b. SUB-COMMISSION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT81 Members elected for four years to serve until 31 December 1950: Selected by the Economic and Employment Commission CHINA, FRANCE, UKRAINIAN SSR, UNION OF SOUTH for three-year terms of office, to serve until 31 AFRICA, UNITED KINGDOM December 1950: Members elected for three years to serve until 31 José Nunes Guimaraes (Brazil) December 1951: Manuel Bravo Jiménez (Mexico) (Vice-Chairman and Rapporteur) BELGIUM, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, NEW ZEALAND, PAKISTAN, D. K. Lieu (China) UNITED STATES Alexander P. Morozov (USSR) Members elected for three years to serve until 31 V. K. R. V. Rao (India) (Chairman) December 1952: Beardsley Ruml (United States) CANADA, CUBA, POLAND, USSR, VENEZUELA Emanuel Slechta (Czechoslovakia) BELGIUM: 2. Transport and Communications Commission82 Representative Rodolphe Putman Members elected for four years to serve until 31 Decem- CANADA: ber 1950: Representative A. K. Eaton CZECHOSLOVAKIA, EGYPT, USSR, UNITED STATES, 79 Representative attended only the first part of the YUGOSLAVIA 92nd meeting. 80 Did not meet in 1950. Members elected for three years to serve until 31 81 December 1951: Alexander P. Morozov, Beardsley Ruml and Emanuel Slechta were served by the following alternates: Pavel INDIA, NETHERLANDS, POLAND, UNITED KINGDOM, M. Chernyshev, A. Maffry and Jiri Nosek, respectively. VENEZUELA However, Mr. Chernyshev and Mr. Nosek withdrew during the first meeting and did not attend subsequent Members elected for three years to serve until 31 meetings. December 1952: 82 At the Commission's 4th session the following CHILE, CHINA, FRANCE, NORWAY, PAKISTAN members were represented by alternates: Czechoslovakia, Jiri Nosek; Norway, Erling Foien; Pakistan, M. O. A. CHILE: Baig; USSR, N. I. Klimov; Venezuela, Adolfo Nass; Representative Hernán Palma Plaza Yugoslavia, Nikodije Jovanovic. 83 Representative present only for opening of first CHINA: meeting. 84 Representative Ching-yuen Hsiao Commission did not meet in 1950. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 95

CHINA: USSR:86 Representative S. K. Fong Representative T. V. Ryabushkin CUBA: UNITED KINGDOM: Representative José M. Pérez Cubillas Representative H. Campion (Rapporteur) CZECHOSLOVAKIA: UNITED STATES: Representative Karel Czesany Representative Stuart A. Rice FRANCE: Representative Jacques Certeux a. SUB-COMMISSION ON STATISTICAL SAMPLING Members composed of five experts elected by the Com- NEW ZEALAND: mission for an indeterminate period. Representative D. W. A. Barker Georges Darmois (France) PAKISTAN: W. E. Deming (United States)88 Representative M. Zafarullah P.C.Mahalanobis (India) (Chairman)88 88 POLAND: F. Yates (United Kingdom) Representative S. Trampczyinski (Vacant) (USSR) R. A. Fisher (Consultant) UKRAINIAN SSR: Representative I. Tolkunoff 5. Population Commission89 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: Members elected for four years to serve until 31 Representative M. J. Wells December 1950: USSR: BRAZIL, NETHERLANDS, PERU, YUGOSLAVIA Representative Pavel M. Chernyshev Members elected for three years to serve until 31 UNITED KINGDOM: December 1951: Representative W. W. Morton CHINA, USSR, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES UNITED STATES: Members elected for three years to serve until 31 Representative Edward T. Bartelt December 1952: VENEZUELA: FRANCE, SWEDEN, SYRIA, UKRAINIAN SSR Representative J. J. Gonzales Gorrondona BRAZIL: Representative Germano Jardim 4. Statistical Commission85 CHINA: Members elected for four years to serve until .31 Representative Franklin L. Ho December 1950: FRANCE: FRANCE, NORWAY, TURKEY, UNITED KINGDOM Representative Alfred Sauvy (Chairman) Members elected for three years to serve until 31 NETHERLANDS: December 1951: Representative Jonkheer N. L. J. van Buttingha CHINA, NETHERLANDS, USSR, UNITED STATES Wichers PERU: Members elected for three years to serve until 31 Representative Alberto Arca Parró December 1952: SWEDEN: ARGENTINA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, INDIA, UKRAINIAN SSR Representative Hannes Herenius

ARGENTINA: SYRIA: Representative Julio C. Rodriguez Arias Representative Rafik Asha 90 CHINA: UKRAINIAN SSR: Representative D. K. Lieu USSR:91 CZECHOSLOVAKIA:86 Representative T. V. Ryabushkin

Representative Frantisek Fajfr 85 At the Council's 11th session the membership of FRANCE: the Commission was increased to 15 (see p. 81). Representative George Darmois (Vice-Chairman) New members took office as from 1 Jan. 1951. At the Commission's 5th session the following members INDIA: were represented by alternates: Czechoslovakia, Jiri Representative P. C. Mahalanobis Nosek; USSR, Pavel M. Chernyshev. 86 Representative attended only the opening meeting. NETHERLANDS: 87 88 Not represented. Representative Ph. J. Idenburg (Chairman) Present at 4th session in Sept. 1950. 89 At the Commission's 5th session the following NORWAY: members were represented by alternates: Sweden, C. Representative Gunnar Jahn Quensel; USSR, Pavel M. Chernyshev. China was rep- TURKEY: resented at several meetings by Hsiu Cha. 90 Not represented. Representative Sefik Bilkur 91 Representative attended only opening part of the UKRAINIAN SSR:87 first meeting. 96 Yearbook of the United Nations

UNITED KINGDOM: 7. Commission on Narcotic Drugs94 Representative David V. Glass Members elected to serve for an indefinite period: UNITED STATES: Representative Philip M. Hauser (Rapporteur) CANADA, CHINA, FRANCE, INDIA, PERU, TURKEY, USSR, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES, YUGOSLAVIA YUGOSLAVIA: Representative Dolfe Vogelnik (Vice-Chairman) Members elected for three years until 31 December 1952: 6. Social Commission92 EGYPT, IRAN, MEXICO, NETHERLANDS, POLAND

Members elected for four years to serve until 31 CANADA: December 1950: Representative Col. C. H. L. Sharman CANADA, CHINA, DENMARK, ECUADOR, IRAQ, POLAND CHINA: Members elected for three years to serve until 31 Representative C. L. Hsia December 1951: EGYPT: FRANCE, INDIA, TURKEY, UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, Representative Mahmoud Labib USSR, UNITED STATES FRANCE: Members elected for three years to serve until 31 Representative Gaston Bourgois December 1952: INDIA: AUSTRALIA, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, NEW ZEALAND, UNITED Representative A. N. Sattanathan (Chairman KINGDOM, YUGOSLAVIA IRAN: Representative A. Amini AUSTRALIA: Representative K. C. O. Shann MEXICO: BOLIVIA: Representative Oscar Rabasa (Vice-Chairman) Eduardo Anze Matienzo Representative NETHERLANDS: BRAZIL: Representative A. Kruysse Representative Clodomiro Vianna Moog PERU: CANADA: Representative Carlos Avalos Representative G. F. Davidson POLAND: CHINA: Representative Alexander W. Rudzinski Representative Y. C. Yang DENMARK: TURKEY: Representative Alice Bruun Representative Cemalettin Or ECUADOR: USSR: Representative José A. Correa Representative V. V. Zakusov FRANCE: UNITED KINGDOM: Representative Henry Hauck Representative. S. Hoare (Rapporteur)

INDIA: UNITED STATES: Representative M. K. Bharatan Kumarappa Representative. Harry J. Anslinger IRAQ: Representative Ahmed Izzet Mohammed YUGOSLAVIA: Representative S. Krasovec NEW ZEALAND: Representative W. B. Sutch 92 At the 6th session of the Commission the following POLAND:93 members were represented by alternates: Canada, R. B. Representative Henryk Altman Curry; China, Hsiu Cha; France, G. Amanrich; Poland, Juliusz Katz-Suchy; Turkey, I. Savut; USSR, V. I. Forma- TURKEY: shev. The following were represented by alternates at Representative Mumtaz Turhan some of the meetings: Australia, G. N. Upton; Bolivia, UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: R. Pacheco; Iraq, Mrs. Bedia Afnan; United States, Representative Louis van Schalkwijk Jane M. Hoey; Yugoslavia, M. Levi. In addition the following attended one or more meetings: Mrs. Nonny USSR:93 Wright (Denmark); J. Fearnley (United Kingdom); Representative Alexander P. Borisov Louis Hyde, Jr. (United States). 93 Representative attended only first meeting. UNITED KINGDOM: 94 Representative Oswald C. Alien At the Commission's 5th session Poland was rep- resented by Stefan Boratynski, alternate. The following UNITED STATES: members were represented by alternates at some of the Representative Arthur J. Altmeyer meetings: China, P. Y. Tsao; Egypt, Brig. Abdul Aziz Safwat; France, M. Vaille; Iran, Ali Gholi Ardalan; YUGOSLAVIA: Mexico, Arnulfo Martínez Lavalle; Peru, Carlos Monge; Representative Gustav Vlahov Turkey, F. H. Diker; Yugoslavia, D. Nikolic. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 97

95 8. Commission on Human Rights a. SUB-COMMISSION ON FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND OF THE PRESS Members elected for four years to serve until 31 December 1950: Members selected by the Commission on Human Rights to serve until 31 December 1952: AUSTRALIA, BELGIUM, CHILE, PHILIPPINES, UNITED Karim Azkoul (Lebanon) STATES, YUGOSLAVIA Mahmoud Azmi Bey (Egypt) Members elected for three years to serve until 31 Carroll Binder (United States) December 1951: P. C. Chang (China) Steven Dedijer (Yugoslavia) CHINA, DENMARK, GUATEMALA, LEBANON, UNITED Roberto Fontaina (Uruguay) KINGDOM, URUGUAY Devadas Gandhi (India) André Géraud (France) Members elected for three years to serve until 31 97 Salvador P. López (Philippines) December 1952: Alfredo Silva Carvallo (Chile) EGYPT, FRANCE, GREECE, INDIA, UKRAINIAN SSR, USSR Francis Williams97 (United Kingdom) Vasily M. Zonov97 (USSR) AUSTRALIA: Representatives J. D. L. Hood b. SUB-COMMISSION ON THE PREVENTION OF DIS- H. F. E. Whitlam CRIMINATION AND THE PROTECTION OF MINORITIES BELGIUM: Members selected by the Commission on Human Rights Representative Fernand Dehousse to serve until 31 December 1952: Alexander P. Borisov98 (USSR) CHILE: C. F. Chang (China) Representative Hernán Santa Cruz Jonathan Daniels98 (United States) Erik Enar Ekstrand (Sweden) CHINA: Representative P. C. Chang (First Vice-Chairman) M. R. Masani (India) (Chairman) Elizabeth Monroe (United Kingdom) DENMARK: Joseph Nisot (Belgium) Representative Max Sorensen Arturo Meneses Pallares (Ecuador) (Rapporteur) Herard Roy (Haiti) EGYPT: Rezazada Shafaq (Iran) Representative Abdel Meguid Ramadan Samuel Spanien (France) Josef Winiewicz99 (Poland) (Vice-Chairman) FRANCE:

Representative René Cassin (Second 100 Vice-Chairman) 9. Commission on the Status of Women GREECE: Members elected for four years to serve until 31 Representative Alexis Kyrou December 1950: COSTA RICA, DENMARK, FRANCE, TURKEY, VENEZUELA GUATEMALA:96 Representative Carlos García Bauer Members elected for three years to serve until 31 December 1951: INDIA: AUSTRALIA, CHINA, GREECE, HAITI, INDIA Representative Mrs. Hansa Mehta 95 At the 6th session of the Commission the following LEBANON: members were represented by alternates: Philippines, Representative Charles Malik (Rapporteur) Mauro Mendez; Uruguay, Enrique Rodríguez Fabregat and Emilio N. Oribe. The following were represented PHILIPPINES: by alternates at some of the meetings: Belgium, Joseph Representative Brig.-General Carlos P. Rómulo Nisot; Chile, Mrs. Ana Figueroa and Carlos Valenzuela; China, P. Y. Tsao; Denmark, Mrs. Nonny Wright; UKRAINIAN SSR:96 France, Pierre Ordonneau; Greece, Byron Theodoro- Representative Vadim P. Kovalenko poulos; Lebanon, Karim Azkoul; United Kingdom, S. Hoare; United States, J. Simsarian. 96 96a Representative did not attend session. USSR: 96a Representative Semen K. Tsarapkin Representative withdrew during first meeting. 97 Mr. López, Mr. Williams and Mr. Zonov were UNITED KINGDOM: represented at the 4th session of the Sub-Commission Representative J. Marguerite Bowie by Melchior Aquino, Philip Jordan and Pavel Kotek, respectively. 98 UNITED STATES: At the Sub-Commission's 3rd session Mr. Daniels was represented from 13 Jan. by C. E. Black. Mr. Borisov Representative Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt was represented at this session by V. I. Formashev. (Chairman) However, Mr. Formashev withdrew during the 47th URUGUAY: meeting. Representative Don José A. Mora 99 Withdrew during 47th meeting. 100 At the Commission's 4th session the following YUGOSLAVIA: members were represented by alternates: Costa Rica, Representative Branko Jevremovic Irma Morales; Denmark, Helga Pedersen. 98 Yearbook of the United Nations

Members elected for three years to serve until 31 2. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East December 1952: Members: LEBANON, MEXICO, USSR, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED AUSTRALIA NETHERLANDS USSR STATES BURMA NEW ZEALAND UNITED KINGDOM CHINA PAKISTAN UNITED STATES AUSTRALIA: FRANCE PHILIPPINES Representative. Isabel McCorkindale INDIA THAILAND INDONESIA102 CHINA: Representative. Cecilia Sieu-ling Zung Associate Members: CAMBODIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF NEPAL COSTA RICA: CEYLON LAOS VIETNAM, Representative Mrs. Graciela Morales F. de HONG KONG MALAYA AND STATE OF Echeverría BRITISH BORNEO DENMARK: Representative Mrs. Bodil Begtrup 3. Economic Commission for Latin America Members: FRANCE: ARGENTINA ECUADOR NICARAGUA Representative Mme. Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux BOLIVIA EL SALVADOR PANAMA (Chairman) BRAZIL FRANCE PARAGUAY GREECE: CHILE GUATEMALA PERU Representative Mrs. Lina P. Tsaldaris COLOMBIA HAITI UNITED KINGDOM HAITI:101 COSTA RICA HONDURAS UNITED STATES Representative Mme. Fortuna André Guéry CUBA MEXICO URUGUAY DOMINICAN REPUBLIC NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA INDIA: Representative Mrs. Hannah Sen C. STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE COUNCIL (Second Vice-Chairman) 1. Technical Assistance Committee LEBANON: The Committee, established at the ninth session of Representative. Mrs. Angela Jurdak Khoury the Council, is composed of the members of the (Rapporteur) Economic and Social Council. MEXICO: Representative Mrs. Amalia C. de Castillo Ledón 2. Committee on Negotiations with Specialized Agencies TURKEY: CANADA FRANCE UNITED KINGDOM Representative Mrs. Mihri Pektas CHILE NETHERLANDS UNITED STATES CHINA POLAND VENEZUELA 101 USSR: DENMARK USSR Representative Mrs. Elizavieta Alekseevna Popova 3. Council Committee on Non-Governmental UNITED KINGDOM: Organizations Representative Mary Sutherland The Committe, under the Chairmanship of the President of the Council, is composed of representatives UNITED STATES: of China, France, Pakistan, Peru, USSR, United King- Representative Mrs. Olive Remington Goldman dom and United States. VENEZUELA: 4. Agenda Committee Representative Mrs. Isabel de Urdaneta The Agenda Committee is composed of the President, (First Vice-Chairman) the two Vice-Presidents and two other members elected B. REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS each year at the first regular session of the Council. On 1 March 1950 Canada and Poland were elected 1. Economic Commission for Europe for 1950 and Czechoslovakia was elected as an alternate Members: member for Poland. BELGIUM ICELAND TURKEY 5. Interim Committee on Programme of Meetings BYELORUSSIAN SSR LUXEMBOURG UKRAINIAN SSR Established at the fifth session, the Committee is CZECHOSLOVAKIA NETHERLANDS USSR composed of representatives of China, France, USSR, DENMARK NORWAY UNITED KINGDOM United Kingdom and United States, with the President FRANCE POLAND UNITED STATES of the Council acting as Chairman. GREECE SWEDEN YUGOSLAVIA 101 Representative did not attend session. European countries participating in a consultative capacity 102 The Commission's terms of reference provide that in the work of the Commission: when a State in the area becomes a Member of the ALBANIA HUNGARY United Nations it shall thereupon be admitted as a ROMANIA full member of the Commission. Therefore, Indonesia, IRELAND SWITZERLAND which had been an associate member of the Commission, BULGARIA ITALY became a full member following its admission to the PORTUGAL United Nations on 28 Sept. 1950. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 99

D. SPECIAL BODIES 5. Interim Co-ordinating Committee for International Commodity Arrangements 1. Permanent Central Opium Board Sir James Helmore, nominated by the Interim Com- Appointed by the Council to serve until replaced, on, or mission for the International Trade Organization shortly after, 2 March 1953: Albert J. Loveland, nominated by the Food and Agricul- Pedro Pernambuco (Brazil) ture Organization of the United Nations and con- Hans Fischer (Switzerland) cerned in particular with agricultural primary com- Sir Harry Greenfield (United Kingdom) modities Herbert L. May (United States) Georges Peter, concerned in particular with non-agricul- Paul Reuter (France) tural primary commodities Milan Ristic (Yugoslavia) Sedat Tavat (Turkey) E. AD HOC COMMITTEES Y. N. Yang (China) 1. Ad Hoc Committee on Procedure 2. Supervisory Body The Committee is composed of the representatives of Appointed by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (for Belgium, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, France, India, Peru, five years): USSR, United Kingdom and United States. Colonel C. H. L. Sharman (Canada) 2. Ad Hoc Committee on Organization and Appointed by the Permanent Central Opium Board (for Operation of the Council and Its Commissions one year): Herbert L. May (United States) The Committee is composed of representatives of Australia, Brazil, China, France, India, USSR, United Appointed by the World Health Organization (for five Kingdom and United States. years): Hans Fischer (Switzerland) 3. Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery Sedat Tavat (Turkey) Moises Poblete Troncoso (Chile) (Chairman and The persons appointed for five years took office Rapporteur) officially as of 27 September 1948. Charles W. W. Greenidge (United Kingdom) 3. United Nations International Children's Bruno Lasker (United States) Emergency Fund Mme. Jane Vialle (France) The Executive Board of UNICEF is composed of 4. Ad Hoc Committee on Refugees and representatives of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Byelo- 104 russian SSR, Canada, China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, Stateless Persons Denmark, Ecuador, France, Greece, Iraq, Netherlands, 1st Session 2nd Session New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Sweden, Switzer- BELGIUM: land, Ukrainian SSR, Union of South Africa, USSR, 103 Representative Jean Cuvelier Albert Herment United Kingdom, United States and Yugoslavia. BRAZIL: 4. Administrative Committee on Co-ordination Representative Ramiro Saraiva Enrico Penteado The Committee is composed of the Secretary-General Guerreiro (Vice-Chair- and the corresponding officers of the specialized agencies (Rapporteur)105 man) brought into relationship with the United Nations as CANADA: follows: Representatives Leslie Chance Ross M. Winter Director-General of ILO: (Chairman)105 (Rapporteur) David A. Morse (United States) N. F. H. Berlis Director-General of FAO: CHINA: Norris E. Dodd (United States) Representative Hsiu Cha Hsiu Cha Director-General of UNESCO: Jaime Torres Bodet (Mexico) DENMARK: President of the Council of ICAO: Representative Knud Larsen Knud Larsen Edward Warner (United States) (Vice-Chairman) (Chairman) President of the Bank:

Eugene R. Black (United States) 103 Managing Director of the Fund: The General Assembly on 1 Dec. 1950 decided that the Executive Board would be reconstituted as of Camille Gutt (Belgium) 1 Jan. 1951 to consist of the Governments of the Secretary-General of ITU: States represented on the Social Commission (see Léon Mulatier (France) p. 96) and the Governments of eight other States, Director of UPU: not necessarily Members of the United Nations, elected by the Council. For election of new members of the Fritz Hess (Switzerland) Board, see p. 84. Director-General of WHO: 104 Established as the Ad Hoc Committee on Stateless- Brock Chisholm (Canada) ness and Related Problems; reconstituted as the Ad Director-General of IRO: Hoc Committee on Refugees and Stateless Persons. 105 J. Donald Kingsley (United States) Absent at second session. 100 Yearbook of the United Nations

1st Session 2nd Session 1st Session 2nd Session FRANCE: USSR:106 Representatives Emmanuel Rain Robert Rochefort Representative N. I. Klimov Pierre Ordonneau Pierre Juvigny Pierre Juvigny Anne de Lissac UNITED KINGDOM: Jacques Devinat ISRAEL: Representatives Sir Leslie Brass Sir Leslie Brass James Howard Representative Jacob Robinson Jacob Robinson UNITED STATES: POLAND:106 Representative Louis Henkin Louis Henkin Representative Alexander W. Rudzinski TURKEY: VENEZUELA: Representatives Adnan Kural Hasan Nurelgin Representative Victor M. Victor M. Talat Miras Pérez-Perozo Pérez-Perozo

D. NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES

1. Declaration on Non-Self-Governing general principle of good-neighbourliness, due Territories account being taken of the interest and well-being of the rest of the world in social, economic and Under Chapter XI of the Charter, the "Declara- commercial matters (Article 74). tion regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories", Members of the United Nations responsible for 2. Special Committee on Information the administration of territories whose peoples Transmitted under Article 73 e of have not yet attained a full measure of self-gov- the Charter ernment recognize that the interests of the in- habitants of these territories are paramount and The information transmitted by Members (see accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote (e) above) is, in accordance with decisions of the their welfare to the utmost. In accordance with General Assembly, summarized, analysed and clas- the respective paragraphs of Article 73, those sified by the Secretary-General. These summaries Members undertake: and analyses are considered by a special committee, established by the General Assembly for the pur- (a) To ensure, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social and pose. In 1946, 1947 and 1948, such a committee educational advancement, their just treatment and their was established for a one-year period to meet in protection against abuses; 1947, 1948 and 1949, respectively. In 1949, the (b) To develop self-government, to take account of the Assembly at its fourth session established a com- political aspirations of the peoples and to assist them mittee for three years. in the progressive development of their free political The General Assembly is to examine in 1952 institutions according to the particular circumstances of each territory and the varying stages of development the question of whether the Special Committee of the peoples; should be renewed for a further period as well as (c) To further international peace and security; the questions of the composition and terms of ref- (d) To promote constructive measures of development, erence of any future special committee. to encourage research and to co-operate with one an- The Committee established in 1949 is com- other and, where appropriate, with specialized inter- posed of Members of the United Nations trans- national bodies so as to achieve the social, economic and scientific purposes set forth in this article; mitting information on Non-Self-Governing Ter- (e) To transmit regularly to the Secretary-General for ritories and an equal number of non-administering information purposes, subject to such limitation as Members elected on as wide a geographical basis security and constitutional considerations may require, as possible by the Fourth Committee on behalf of statistical and other information of a technical nature the General Assembly. It was provided that non- relating to economic, social and educational conditions in those Non-Self-Governing Territories which are not administering Members should be elected for three placed under the International Trusteeship System. years but, to provide for rotation, at the first elec- Members of the United Nations also agree that tion four of the non-administering Members were their policy with respect to these Non-Self-Gov- elected for a term of three years, two for two erning Territories, equally with that concerning years and two for one year only. At the Assem- 106 their Metropolitan areas, must be based on the Did not send representative to the second session. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 101

bly's fifth session in 1950 two Members were ritory is or is not non-self-governing and accord- elected to replace the retiring Members. ingly whether information should continue to be The Special Committee examines the Secretary- transmitted. In this connexion it considers any General's summaries and analyses of the informa- information transmitted by administering States tion transmitted by administering States with re- concerning any changes in a territory's constitu- gard to economic, social and educational conditions tional position and status, in cases where such in Non-Self-Governing Territories not placed changes have led to the cessation of the transmis- under the Trusteeship System, including any pa- sion of information. pers prepared by the specialized agencies and in- The Special Committee reports to the General formation on measures taken in pursuance of the Assembly. It makes recommendations relating to resolutions adopted by the General Assembly con- functional fields in general, but not with respect cerning conditions in Non-Self-Governing Terri- to individual territories. During 1951, the Com- tories. It also examines the factors which should mittee is to pay special attention to economic be taken into account in deciding whether a ter- conditions and development.

ANNEX: DELEGATIONS TO THE (1950) SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON INFORMATION TRANSMITTED UNDER ARTICLE 73 e OF THE CHARTER

MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE SWEDEN: AUSTRALIA: Representative Sven Grafström Representative D. O. Hay Alternate Claes I. Wollin

Alternates W. Groves 107 USSR: R. A. Peachey BELGIUM: Representative Aleksander A. Soldatov

Representative Pierre Ryckmans UNITED KINGDOM: Alternate André Wendelen Representative John Fletcher-Cooke BRAZIL: Alternate W. E. F. Ward Representative José Jobim Alternates Miguel Alvaro UNITED STATES: Osorio de Almeida Representative Benjamin Gerig DENMARK: Alternate Ambrose Caliver Representative Hermod Lannung Alternates P. P. Sveistrup VENEZUELA: Mrs. Pie Barfod Representative César González (Vice-Chairman) EGYPT: Alternate Roberto Alamo-Blanco Representative Ahmed M. Farrag Alternate Ahmed M. El Messiri SPECIALIZED AGENCIES FRANCE: Representative Roger Garreau INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO): Alternates Henri Laurentie J. Jurgensen Representatives R. A. Métall INDIA: A. A. Evans Representative B. Shiva Rao (Chairman) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO): MEXICO: Representatives W. H. Pawley Representative Luis Padilla Nervo Dorothea Wehrwein Alternate Raúl Noriega NETHERLANDS: UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND Representative A. I. Spits (Rapporteur) CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO): Alternate J. M. A. H. Luns Representative Marcel Destombes

NEW ZEALAND: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): Representative G. R. Laking Alternate Charles Craw Representatives P. M. Kaul G. E. Hili PHILIPPINES: Sylvia Orenstein

Representative Salvador P. López 107 Alternate Adriano R. Garcia Representative did not attend session. 102 Yearbook of the United Nations E. THE INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM AND THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL108

1. Objectives of the Trusteeship ment, are the responsibility of the Security Coun- System cil. The objectives of the Trusteeship System apply equally to the peoples of strategic areas. In per- The basic objectives of the International Trus- forming its functions relating to political, eco- teeship System are: nomic, social and educational matters in the stra- (a) To further international peace and security; tegic areas, the Security Council, as provided by (b) To promote the political, economic, social and the Charter, is, subject to the conditions of the educational advancement of the inhabitants of the Trust Trusteeship Agreements and without prejudice to Territories, and their progressive development towards security considerations, to avail itself of the self-government or independence, as may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of each Territory and assistance of the Trusteeship Council. its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the It is the duty of the Administering Authority peoples concerned, and as may be provided by the to ensure that the Trust Territory plays its part in terms of each Trusteeship Agreement; the maintenance of international peace and secu- (c) To encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to rity. To this end, the Administering Authority race, sex, language or religion, and to encourage recog- may make use of volunteer forces, facilities and nition of the interdependence of the peoples of the assistance from the Trust Territory in carrying out world; and its obligations towards the Security Council, as (d) To ensure equal treatment in social, economic and well as for local defence and the maintenance of commercial matters for all Members of the United law and order within the Territory. Nations and their nationals, and also equal treatment for the latter in the administration of justice, without Eleven non-self-governing territories, all, with prejudice to the attainment of the other objectives of the exception of Somaliland under Italian Ad- the Trusteeship System. ministration, formerly administered under the Mandate of the League of Nations, have been 2. Application of the Trusteeship placed under the International Trusteeship System. System The Territories and the Administering Authori- ties, as designated in the Trusteeship Agreements, The Trusteeship System applies to such terri- are as follows: tories in the following categories as may be placed Agreement under it by means of individual Trusteeship Administering Trust Approved Agreements: Authority Territory by General Assembly (a) Territories held under Mandate; Australia New Guinea 13 Dec. 1946 (b) Territories detached from enemy States as a result Belgium Ruanda-Urundi 13 Dec. 1946 of the Second World War; and (c) Territories voluntarily placed under the System by France Cameroons under 13 Dec. 1946 States responsible for their administration. French Admin- istration The functions of the United Nations with re- gard to Trusteeship Agreements for all areas not France Togoland under 13 Dec. 1946 designated as strategic, including the approval of French Admin- istration the terms of the Trusteeship Agreements and of their alteration or amendment, are exercised by Italy Somaliland under 2 Dec. 1950 the General Assembly. The Trusteeship Council, Italian Admin- istration operating under the authority of the General Assembly, assists the General Assembly in carry- New Zealand Western Samoa 13 Dec. 1946 ing out these functions. United Kingdom Cameroons under 13 Dec. 1946 In any Trusteeship Agreement there may be British Admin- designated a strategic area or areas which may in- istration clude part or all of the Trust Territory to which the Agreement applies. All functions of the 108 For Charter provisions, see Ch. XII, which estab- United Nations relating to strategic areas, in- lishes an International Trusteeship System, and Ch. XIII, which defines the composition, functions and powers, cluding the approval of the terms of Trusteeship voting and procedure of the Trusteeship Council. Other Agreements and of their alteration or amend- provisions are to be found in Arts. 1, 2, 7, 18, 98, 101. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 103

Agreement of the United Nations and their nationals, without Administering Trust Approved Authority Territory by General Assembly prejudice to the attainment of the objectives of the Trusteeship System; to develop education; subject only United Kingdom Togoland under 13 Dec. 1946 to requirements of public order, to guarantee to the British Admin- inhabitants freedom of religion, of worship, of speech, istration of the press, of assembly and of petition. United Kingdom Tanganyika 13 Dec. 1946 (4) Rights of the Administering Authority: It is to have full powers of legislation, administration and United Kingdom, Nauru 1 Nov. 1947 jurisdiction in the Territory. (Certain Agreements specify New Zealand that it may administer the Territory as an integral part and Australia of its own territory, subject to the provisions of the (administered Charter and the Agreement.) It may constitute the by Australia) Territory into a customs, fiscal, or administrative union or federation with adjacent territories under its control. (Strategic Area) by Security Council It may establish naval, military and air bases, erect fortifications, and take other measures necessary for United States Trust Territory of 2 April 1947 defence, and may also use volunteer forces, facilities the Pacific and assistance from the Territory in carrying out the Islands obligations to the Security Council undertaken by the Administering Authority as well as for local defence. It may organize public services and works on conditions 3. Trusteeship Agreements it thinks just, may create fiscal monopolies if this serves The Charter provides that the terms of Trustee- the interests of the inhabitants and may create other monopolies under conditions of proper public control, ship for each Territory to be placed under the provided that in the case of monopolies granted to non- Trusteeship System, including any alteration or governmental agencies there is no discrimination on amendment, are to be agreed upon by the States the grounds of nationality against Members of the directly concerned, including the Mandatory Power United Nations or their nationals. It may arrange for in the case of Territories held under Mandate by the co-operation of the Territory in any regional tech- nical organization, specialized international bodies or a Member of the United Nations. These terms, in- other forms of international activity not inconsistent cluding any alteration or amendment, must be with the Charter. approved by the General Assembly or, in the case (5) The terms of the Agreement may be altered or of strategic areas, by the Security Council. Each amended only in accordance with the provisions of the Trusteeship Agreement includes the terms under Charter. which the Trust Territory is to be administered (6) Any dispute between the Administering Authority and another Member of the United Nations concerning and designates the authority which will exercise the interpretation or application of the Agreement the administration of the Trust Territory. Such which cannot be settled otherwise must be submitted authority is called the Administering Authority, to the International Court of Justice. and may be one or more States or the United Most of these provisions are included in the Nations itself. Agreement for the Trust Territory of the Pacific Although the terms of the existing Trusteeship Islands. The Trusteeship Agreement for this stra- Agreements vary, all contain most of the follow- tegic area differs in certain respects from the ing provisions: Agreements for non-strategic Territories: (1) Definition of the Territory to which the Agreement In this Agreement the extent of the applicability of applies. the functions and powers of the Trusteeship Council (2) Designation of the Administering Authority. is made dependent upon security requirements. Most- favoured-nation treatment is reserved for the Admin- (3) Obligations of the Administering Authority: to istering Authority and the question of air traffic rights administer the Territory so as to achieve the basic is specifically reserved for separate agreements. The principles of Trusteeship as contained in the Charter; Administering Authority may from time to time specify to be responsible for the peace, order and good gov- certain areas in the Territory as closed for security ernment of the Territory and for ensuring that it plays reasons. its part in the maintenance of international peace and security; to develop free political institutions and to The Trusteeship Agreement for Somaliland give the inhabitants an increasing share in the govern- under Italian Administration includes in somewhat ment of the Territory; to protect the rights of the more specific terms than in other Agreements the indigenous inhabitants over land, and not to allow the general provisions outlined above. In addition, it land or natural resources of the indigenous population to be transferred except with the previous consent of includes the following new features: the competent public authority, who must respect the The Agreement provides that the Trust Territory rights and safeguard the interests of the indigenous shall receive its independence at the end of a fixed population; to ensure equal treatment in social, econo- period of time—ten years. It provides that the Admin- mic, industrial and commercial matters for all Members istering Authority be assisted by an Advisory Council. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL Functions and Organization of the United Nations 105

It includes, as an annex, a declaration which expressly annually to the General Assembly or, in the case of guarantees the rights and liberties of the population strategic areas, to the Security Council. and proclaims that the sovereignty of the Territory is vested in its people, who must be given a status of In accordance with the terms of the Charter, citizenship of the Territory; this declaration forms an the Council has been authorized by the General integral part of the Agreement. Assembly to request advisory opinions of the In- ternational Court of Justice on legal questions 4. Composition of the Trusteeship arising in its work. Council The Trusteeship Council consists of the follow- 6. Voting and Procedure ing Members of the United Nations: Each member of the Trusteeship Council has (a) Those Members administering Trust Territories one vote. Decisions are made by a majority of the (b) Such of those Members mentioned by name in members present and voting. Article 23 of the Charter (i.e. China, France, USSR, United Kingdom and United States) as do not admin- The Trusteeship Council adopts its own rules ister Trust Territories of procedure including the method of selecting its (c) As many other Members, elected for three-year President. The Council meets in two regular ses- terms by the General Assembly, as may be necessary sions each year. Special sessions are held as and to ensure that the total number of members of the Trusteeship Council is equally divided between those where occasion may require, by decision of the Members of the United Nations which administer Trust Council, at the request of a majority of its mem- Territories and those which do not. bers, or at the request of the General Assembly or Each member of the Trusteeship Council desig- the Security Council. A special session may also be nates one specially qualified person to represent held at the request of the Economic and Social it therein. Council or any member of the Trusteeship Coun- cil, provided a majority of the members of the Italy, as an Administering Authority which is Trusteeship Council concur in the request. not a Member of the United Nations, takes part without the right to vote in the Council's delibera- The Trusteeship Council, when appropriate, tions concerning the Trust Territory of Somaliland avails itself of the assistance of the Economic and and concerning general questions affecting the Social Council, of the specialized agencies and of operation of the International Trusteeship System. appropriate inter-governmental regional bodies which may be separately established, in regard to matters with which they are concerned. 5. Functions and Powers The principal functions and powers of the 7. Structure Trusteeship Council, under the authority of the General Assembly, are: The Trusteeship Council has established but (a) To consider reports submitted by the Administer- one permanent subsidiary organ: the Standing ing Authority; Committee on Administrative Unions, consisting (b) To accept petitions and examine them in consulta- of four members elected by the Council; this body tion with the Administering Authority; regularly examines the operation of administrative (c) To provide for periodic visits to the respective unions, and reports to the Council at each session Trust Territories at times agreed upon with the Ad- on any union in which a Trust Territory under ministering Authority; and review participates. The Council sets up ad hoc (d) To take these and other actions in conformity with the terms of the Trusteeship Agreement. committees, such as the Ad Hoc Committee on Pe- titions, to deal with specific questions as required. Pursuant to an agreement with the Security Council (S/1280), the Trusteeship Council also Visiting Missions, consisting of persons ap- exercises these functions and powers with respect pointed by the Council, periodically visit Terri- to strategic areas under Trusteeship. tories under Trusteeship. Visiting Missions may The Trusteeship Council formulates a question- also be organized to conduct special investigations naire on the political, economic, social and educa- or inquiries when conditions in a Trust Territory require such action.109 tional advancement of the inhabitants of each

109 Trust Territory, on the basis of which the Admin- For members and representatives on these bodies, istering Authority for each Territory is to report see Annex II, p. 118. 106 Yearbook of the United Nations

8. Members and Officers110 9. Sessions and Meetings a. MEMBERS a. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL Members Administering Trust Territories: Australia, Sixth Session: 81 plenary meetings, 19 January—4 April Belgium, France, New Zealand, United Kingdom, 1950, at Geneva United States Seventh Session: 30 plenary meetings, 1 June-21 July Members Mentioned by Name in Article 23 of the 1950, at Lake Success Charter and Not Administering Trust Territories: Third Special Session: one meeting, 22 November 1950, China, USSR at Lake Success

Members Elected by the General Assembly: Philippines, 111 Dominican Republic (to serve until 31 December b, SUBSIDIARY BODIES 1950); Argentina, Iraq (to serve until 31 December Ad Hoc Committee on Petitions: Sixth session—30 1952) meetings, 8 February-1 April 1950, at Geneva. Sev- enth session—12 meetings, 14 June-18 July 1950, at Lake Success b. OFFICERS Committee on Italian Somaliland: 18 meetings, 9—18 SIXTH SESSION: and 26 January 1950, at Geneva President: Roger Garreau (France) Committee on Rules of Procedure: 7 meetings, 23 Vice-President: Max Henríquez-Ureña (Dominican January-8 February 1950, at Geneva Republic) Committee on Administrative Unions:112 15 meetings, 3 May-11 July 1950, at Lake Success SEVENTH SESSION AND THIRD SPECIAL SESSION: Standing Committee on Administration Unions: 2 meet- President: Max Henríquez-Ureña (Dominican Re- ings, 18 and 23 August 1950, at Lake Success public) Drafting Committee on the Questionnaire: one meeting, Vice-President: Pierre Ryckmans (Belgium) 7 July 1950, at Lake Success.

10. Matters Considered by the Trusteeship Council at Its Sixth and Seventh Regular Sessions and at Its Third Special Session a. SIXTH SESSION Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 1. Adoption of the agenda Plenary meeting 2 2. Report of the Secretary-General on credentials Plenary meeting 2 3. Election of a Vice-President to replace Mr. Padilla Plenary meeting 2 Nervo (Mexico) 4. Examination of annual reports on the administra- Plenary meetings 31, 33, 81. Resolutions 123, 231(VI) tion of Trust Territories: (a) Tanganyika, 1948 Plenary meetings 11-15, 17, 19, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37 (b) Ruanda-Urundi, 1948 Plenary meetings 22, 24, 26, 36, 37 (e) Cameroons under British Administration, Plenary meetings 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 66, 68, 79 1948 (d) Cameroons under French Administration, Plenary meetings 54, 55, 57, 59, 70, 79 1948 (e) Togoland under British Administration, 1948 Plenary meeting 53. Item postponed to seventh session of the Council ( f ) Togoland under French Administration, 1948 Plenary meeting 53. Item postponed to seventh session of the Council 5. Examination of petitions Plenary meetings 19, 27, 36, 37, 46, 48, 50, 53, 63, 67, 80 Resolutions 116, 119-122, 124-126, 130-230(VI). 6. Arrangements for the Visiting Mission to Trust Plenary meetings 2, 5, 7, 9-11. Resolution 115(VI) Territories in the Pacific

110 For members elected by the General Assembly to take office during 1951, see p. 31. 111 In addition, the Council from time to time appoints, when in session, a number of drafting and working com- mittees. 112 An ad hoc body dissolved in 1950 and succeeded by the Standing Committee on Administrative Unions. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 107

Agenda Item Discussion and Action Taken 7. Reports of the United Nations Visiting Mission Plenary meeting 63113 to Trust Territories in West Africa 8. Question of printing the reports of the United Plenary meeting 24 Nations Visiting Mission to East Africa 9. Revision of the Provisional Questionnaire Plenary meeting 81. Item postponed to seventh session of the Council 10. Revision of the procedures of the Council Plenary meetings 2, 14, 25 11. Political advancement in Trust Territories (General Plenary meetings 37, 73, 74. Resolutions 127, 128(VI) Assembly resolution 320(IV) of 15 November 1949) 12. Petitions and Visiting Missions (General Assembly Plenary meetings 37, 73. Resolution 127(VI) resolution 321(IV) of 15 November 1949) 13. Economic advancement in Trust Territories (Gen- Plenary meetings 37, 73, 74. Resolutions 127, 128(VI) eral Assembly resolution 322(IV) of 15 Novem- ber 1949) 14. Social advancement in Trust Territories (General Plenary meetings 37, 68, 73, 74. Resolutions 127, Assembly resolution 323(IV) of 15 November 128(VI) 1949) 15- Educational advancement in Trust Territories (Gen- Plenary meetings 37, 73, 74. Resolutions 127, 128(VI) eral Assembly resolution 324(IV) of 15 Novem- ber 1949) 16. Use of the flag of the United Nations in Trust Plenary meetings 76, 77 Territories (General Assembly resolution 325(IV) of 15 November 1949) 17. Administrative unions affecting Trust Territories Plenary meeting 79. Resolution 129(VI) (General Assembly resolution 326(IV) of 15 No- vember 1949) 18. Negotiation and adoption of a draft Trusteeship Plenary meetings 2-8, 20 Agreement for Italian Somaliland (General As- sembly resolution 289(IV) of 21 November 1949) 19. Question of an international regime for the Jeru- Plenary meetings 9, 16, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, salem area and protection of the Holy Places (Gen- 34, 35, 38-41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 52, 56, 58, 60-62, eral Assembly resolution 303(IV) of 9 December 64-67, 69, 70-72, 75, 77, 78, 81. Resolutions 117, 1949) 118, 232(VI)

b. SEVENTH SESSION 1. Adoption of the agenda Plenary meeting 1 2. Report of the Secretary-General on credentials Plenary meeting 1 3. Election of a President and of a Vice-President Plenary meeting 1 4. Examination of annual reports on the administra- tion of Trust Territories: (a) Western Samoa, year ending 31 March 1949 Plenary meetings 2-5, 11, 14, 19 (b) New Guinea, year ending 30 June 1949 Plenary meetings 6, 7, 9, 17, 18, 21 (c) Nauru, year ending 30 June 1949 Plenary meetings 22-26, 29-30 (d) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, year Plenary meetings 12-14, 21, 27 ending 30 June 1949 ( e ) Togoland under British Administration, 1948 Plenary meetings 15, 16, 18, 19, 28, 29 (e) Togoland under French Administration, 1948 Plenary meetings 17-19, 29-30 5. Examination of petitions Plenary meetings 1, 4, 6, 13, 19-29. Resolutions 235- 292, 294-297(VII) 6. Reports of the United Nations Visiting Mission to Plenary meetings 19, 29. Resolutions 298, 299(Y/7)114 Trust Territories in West Africa

113 The reports of the Visiting Mission on the Cameroons under British administration (T/461) and on the Cam- croons under French administration (T/462) were also considered simultaneously with items 4c and d above. 114 The reports of the Visiting Mission on Togoland under British administration (T/465) and Togoland under French administration (T/464) were also considered simultaneously with items 4e and f above. 108 Yearbook of the United Nations

7. Revision of the Provisional Questionnaire Plenary meetings 5, 8, 27 8. Revision of the rules of procedure Plenary meeting 8. Item dropped from, the agenda 9. Administrative unions affecting Trust Territories Plenary meetings 28, 30. Resolution 293(VII) (General Assembly resolution 326(IV) of 15 No- vember 1949) 10. Question of an international regime for the Jeru- Plenary meetings 2, 8, 10. Resolution 234(VII) salem area and the protection of the Holy Places (General Assembly resolution 303(IV) of 9 De- cember 1949) 11. Consideration of resolutions 256 A (IX), 256 B Plenary meeting 5 (IX) and 275 D (X) of the Economic and Social Council, containing certain recommendations con- cerning the revision of the Provisional Question- naire of the Trusteeship Council 12. Consideration of resolution 275 E (X) of the Plenary meeting 5. Resolution 233(VII) Economic and Social Council, concerning violations of the full enjoyment of human rights and funda- mental freedoms 13. Adoption of the Report of the Council to the Plenary meeting 30 General Assembly 14. Adoption of a report to the Security Council Plenary meetings 12-14, 21, 27 15. Adoption of a report to the General Assembly Plenary meeting 27 concerning the draft Trusteeship Agreement for the former Italian colony of Somaliland

Other Questions Considered Verbatim Records of the Trusteeship Council Plenary meeting 19 Arrangements for a Visiting Mission to Trust Ter- Plenary meetings 28-29 ritories in East Africa in 1951 Place of meeting of the eighth session of the Trus- Plenary meetings 28, 30 teeship Council Improvement of nutrition in Trust Territories Plenary meetings 29, 30. Resolution 300(VII) Use of the flag of the United Nations in Trust Plenary meetings 29, 30. Resolution 301(VII) Territories Communications received by the Secretary-General Plenary meeting 29

c. THIRD SPECIAL SESSION 1. Adoption of the agenda Plenary meeting 1 2. Question of the place of the sessions of the Trustee- Plenary meeting 1 ship Council in 1951

11. Constitutional and Organizational whereupon the representative of the USSR with- Questions drew from the meeting, after stating that his Government would not recognize the legality of a. WITHDRAWAL OF THE USSR FROM any decisions or recommendations adopted by the MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council in the presence and with the participa- The USSR was not represented at the sixth tion of the present representative of China, and session of the Trusteeship Council. At the first would not consider itself bound by these decisions meeting of the seventh session the representative and recommendations. The President subsequent- of the USSR submitted a draft resolution to the ly stated that in spite of the absence of any one effect that the delegation of China seated at the of its members, the work of the Council remained Council should be excluded from its membership valid. This statement was not challenged by any (T/PV.284). The Council rejected this draft member of the Council, which thereby endorsed resolution by 9 votes to 1, with 2 abstentions, this ruling. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 109

During the fifth session of the General Assem- public, Iraq and the United Kingdom, was asked bly, a number of members of the Fourth Com- to report to the Council's eighth session in 1951. mittee expressed their regret at the absence of a Another decision relating to the preparation of representative of the USSR, since this had upset annual reports had been made by the Trusteeship the balance at the Council's sixth and seventh Council during its sixth session. On 4 April 1950, sessions between those members of the Council following its examination of annual reports on administering and those not administering Trust four Territories, it asked the Administering Territories. Authorities concerned to consider supplying the metric equivalents of the units and measures ap- b. REVISION OF THE PROVISIONAL pearing in their annual reports (231(VI)). TRUSTEESHIP QUESTIONNAIRE c. RELATIONS WITH THE ECONOMIC AND At its sixth session, on 4 April 1950, the Trus- SOCIAL COUNCIL teeship Council postponed its consideration of The Economic and Social Council, at its tenth the revision of the Provisional Questionnaire session, considered a recommendation made by (T/44) until its seventh session, at the eighth the fifth session of its Commission on Human meeting of which, on 12 June 1950, it appointed Rights (E/1371) suggesting that the Trusteeship a committee, composed of the representatives of Council be asked to authorize the Sub-Commission Belgium and the Dominican Republic, to make a on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Pro- preliminary examination of the Questionnaire and tection of Minorities to participate in the Trustee- all suggested amendments and additions to it. ship Council's Visiting Missions to Trust Terri- In addition to the comments and suggestions tories. 115 previously transmitted to the Council, it re- Several objections to this recommendation were ceived during the period under review suggested made by members of the Economic and Social amendments to questions relating to health and Council, which decided on 17 February 1950, by medical services from the World Health Organi- resolution 275 E (X), merely to request the zation (T/418) and recommendations from the Trusteeship Council to consider keeping it in- Economic and Social Council. The latter, by reso- formed of any violations of human rights and lution 275 D (X) of 17 February 1950, recom- fundamental freedoms that came to the Trustee- mended that the Universal Declaration of Human ship Council's attention. The Trusteeship Council Rights be taken into consideration in the revision decided on 7 June 1950 (233(VII)) that the of the Questionnaire, particularly in the light of arrangements which the two Councils had agreed additional questions suggested in 1949 by the upon in 1947 for dealing with questions of com- fifth session of the Commission on Human mon concern (E&T/C.1/2/Rev.1) provided ade- 116 Rights. It also asked the Trusteeship Council quate channels for keeping the Economic and to consider urging the Administering Authorities Social Council informed on matters in the field to continue to secure the effective recognition and of human rights. observance of the rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration among the peoples of the d. FORM OF ANNUAL REPORTS Trust Territories. In connexion with its examination of each an- On 14 July 1950, at the 27th meeting of its nual report on a Trust Territory, the Council seventh session, the Trusteeship Council consi- prepares a separate report which it includes as dered the report of its Committee on the Ques- part of its annual report to the General Assembly. tionnaire. Accepting this Committee's recommen- On 23 February 1950, at the 33rd meeting of its dations, the Council decided that the Administer- sixth session, the Council adopted resolution ing Authorities should be free to present their 123(VI) on the form of its future individual annual reports in narrative form provided each reports. It decided that they should consist of report contained a detailed index to the answers three parts, as before: Part I, Outline of general to the Provisional Questionnaire. conditions in the Trust Territories as stated in the The Council appointed a new Committee and report of the Administering Authority; Part II, directed it to revise the Provisional Questionnaire, Conclusions and recommendations approved by taking into account all the comments and sugges- the Council; Part III, Observations of individual tions made, and eliminating all duplications and 115 ambiguities. The Committee, composed of the See Y.U.N., 1947-48, pp. 660-62, 734-35; 1948- 49, pp. 141-42. representatives of Belgium, the Dominican Re- 116 See ibid., p. 142. 110 Yearbook of the United Nations members of the Council. It further decided that Territory together with its observations, conclu- Part III should not contain proposals adopted in sions and recommendations. substance by a majority of the Council and there- These proposals, together with other draft reso- fore included in Part II, and that until the discus- lutions,118 were combined into a single text sion of the Council's report was closed, and with- (A/C.4/L88) by a Sub-Committee 8, appointed out prejudice to the right of any Council member for this purpose by the Fourth Committee at its to make additional observations, the Administer- 153rd meeting on 18 October. ing Authority was free to reply to any individual The representative of Cuba suggested three observations. Such replies would be included in paragraphs (A/C.4/L.89) to be added to the por- Part III of the report. tion of the combined text relating to the Coun- At its 74th meeting on 29 March, as requested cil's annual reports. These proposed that the As- in General Assembly resolutions 320, 322, 323 sembly take into consideration (1) Article 85 of and 324(IV),117 concerning respectively political, the Charter, providing that the Council, operating economic, social and educational advancement in under the authority of the Assembly, shall assist Trust Territories, the Council resolved (128(VI)) the Assembly in carrying out its functions in to include in its future annual reports on indi- regard to the International Trusteeship System; vidual Territories special sections on the imple- (2) that the Council's annual report is prepared mentation of the recommendations made by the principally for the Assembly's use and assistance; Assembly and by the Council itself. It began do- and (3) that the Council, in adopting its rules ing so during its seventh session. of procedure, some of which relate to the prep- At the fifth session of the General Assembly, aration of its annual report, is at all times bound during the general discussion of the Council's an- to consider including all provisions required to nual report at the 144th to 152nd meetings of assist the Assembly in carrying out its functions the Fourth Committee, 2-16 October 1950, mem- under the Trusteeship System. bers of the Committee commented on the proce- The first two paragraphs were included in a dures of the Council and on the organization of draft resolution orally proposed by the represen- its work. tative of India. This draft, based to a large extent Several members complained that it was diffi- on the sub-committee's text, was accepted by the cult to ascertain from the Council's report the Fourth Committee as the basis for discussion, and conditions in any given Territory. The same sub- considered at its 165th and 166th meetings on ject might be dealt with in the three parts of the 2 November. Council's individual report on the Territory, and The representatives of Belgium (A/C.4/L.93) under different headings, including the conclu- and the Dominican Republic (A/C.4/L.94) sug- sions of a Visiting Mission, the relevant observa- gested outlines of the form to be followed by the tions of the Administering Authority, petitions, Council in preparing its annual reports on indi- etc.—all of which were scattered throughout the vidual Territories. Council's annual report to the Assembly. Further- Several oral amendments to the Indian draft more, the Council, it was stated, had not fully com- resolution were proposed. A Belgian amendment, plied with the relevant Assembly resolutions (see adopted as the second paragraph of the preamble above) in that sections on implementation were of the resolution as finally adopted (see below), not included in all of the individual reports on replaced the paragraph indicating, as referred to separate Territories. above, that the Council's report was prepared prin- During the course of this discussion, the repre- cipally for the use and assistance of the Assembly. sentative of Cuba introduced a draft resolution A Philippine proposal to add the Belgian text to (A/C.4/L.72) recommending that the Council the original paragraph was rejected. Another in its next report group together all matters rele- amendment proposed by Belgium was rejected; it vant to a particular question or Territory, and aimed at substituting for the Indian text, as shown state its opinion on the manner in which the below in paragraphs 1(a), (b), (c) and (e), a Administering Authorities were carrying out As- paragraph expressing the hope that the Council sembly and Council recommendations. A Danish amendment (A/C.4/L.86) suggested that the 117 See Y.U.N., 1948-49, pp. 856-58. 118 Relating to: the general procedure of the Council Council consider rationalizing and simplifying in (A/C.4/L.70, submitted by Yugoslavia); the organiza- general the form of its report, and in particular tion of Visiting Missions (A/C.4/L.74, Cuba and Nor- that it group in a single coherent section all infor- way); the examination of petitions (A/C.4/L.71, Yugo- slavia; and A/C.4/L.73, Cuba). The Fourth Committee mation concerning a particular question in a subsequently decided to consider each question separately. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 111 would prepare its report in the light of the dis- of its individual members as the Council may consider cussions in the Assembly and especially of out- useful; lines contained in documents A/C.4/L.93 and 94. (c) Give in each case in the appropriate section an account of the manner in which the Administering Three Cuban amendments suggesting additions Authority has carried out each recommendation of the to the draft resolution were adopted by the Com- General Assembly or of the Trusteeship Council; mittee. Two of these appear below as paragraph (d) State also, in the same section its conclusions on 1 ( d ) and the final paragraph of the resolution, the extent of the action taken by the Administering Authority and on the measures which, in its opinion, The third, which re-introduced its earlier proposal should be adopted in view of those conclusions; see above) stating that the Council was bound to ( e ) Include, wherever practicable, maps of the vari- consider including all provisions required to assist ous Trust Territories; the Assembly, was adopted by a roll-call vote of 2. Recommends also that the Trusteeship Council, in 35 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in the Fourth Com- preparing its future annual reports, take into considera- mittee. Later, however, when the draft resolution tion documents A/C.4/L.93 and A/C.4/L.94, the texts of which will be of assistance in making clear the struc- was considered by the Assembly, at the 316th ture of the annual report of the Trusteeship Council plenary meeting on 2 December, the representa- which the General Assembly hopes will be adopted. tive of the United States objected that this para- graph attempted to define the relationship between e, IMPLEMENTATION OF RESOLUTIONS the Trusteeship Council and the General Assem- CONCERNING TRUST TERRITORIES bly, and asked that a separate vote be taken on it. At the request of the representative of Cuba, this A related draft resolution (A/C.4/L.79/Rev.2), vote was taken by roll-call. The paragraph was submitted jointly by Cuba and Mexico, was con- rejected (by 25 votes to 16, with 14 abstentions) sidered at the General Assembly's fifth session by since it failed to receive the required two-thirds the Fourth Committee at its 156th to 158th meet- majority. ings, 23-26 October 1950. By this resolution, the Assembly would ask the Secretary-General to re- The amended draft resolution as a whole was port to its next session on the measures taken by adopted by a roll-call vote of 38 to none, with 10 the Administering Authorities to implement the abstentions, at the 166th meeting of the Fourth recommendations of the Assembly and the Coun- Committee. As further amended in plenary meet- cil. An amendment proposed by the Philippines ing, it was approved by the Assembly, as resolu- (A/C.4/L.85), stressing the obligation of the tion 433(V), by a roll-call vote of 53 to none, Administering Authorities to implement these with 2 abstentions. It read as follows: recommendations, was withdrawn by that delega- The General Assembly, tion at the request of the sponsors of the draft Considering that, under Article 85, paragraph 2, of resolution. the Charter, the Trusteeship Council, operating under It was argued against the joint proposal that the authority of the General Assembly, shall assist the it was incompatible with the Cuban draft resolu- General Assembly in carrying out its functions with regard to the International Trusteeship System, tion (A/C.4/L.72) (see above) concerning the Considering that, under Article 15, paragraph 2, of form of the Council's annual report, at that time the Charter, the General Assembly shall receive and being considered by Sub-Committee 8; that for consider the reports of the Trusteeship Council, the Secretary-General to reproduce information Considering further that the present arrangement of contained in the Council's report and in the an- the subject-matter of the report of the Trusteeship nual reports of the Administering Authorities was Council to the General Assembly, which conforms strictly to the various functions of the Council, might a duplication of effort; and that it might place be improved so as to enable the General Assembly to the Secretariat in a difficult position. The spon- form a clearer understanding of conditions in the Trust sors explained that the draft resolution asked for Territories, a report only in 1951 covering implementation 1. Recommends that the Trusteeship Council, accord- measures in the past and did not therefore con- ingly, in its future reports to the General Assembly: flict with the Cuban draft resolution, which re- (a) Present in separate sections all the relevant data examined by the Trusteeship Council concerning the ferred to future annual reports of the Council. political, economic, social and educational conditions in Such a report, they felt, would greatly facilitate each Trust Territory, so that each section may provide the work of those delegations who were not as the General Assembly with a comprehensive account of well informed on Trusteeship matters as were such conditions in each of the above-mentioned fields; members of the Council. Furthermore, the Secre- (b) Include in each such section the observations, conclusions and recommendations of the Council on the tary-General was not asked to comment on or to topic under review, as well as such relevant observations evaluate the steps taken by the Administering 112 Yearbook of the United Nations

Authorities, but merely to summarize them; nor time spent by Visiting Missions in the Territories; was it intended that the report in question should most of this time was of necessity spent in travel- go beyond the scope of the Council's reports. ling. The Missions had therefore been unable Following the acceptance by the sponsors of adequately to examine conditions in the Terri- several oral amendments, the draft resolution was tories, it was adduced, and had been unable to adopted at the 158th meeting of the Fourth Com- give an opinion on the hundreds, of petitions re- mittee, by a roll-call vote of 31 to 11, with 5 ab- ceived, since in many instances their itineraries stentions. were such that they could not visit the locality in At the request of the representative of Cuba, question and investigate the claims made. The a roll-call vote was also taken in the Assembly, representative of Iraq, who had been Chairman at the 316th plenary meeting on 2 December of the Visiting Mission to West Africa, defended 1950. The Assembly adopted, without change, by the work of that Mission. He considered that it 33 votes to 11, with 12 abstentions, resolution had spent all the time necessary in the Territories 436(V), as follows: visited and had investigated every important prob- The General Assembly, lem on the spot. Pointing out that that Mission Considering that it is necessary that both the General had received over 250 petitions, he contended Assembly and the Trusteeship Council should have at that it was impossible for any mission to examine their disposal information on the implementation of the each petition it received. All members of the Com- recommendations approved by both bodies in matters relating to Chapters XII and XIII of the Charter, mittee were agreed as to the importance of Visit- Requests the Secretary-General: ing Missions as a means of understanding and (a) To prepare a list, classified by subjects, of such appraising the work being done in the Trust resolutions, including in each case the text of the oper- Territories. During the discussions, many propo- ative part of the document; sals concerning the organization, duration and (b) To report to the sixth session of the General frequency of Visiting Missions and their terms of Assembly on the measures taken by the Administering Authorities to implement such resolutions, using as a reference were made. source the reports of the Trusteeship Council; One draft resolution on the subject was jointly (c) If there has been no action on the part of an submitted by Cuba and Norway (A/C.4/L.74). Administering Authority in respect of any particular The portion of the sub-committee's combined text resolution, to set forth the reasons given concerning that matter. (A/C.4/L.88) relating to Visiting Missions, in substance much the same as the original joint f. ORGANIZATION AND METHODS OF proposal, was extracted to form a separate draft FUNCTIONING OF VISITING MISSIONS resolution (A/C.4/L.98). This draft was con- sidered by the Fourth Committee at its 167th to The General Assembly had, by resolution 169th meetings from 3 to 6 November. 119 321(IV), recommended that the Trusteeship This draft, inter alia, asked the Council to re- Council direct its Visiting Missions to report view the organization of Visiting Missions and fully on the steps taken towards realizing the to consider in particular the possibility of: arrang- basic objectives of the Trusteeship System as set ing for Visiting Missions to remain in each Ter- 120 forth in Article 76 b of the Charter, particu- ritory long enough to study its problems more larly the steps taken towards self-government or thoroughly; reducing the number of Territories independence. to be visited by a single Mission; ensuring the The Council had previously directed its Visiting greatest possible flexibility in its itinerary; extend- Missions to East Africa and to West Africa to ob- ing the duration of visits without diminishing serve the efforts of the Administering Authorities their frequency, if necessary by reducing the num- towards achieving these objectives and the devel- ber of members of each Mission; continuing to opment of the Territories visited, and to report direct each Mission to examine specific problems their findings. By resolution 115(VI) of 31 Jan- and to make a preliminary examination on the uary 1950, the Council included in the terms of reference of its next regular Visiting Mission to 119 See Y.U.N., 1948-49, pp. 856-57. the Trust Territories in the Pacific, a directive to 120 Art. 76 b reads: "to promote the political, eco- investigate and report on the steps taken towards nomic, social, and educational advancement of the in- habitants of the trust territories, and their progressive the realization of the objectives set forth in Ar- development towards self-government or independence ticle 76 b. as may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of At the fifth session of the Assembly, members each territory and its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned, and as may be pro- of the Fourth Committee referred to the short vided by the terms of each trusteeship agreement". Functions and Organization of the United Nations 113

spot of all petitions submitted to it and such other 1. Recommends accordingly that the Trusteeship petitions as the Council deemed appropriate. Council should undertake another such review in order to ensure that the most effective use will be made in During the discussion of this resolution, several future of this important function of the General Assem- members, including Iraq, the Dominican Republic bly and of the Council, taking into consideration for and Belgium, indicated their preference for a that purpose the observations and suggestions made resolution expressed in general terms rather than during the discussion of this matter at the fifth session of the General Assembly and taking into account the a resolution recommending measures which might advisability of: not in practice be feasible and which might not (a) Arranging for visiting missions to remain long allow the Council sufficient flexibility in reviewing enough in each Trust Territory to be able adequately to the organization and work of Visiting Missions. fulfil their task; (b) Reducing the number of Trust Territories to be The Committee adopted amendments, proposed visited by a single visiting mission; by Cuba (A/C.4/L.91) to add a new paragraph (c) Ensuring the greatest possible flexibility in the as paragraph 1 of the preamble (see below), by itinerary of each visiting mission; Chile (A/C.4/L.96) to add the second paragraph (d) Extending the duration of visits without dimin- ishing their frequency; of the preamble, and by the Philippines to add (e) Continuing to include in the terms of reference paragraphs 1 (g) and (h) to the substantive por- of each visiting mission the examination of specific tion of the resolution. Another amendment sug- problems; gested by the Philippines, to delete the word (f) Continuing to include in the terms of reference of each visiting mission the preliminary examination on "valuable" with reference to the reports of pre- the spot, when called for, of the petitions submitted vious Visiting Missions, was rejected. Other para- to it, and of such other petitions as the Trusteeship graphs were redrafted by the Committee in ac- Council may deem appropriate; cordance with oral and written proposals made (g) Selecting members of each visiting mission as much as possible from among representatives who sit by these delegations and by Belgium (A/C.4/- on the Trusteeship Council; L.95), India (A/C.4/L.97) and China. (h) Directing visiting missions to take advantage of The amended draft resolution as a whole was every opportunity to inform the indigenous inhabitants adopted by the Fourth Committee by a roll-call of the workings and operations of the International Trusteeship System; vote of 33 to none, with 11 abstentions. Without 2. Requests the Trusteeship Council to include the further change, it was adopted by the Assembly, results of the review in its next report to the General as resolution 434(V), at the 316th plenary meet- Assembly. ing on 2 December, by a roll-call vote of 41 to none, with 14 abstentions. It read as follows: g. EXAMINATION OF PETITIONS The General Assembly, By resolution 321(IV), the General Assembly Considering that, under Article 85, paragraph 1, of had asked the Trusteeship Council to take appro- the Charter, the functions of the United Nations with priate measures to facilitate and accelerate the regard to Trusteeship Agreements for all areas not de- examination and disposal of petitions. The Coun- signated as strategic shall be exercised by the General cil decided, at the 14th meeting of its sixth session Assembly, on 3 February 1950, to extend the powers of its Considering that, under Article 87 c of the Charter, the General Assembly and, under its authority, the Ad Hoc Committee on Petitions, which, under Trusteeship Council, may provide for periodic visits to rule 90 of the Council's rules of procedure, had the respective Trust Territories at times agreed upon been prevented from appraising the substance of with the Administering Authority, petitions. The Council amended rule 90, em- Noting that visiting missions of the Trusteeship powering the Committee to make a preliminary Council have now visited each of the Trust Territories for the first time and have submitted valuable reports examination of petitions, as before, and in addi- to the Council, tion, of any observations of the Administering Noting that these missions were the first of their kind Authority. It was also authorized to invite the and that the time during which they remained in each Administering Authority or the petitioner to fur- of the Trust Territories did not permit them to make a nish any additional information it thought neces- thorough study of some of the problems existing in the Trust Territories, sary, and was asked to report to the Council, recommending the action to be taken in each Considering that, since it has been customary for the 121 Trusteeship Council to study the possibility of improv- case. ing the organization and membership as well as the During the General Assembly's fifth session, methods and functioning of visiting missions, the com- members of the Fourth Committee praised the mencement in 1951 of a second series of visits to the 121 Trust Territories presents an opportunity to review these For text of rule 90, as amended, see Annex III, matters again, p. 118. 114 Yearbook of the United Nations

Council for introducing this new procedure, that anonymous petitions should not be regarded which had been followed at the Council's sixth as inadmissible only on the grounds of their and seventh sessions. Members of the Ad Hoc anonymity and that a procedure should be estab- Committee were also commended for the large lished for dealing with them. amount of work they had accomplished. Among other changes made in the draft resolu- The representative of Yugoslavia complained tion, the Committee voted to include in the pre- that the Council's replies to petitions were too amble two paragraphs referring to the provisions vague. He, as well as the representative of India, of the Charter, as requested by Cuba. objected to the Council's dismissal of anonymous The draft resolution, as amended, was adopted petitions merely on the ground of their anonymity. as a whole by a roll-call vote of 30 to 3, with 14 The representative of Cuba considered that the abstentions, at the Committee's 171st meeting. Council should keep itself informed of the action It was considered by the Assembly at its 316th taken following its decisions on petitions; unless plenary meeting on 2 December 1950. At the re- a petitioner sent a further petition on the same quest of the United Kingdom, a separate vote was question or the Administering Authority itself taken on the paragraph concerning a procedure referred to the problem in its annual report, he for dealing with anonymous petitions, which had said, the Council seemed to lose sight of the mat- been adopted in the Fourth Committee by 20 ter. These representatives considered that, since votes to 15, with 12 abstentions, on the proposal petitions continued to be numerous, further im- provements might be made in the Council's pro- of India (see above). cedure and they suggested proposals to this effect The paragraph received 24 votes in favour to (A/C.4/L.73, Cuba; A/C.4/L.71, Yugoslavia), 17 against, with 7 abstentions, and was therefore which were referred to Sub-Committee 8 of the rejected, having failed to obtain the required two- Fourth Committee. thirds majority. As thus amended, the resolution At its 170th and 171st meetings on 7 and 8 (435(V)) was adopted by a roll-call vote of 47 November 1950, the Fourth Committee consi- to none, with 8 abstentions. It reads: dered a draft resolution proposed by Sub-Com- The General Assembly, mittee 8 (A/C.4/L.99). Amendments to this Considering that, according to Article 85, paragraph draft resolution were presented by Belgium 1, of the Charter, the functions of the United Nations (A/C.4/L.100), Cuba (A/C.4/L.92), India (A/- with regard to Trusteeship Agreements for all areas not designated as strategic shall be exercised by the C.4/L.101) and the United Kingdom (A/C.4/- General Assembly, L.90/Rev.1). Considering that, according to Article 87 b of the The representative of Belgium suggested, among Charter, the General Assembly and, under its authority, other proposed amendments, that references to the Trusteeship Council, in carrying out their functions, "anonymous petitions" be changed to "anonymous may accept petitions and examine them in consultation with the Administering Authority, communications", contending that such commu- Considering that the right of petition, which is one nications could not be considered as petitions. of the fundamental human rights, is one of the most The Committee rejected this amendment by 23 important factors in the operation of the International votes to 20, with 4 abstentions. Trusteeship System, and that the careful study of peti- tions is one of the fundamental responsibilities of the The Committee decided to delete two para- Trusteeship Council, graphs of the Committee's draft resolution, as Considering that it is essential, in the interest of the proposed in the United Kingdom amendments. inhabitants of Trust Territories, to continue to improve One of these would have authorized the Secretary- in every possible way the procedure for the examination General to assure a petitioner, who so desired, of petitions, Recommends that the Trusteeship Council accord- that his name would not be disclosed; this, the ingly consider the possibility of: United Kingdom representative observed, seemed (a) Constituting the Ad Hoc Committee on Peti- to imply that the Administering Authorities might tions as a standing committee to meet, if necessary, victimize petitioners, and, as further stated by the between sessions of the Council; (b) Requesting the Administering Authorities to representative of the United States, no petitioner submit such observations as they may wish to make on had ever made such a request of the Secretary- petitions which concern them, within two months of General. The second paragraph recommended that their receiving such petitions; the Council examine any anonymous petition at (c) Studying all other measures which may serve to the request of any one of its members. improve the present procedure for the examination of petitions; The Committee also adopted an amendment (d) Requesting the Administering Authorities to proposed by India to include a paragraph stating submit each year special information concerning action Functions and Organization of the United Nations 115 taken on the recommendations of the Council in respect Council's rules of procedure. of petitions examined, except in those cases where the Council does not deem it necessary. On 3 February, the Council unanimously adopt- ed the amendments proposed by the Committee to h. GENERAL PROCEDURE OF THE rule 90, as described above, relating to the exam- TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL ination of petitions. At the fifth session of the General Assembly, At its 25th meeting on 16 February, the Coun- the representative of Yugoslavia, speaking before cil also unanimously adopted the committee's the Fourth Committee, noted that the Trusteeship recommended amendments to rules 26 and 53. It Council had held a record number of meetings amended rule 26 to permit the Secretary-General during its sixth and seventh sessions and that its or his representative, subject to rule 53, to make agenda was the heaviest ever drawn up. In view oral as well as written statements to the Council of this, he proposed a draft resolution (A/C.4/- and its subsidiary bodies on any question under L.70) suggesting that the Council review its work- consideration, and accordingly amended the first two words of rule 53 to read "no one" rather than ing methods and consider establishing a standing 122 committee of the whole. "no representative". This resolution was referred to Sub-Committee 8, which combined it with others of a procedural 12. Annual Reports of the Trusteeship nature. The relevant part of the Sub-Committee's Council report (A/C.4/L.88) was considered at the Com- a. ANNUAL REPORT TO THE mittee's 164th meeting on 1 November 1950. The GENERAL ASSEMBLY representative of the United States suggested that reference to a standing committee of the whole The annual report of the Trusteeship Council should be deleted, and other Committee members to the General Assembly (A/1306 & Corr.1), agreed that such a committee was impractical from covering, its first and second special sessions (held the point of view of saving the Council either in 1949) and its sixth and seventh sessions, was time or work. Taking this suggestion into account, adopted by the Council at the last meeting of its the representative of India orally proposed a new seventh session on 21 July 1950 "and considered text, and subsequently accepted a Chilean amend- by the General Assembly at its fifth session. The ment referring to the Assembly discussion. This report was the subject of a general debate in the text was adopted by the Committee, as modified, Assembly's Fourth Committee from the 144th to by 43 votes to none, with 4 abstentions, and by 152nd meetings, 2-16 October, during which the Assembly, at its 316th plenary meeting on various proposals were made both on substantive 123 2 December, by a roll-call vote of 53 to 1, with 3 and organizational questions. abstentions, as resolution 432(V). It reads as fol- At its 154th meeting on 19 October 1950, the lows: Fourth Committee considered a draft resolution The General Assembly, submitted by Canada (A/C.4/L.69), taking note Noting the increase in the volume of work and in the of the Council's report and expressing confidence length of the sessions of the Trusteeship Council, that the Council would continue to contribute Considering that, for the more effective discharge by toward achieving the objectives of the Trusteeship the Council of its duties, a review of its present meth- System. ods of work appears desirable, Recommends accordingly that the Trusteeship Coun- The representative of Yugoslavia suggested that cil undertake a review of its general procedure bearing a separate vote be taken on the words "continue in mind the observations and suggestions made during to"; the Council had accomplished a great deal, he the discussion of this matter at the fifth session of the General Assembly, and include the results of such re- stated, but certain aspects of its work did not seem view in its report to the next regular session of the entirely satisfactory. The Committee decided by General Assembly. 25 votes to 9, with 11 abstentions, to retain these words. i. CHANGES IN THE RULES OF PROCEDURE Following the discussion of the draft resolution, OF THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL during which several members questioned the use- On 20 January 1950, at the second meeting of fulness of asking the Secretary-General to prepare its sixth session, the Council set up a committee, a document containing the comments and sugges- consisting of Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Iraq, tions made at the fifth session of the Assembly, the Philippines and the United Kingdom, to ex- 122 For text, see Annex III, p. 118. amine the possibility of modifying certain of the 123 See pp. 789 ff. and pp. 109 ff. 116 Yearbook of the United Nations

the representative of Canada withdrew this para- that it consider at its next session the comments graph from his proposal. As thus modified, the and suggestions made during the Assembly's dis- resolution was adopted by 31 votes to none, with cussions. 17 abstentions. It was adopted without change by the Assembly, b. ANNUAL REPORT TO THE at the 316th plenary meeting on 2 December 1950, SECURITY COUNCIL by 45 votes to none, with 7 abstentions, following In accordance with the agreement reached in a paragraph-by-paragraph vote. Paragraph 1 re- 1949 by the Trusteeship and Security Councils ceived 44 votes to 1, with 6 abstentions; para- concerning their respective functions as regards graph 2, 41 to none, with 8 abstentions; and para- strategic areas under Trusteeship, the Trusteeship graph 3, 45 to none, with 6 abstentions. Council adopted, on 14 July 1950, a report on its In this resolution (431(V)), the Assembly examination of the annual report on the adminis- (1) took note of the Trusteeship Council's report; tration of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (2) expressed its confidence that the Council, in for the year ending 30 June 1949. The Council's a spirit of co-operation, would continue to con- report on the exercise of its functions with respect tribute effectively to achieving the high objectives to this Territory (S/1628) was circulated to mem- of the Trusteeship System; and (3) recommended bers of the Security Council for their information.

ANNEX I. DELEGATIONS TO THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

A. Sixth Session UNITED STATES: Representative Francis B. Sayre MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL Deputy Benjamin Gerig ARGENTINA: Representative Jerónimo Remorino SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVES OF ADMINISTERING Alternate Rodolfo Muñoz AUTHORITIES AUSTRALIA: Representative J. D. L. Hood BELGIUM: L. Pétillon (for the examination of Alternate R. A. Peachey the annual report on Ruanda- Urundi) BELGIUM: Pierre Leroy (for the examination Representative Pierre Ryckmans of the annual report on Ruanda- Alternates L. Pétillon Urundi) André Wendelen CHINA: UNITED KINGDOM: J. E. S. Lamb (for the examination Representative Shih-shun Liu of the annual report on Tanga- DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: nyika) Representative Max Henríquez-Ureña Brig. E. J. Gibbons (for the ex- Alternate Tulio Franco y Franco amination of the annual report FRANCE: on the Cameroons under British Representative Roger Garreau administration) Alternates Henri Laurentie H. F. P. Wetherell (for the exam- Pierre de Leusse ination of the annual report IRAQ: on the Cameroons under British Representative Mohammed Fadhil Jamali administration ) Alternate Awni Khalidy NEW ZEALAND: STATES NON-MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL Representative G. R. Laking Alternate Charles Craw COLOMBIA: PHILIPPINES: Representative Edmundo de Holte-Castello Representative Brig.-General Carlos P. Rómulo Alternate Gabriel Giraldo-Jaramillo Alternates Teodoro Evangelista EGYPT: José D. Ingles Representatives Mohamed Amin Rostem Bey Victorio D. Carpio Abdel Monem Mostafa Bey USSR:124 ETHIOPIA: Representative Aleksander A. Soldatov Representative Ato Abbebe Retta UNITED KINGDOM: Representative Sir Alan Burns 124 Alternate John Fletcher-Cooke Representative did not attend session. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 117

ISRAEL: PHILIPPINES: Representative Abba S. Eban Representative Brig.-General Carlos P. Rómulo Alternates Moshe A. Tov Alternates José D. Ingles Gideon Rafael Antonio P. Chanco Melchior Aquino ITALY: 125 Representatives Giuseppe Brusasca USSR: Enrico Cerulli Representative Aleksander A. Soldatov Alternates Leonardo Vitetti UNITED KINGDOM: Giuseppe Vedovato Representative John Fletcher-Cooke Alternates J. K. Thompson HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN: E. G. Hanrott Representatives Hafez Bey Abdul-Hadi UNITED STATES: Edmond Roch Representative Francis B. Sayre SYRIA: Representative Ahmad Shukairy SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVES OF ADMINISTERING AUTHORITIES SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AUSTRALIA: S. A. Lonergan (for the examina- tion of the annual report on New INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO): Guinea) Representatives David A. Morse H. H. Reeve (for the examination Robert Gavin of the annual report on Nauru) A. d'Almendra FRANCE: Jean H. Cédile, Commissioner of UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND the Republic in Togoland (for CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO): the examination of the annual Representatives Jean Piaget report and of petitions concern- Marcel Destombes ing Togoland under French ad- ministration) WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): Representatives M. H. Hafezi NEW ZEALAND: F. J. H. Grattan (for the examina- J. A. Farfor tion of the annual report on West- ern Samoa) INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION UNITED KINGDOM: D. A. Sutherland (for the examina- (ITU): tion of the annual report and of Representative Léon Mulatier petitions concerning Togoland under British administration) B. Seventh Session UNITED STATES: Rear Admiral L. S. Fiske, Deputy MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ARGENTINA: (for the examination of the Representative Jerónimo Remorino annual report on that Territory) Alternate Rodolfo Muñoz STATES NON-MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL AUSTRALIA: Representative Alfred Thorp Stirling EGYPT: Alternate R. A. Peachey Representative Mahmoud Fawzi Bey BELGIUM: Alternate Hussein Rouchdy Representative Pierre Ryckmans ISRAEL: Representative Abba S. Eban CHINA: Representative Shih-shun Liu SYRIA: Alternate Tieh-tseng Li Representative Rafik Asha DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: SPECIALIZED AGENCIES Representative Max Henríquez-Ureña Alternates Enrique de Marchena y Dujarric INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO): Representative R. A. Métall Minerva Bernardino Alternate A. A. Evans FRANCE: Representative Roger Garreau UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND Alternates Henri Laurentie CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO): Francis Lacoste Representative Solomon V. Arnaldo IRAQ: Alternates Marcel Destombes Representative Awni Khalidy Arthur Gagliotti WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): NEW ZEALAND: Representative Sir Carl Berendsen Representatives Mabel Ingalls G. E. Hill Alternates G. R. Laking 125 Charles Craw Representative attended first meeting only. 118 Yearbook of the United Nations

C. Third Special Session FRANCE: Representative Roger Garreau MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL IRAQ: Representative Awni Khalidy ARGENTINA: Representative Carlos Quesada Zapiola NEW ZEALAND: Representative Sir Carl Berendsen AUSTRALIA: Representative R. A. Peachey PHILIPPINES: Representative José D. Ingles BELGIUM: USSR: Representative Pierre Ryckmans Representative Aleksander A. Soldatov CHINA: UNITED KINGDOM: Representative Shih-shun Liu Representative John Fletcher-Cooke DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: UNITED STATES: Representative Enrique de Marchena y Dujarric Representative Francis B. Sayre

ANNEX II. MEMBERSHIP OF SUBSIDIARY BODIES

A. Visiting Missions B. Committees 1. United Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories 1. Committee on Administrative Unions in West Africa ARGENTINA NEW ZEALAND CHINA PHILIPPINES126 Alfred Claeys-Bouuaert (Belgium) FRANCE UNITED STATES Awni Khalidy (Iraq) (Chairman) 2. Standing Committee on Administrative Unions Antonio Ramos Pedrueza (Mexico) ARGENTINA NEW ZEALAND Benjamin Gerig (United States) PHILIPPINES UNITED STATES 2. United Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories 3. Committee for Italian Somaliland in the Pacific DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PHILIPPINES FRANCE UNITED KINGDOM T. K. Chang (China) IRAQ UNITED STATES Jacques Tallec (France) 4. Drafting Committee on the Questionnaire Victorio D. Carpio (Philippines) BELGIUM IRAQ Sir Alan Burns (United Kingdom) (Chairman) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC UNITED KINGDOM

ANNEX III. MODIFICATIONS TO THE RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL127

Rule 26 Territories and representatives of members having no The Secretary-General or his representative may, sub- administering responsibilities. ject to the provisions of Rule 53, make oral as well as 2. The ad hoc committee on petitions shall be em- written statements to the Council, its committees or powered: subsidiary bodies concerning any question under con- (a) to undertake preliminary examination of sideration. written petitions and of any observations which the Rule 53 Administering Authority concerned may have cir- culated in accordance with Rule 86 (2); No one may address the Trusteeship Council without having previously obtained the permission of the Presi- (b) to invite the representative of the Adminis- dent. The President shall call upon speakers in the order tering Authority concerned or the petitioner to fur- in which they signify their desire to speak. The Chair- nish any additional information which the Com- man of a subsidiary body, or a rapporteur, or the Secre- mittee may deem necessary. tary-General, however, may be accorded precedence. The 3. The ad hoc committee shall make a report to the President may call a speaker to order if his remarks are Trusteeship Council on each petition considered not relevant to the subject under discussion. by it together with its recommendations as to the action to be taken by the Council in each case. Rule 90 126 The representative of the Philippines was to serve 1. The Trusteeship Council, at the beginning of each on the Committee during the absence of the representa- session which includes the consideration of petitions on tive of the USSR. its agenda, may appoint an ad hoc committee on peti- 127 For complete text prior to these modifications, tions whose membership shall be evenly divided be- see Rules of Procedure for the Trusteeship Council tween representatives of members administering Trust (T/1/Rev.2). Functions and Organization of the United Nations 119 F. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

The International Court of Justice is the prin- character, who possess the qualifications required cipal judicial organ of the United Nations.128 in their respective countries for appointment to It functions in accordance with its Statute, which the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court recognized competence in international law". of International Justice and forms an integral part Candidates for membership of the Court are of the Charter. nominated by the "national groups" in the Per- Each Member of the United Nations undertakes manent Court of Arbitration or by "national in Article 94 of the Charter to comply with the groups" similarly appointed.130 The Secretary- decision of the Court in any case to which it is General of the United Nations draws up a list of a party. If any party to a case fails to perform the candidates thus nominated. From this list the Gen- obligations incumbent upon it under a judgment eral Assembly and the Security Council, voting rendered by the Court, the other party may have independently, elect the members of the Court, an recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it absolute majority in both the Assembly and the deems such action necessary, make recommenda- Council being required for election. The General tions or decide upon measures to be taken to give Assembly and the Security Council, in electing the effect to the judgment. judges, are required by the Court's Statute to bear The Charter states that nothing contained in it in mind that the Court as a whole should repre- is to prevent Members of the United Nations from sent the main forms of civilization and the prin- entrusting the solution of their differences to cipal legal systems of the world. other tribunals by virtue of agreements already in The members of the Court are elected for nine force or which may be concluded in the future. years and may be re-elected. However, the terms of office of five of the judges elected at the first 1. Parties to the Statute of the Court election expired at the end of three years, and the terms of five more judges were to expire at the All Members of the United Nations are ipso end of six years. The judges whose terms were to facto parties to the Statute of the International expire at the end of three and six years, respec- 129 Court of Justice. tively, were chosen by lot immediately after the A State which is not a Member of the United first election had been completed. Nations may become a party to the Statute of the The conditions under which a State which is a Court on conditions to be determined in each case party to the Statute of the Court but not a Mem- by the General Assembly upon the recommenda- ber of the United Nations may participate in the tion of the Security Council. election of judges were laid down by the General Switzerland and Liechtenstein have become par- Assembly in its resolution 264(III) of 8 October ties to the Statute of the Court under this provi- 1948, on recommendation of the Security Council, sion, Switzerland on 28 July 1948, Liechtenstein 128 For fuller details, see Charter of the United Na- on 29 March 1950. The terms laid down by the tions, Ch. XIV, and Statute of the International Court of General Assembly on the Security Council's recom- Justice; see also l.C.J. Yearbook, 1949-50. 129 mendation were identical in both cases. They For list of Members of the United Nations, see pp. 1010-11. provided for the deposit with the Secretary-Gen- 130 The Permanent Court of Arbitration, established eral of the United Nations of an instrument con- under Conventions of 1899 and 1907, consists of a panel of members from which arbitrators are chosen to hear taining: acceptance of the Statute; acceptance of any one case. Each State party to the Conventions may the obligations under Article 94 of the Charter; name not more than four persons to be members of the and an undertaking to contribute to the expenses panel. The persons thus appointed constitute "national groups" which compose the panel of the Permanent of the Court an equitable amount assessed by the Court of Arbitration. These "national groups" had been Assembly from time to time after consultation designated to nominate the judges of the Permanent with the Government concerned. Court of International Justice, established in 1920 in conjunction with the League of Nations. Under the Statute of the International Court of Justice, they like- wise nominate the judges of this Court, which super- 2. Composition of the Court seded the Permanent Court of International Justice. Members of the United Nations which are not members The Court is composed of fifteen members, no of the Permanent Court of Arbitration appoint national two of whom may be nationals of the same State, groups for the purpose of nominating the members of and who are to be "elected regardless of their the International Court of Justice in the same manner as the national groups of the Permanent Court of Arbi- nationality from among persons of high moral tration are appointed. 120 Yearbook of the United Nations as follows. Such a State shall be on an equal foot- jacto and without special agreement, in relation ing with Members of the United Nations in re- to any other State accepting the same obligation, spect of the provisions of the Court's Statute the jurisdiction of the Court in all legal disputes regulating nomination of candidates, and it shall concerning: participate in the General Assembly in electing (a) the interpretation of a treaty; the judges in the same way as United Nations (b) any question of international law; Members. It is not, however, to take part in the (c) the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obliga- elections if its contributions to the expenses of tion; the Court are in arrears to the extent of two years' (cl) the nature or extent of the reparation to be made contributions, unless the Assembly permits it to for the breach of an international obligation.134 do so on the ground that the State's failure to pay These declarations may be made (1) uncondi- is due to conditions beyond its control.131 tionally, (2) on condition of reciprocity on the part of several or certain States or (3) for a cer- 3. Jurisdiction of the Court tain time. a. PARTIES BEFORE THE COURT The statute of the Permanent Court of Inter- national Justice had provided for similar declara- Only States may be parties in cases before the tions of acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction. Court. The Statute of the International Court of Justice The Court is open to States parties to its Sta- provides that any declarations made under the tute. The conditions under which the Court shall Statute of the Permanent Court of International be open to other States which are not parties to Justice which are still in force shall be deemed, the Statute were laid down in a resolution of 15 as between the parties to the Statute of the present October 1946 by the Security Council in accor- Court, to be acceptance of the compulsory juris- dance with the terms of the Court's Statute, as diction of the International Court of Justice for follows: that the State deposit with the Registrar the period for which they still have to run and of the Court a declaration accepting the Courts under the same conditions.135 jurisdiction in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the Statute and Rules of the (3) Law Applied by the Court Court, undertaking to comply in good faith with The Court, whose function it is to decide in the Court's decisions and accepting the obligations accordance with international law such disputes of a Member of the United Nations under Article as are submitted to it, applies: 94 of the Charter. Declarations may be either (a) international conventions, whether general or par- particular, accepting the Court's jurisdiction in one ticular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the particular case, or general, accepting it generally contesting States; in respect of all disputes, or a particular class or (b) international custom, as evidence of a general classes of disputes which have arisen or may practice accepted as law; arise.132 (c) the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; b. JURISDICTION IN CONTENTIOUS (d) subject to the provisions of Article 59,136 judicial PROCEDURE decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for (1) General the determination of rules of law.137 The jurisdiction of the Court comprises all cases The Court may decide a case ex aequo et bono, which the parties refer to it and all matters espe- if the parties agree to this. cially provided for in the Charter of the United 131 Nations or in treaties and conventions in force. Switzerland participated in the elections of judges in accordance with these terms at the 1st part of the To preserve continuity with the work of the Per- 3rd regular session of the General Assembly. For full manent Court of International Justice, the Statute text of the conditions, see Y.U.N., 1948-49, p. 147. stipulates that whenever a treaty or convention in 132 For full text of the conditions, see Y.U.N., 1946- 47, p. 411. force provides for reference of a matter to the 133 For examples of provisions relating to the Court's Permanent Court of International Justice, the jurisdiction, see p. 123. 134 Statute of the Court, Art. 36. matter shall be referred to the International Court 135 133 For States accepting the Court's compulsory juris- of Justice. diction, see pp. 123-24. 136 (2) Compulsory Jurisdiction Which provides that the "decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in re- The States parties to the Statute may at any time spect of that particular case". 137 declare that they recognize as compulsory ipso Statute of the Court, Art. 38. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 121 c. JURISDICTION AS AN ADVISORY BODY special agreement concluded for the purpose by the parties to a dispute, or a unilateral instrument The Charter provides that the General Assem- called an "Application". This document must in- bly or the Security Council may request the Inter- dicate the subject of the dispute and the parties to national Court of Justice to give an advisory it, and if it is an application it must as far as opinion on any legal question. possible, as provided in Article 32 of the Rules of Other organs of the United Nations and spe- the Court, specify the provision on which the cialized agencies, which may at any time be so applicant founds the jurisdiction of the Court. As authorized by the General Assembly, may also re- soon as the document is received by the Registrar, quest advisory opinions of the Court on legal he communicates it to all concerned and also questions arising within the scope of their activi- notifies the Members of the United Nations, ties.138 through the Secretary-General, and any other States entitled to appear before the Court. 4. Organization of the Court Parties to a case are represented by agents and The Court elects its own President and Vice- may have the assistance of counsel or advocates. President for three years; they may be re-elected. The procedure is written and oral; the written It appoints its Registrar and such other officers as proceedings of the Court consist of communica- may be necessary. The Court frames rules for tions to the Court in the form of memorials, carrying out its functions, and in particular lays counter-memorials, replies and rejoinders, and down rules of procedure.139 papers and documents in support; the oral pro- The seat of the Court is at , but this ceedings consist of the hearing by the Court of does not prevent the Court from exercising its witnesses, experts, agents, counsel and advocates. functions elsewhere whenever it considers this de- The Court may indicate any provisional meas- sirable. The President and the Registrar reside at ures which it considers should be taken to pre- the seat of the Court. serve the respective rights of either party. Notice The Court remains permanently in session ex- of such measures has to be given forthwith to the cept during judicial vacations. A quorum of nine parties and to the Security Council. judges suffices to constitute it. The hearings are public unless the Court de- From time to time, the Court may establish one cides otherwise or the parties demand that the or more chambers of three or more judges which public be not admitted. may deal with particular categories of cases—for example, labour cases and cases relating to transit All questions are decided by a majority of the and communications. The Court forms annually a judges present. If the votes are equal the President chamber of five members which may hear and or the judge who acts in his place has a deciding determine cases by summary procedure. vote. The judgment must state the reasons on Judges of the same nationality as a party to a which it is based and contain the names of case retain their right to sit in the case before the the judges taking part in the decision. Any judge Court. If the Court includes on the bench a judge is entitled to state a separate opinion. The judg- of the nationality of one of the parties, any other ment is read in open Court. A decision of the party may choose a person to sit as judge. If the Court has no binding force except between the Court includes upon the bench no judge of the parties and in respect of a particular case. The nationality of the parties, each of the parties may judgment is final and without appeal, but a revi- choose a judge to sit in the case before the Court. sion may be applied for on the ground of a de- cisive factor which, when the judgment was given, 5. Procedure of the Court was unknown to the Court and to the party claim- ing revision (provided such ignorance was not French and English are the official languages of due to negligence). No such application may be the. International Court of Justice, but any party made after ten years from the date of the judg- which so requests is to be authorized to use an- ment. other language. Unless otherwise decided by the Court, each a. PROCEDURE IN CONTENTIOUS CASES party bears its own costs. Cases are brought before the Court by means 138 For list of organs authorized to request advisory of a document, instituting proceedings, addressed opinions, see Annex III, p. 124. to the Registrar. This document may be either a 139 For text, see Y.U.N., 1946-47, pp. 596-608. 122 Yearbook of the United Nations b. PROCEDURE IN THE CASE OF REQUESTS Isidro Fabela Alfaro (Mexico) ...... 1952 FOR ADVISORY OPINIONS Green H. Hackworth (United States) ...... 1952 Bohdan Winiarski (Poland) ...... 1958* In the case of a request for an advisory opinion, Milovan Zoricic (Yugoslavia) ...... 1958* a written request must be laid before the Court Charles De Visscher (Belgium) ...... 1952 Sir Arnold Duncan McNair (United containing an exact statement of the question on Kingdom) ...... 1955 which an opinion is required, and must be accom- Helge Klaestad (Norway) ...... 1952 panied by all documents likely to throw light Abdel Hamid Badawi Pasha (Egypt) ...... 1958* upon the question. Sergei Borisovitch Krylov (USSR) ...... 1952 John E. Read (Canada) ...... 1958* The Registrar then notifies all States entitled to Hsu Mo (China) ...... 1958* appear before the Court. He also notifies any José Philadelpho de Barros e Azevedo141 State or international organization thought by the (Brazil) ...... 1955 Court (or by the President when the Court is not * Re-elected in Dec. 1948 for a nine-year term. sitting) to be likely to be able to furnish informa- tion on the subject, that the Court will receive The members of the Chamber of Summary written statements within a certain time-limit fixed Procedure, elected for a one-year period beginning by the President, or hear oral statements at a 3 May 1949 and re-elected for a further one-year public sitting to be fixed for the purpose. States period, were: and organizations which present written or oral Members: statements may, within limits fixed by the Court President Basdevant Vice-President Guerrero (or by the President when the Court is not sit- Judge Sir Arnold McNair ting), comment on those made by other States and Judge Krylov organizations. Judge Hsu Mo Advisory opinions are delivered in open court, Substitutes: after notice has been given to the Secretary-Gen- Judge Hackworth eral and to the representatives of Members of the Judge De Visscher United Nations, of other States and of interna- The Registrar of the Court is Edvard Hambro, tional organizations immediately concerned. who was elected on 6 April 1946; the Deputy- Registrar is Jean Garnier-Coignet, who was elected on 18 April 1946. 6. Amendment of the Statute 8. Matters before the Court in 1950 The Statute of the International Court of Jus- tice can be amended by the same procedure as (a) Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case143 that used in amending the Charter of the United (b) Case Concerning the Protection of French Na- 143 Nations, subject, however, to any provisions tionals and Protected Persons in Egypt (c) Colombian-Peruvian Asylum Case144 which the General Assembly, upon recommenda- (d) Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, tion of the Security Council, may adopt concern- Hungary and Romania145 ing the participation of States which are parties to (e) Competence of the General Assembly for the Admission of a State to the United Nations146 the present Statute but are not Members of the 147 United Nations.140 The Court may propose such (f) International Status of South West Africa ( g ) Reservations to the Convention on the Preven- amendments as it deems necessary through written tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide148 communications to the Secretary-General of the (h) Case concerning Rights of Nationals of the United Nations. United States of America in Morocco146 140 See p. 119. 141 Died 7 May 1951. It was decided that an election 7. Members and Officers of the Court to fill this vacancy would be held during the 6th session of the General Assembly. 142 See p. 844. The following is a list of the judges of the 143 On 21 Feb. 1950 France requested that the case be Court serving in 1950, in order of precedence, removed from the Court's General List, the measures complained of having been withdrawn by the Egyptian together with the year on which the term of office Government; see pp. 844-45. of each judge will expire: 144 See pp. 837-44. 145 Jules Basdevant (France), President...... 1955 See pp. 386-92. 146 See pp. 409-11. José Gustavo Guerrero (El Salvador), 147 See pp. 807-14. Vice-President ...... 1955 148 See pp. 873-79. Alejandro Alvarez (Chile) ...... 1955 149 See p. 845. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 123 ANNEX I. EXAMPLES OF PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE COURT'S JURISDICTION ( I ) Constitutions of Specialized Agencies vides that differences arising out of the interpretation or The Constitutions of the following specialized agen- application of the Convention are to be referred to the cies provide for references in some cases of disputes Court. Article VII, section 24, of the Convention, pro- arising between the States participating in the work of vides for reference to the Court of questions of whether these agencies to the International Court of Justice: an abuse of a privilege or immunity has occurred. Place and date of (4) Trusteeship Agreements adoption of the The following Trusteeship Agreements provide chat Agency Constitution Articles any dispute relating to the interpretation or application International Labour Or- Montreal 29,31-34, of the Agreement, if it cannot be settled by negotiation ganisation (Amended 9 Oct. 1946 37 or other means, is to be submitted to the Court. All Constitution) these Agreements with the exception of that for International Civil Avia- Chicago 84-86 Somaliland under Italian administration were approved tion Organization 7 Dec. 1944 by the General Assembly on 13 December 1946; the United Nations Educa- London XIV Somaliland Agreement was approved on 2 December tional, Scientific and 16 Nov. 1945 1950. Cultural Organization World Health Organiza- New York 75-77 Administering tion 22 July 1946 Authority Trust Territory Article International Refugee Or- New York 17 Belgium Ruanda-Urundi 19 ganization 15 Dec. 1946 France Cameroons under French 13 (2) Convention on Privileges and Immunities administration of the United Nations France Togoland under French 13 Article VIII, Section 30, of this Convention, adopted administration by the General Assembly on 13 February 1946, pro- Italy Somaliland under Italian 22 vides that differences arising out of the interpretation administration or application of the Convention are to be referred to New Zealand Western Samoa 16 the Court. United Kingdom Tanganyika 19 (3) Convention on Privileges and Immunities United Kingdom Cameroons under British 19 of the Specialized Agencies administration Article IX, section 32, of this Convention, adopted United Kingdom Togoland under British 19 by the General Assembly on 21 November 1947, pro- administration

ANNEX II. STATES ACCEPTING THE COMPULSORY JURISDICTION OF THE COURT150 Date of Date of Signature; Signature; State Date of Deposit Duration State Date of Deposit Duration Australia 21 Aug. 1940*; Until notice of termi- El Salvador 16 Dec. 1920*; Indefinite (Ratification 23 Aug. 1948 nation 29 Aug. 1930 was made on 29 Aug. 1930) Belgium 10 June 1948; For five years (Ratifi- 2 July 1948 cation was made on France 18 Feb. 1947; For five years as from 25 June 1948) 1 Mar. 1949 1 Mar. 1949, and Bolivia 5 July 1948; For five years thereafter until notice 16 July 1948 Guatemala 27 Jan. 1947 For five years (Ratifi- Brazil 12 Feb. 1948; For five years, as from cation was made on 12 Mar. 1948 12 Mar. 1948 3 Feb. 1949) Canada 20 Sept. 1929;* Until notice of termi- Haiti 7 Sept. 1921*; Indefinite 20 Sept. 1929 nation (Ratification 4 Oct. 1921 was made on 28 July Honduras 2 Feb. 1948; For six years, as from 1930) 10 Feb. 1948 10 Feb. 1948 26 Oct. 1946; For five years, and there- China India 28 Feb. 1940*; Until notice of termi- 26 Oct. 1946 after subject to six 7 Mar. 1940 nation months' notice Colombia 30 Oct. 1937*; Indefinite 30 Oct. 1937 * Declaration made under Art. 36 of the Statute of Denmark 10 Dec. 1946; For ten years, as from the Permanent Court of International Justice and deemed to be still in force (Art. 36, par. 5, of the Statute of 10 Dec. 1946 10 Dec. 1946 the present Court). Dominican 30 Sept. 1924*; Indefinite (Ratification 150 Most of these declarations have reservations at- Republic 30 Sept. 1924 was made on 4 Feb. tached, and are made for the most part on condition 1933) of reciprocity. See I.C.J. Yearbook 1949-50, pp. 167-77. 124 Yearbook of the United Nations

Date of Date of Signature; Signature; State Date of Deposit Duration State Date of Deposit Duration Iran 2 Oct. 1930*; Until notice of termi- Paraguay151 16 Dec. 1920; Indefinite 2 Oct. 1930 nation (Ratification 11 May 1933 was made on 19 Sept. Philippines 12 July 1947 For ten years, from 4 1949) July 1946, and there- Israel 4 Sept. 1950 after until notice of Liechtenstein 10 Mar. 1950; Valid as from 29 Mar. termination 29 Mar. 1950 1950 and until the Sweden 5 Apr. 1947; For ten years expiration of a year's 5 Apr. 1947 notice of termination Switzerland 6 July 1948; Valid as from 28 July Luxembourg 15 Sept. 1930*; For five years, renew- 28 July 1948 1948, and until the 15 Sept. 1930 able by tacit recon- expiration of one duction year's notice Mexico 23 Oct. 1947 For five years, from 1 Thailand 20 Sept. 1929; re- For ten years as from Mar. 1947, and there- newed 3 May 3 May 1950 (Rati- after subject to six 1940 and 3 fication was made on months' notice May 1950 7 May 1930) Netherlands 5 Aug. 1946; For ten years, effective 5 Aug. 1946 from 6 Aug. 1946, Turkey 22 May 1947 For five years, as from and thereafter until 22 May 1947 notice of termination Union of 7 Apr. 1940*; Until notice of termi- New Zealand 1 April 1940*; Until notice of termi- South Africa 20 Apr. 1940 nation 8 April 1940 nation United 28 Feb. 1940*; Until notice of termi- Indefinite Kingdom 28 Feb. 1940 nation Nicaragua 24 Sept. 1929*; 152 24 Sept. 1929 13 Feb. 1946 For five years; limited Norway 16 Nov. 1946 For ten years from 3 to questions concern- Oct. 1946 ing British Honduras Pakistan 22 June 1948; For five years, and there- United States 14 Aug. 1946; For five years, and there- 9 July 1948 after until the expira- 26 Aug. 1946 after until expiration tion of six months' of six months' notice notice of termination of termination Panama 25 Oct. 1921* Indefinite (Ratification Uruguay Before 28 Jan. Indefinite (Ratification was made on 14 June 1921153 was made on 27 Sept. 1929) 1921)

ANNEX III. OGANIZATIONS AUTHORIZED TO REQUEST ADVISORY OPINIONS FROM THE COURT154

Authorized in the Charter to request advisory opinions International Monetary Fund on any legal question: International Telecommunication Union General Assembly International Refugee Organization Security Council

Authorized by the General Assembly in accordance with * See p. 123. the Charter to request advisory opinions on legal 151 On 26 Apr. 1938 Paraguay withdrew its declara- matters arising within the scope of their activities: tion. Economic and Social Council 152 The declaration concerning British Honduras was Trusteeship Council renewed for five years on 12 Feb. 1951. Interim Committee of the General Assembly 153 As the declaration was not dated, an approximate International Labour Organisation date has been given based on that of the declaration Food and Agriculture Organization of the United published for the first time in a League of Nations Nations document. 154 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural In addition, various international instruments, in- Organization cluding the Convention on Privileges and Immunities International Civil Aviation Organization of the Specialized Agencies and the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America World Health Organization regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- provide for reference to the Court for an advisory ment opinion on legal questions. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 125 G. THE SECRETARIAT155

The Charter establishes the Secretariat as a enable a man of eminence and high attainment to principal organ of the United Nations. The Secre- accept and maintain the position, and that the tariat comprises a Secretary-General and such staff first Secretary-General should be appointed for as the United Nations may require. five years, the appointment being open at the end of that period for a further five-year term. The Assembly and the Security Council were free to 1. Charter Provisions Concerning the modify the terms of office of future Secretaries- Secretariat General; and because the Secretary-General was a confidant of many Governments, it was desirable The Secretary-General, chief administrative offi- that no Member should offer him, immediately cer of the United Nations, is appointed by the upon retirement, any governmental position, and General Assembly upon the recommendation of that he, on his part, should refrain from accepting the Security Council. He acts in the capacity of any such position.156 Secretary-General in all meetings of the General At its fourth meeting (private) on 30 Janu- Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and ary 1946, the Security Council decided to rec- Social Council and the Trusteeship Council, and ommend to the General Assembly that Trygve Lie, performs such other functions as are entrusted to Foreign Minister of Norway, be appointed Secre- him by these organs. He makes an annual report tary-General. The Assembly, at its twentieth to the Assembly on the work of the Organization. plenary meeting on 1 February, appointed Mr. Lie The Secretary-General may bring to the atten- Secretary-General of the United Nations. tion of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of in- b. CONTINUATION IN OFFICE OF THE ternational peace and security. SECRETARY-GENERAL The staff of the United Nations is appointed by As Mr. Lie's five-year term of office was to the Secretary-General under regulations established expire on 2 February 1951, the fifth regular ses- by the General Assembly. The paramount consid- sion of the General Assembly had on its agenda eration in its employment and in the determina- the question of the appointment of a Secretary- tion of its conditions of service is the necessity of General. The Assembly decided to consider the securing the highest standards of efficiency, com- question in plenary meeting rather than allocate petence and integrity. Due regard is paid to the it to a Committee. importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a The Security Council held closed meetings on geographical basis as possible. 9, 12, 21, 25 and 30 October 1950 to consider its The Charter states that in the performance of recommendation to the Assembly regarding the their duties the Secretary-General and the staff appointment of a Secretary-General. The Council may not seek or receive instructions from any was unable to agree on a recommendation; at its Government or from any other authority external meeting on 30 October, it rejected by 7 votes to to the Organization. They are to refrain from any 1, with 3 abstentions, a USSR proposal to suggest action which might reflect on their position as to the Assembly that it postpone consideration of international officials responsible only to the Or- the appointment of the Secretary-General. These ganization. Each Member of the United Nations facts were conveyed in letters dated 12, 25 and undertakes to respect the exclusively international 30 October respectively (A/1439, A/1460, character of the responsibilities of the Secretary- A/1470) from the President of the Security Coun- General and the staff and not to seek to influence cil to the President of the General Assembly. them in the discharge of their responsibilities. The General Assembly considered the matter at its 296th to 298th plenary meetings on 31 Octo- ber and 1 November. In addition to the three 2. The Secretary-General communications from the Security Council, the a. TERMS OF APPOINTMENT 155 For Charter provisions relating to the Secretariat see Ch. XV. Other provisions are to be found in Arts. 7, The General Assembly, on 24 January 1946, 12, 20, 73, 102, 105, 110 of the Charter and Arts. 5, 7, 13, 14, 18, 36, 40, 67, 70 of the Statute of the decided (11(I)) that the terms of appointment International Court of justice. of the Secretary-General should be such as to 156 See Y.U.N., 1946-47, p. 82. 126 Yearbook of the United Nations

Assembly had before it (1) a joint draft resolu- made clear, he stated, that the veto had been em- tion (A/1464 & Add.1) submitted by the repre- ployed to punish the Secretary-General for carry- sentatives of Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Ecuador, ing out the decisions of the Security Council to France, Greece, India, New Zealand, Nicaragua, resist aggression in Korea.157 At subsequent meet- Norway, Pakistan, the Philippines, the United ings the names of able and highly esteemed indi- States, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia, and viduals had been placed before the Council— (2) a letter from the Chairman of the USSR Brig.-General Carlos P. Rómulo, of the Philip- delegation (A/1468) dated 30 October. After pines; Charles Malik, of Lebanon; Sir Benegal drawing the Assembly's attention to the contents Narsing Rau of India; and Luis Padilla Nervo of of the three communications mentioned above Mexico—but the matter had by then become one and to the necessity of ensuring the uninterrupted of principle, which made it impossible to consider exercise of the duties of the Secretary-General, the new nominations on their merits. Finally, he main- joint draft resolution called upon the General tained that the joint draft resolution before the Assembly to continue the present Secretary-Gen- General Assembly was a continuation of the effort eral in office for a period of three years. The let- to maintain the integrity and independence of the ter from the Chairman of the USSR delegation office of Secretary-General and to ensure that drew the attention of the President of the Gen- whoever held that office might function without eral Assembly to the illegality of including the fear of reprisal by one of the permanent members question of the appointment of the Secretary- of the Security Council. General in the agenda of a plenary meeting of Those in support of the joint draft resolution the Assembly, in the absence of any recommenda- advanced, among others, the following views. tion by the Security Council. It appeared that no recommendation regarding Emphasizing this point at the 296th plenary the appointment of a Secretary-General could be meeting, the USSR representative submitted a expected from the Security Council owing to the draft resolution (A/1471) which, after pointing disagreement on the question among the Council's out that the Secretary-General could be appointed permanent members. In the absence of such a rec- only on the recommendation of the Security Coun- ommendation the General Assembly had both the cil, called upon the Assembly (1) to defer con- power and the duty to take a decision on the ex- sideration of the question, and (2) to request the tension of the term of office of the Secretary- Security Council to continue its consideration of General. the question and submit its recommendation to The General Assembly had the authority to fix the Assembly. He moved the adjournment of the the term of office of the Secretary-General. It was question until a later meeting. The Assembly re- the Assembly which had, on 24 January 1946, jected the proposal for adjournment by 45 votes fixed the original period. There was no provision to 5, with 9 abstentions, and proceeded to con- in the Charter or in the Assembly resolution of sider the joint draft resolution. 24 January 1946 which could prevent the Assem- Representatives of thirteen of the sponsors of bly, in the exercise of its sovereign powers, and the joint draft resolution, namely Brazil, Canada, without intervention by the Security Council, from Cuba, Ecuador, France, Greece, India, New Zea- amending a previous resolution and extending the land, Nicaragua, Pakistan, the Philippines, the term of office of the Secretary-General when it United Kingdom and the United States, as well deemed such action useful or advisable. as the representatives of Bolivia, Israel, Peru and The joint draft resolution represented an in- Uruguay, spoke in favour of the proposal to con- terim measure designed to overcome the existing tinue in office the present Secretary-General. deadlock. The representative of the United States, who The Organization needed a Secretary-General was President of the Security Council in October, after 2 February 1951. Since the Charter did not stated that when the Council had met to consider provide for a Secretary-General to be continued the question of the appointment of a Secretary- in office automatically after his initial term of General, the representative of Yugoslavia had pro- office expired and since, furthermore, it offered posed the re-appointment of Mr. Lie. A few days no formula for resolving a deadlock in the Security later, the representative of the USSR had nomi- Council, emergency measures had to be taken to nated Zygmunt Modzelewski, the Foreign Minister ensure that the administrative functions of the of Poland. With these candidates before it the United Nations were carried out. As the organ in Security Council had voted 9 to 1 (USSR), with 157 1 abstention, in favour of Mr. Lie. It had been For the question of Korea, see pp. 126 ff. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 127 which was vested the power of appointment, and USSR delegation had proposed the appointment as the most representative body of the Organiza- of the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Poland to tion, the General Assembly was called upon to the post of Secretary-General. When the majority ensure that there would be a Secretary-General did not vote for that nomination the Soviet delega- after 2 February 1951. tion had not been indignant and had not declared The General Assembly could not allow that, in that, if the members did not reconsider the ques- fulfilling the mission entrusted to him, the Secre- tion and vote for the Polish Foreign Minister, it tary-General should be victimized and repudiated would vote against any other candidate or use the by one of the Members of the Organization be- veto. That, he stated, was what the United States cause, in doing his duty, he had the courage to delegation had done in connexion with the other condemn aggression and the threat to peace and candidatures. security. Not only the USSR, he stated, but a number of There had been nine votes in the Security Coun- other members of the Security Council had pro- cil in favour of re-electing Trygve Lie Secretary- posed new candidates for the office of Secretary- General. This meant that he had the moral sup- General. If, as stated by some representatives, the port of nearly all the members of the Council. USSR had wanted to punish Trygve Lie for his It was essential that whoever held the office of support of the policy of the majority in Korea, it Secretary-General after 2 February 1951, during a would be absurd for the delegation of that country tense and perhaps decisive period in the history to support, as it had, the nomination of other can- of the United Nations, should be a man who en- didates who had also pursued, perhaps even more joyed the trust and confidence of the overwhelming energetically, that same Korean policy to which majority of the Members of the Organization. That the USSR objected. man was Mr. Lie. For the General Assembly to take action on the The present Secretary-General, after almost five question of the appointment of a Secretary-Gen- years in office, had more experience of the work eral without a recommendation from the Security of the Organization than anyone else, and was, Council, he declared, would undermine the very therefore, better prepared to steer the Organiza- foundations of the Charter, and the foundation on tion in these troubled times. He had given proof which the entire life and activity of the United of a high sense of judgment, of courage and readi- Nations rested. The Soviet representative then ness in his decisions, and had shown unquestion- stated that if Trygve Lie were appointed Secretary- able attachment to and respect for the principles General for any supplementary period whatsoever, of the United Nations. his Government would have no dealings with him To refuse to continue Mr. Lie in office would and would refuse to regard him as the Secretary- not only deprive the United Nations of a faithful General. Secretary-General but would also weaken the Those in support of the USSR draft resolution authority of his office, exposing it to the whim expressed, among others, the following views. and caprice of a great Power. To replace him at Under the Charter and the rules of procedure of this crucial time, when he had displayed efficiency the General Assembly, the Assembly could not and energy in carrying out his duties under the consider or vote upon a candidate for the position decisions of the Security Council in connexion of Secretary-General who had not been recom- with Korea, would have the effect of lowering the mended by the Security Council. A "recommenda- prestige of the United Nations in world opinion. tion" always implied a positive decision of the The discussion had shown that there was no pos- Council. It had to be positive, otherwise there sibility of reconciling the opposing points of view existed no recommendation. so that agreement on a recommendation might be The Charter contained no provisions with re- reached in the Council. Hence a postponement of gard to extending the terms of elective offices in the discussion could serve no useful purpose. general, including that of the Secretary-General. The representatives of the Byelorussian SSR, Once a person's term of office expired, he must, if Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Poland, the Ukrainian SSR seeking office again, meet the same conditions as and the USSR supported the USSR proposal. those required for the original appointment. In the The representative of the USSR, in support of case of the Secretary-General it was essential, in his proposal and speaking against the joint draft the first place, that there be a recommendation resolution, declared, inter alia, that when the ques- from the Security Council. tion of the appointment of the Secretary-General The re-election of the present Secretary-General had been discussed in the Security Council, the was not an interim measure. The United States, 128 Yearbook of the United Nations from Press reports and other evidence, liked of the Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland Trygve Lie and therefore wanted to retain him in and the Ukrainian SSR, like the USSR representa- office for another three-year period. After the tive, indicated that their Governments would not three years' time, the term of office might again be deal with Mr. Lie if he were continued in office. extended by another three years. The representative of Egypt also spoke in sup- The appointment of a Secretary-General was port of the USSR draft resolution. He submitted intended, under the Charter, to be a joint action, that, since the Security Council had been unable based on a general agreement and especially on to carry out the functions vested in it by the the agreement of the five permanent members of Charter, it was inevitable that these functions the Security Council. The duty of the members should devolve on the General Assembly. The of the Security Council, and of the permanent Assembly, however, should not be restricted by any members especially, was to try to reach an agree- condition; its competence should not be limited to ment, to reach a compromise, and so come to the considering only the joint draft resolution. The General Assembly with a candidate who had their Assembly was entitled to approve or reject this general support. If one candidate was not sup- proposal as well as to consider any other proposal ported, other candidates should be considered until for the nomination of any other candidate. Should the Council agreed on one. the permanent members of the Council decide to The action of the Secretary-General should try again, or should the Assembly ask the Council satisfy the United Nations as a whole. The rights to make a fresh effort, Egypt would welcome such of the minority should be respected by the Sec- a move. He would support the USSR draft resolu- retary-General and he should not yield to the tion and, if this were rejected, would have to ab- pressure of the majority. stain on the joint draft resolution. The history of the work of the United Nations The representative of Syria considered the joint had shown that the present Secretary-General was draft resolution illegal, and he had given, he said, not an objective and impartial person capable of his pledge never to support any action which was maintaining his independence and withstanding not legal. He observed that the Security Council pressure from any outside quarter. In this con- was not bound to recommend only one candidate, nexion, the representatives supporting the USSR and suggested that, to break the present deadlock, draft resolution cited a public declaration by it should nominate two or three, or even more, Mr. Lie in support of the North Atlantic Treaty— and thus leave the Assembly free to choose among a Treaty which, in their opinion, was aggressive them by majority vote. and contrary to the aims of the United Nations The representative of China explained that Charter—and his agreement to the establishment when the Security Council had begun its consid- of such organs as the Interim Committee of the eration of the question, he had stated at once that General Assembly, the Commission on Korea and his delegation could not support the candidacy of the Special Committee on the Balkans, which they Mr. Lie, since six months previously, the Secretary- considered to be illegal organs. General had circulated a memorandum which It was an insult to many nations represented in amounted to a plea to the members of the Security the General Assembly and to the prominent states- Council to vote for the admission of the Chinese men and politicians who represented them, to im- communists to the Security Council. However, he ply that no other candidate could become Secre- continued, he had made it clear in the Council tary-General of the United Nations. that he did not wish to insist on the viewpoint of The task of the Secretary-General was to work his delegation—and neither should any other rep- with every nation, and to maintain good relations resentative—to such an extent as to make the with every Member State. In the face of the ex- election of a Secretary-General impossible and pressed opposition, the present Secretary-General deprive the Organization of a chief executive offi- should withdraw his candidacy. cer. The joint draft resolution suggested an exten- The current Assembly session was to last an- sion of three years, and although the Security other 40 to 45 days. By setting aside any candidate Council had so far been unable to agree on a rec- to whom opposition had been expressed and by ommendation, there was no reason to assume that accepting one to whom no objections were raised the disagreement must necessarily last one year not only the five permanent members of the or more. Security Council, but also the other six non- At the end of the general discussion, the rep- permanent members, could reach agreement in resentative of Iraq submitted an oral proposal to five minutes on the question. The representatives the effect that the General Assembly appoint a Functions and Organization of the United Nations 129 committee of seven to meet, study the matter, and zeal which he had displayed on the question of report to the Assembly within two weeks. Korea. Proceeding then to vote on the three draft reso- The representative of Australia explained that lutions before it, the Assembly, at its 298th plen- his abstention in no way related to Mr. Lie per- ary meeting on 1 November, rejected first, by a sonally. In fact, the Australian delegation was glad vote of 37-9, with 11 abstentions, the USSR pro- to see Mr. Lie continued in office for a further posal. It then rejected the Iraqi proposal by 35 term. The reason for the abstention was the feel- votes to 15, with 7 abstentions. ing that the action which the General Assembly When the Assembly turned to the joint draft had taken might create a precedent in the inter- resolution, the President suggested that it would pretation of certain Articles of the Charter dealing be wise to have a secret ballot. In fact, he said, with the appointment of the Secretary-General, Mr. Lie himself had expressed a wish to this effect with which Australia would find it difficult to in order to give the utmost liberty of action to agree. He then suggested that during the next two the delegations. The President made it clear, how- years the Assembly might consider the possibility, ever, that in his opinion, the acceptance of his as a matter of practice, of a Secretary-General suggestion would mean suspending one of the being appointed in the future for a term of per- rules of procedure, and the proposal would there- haps seven years and not being eligible for re- fore have to be approved unanimously. If a single appointment. delegation objected to his suggestion, he would At the opening of the next plenary meeting have no choice but to put the draft resolution to (299th), on 1 November, Mr. Lie expressed grati- the vote in the normal manner. Since the repre- tude for the confidence placed in him. He under- sentative of Chile objected, the normal procedure stood the Assembly vote to be a reaffirmation by was followed, and the joint draft resolution was the Assembly of the independence and integrity adopted by a vote of 46 to 5, with 8 abstentions. of the office of the Secretary-General. He had The text of the resolution adopted (492(V)) always, he stated, tried to exercise in all loyalty, was as follows: discretion and conscience the functions entrusted to him as Secretary-General, to uphold the Char- The General Assembly, ter of the United Nations, and to act in accord- Having received communications from the President ance with the decisions of all its organs. During of the Security Council, dated 12 October and 25 the next three years, his time and energy would October 1950, stating that the Security Council has been unable to agree on a recommendation to the be devoted to achieving the goal of a United Na- General Assembly regarding the appointment of a tions road to peace—a road which required uni- Secretary-General, versal collective security against armed aggression. Considering the necessity to ensure the uninterrupted exercise of the functions vested by the Charter in the office of the Secretary-General, Considering that the Security Council recommended 3. Administrative Organization of the to the first regular session of the General Assembly Secretariat (as of 31 December 1950) the appointment of Mr. Trygve Lie as Secretary-Gen- eral and that, on 1 February 1946, the General As- sembly appointed Mr. Trygve Lie as Secretary-General The Secretariat is divided into eight depart- for a five-year term, ments and the Executive Office which fulfil func- Decides that the present Secretary-General shall be continued in office for a period of three years. tions in specific fields. In part, this structure corresponds to various Councils and commissions After the voting, the representative of Iraq ex- of the United Nations. In part, it represents a plained his abstention. He had hoped that the division of responsibility according to the type of question of the selection of the Secretary-General work performed. Each department is headed by would have been one of the questions to be dis- an Assistant Secretary-General; any Assistant Sec- cussed among the five permanent members of the retary-General may be designated to act for the Council. The Iraqi delegation, he stated, had no Secretary-General in his absence. The Secretariat lack of respect and admiration for Mr. Lie and for departments are: his many fine qualities, but, on reviewing the Palestine tragedy since 1947, which had led to Department of Security Council Affairs Department of Economic Affairs the homelessness of nearly one million Arabs, it Department of Social Affairs found that Mr. Lie had not reacted to recent Jew- Department of Trusteeship and Information from ish aggressions in Palestine with anything like the Non-Self-Governing Territories SECRETARY-GENERAL EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL Functions and Organization of the United Nations 131

Department of Public Information tasks in the economic and social fields not assigned Legal Department to one of the departments. Under the Director, Conference and General Services the Specialized Agencies Section serves as secre- Administrative and Financial Services A Technical Assistance Administration with the rank tariat to the Administrative Committee on Co- of a department was established during 1950. ordination. It undertakes necessary preparatory work for negotiations with the specialized agen- a. EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE cies; supervises relations with other inter-gov- SECRETARY-GENERAL ernmental organizations; and selects, briefs and receives the reports of the United Nations repre- The Executive Office assists the Secretary-Gen- sentatives to specialized agencies and other inter- eral in the determination of policy, in relations national conferences. with Member Governments and their delegations The Protocol and Liaison Section is responsible and with the specialized agencies and in the over- for insuring that proper arrangements for dele- all co-ordination of the Secretariat's work, espe- gations are made from the standpoint of protocol, cially that undertaken by the Secretariat for the and for assisting delegations in such matters as General Assembly and for overseas missions. It hospitality, official functions and diplomatic privi- performs such other duties as may be determined leges and immunities. It organizes important offi- by the Secretary-General. The Executive Office is cial or social functions given by Secretariat officials constituted as follows. or by delegations. The Executive Assistant directs the work of the Executive Office and co-ordinates the general activ- Under the general direction of the Executive ity of the Secretariat through liaison with the Assistant, the United Nations Library is responsi- departments and with delegations of Members. ble, at Headquarters, for all library services, the He acts as secretary of plenary meetings of the acquisition of all library materials and the index- General Assembly and of the General Committee ing of all United Nations documents. Its primary and is responsible for the work of the Assembly function is to provide to members of delegations, on the Secretariat level. The Executive Assistant to the Secretariat and to the organs of the United acts as Chairman of several instruments of Secre- Nations the library materials and information tariat co-ordination such as the Missions Co- needed in the execution of their duties. Complete- ordination Committee, the Publications Board and ness of the Library collection is aimed at in one regular meetings of Principal Directors. field only, namely, the documentation of the United Nations, the specialized agencies and the The General Assembly Affairs and Administra- League of Nations. The Library is organized into tive Section constitutes the working group, under the office of its Director, a Processing Section the direction of the Executive Assistant, charged (with Acquisition, Catalogue, and Documents In- with the co-ordination of services to the General dex units) and a Reference and Documentation Assembly. It is responsible for co-ordinating the Section (with Service to Readers and Depart- preparation of documents for the Assembly; it mental Libraries units). draws up the provisional agenda and supplemen- tary list, supervises the publication of the Journal b. DEPARTMENT OF SECURITY COUNCIL of the Assembly, co-ordinates and reports on the AFFAIRS implementation of Assembly resolutions, and su- pervises the preparation of the annual report of The Department of Security Council Affairs is the Secretary-General. The section advises and as- responsible for providing general administrative sists the departments on official correspondence and other services to the Security Council and its policy and its implementation, and is responsible subsidiary organs, the Atomic Energy Commission for the administrative servicing of the Executive and its committees, the Commission for Conven- Office. tional Armaments and its sub-committees, the The Office of the Director of Co-ordination, for Committee of Twelve established by General As- Specialized Agencies and Economic and Social sembly resolution 496(V), the Peace Observation Matters is responsible for co-ordination of the re- Commission established by General Assembly reso- lations of the United Nations with the specialized lution 377(V), the First Committee and the Ad agencies and of the activities of the Secretariat Hoc Political Committee of the General Assembly in the economic and social fields. The Director of and their sub-committees, and for preparing re- this office acts as Deputy Executive Assistant to ports, working papers and studies for those organs. the Secretary-General and assists him in special The Department is also responsible for the servicing 132 Yearbook of the United Nations of, and the substantive work for the sub-commit- regional. The Department provides other branches tees and working groups of, the Interim Com- of the Secretariat with economic and statistical in- mittee of the Assembly. It assists the Secretary- formation and advice, and prepares and publishes General in the performance of his duties under economic studies, reports, yearbooks and other Article 99 of the Charter. periodicals. In addition, the Department is responsible for In carrying out its responsibilities in the eco- the substantive work of the commissions of in- nomic field, the Department maintains close touch vestigation and conciliation on Korea, Indonesia, with the specialized agencies in the fields of labour, the Balkans, Palestine and the United Nations food and agriculture, trade, transport and com- Representative for India and Pakistan, and, through munications, banking and finance and is responsi- the Co-ordination Group of United Nations Com- ble for servicing international conferences in these missions in the Field, on which the Department fields convened under the auspices of the United is represented, for establishing and servicing those Nations. Operational responsibilities for the Ex- bodies; it is responsible for providing Political panded Programme of Technical Assistance and Affairs Officers as Principal Secretaries, Deputy for the International Centre for Training in Pub- Principal Secretaries and Assistant Secretaries to lic Administration, formerly this Department's con- these organs and to the United Nations Commis- cern, have been transferred to the Technical sioners in Libya and Eritrea. Assistance Administration (see below). However, The Department of Security Council Affairs this Department retains responsibility for study consists of the Office of the Assistant Secretary- and research and the formulation of general policy General, the Armaments and Enforcement Meas- related to economic development. To the extent ures Section, the Atomic Energy Commission that its resources permit, it assists the Technical Group and the following divisions. Assistance Administration by policy guidance, The General Political Division consists of the provision of background material, assistance in office of its Director and five sections dealing with selection and briefing of experts and the review- general political problems and procedures of pa- ing of reports in connexion with the programme. cific settlements, European affairs, Middle East and The Department of Economic Affairs comprises African affairs, Asia and Pacific affairs and West- the office of its Assistant Secretary-General, the ern Hemisphere and regional arrangements. divisions described below, and the secretariats of In addition to the office of its Director, the the Economic Commissions for Europe, Asia and Administrative and General Division comprises the Far East and Latin America, located respec- sections for services to the Security Council, tively at Geneva, Bangkok and Santiago de Chile. services to Committees and administration, and The Division of Economic Stability and De- the Interim Committee Group, consisting of units velopment consists of the office of its Director; for substantive work and services to the Interim sections dealing with economic stability, economic Committee. development, international financial and commer- cial relations and current trade analysis; and a Military Staff Committee Secretariat regional commissions unit. The secretariat of the Military Staff Committee The Fiscal Division has, besides its Director's serves the Committee in its various functions as office, a budgetary research and an international defined by the Security Council. It is organized as tax section. an independent unit of the Secretariat because In the Transport and Communications Division of the particular status of the Committee, and com- are the office of the Director and sections dealing prises three small sections dealing with administra- with inland transport; aviation, shipping and tion, languages and documents. communications; and research and documentation. c. DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS The Statistical Office consists of the office of its Director, and branches dealing with economic This Department is responsible for providing statistics, demographic and social statistics, and such services and assistance as are required by the national accounts. organs of the United Nations in respect of the economic and statistical problems with which they Economic and Social Council Secretariat have to deal. These organs include particularly the Although dealing with functions common to Second (Economic and Financial) Committee of both the Department of Social Affairs and the the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Department of Economic Affairs, for purely ad- Council and its commissions, both functional and ministrative purposes the Economic and Social Functions and Organization of the United Nations 133

Council secretariat forms part of the latter De- The Division of Human Rights includes the partment. It includes a unit responsible for con- office of the Director and five sections, specialized sultative arrangements with non-governmental or- (as follows) but able to adapt their functions to ganizations. meet responsibilities of the Division as a whole: Section I, preparation of the International Bill of d. DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS Rights; Section II, other aspects of the human rights programme such as freedom of informa- This Department provides substantive and ad- tion, trade union rights, forced labour, repatria- ministrative services to all bodies in the United tion of war prisoners, old age rights and the rights Nations when they deal with questions that lie of the child; Section III, the status of women; generally in the social, humanitarian and cultural Section IV, the prevention of discrimination, the fields: e.g., promotion of human rights, status of protection of minorities, the abolition of slavery, women, control of narcotics, population and social the status of refugees and the elimination of welfare questions having to do with refugees, slavery; Section V, preparation of the Yearbook slavery, forced labour, migration and so on. It on Human Rights and other publications, and co- works in close association with the Third (Social, operation with the Department of Public Infor- Humanitarian and Cultural) Committee of the mation and specialized agencies in developing the General Assembly and the Economic and Social human rights educational programme. Council and is responsible for providing the secretariats of the Commission on Human Rights, The Division of Narcotic Drugs comprises the the Social Commission, the Commission on the office of its Director; Section I, implementation of Status of Women, the Commission on Narcotic existing international conventions; Section II, re- Drugs, the Population Commission, the Sub-Com- search; Section III, services to the Commission on mission on Freedom of Information and of the Narcotic Drugs (and as the general technical sec- Press, the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Dis- tion of the Division); and a Bulletin and publica- crimination and Protection of Minorities and their tions unit. various committees. For these bodies, the Depart- The Population Division may be formed, as ment prepares documentary material and carries and when required, into specialized teams for out studies, reports and other technical assign- specific assignments. ments under their instructions. An important task The Division of Social Welfare is organized is maintaining consultation and liaison with those into the office of its Director; sections on commu- specialized agencies whose work enters fields nity, family and child welfare, social defence, closely related to those in which the Department migration, social conditions and development pro- is concerned. It maintains contacts with non-gov- grammes, housing and town and country planning ernmental organizations concerned with social and special assignments; a social reference centre; affairs. and a cartographic unit. The Department provides technical and secre- tarial services to international conferences con- vened by the United Nations on social questions e. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION and questions of human rights. It assists in the The Technical Assistance Administration is preparation, drafting and implementation of in- responsible for the programme of technical ternational conventions and prepares reports on assistance, which includes the operation and ad- these activities for the Economic and Social Coun- ministration of the programmes authorized by cil and the General Assembly. General Assembly resolutions on advisory social One of the duties of the Department is to pre- welfare services, on training in public adminis- pare reports and studies of lasting value. These, tration and on the United Nations programme of as distinguished from purely documentary mate- technical assistance for economic development of rial, are, on the recommendation of the principal under-developed countries. In addition it is re- United Nations organs, published in printed form. sponsible for administering the United Nations The Department advises the Secretary-General Expanded Programme for Technical Assistance as on all questions falling within its field of interest approved by resolution of the Economic and So- and informs him on major developments through- cial Council (222(IX)). These programmes in- out the world. clude the organization of technical assistance mis- The Office of the Assistant Secretary-General sions, the provision of expert advice, the award includes the Executive Office. of fellowships and scholarships and the organiza- 134 Yearbook of the United Nations tion of demonstration projects, seminars, and territorial reports, petitions, visits, Trusteeship training institutes. Agreements and territorial research and analysis. The Administration is organized into the office The Division of Information from Non-Self- of its Director-General and five divisions, one for Governing Territories classifies, summarizes and Central Administrative Services and four others, analyses information transmitted under Article as follows. 73 e of the Charter and other supplemental official The Technical Assistance Training Division has information for the consideration of the General units on economic development and public ad- Assembly and its Special Committee for this func- ministration, social welfare, and administration, tion. The Division undertakes studies on economic, and a unit responsible for training activities in social and educational matters in territories com- the field of public administration. The Technical ing under Article 73 e, so that the information Assistance Information Division is organized into available may be included in relevant programmes units on seminars and on publications. The Tech- of the United Nations and the specialized agen- nical Assistance Missions Division comprises units cies. It publishes every three years full summaries for personnel rosters and servicing of field pro- and analyses of the information on these terri- jects. The Screening and Assessment Division has tories transmitted by the Administering Powers, units concerned with social aspects, economic as- and in the intervening years annual supplements. pects and public administration. The Division is composed of the office of its Di- rector; sections on African, Pacific Asian and Caribbean areas; and a specialists unit. f. DEPARTMENT OF TRUSTEESHIP AND INFORMATION FROM NON-SELF- g. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INFORMATION GOVERNING TERRITORIES This Department: This Department serves the Trusteeship Coun- (1) Advises the Secretary-General on information pol- cil and the Fourth (Trusteeship) Committee of icy; the General Assembly, as well as the Special Com- (2) Supervises and maintains facilities at headquarters for representatives of all information media; mittee on Information Transmitted under Article (3) Maintains Information Centres away from head- 73 e of the Charter; informs the Secretary-General quarters, to disseminate United Nations information of problems and developments in the field of Trus- throughout the world; teeship and Non-Self-Governing Territories; sup- (4) Provides services for press coverage of United plies other organs of the United Nations and Nations activities and issues informative publications; departments of the Secretariat with information (5) Organizes sales and distribution throughout the world, of all informative material issued by the United concerning Trust Territories and Non-Self-Gov- Nations; erning Territories and the non-security aspects of (6) Broadcasts accounts of United Nations activities strategic areas; and provides documentation to the and provides facilities for commercial and governmental Assembly for questions arising under Chapters broadcasting services; (7) Co-ordinates, together with the information services XI, XII and XIII of the Charter. of the specialized agencies, the dissemination of infor- The Department consists of the Office of the mation on the United Nations and the specialized Assistant Secretary-General, which is responsible agencies through the Consultative Committee on Public for the planning, directing and co-ordinating of Information for the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies; the substantive and administrative functions of (8) Works with the United Nations Film Board, pro- the Department, and two divisions. duces and encourages the production of films on sub- The Division of Trusteeship is primarily con- jects connected with the United Nations and all the cerned with the functioning of the International specialized agencies; (9) Maintains and encourages film and photographic Trusteeship System. It provides required studies coverage of United Nations activities and maintains and documentation for the Trusteeship Council files of prints for publication purposes; and and assists it in: the drafting and consideration of (10) Provides United Nations information material and Trusteeship Agreements; formulation of question- related services to educational agencies, lecturers and non-governmental organizations. naires concerning each Trust Territory; examina- The Office of the Assistant Secretary-General tion of annual reports of Administering Author- consists of the immediate staff of the Assistant ities; acceptance and examination of petitions; Secretary-General and the Principal Director, the and periodic official visits and surveys. The Divi- Executive Office, and a section responsible for the sion is organized into the office of its Director sales and distribution of United Nations publica- and sections concerned with questionnaires and tions. The Office supervises the operations of the Functions and Organization of the United Nations 135

Information Centres away from Headquarters and (10) Deals with questions concerning privileges and co-operation with the specialized agencies in the immunities and legal capacity of the United Nations; information field. (11) Registers, records and publishes treaties and is- sues the United Nations Treaty Series; The PRESS AND PUBLICATIONS BUREAU con- (12) Exercises depositary functions entrusted to the sists of: the Central Information and Press Services Secretary-General under multilateral international in- and the Publications and Periodicals Services, struments; which includes a section responsible for compiling (13) Deals with questions relating to credentials of the Yearbook of the United Nations. The Radio representatives to organs of the United Nations. Division operates through four main regions: The Department comprises the Office of the English-speaking, European and Middle-Eastern, Assistant Secretary-General; the General Legal Trans-Pacific and Latin-American. The Films and Division; the Division for the Development and Visual Information Division consists of sections Codification of International Law; and the Divi- for films and television and for visual informa- sion of Immunities and Treaties. tion. Special Services is organized into sections concerned with non-governmental organizations, i. CONFERENCE AND GENERAL SERVICES the field of education and Headquarters services. This Department makes arrangements and pro- vides services for meetings of the General Assem- h. LEGAL DEPARTMENT bly, the councils, commissions, committees and This Department furnishes legal assistance and special conferences held under the auspices of the advice to the organs of the United Nations and United Nations. In fulfilling these functions, the other departments in the Secretariat; prepares Department: studies and recommendations with a view to en- (1) Co-operates with the departments concerned in couraging the progressive development of inter- scheduling conferences and meetings; national law and its codification; participates in (2) Co-ordinates the service activities and provides translation, interpretation, reproduction and graphic proceedings in the International Court of Justice presentation services for conferences and for the Secre- and other judicial and arbitral bodies; and has tariat; responsibility for registration and publication of (3) Edits and publishes the journals and official records treaties and depositary functions entrusted to the of conferences and meetings; Secretary-General. In fulfilling these functions the (4) Provides such general services as technical tele- communications facilities, purchasing, stores and ware- Department: housing, commercial arrangements for printing, trans- (1) Prepares legal studies and opinions on legal and portation arrangements, and hotel accommodation; and constitutional questions arising in the United Nations, (5) Handles mail, cables, telephone and telegraph serv- including questions on the interpretation and application ices and supervises registries and files. of the Charter; (2) Furnishes legal advisers to the various commissions Conference and General Services consists of the and committees of the United Nations and to inter- Office of the Assistant Secretary-General, with a national conferences; Conference Section; the Bureau of General Ser- (3) Assists in the drafting of international conventions, vices; and the Bureau of Documents. resolutions, rules and regulations, and renders opinions on their interpretation; The BUREAU OF GENERAL SERVICES consists (4) Prepares legal statements to be submitted to the of the Office of the Director, the Telecommunica- International Court of Justice and other judicial bodies tions Services Division, and two others. The Pur- on behalf of the Secretary-General; chase and Transportation Division is organized (5) Handles prosecution and negotiation of claims for into the office of its Director and sections devoted the United Nations and, where required, furnishes legal services when claims are brought against the Organi- to administration, purchase, standards and con- zation; trol, freight and supply, and travel. The Commu- (6) Handles drafting and negotiation of important con- nications and Records Division is organized into tracts; archives, registry and communications sections (7) Serves as the secretariat of the International Law and a correspondence unit. Commission and prepares necessary documents for the Commission's session; The BUREAU OF DOCUMENTS is organized into (8) Carries on research work, prepares studies and its Director's office and three divisions. The Docu- memoranda to facilitate the work of the International ments Control Division consists of the office of its Law Commission in the field of development and codi- Director, sections for editorial control and pro- fication; duction control, a consolidated typing pool and a (9) Prepares publications consisting of judicial reports, collections of agreements, collections of national legis- terminology unit. The Language Services Division lation, and other legal material; is organized into a Divisional Office, an editing 136 Yearbook of the United Nations

and verbatim-reporting group, an interpretation 4. Organizational Changes in the service, and English, French, Spanish, Chinese and Secretariat Russian sections. In the Publishing Division are the office of its Director and sections for printing, a. EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE reproduction and distribution. SECRETARY-GENERAL j. ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL SERVICES On 1 January 1950 the Library was transferred from the Department of Public Information to The Department of Administrative and Finan- the Executive Office of the Secretary-General. It is cial Services plans and executes the organizational, an independent service, obtaining general policy budgetary, personnel and fiscal programmes of the directives as necessary from the Executive Office. United Nations. It is responsible for buildings In June 1950, the Library received from the management, health, field and inspection services. Woodrow Wilson Foundation, as a gift, its collec- It keeps the Secretary-General informed on prob- tion of some 16,500 books and documents. This lems and developments in these categories which collection, supplemented by the Library's own require his attention. It provides staff assistance holdings of League of Nations documentation, to the Secretary-General and to the Assistant Sec- will eventually be established as the Woodrow retaries-General in administrative and organiza- Wilson Memorial Library. tional planning. It furnishes data required by the General Assembly, Councils, and other bodies with respect to administrative, financial and budgetary b. DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS questions. The Department maintains relation- The Technical Assistance Section of the Divi- ships with all Departments of the Secretariat, the sion of Economic Stability and Development and Registrar of the International Court of Justice and the International Centre for Training in Public the specialized agencies on administrative, finan- Administration were transferred from the Depart- cial and budgetary questions. The Department ment of Economic Affairs to the Technical Assis- advises the Secretary-General on proposed pro- tance Administration. The secretariat of the In- grammes of the Organization prior to their adop- terim Co-ordinating Committee for International tion with respect to their personnel and financial Commodity Arrangements was transferred from implications. It arranges with Members for pay- the Office of the Assistant Secretary-General to ment of their contributions; directs the activities the Division of Economic Stability and Develop- of the Headquarters Planning Office; and carries ment. out other functions as the Secretary-General may The Current Trade Analysis Section of the assign. Division of Economic Stability and Development Administrative and Financial Services is organ- was established in 1949. The Section is respon- ized into the Office of the Assistant Secretary- sible for the continuing collection and analysis of General and two bureaus. Attached to the Office data concerning current changes in the interna- of the Assistant Secretary-General are the Head- tional flow of goods and services; it conducts quarters Planning Office; the secretariats of the studies of current changes in the composition of Advisory Committee, the Administrative Tribunal, imports and exports of the several types of trad- the Joint Appeals Board and Joint Disciplinary ing countries and of changes in the geographic Committee; the Secretariat of the Joint Staff Pen- distribution of international trade. sion Board and the United Nations Staff Pension Committee; and the Inspection Service, Buildings c. DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS Management Service, United Nations Field Ser- vice and Health Service. As the result of a reassignment of tasks, the The BUREAU OF FINANCE is organized into the Cultural Activities Section, which had previously office of its Director, the Policy Division, the formed part of the Office of the Assistant Secre- Budget and Control Division, the Accounts Divi- tary-General, was transferred to the Division of sion and the Treasury. Social Welfare. The BUREAU OF PERSONNEL consists of the Those staff members of this Division who were office of its Director, the Appointments and Staff engaged in the operation of programmes concern- Relations Division and the Policy, Training and ing advisory social welfare services were trans- Examination Division. ferred to the Technical Assistance Administration. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 137 d. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION Adrian Pelt of the Netherlands, whom the Gen- eral Assembly had appointed United Nations As a result of the experience gained in the Commissioner for Libya on 10 December 1949. operation of the technical assistance programmes Mr. Lall took the oath of office as Assistant Secre- under various General Assembly resolutions tary-General at the 305th plenary meeting of the (58(I), 200(III) and 246(III)), it was con- General Assembly on 16 November 1950. sidered desirable, in the interest of co-ordination, to set up a separate administration to deal with g. ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL SERVICES the various programmes involved. The necessity for such an office became all the more apparent In April 1950 the Maintenance and Engineer- in view of the inauguration of the Expanded ing Division was transferred from Conference and Programme for Technical Assistance, which in- General Services to Administrative and Financial cludes economic as well as social aspects. This new Services. This was done so as to ensure increased office, under a Director-General, is entrusted with co-ordination between the permanent Headquar- all the operational aspects of the various pro- ters Planning Office and the Secretariat as areas grammes. Its secretariat was provided by transfer- of the new building neared completion and so ring from the Departments of Economic Affairs that the task of managing the permanent Head- and of Social Affairs those staff members who quarters should be centralized as far as possible were engaged in the operational aspects of the in one Department. The Division became the programmes involved, as a nuclear staff. Buildings Management Service. The Mission Administrative Staff was trans- e. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INFORMATION ferred from Conference and General Services, assigned responsibility for the operation of the By a decision of the General Assembly, the United Nations Field Service and designated the Opinion Survey Section, which had formed part United Nations Field Service. of Library Services, was abolished as of 1 January An informal Mission Co-ordination Committee, 1950. On that date (when the Library was trans- which had been in existence for more than a year ferred to the Executive Office of the Secretary- for the co-ordination of the substantive work with General) the Research Section, also formerly part the administrative work of the missions, was for- of Library Services, was transferred to the Press malized and enlarged. This Committee consists of and Publications Bureau. representatives of the Field Service, the Bureau of Information Centres were opened in Belgrade, Finance, the Bureau of Personnel, the Depart- Yugoslavia (November 1950); Monrovia, Libe- ments concerned with the substantive work of the ria (October 1950); and Teheran, Iran (May missions, the Legal Department and the Depart- 1950. As of 31 December 1950, eighteen Infor- 158 ment of Public Information, under the chairman- mation Centres were functioning. ship of the Executive Assistant to the Secretary- General. The staff of the International Centre for f. CONFERENCE AND GENERAL SERVICES Training in Public Administration was transfer- red from the Administrative and Financial Ser- During 1950 the Bureau of Documents was vices and affiliated with the technical assistance reorganized. All functions relating to printing, staff of the Department of Economic Affairs. internal reproduction and distribution were con- The Staff Pension Division of the Bureau of solidated in a Publishing Division, and a consider- Personnel was transferred to the Office of the able part of the work formerly scheduled for ex- Assistant Secretary-General, and re-designated as ternal printing now was produced internally. The the Secretariat of the Joint Staff Pension Board former Interpretation, Translation and Official and the United Nations Staff Pension Committee. Records Divisions were merged into a Language Services Division. Such activities as editorial and production con- 5. Administration of the Secretariat trol, terminology research and English and French typing pools were grouped together in a Docu- a. STAFF REGULATIONS ments Control Division. The Secretary-General, on 13 January 1950, In a report to the second session of the General announced the appointment of Shamaldharee Lall Assembly in 1946 (A/435) the Secretary-General of India as the new Assistant Secretary-General recommended that the Staff Regulations should 158 of Conference and General Services. He succeeded For list, see end of vol. 138 Yearbook of the United Nations

remain provisional until further experience had (A/C.5/331) which he had appointed to assist been gained in their administration. in this review, in accordance with a recommenda- In 1950 he considered that the time had come tion of the Fifth Committee. He also presented for the formulation of permanent staff regulations. his views (A/C.5/331/Add.1) on the proposals Accordingly, staff regulations for both the United made by the Committee of Experts including Nations and the specialized agencies were pre- those proposals on which he was empowered to pared and discussed with administrative represen- act within his authority as chief administrative tatives of the agencies in two working parties, the officer of the Organization, and draft resolutions first in Geneva in April, the second in Washing- covering those recommendations which required ton in May 1950. After further consultations at specific action by the Assembly itself for their 160 the ninth session of the Consultative Committee implementation. on Administrative Questions, a revised draft was The Assembly decided to refer the reports of submitted to the Advisory Committee on Admin- the Secretary-General and of the Committee of istrative and Budgetary Questions. The Secretary- Experts to the Advisory Committee on Adminis- General reported on these consultations to the trative and Budgetary Questions, with the request fifth session of the General Assembly (A/1360) that it submit to the Assembly's fifth session con- and annexed to his report a set of draft permanent clusions and recommendations regarding the ques- regulations which he recommended should be tions raised in those reports, including texts of adopted in place of the provisional regulations draft resolutions and amendments to the Staff currently in force. Regulations. In the report of the Fifth Committee The Fifth Committee considered the question on the 1950 budget of the United Nations at its 282nd meeting on 13 December 1950, but (A/1232), the view was also reaffirmed that, al- decided that, as it had not had time to give the though action on the report on salary, allowance matter careful consideration and in order that the and leave systems had been postponed, the Secre- new salary, allowance and leave arrangements159 tary-General should continue, under the authority might first be implemented, adoption of perma- vested in him by the Charter, to effect those im- nent staff regulations should be deferred until provements in the United Nations system of the sixth regular session. personnel administration which were consistent A resolution proposed by the Committee with the Staff Regulations and within the limits (A/1731) was unanimously adopted by the As- of existing budgetary appropriations. sembly at its 326th plenary meeting on 15 De- (1) Secretary-General's Proposals cember as follows (resolution 469(V)): In a report to the fifth regular session of the The General Assembly, General Assembly (A/1378), the Secretary-Gen- Taking note of the administrative problems arising eral stated that he had, accordingly, modified cer- out of the changes proposed in the United Nations tain administrative policies and procedures to give salary, allowance and leave system for 1951, effect to those recommendations of the Committee 1. Resolves that consideration of the question of of Experts which fell within his authority and on permanent staff regulations be deferred until the sixth session of the General Assembly; which the Advisory Committee had commented 2. Requests the Advisory Committee on Administra- favourably. These modifications related specifically tive and Budgetary Questions to examine the proposals to: (a) simplification of the system of installation presented by the Secretary-General on this matter and allowances and grants; (b) abolition of the addi- to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixth tional ten days leave previously provided for by home leave rules; (c) reduction of the ceiling for accumulated annual leave from 100 to 60 days; b. SALARY, ALLOWANCE AND LEAVE SYSTEM (d) modification of provisions regarding stand- OF THE UNITED NATIONS ards of travel and per diem rates for travel on The General Assembly, at its third session in official business (other than home leave) to pro- 1948, agreed that a comprehensive review of the vide for equality of treatment for all staff mem- salaries and allowances of the United Nations bers of grades 14 to 19; (e) granting of the chil- should be undertaken by the Secretary-General. dren's allowance to women staff members on the On 31 October 1949, at its fourth session, the same basis as to men; and (f) implementation, on Secretary-General transmitted to the Assembly, a provisional basis, of the Committee of Experts" for its information, the report of a Committee of 159 See pp. 142-43. Experts on Salary, Allowance and Leave Systems 160 See Y.U.N., 1948-49, p. 900. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 139 proposals relating to social security, including sick members would find a substantial reduction in leave. their previous salary ceilings and that, in the small As regards the proposals of the Committee number of such cases which would arise, the Sec- of Experts on which decision by the Assembly retary-General should consider the possibility of was necessary, the Secretary-General had reviewed making special arrangements on the basis of the his earlier recommendations in the light of views facts in each case. On that point, the Secretary- expressed by the Advisory Committee in its General proposed that any reduction in salary or first report of 1950 to the General Assembly in incremental expectation which a staff member (A/1313). might suffer as a result of reclassification of his He requested a decision by the Assembly on post should be compensated by payment of a per- six major points of substance and principle, on sonal pensionable allowance. which, he held, the acceptance of the proposals The Advisory Committee suggested instead an of the Committee of Experts would achieve arrangement under which such personal allow- significant administrative advantages. These six ances for staff members whose salary was already points were as follows. above the ceiling of their new grade levels, or who (i) Organization and classification of the staff. were proceeding to a maximum on their present The Committee of Experts had recommended the grade higher than the maximum of the appro- establishment of four categories of posts. The Ad- priate new salary level, would cease upon expira- visory Committee, although expressing general tion of present contracts or after one year from agreement with this proposal, recommended an the date on which new salary scales might enter additional level in the category of substantive or into force, whichever was the shorter. In his re- professional posts. The Secretary-General stated port, the Secretary-General submitted that "a most that he was prepared to accept this recommenda- serious blow to the morale of the staff would be tion. unavoidable if any course, other than the one he (ii) Salary level for internationally recruited staff. recommended, were to be adopted." He went on The Advisory Committee had recommended re- to state that he had considered it necessary to duction in the salaries proposed by the Committee notify the staff that he would recommend a tran- of Experts for top-ranking directors. In the case sition based on this assumption. of the top-ranking directors, the Secretary-General As regards the second point, the Secretary-Gen- indicated, the figures proposed would reduce the eral explained in his report that after studying emoluments currently being received by these the scheme proposed by the Committee of Ex- officers. Stating that he could not concur with perts, he had reached the decision that it would these recommendations, he pointed out that the be advantageous to move staff members to the cost of living had increased 26 per cent since appropriate new salary rate on a single date, pre- 1946, when the Assembly had fixed the compensa- ferably on 1 January 1951. The Advisory Com- tion for top-ranking directors, but maximum sal- mittee's suggestion was to stagger the transition aries had not been changed. He expressed the to the new salary rates throughout the year, view, which he said was shared by the Committee (iv) Frequency of home leave. The Secretary- of Experts, that it would not be possible to recruit General urged that home leave should be granted and retain staff of the high calibre necessary at once every two years, rather than once every three the director level unless the emoluments offered years as proposed by the Advisory Committee. He were adequate. was convinced that a substantial saving under this (iii) Arrangements to govern the transition from heading would in any event be achieved, in the the old to the new salary schemes. Two questions long run, by the abolition of the additional ten were involved in such arrangements: (a) the ex- days of home leave, and by the elimination of tent to which the salary ceilings of the grades in home leave for staff members serving in their own which staff members were currently serving were country. to be retained; and (b) the date on which the (v) Recognition of the factor of expatriation. present staff would be transferred to the new The Secretary-General took the view that if the salary scale. temporary expatriation allowance, which he had As regards the first question, the Committee of supported before the General Assembly on pre- Experts recommended that the introduction of the vious occasions and which the staff favoured, was new plan should not mean a reduction in salary to be replaced by a repatriation grant, the rates for present staff; it considered that the plan could for the latter must be adequate to avoid an in- be put into effect in such a way that few staff equity to staff uprooted from their home coun- 140 Yearbook of the United Nations tries. He consequently favoured the scale of rates Advisory Committee had proposed to raise the recommended by the Committee of Experts; the age-limit for children attending special national Advisory Committee recommended a greatly re- schools to thirteen, but to maintain the existing duced scale. age-limit of eleven for children attending inter- (vi) Rental allowance. The Committee of Ex- national schools; however, an oral Danish amend- perts had recommended, and the Secretary-Gen- ment to raise the age-limit to thirteen in both eral accepted, the proposal to discontinue rental cases was carried by 11 votes to 9, with 26 absten- allowance and subsidies not later than 1 January tions. The Advisory Committee's proposal, thus 1952. Where United Nations leases expired be- amended, was then adopted by 40 votes to none, fore that date, staff members receiving the rental with 6 abstentions. subsidy were to receive rental allowance for the The Secretary-General had urged greater flexi- balance of the period. The Advisory Committee bility in the rule providing that children sent to recommended that rental subsidies and allowances schools and universities only in their home coun- should be gradually reduced during 1951 and dis- tries could qualify for the education grant. He continued not later than 1 January 1952. proposed that staff members should be allowed to select schools in countries in the geographical area (2) Consideration by the Fifth Committee of their home countries and having similar educa- The Fifth Committee considered the salary tional and cultural systems. This proposal was re- allowance and leave system at its 241st to 243rd jected by 32 votes to 1, with 9 abstentions. To meetings, on 4, 5 and 10 October, and its 265th ensure consistency with its decision on the chil- to 267th and 269th meetings, on 17, 20 and 24 dren's allowance, the Fifth Committee also con- November 1950. The Committee had before it curred unanimously in the Advisory Committee's the report of the Secretary-General (A/1378) recommendation that the over-all age-limit for and the report of the Advisory Committee on payment of education grants should be set at 21. Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/1313 & Corr.1). At its 243rd meeting on 10 October, the Fifth Committee established - a sub-committee to con- The Fifth Committee decided to take as a basis sider and make recommendations on the major for discussion the recommendations of the Advi- points of difference between the recommendation sory Committee and to pay special attention to of the Committee of Experts, the Secretary-Gen- those points on which these recommendations eral and the Advisory Committee. The sub-com- and those of the Secretary-General differed. It de- mittee consisted of the representatives of Aus- cided to consider first two of the less complicated tralia, Brazil, China, France, the Netherlands, points of difference, the children's allowance and Pakistan, Syria, the USSR, the United Kingdom, the education grant. the United States and Venezuela. It reported to At its 241st meeting on 4 October, the Com- the Fifth Committee (A/C.5/400) after thirteen mittee decided, by 31 votes to 13, with 4 absten- meetings. tions, to accept the Secretary-General's recommen- The Fifth Committee began its discussion on dation that the children's allowance should be the sub-committee's report at its 265th meeting payable in respect of dependent children under on 17 November. The Assistant Secretary-General the age of eighteen. However, the Committee re- for Administrative and Financial Services made a jected, by 32 votes to 11, with 6 abstentions, his statement to the Committee in which he sum- further proposal that the allowance should con- marized the history of the salary and allowance tinue to be payable until the age of 22 to chil- question in the United Nations. dren in full-time attendance at a school or univer- sity or totally disabled. The recommendation of In the course of the general debate, the ques- the Advisory Committee that the age-limit in such tion of obtaining the opinion of the staff was con- cases should be 21 was adopted by 42 votes to sidered. While most of the representatives stated none, with 3 abstentions. that they agreed in principle to inviting a repre- sentative of the staff, the Committee was of the The first point at issue on the education grant was the removal of the age-limit of eleven years opinion that in this particular instance all neces- for payment of such a grant in respect of children sary information had been placed before it. attending special national or international schools. The Fifth Committee at its 267th meeting on The Secretary-General's recommendation that the 20 November took decisions on the questions of age-limit should be removed altogether was re- home leave and of repatriation grants. It also jected by 33 votes to 5, with 5 abstentions. The approved without further discussion revisions of Functions and Organization of the United Nations 141

the Provisional Staff Regulations embodying the (2) Representation allowances for Directors.—A Brazil- earlier decisions of the Committee in respect of ian-Chilean amendment (A/C.5/411) authorizing the Secretary-General at his discretion to grant to Directors children's allowances and education grants. in special cases a representation allowance up to an With respect to home leave, two amendments amount of $1,500 was adopted by 21 votes to 9, with had been submitted to the Sub-Committee's re- 12 abstentions. It was understood that this amendment would obviate the necessity for the Directors to draw port (A/C.5/400): one by the Secretary-General on the hospitality fund for representation expenses. (A/C.5/408, par. 2) proposing that staff mem- (3) Frequency of increments at the top salary levels. bers should be granted home leave once every two —An oral Uruguayan amendment providing for incre- years instead of three as suggested by the Sub- ments at the director and principal director level at Committee; and one by the Brazilian delegation two-year intervals was adopted by 13 votes to 11, with 20 abstentions. proposing (A/C.5/412) that staff members (4) Salary differentials.—The recommendation of the should qualify for home leave 24 months after Sub-Committee that a minus-5 per cent differential the date of their return from their previous home should be applied to 75 per cent of the salaries of leave. international staff at Geneva, subject to review by the Advisory Committee during 1951, was adopted by 32 The Secretary-General's amendment was re- votes to 4, with 5 abstentions. jected by 24 votes to 18, with 3 abstentions. The (5) Extension of maximum rates for new salary levels. representative of Brazil then stated that in view —A proposal of the Secretary-General (A/C.5/408) to of the decision taken on the Secretary-General's allow those staff members who would suffer a reduction amendment he would withdraw his own amend- in actual earnings or in expectations of earnings at the end of a definite transition period to continue ment on home leave because in his opinion the indefinitely to receive their present salaries, and to two were very similar. progress to a point equal to the maximum of their The Committee, by a vote of 28 to 13, with 5 former grade, was rejected by 22 votes to 19, with abstentions, then recommended to the General 4 abstentions. A Syrian amendment (A/C.5/410) al- lowing for the extension of the maximum rates for Assembly that staff members in the future be the new salary levels by three steps for staff members granted home leave every three years instead of in this position was then adopted by 35 votes to none, every two. with 10 abstentions. The Secretary-General's amendment (A/C.5/- (6) Date and procedure for making the new salary scale applicable to the staff.—The Sub-Committee's pro- 408, par. 3) proposing that the maximum sums posals concerning this matter were unanimously ap- payable as repatriation grants (which would re- proved (for text, see resolution adopted by the General place expatriation allowances as of 1 January Assembly). 1951) should be double the amount proposed by Just before the voting on the full draft resolu- the Sub-Committee, that is, $5,000 for single and tion on the salary, allowance and leave system of $10,000 for married staff members, was rejected the United Nations, as amended, the representa- by 32 votes to 7, with 3 abstentions. The Com- tive of the USSR announced that he would ab- mittee, by a vote of 43 to none, with 1 abstention, stain from voting since his delegation believed then recommended to the General Assembly that that the granting of home leave every three years a system of repatriation grants rising with each would work toward the detriment of the interna- year of service to a maximum payment of $2,500 tional character of the staff. He said that his for single and $5,000 for married staff members delegation would press for a review of this ques- be substituted for the existing system of ex- tion. patriation allowances. A Brazilian amendment The draft resolution, as amended, was then ap- (A/C.5/412), which would give staff members proved by the Fifth Committee by 37 votes to the option of adhering to the system of repatria- none, with 7 abstentions. tion grants, or of continuing to receive the exist- ing expatriation allowance, was rejected by a vote (3) Resolution Adopted by the Assembly of 24 to 16, with 7 abstentions. The Fifth Committee's recommendations (A/- 1732) were considered by the Assembly at its The Fifth Committee, at its 269th meeting on 326th plenary meeting on 15 December. The 24 November, completed its consideration of the Assembly also had before it an amendment pro- question of the salary, allowance and leave sys- posed by Belgium, Brazil, Chile, France and Peru tem. At that meeting, the Committee took deci- (A/1733), which, in effect, would grant eligible sions on, among other things, the following: staff members home leave once in every two years (1) Rental allowances.—The recommendation of the Sub-Committee that rental allowances should be main- rather than once in every three years as recom- tained at the full rate during 1951 was unanimously mended by the Committee. This amendment was approved. adopted by 35 votes to 11, with 3 abstentions. 142 Yearbook of the United Nations

The resolution, as amended, was then adopted by 5. Resolves that provisional staff regulation 30 be 48 votes to none, with 3 abstentions. Its text amended with effect from 1 January 1951 to read as (470(V)) was as follows: follows: "Full-time members of the staff, with the excep- The General Assembly, tion of those specifically excluded by resolution of Having considered the report and recommendations the General Assembly, shall be entitled to a children's of the Secretary-General on the salary, allowance and allowance of $US200 per annum in respect of each leave system of the United Nations, together with the child under the age of eighteen years, or, if the child reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative is in full-time attendance at a school or a university and Budgetary Questions dealing with this subject, (or similar educational institution) or is totally dis- 1. Agrees upon the desirability of simplifying the abled, under the age of twenty-one years; provided organization and classification of the staff in accordance that, if both parents are members of the staff of with the principles set forth by the Committee of the United Nations, only one allowance will be paid Experts on Salary, Allowance and Leave Systems as in respect of each of their children; and provided endorsed by the Advisory Committee on Administrative further that, where the Secretary-General deems it and Budgetary Questions and by the Secretary-General; advisable, no allowance or an allowance of an amount 2. Resolves that provisional staff regulation 16 be other than $US200 may be paid under special cir- amended, with effect from 1 January 1951, to read as cumstances, as for example, short-term assignments follows: or assignments at duty stations where United Nations salary scales are fixed at levels varying from the "Salaries of staff members shall be fixed by the Headquarters scale"; Secretary-General in accordance with the provisions outlined in the attached annex I to the present and further that provisional staff regulation 33 be regulations"; amended with effect from 1 January 1951 by substi- 3. Resolves that the Secretary-General shall be guided tuting the words "thirteen years of age" for the words by the following principles in applying the salary pro- "eleven years of age" in paragraph (c); visions specified in annex I to the Provisional Staff 6. Resolves that the Provisional Staff Regulations Regulations to staff members who, on 31 December be amended with effect from 1 January 1951 by the 1950, were serving under indeterminate appointment, addition of a new regulation 35, as follows: temporary indefinite appointment or regular fixed term "The Secretary-General shall establish a scheme appointment, and who continue in service after 1 Janu- for the payment of repatriation grants in accordance ary 1951: with the maximum rates and conditions specified in (i) Subject to efficiency, staff members whose salaries annex II to the present regulations". on 31 December 1950 are above the ceilings of the new salary levels to which their posts are assigned shall receive the difference as a pensionable personal allow- ANNEX I. SALARY SCALES AND RELATED PROVISIONS ance; provided, however, that such allowance shall not exceed the equivalent of three additional steps beyond 1. An Assistant Secretary-General shall receive a the maximum of their new salary levels; salary of $US23,000 (subject to the staff assessment (ii) Subject to efficiency, staff members who were plan at the rates laid down in General Assembly reso- proceeding to a maximum in their former grades higher lution 239(III) and to such changes as may be directed than the maximum of the appropriate new salary levels from time to time by the General Assembly) together shall continue to receive increments on the basis of the with an allowance varying from $US7,000 to $US10,000 new scales until they have reached a point equal to the at the Secretary-General's discretion. maximum of their former grades or a point equivalent to three steps beyond the maximum of their new salary The allowances for Assistant Secretaries-General are levels, whichever is the lower, that part of the salary deemed to include all representation (including hospi- which exceeds the maximum being considered as a tality) and special allowances, such as housing, education pensionable personal allowance; and children's allowances, but not such reimbursable (iii) These arrangements shall have reference only allowances as travel, subsistence and removal costs upon to salaries (including cost-of-living adjustment) and appointment, transfer or separation from the Organiza- shall not take account of remuneration received as of tion, official travel and home leave travel. 31 December 1950 in the form of any other allowances; 2. A Principal Director shall receive a salary of 4. Resolves that, subject to transition arrangements $US17,000 rising after two years of satisfactory service under which all eligible staff members as of 31 De- to $US18,000 (subject to the staff assessment plan at the cember 1950 will be allowed the next home leave to rates laid down in General Assembly resolution 239(III) which they were entitled under the provisions in effect and to such changes as may be directed from time to on that date, provisional staff regulation 18 be amended time by the General Assembly, and to salary differentials with effect from 1 January 1951 by the addition of the wherever applied) and if otherwise eligible shall receive following sentences: the allowances which are available to staff members "Eligible staff members shall be granted home generally. In addition, he shall receive a representation leave once in every two years. A staff member whose allowance varying from $US1,000 to $US3,500 at the home country is the country of his official duty Secretary-General's discretion. station or who continues to reside in his home 3. A Director shall receive a salary of $US15,000 country while performing his official duties shall rising in two-yearly increments of $US800 each to not be eligible for home leave"; $US17,400 (subject to the staff assessment plan at the Functions and Organization of the United Nations 143 rates laid down in General Assembly resolution 239(III) 4. Except as provided in paragraph 6 of the present and to such changes as may be directed from time to annex, the salary scales for staff members in the Prin- time by the General Assembly, and to salary differentials cipal Officer and Director category and in the Profes- wherever applied) and if otherwise eligible shall receive sional category shall be as follows (subject to the staff the allowances which are available to staff members assessment plan at the rates laid down in General generally. In addition, the Secretary-General is author- Assembly resolution 239(III) and to such changes as ized at his discretion to grant in special cases a repre- may be directed from time to time by the General sentation allowance up to an amount of $US1,500. Assembly, and to salary differentials wherever applied):

SALARY SCALES

Step I Step II Step III Step IV Step V Step VI Step VII Step VIII Step IX Step X $US $US $US $US $US $US $US $US $US $US

Principal Officer and Director Category Principal Director ..... 17,000 18,000 Director ...... 15,000 15,800 16,600 17,400 Principal Officer ...... 13,330 14,000 14,670 15,400 16,200 17,000

Professional Category Senior Officer ...... 11,310 11,690 12,080 12,500 13,000 13,500 14,000 14,500 15,000 First Officer ...... 9,140 9,460 9,790 10,150 10,540 10,920 11,310 11,690 12,080 12,500 Second Officer ...... 7,330 7,600 7,870 8,180 8,500 8,820 9,140 9,460 9,790 10,150 Associate Officer ...... 5,750 6,000 6,270 6,530 6,800 7,070 7,330 7,600 7,870 Assistant Officer ...... 4,250 4,500 4,750 5,000 5,250 5,500 5,750 6,000

5. Salary increments within the levels set forth in vided that initial differentials shall be not less than 5 per paragraph 4 of the present annex shall be awarded cent with minimum adjustments in multiples of 5 per annually on the basis of satisfactory service, provided cent, and provided further that these differentials shall that the period of satisfactory service required for incre- be applied to only 75 per cent of base salaries. ments at the Director and Principal Director levels shall be two years. ANNEX II. REPATRIATION GRANT 6. The Secretary-General shall determine the salary In principle, the repatriation grant shall be payable rates to be paid to personnel specifically engaged for to staff members whom the Organization is obligated conferences and other short term service, to consultants, to repatriate, except those terminated by summary dis- to field service personnel, and to technical assistance missal. Detailed conditions and definitions relating to experts and social welfare advisers. eligibility shall be determined by the Secretary-General. 7. The Secretary-General shall fix the salary scales The amount of the grant shall vary with the length for staff members in the General Service category and of service with the United Nations (exclusive of periods the salary or wage rates for manual workers, normally when an expatriation allowance was received). The on the basis of the best prevailing conditions of employ- maximum rates payable shall be as follows: ment in the locality of the United Nations office con- Staff member with cerned, provided that the Secretary-General may, where neither a wife, Staff member with he deems it appropriate, establish rules and salary limits Years of dependent husband a wife, dependent continuous service nor dependent child husband or child for payment of a non-resident's allowance to General away from at time of separation at time of separation Service staff members recruited from outside the local home country (Weeks of salary) (Weeks of salary) area. After 2 years 4 8 8. The Secretary-General shall establish rules under 3 5 10 which an extra payment may be paid to General Service 4 6 12 staff members who pass an appropriate test and demon- 5 7 14 strate continued proficiency in the use of two or more 6 8 16 official languages, such payment to be the equivalent of 7 9 18 an additional step increment which would continue 8 10 20 beyond the maximum of the salary level of the staff 9 11 22 member concerned. 10 12 24 11 13 26 9. The Secretary-General may adjust the basic salary 12 14 28 rates provided in paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 for duty stations away from Headquarters, by the application of The maximum grant payable under this plan shall salary differentials which take into account relative costs be $US2,500 net for a staff member without dependants of living, standards of living and related factors; pro- and $US5,000 net for a staff member with dependants. 144 Yearbook of the United Nations c. UNITED NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE the Secretary-General that were contested but re- TRIBUNAL scinded the procedure which had been followed by the Administration on the grounds that it was The United Nations Administrative Tribunal, irregular. which was established by the General Assembly Sixteen verbatim reporters had contended that on 24 November 1949 to hear and pass judgment the Secretary-General did not have the power, upon applications alleging non-observance of con- under Provisional Staff Regulation 21 (permit- tracts of employment of staff members of the ting termination of appointments where required Secretariat of the United Nations or of the terms 161 by necessities of the service), to abolish all ver- of appointment of such members, held its first batim reporter posts and offer a limited number plenary session at Lake Success from 1 to 7 June of posts in a newly created editor-verbatim re- 1950. The plenary session was attended by six of porter category on the basis of a test for editorial the seven members of the Tribunal, Omar Loutfi aptitude. On this point the Tribunal held that the (Egypt) having tendered his resignation on 25 162 Secretary-General must have authority to make May 1950. At the beginning of the session, the any reduction or abolition of posts necessary to Tribunal elected the following officers: observe due economy, while providing adequately President: Lt.-General His Highness Maharaja Jam Shree Sir Digvijaysinghji Ranjit Singhji Jadeja for the service of the United Nations. As to the (India) argument that the Secretary-General may not ter- Vice-President: Mme. Paul Bastid (France) minate staff who occupy established posts in a Vice-President: Sir Sydney Caine (United Kingdom) budget approved by the General Assembly, the At the Tribunal's second plenary session, held Tribunal found that the power to reduce in force in accordance with its terms of reference on cannot be affected by provisions of the budget, 14 December 1950, Rowland Andrews Egger which must be regarded as conferring authority (United States) was elected Vice-President to but not as creating an obligation to spend the succeed Sir Sydney Caine (United Kingdom); the whole of the credit provided in the budget. other two officers were re-elected. The applicants in the case had also contended On 7 June, in accordance with article 6 of its that the abolition of posts and the creation of a statute, the Tribunal adopted rules covering its new category of posts were steps in an artificial general functioning, including the procedure to manoeuvre motivated by a desire to terminate the be followed by persons who wish to present appli- services of certain individual officials. While agree- cations to it or to intervene in a particular case, ing that such a fictitious substitution would have or who request a hearing. Under article 17 of its been an abuse of power, the Tribunal considered rules, the Tribunal may, in its discretion, grant that it was not a part of its functions to pronounce hearings to representatives of the Staff Associa- upon the wisdom of particular administrative tion. measures, but only to determine whether there At the close of its first plenary session, the was reasonable evidence to support the adminis- Tribunal went into ordinary session, attended by trative decision. In this case it was satisfied from three members—the President and two Vice- the evidence produced that there were adequate Presidents—and one alternate member, and be- grounds on which the Administration could prop- gan preliminary consideration of fifteen applica- erly have concluded that a change in the methods tions and one intervention (Aubert and fourteen of reporting proceedings was necessary, and that others v. the Secretary-General of the United Na- therefore the change should be considered bona tions). The Tribunal held public hearings on 29 fide and not fictitious. and 30 June and delivered two judgments on the The Tribunal also overruled an argument that latter date. the Administration was without authority to vary In judgment No. 1 (A/CN.5/Decisions/Cases the duties of these officials under their contracts. 1-15/1), in respect of cases 1 to 15, the Trib- On the other hand, the Tribunal was deeply unal, while rejecting the United Nations Staff impressed by the necessity of effecting reductions Association's request for intervention as a third of staff in a manner which would minimize the party, decided that the representative of a staff consequent sacrifices and preserve as far as pos- association, for the purpose of hearings under sible the principle of security of tenure. It there- article 17 of the rules, need not necessarily be a member of the staff of the organization concerned. 161 See Y.U.N., 1948-49, pp. 19-20, 37, 919-22. 162 In its judgment No. 2 (A/CN.5/Decisions/Cases For members of the Tribunal during 1950, see pp. 42—43; for members elected by the Assembly to take 1-15/2), the Tribunal upheld the powers of office during 1951, see p. 32. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 145 fore adjudged that fair and equitable principles of revising Provisional Staff Regulation 23.164 In the procedure and Staff Rule 104,163 in particular, re- new text, the Secretary-General was authorized to quired the Administration to offer to the verbatim establish joint administrative machinery with staff reporters the examination for the new posts be- participation to advise him in cases of discipline fore issuing notice of their termination rather and appeal. The Secretary-General accordingly than in the reverse order. It accordingly ruled established a Joint Disciplinary Committee and a invalid the notices of termination given to the Joint Appeals Board, each of three members, the applicants, but without derogation to the right of latter replacing the Appeals Board which func- the Administration to abolish posts or reduce tioned until the end of 1949.165 For each of the in force by equitable means, including the full new bodies, one representative was selected by examination of the possibilities of transferring the Secretary-General and one elected by the Staff the individuals affected to any new posts which Association; chairmen were appointed by the may have been created, or to other posts in the Secretary-General, after consultation with the Staff United Nations. Committee. The Tribunal also decided that actual costs The Joint Appeals Board, constituted in May should be awarded to the applicants in the 1950, reported to the Secretary-General in five amounts to be fixed by the President on submis- cases of appeals which it had heard by the end of sion of claims by the applicants. On 26 July 1950 1950. the President of the Tribunal awarded the sum of The Joint Disciplinary Committee was consti- $2,100 to the applicants as partial reimbursement tuted in May 1950, but had not been called upon of costs claimed by them (A/CN.5/Decisions/- to meet by 31 December 1950. Cases 1-15/3). The Acting Secretary-General, in a letter e. RECRUITMENT POLICIES (A/CN.5/3) dated 31 August 1950, to the Presi- dent of the Tribunal, wrote that funds had been (1) International Civil Service Advisory Board made available to cover the payment ordered by the Tribunal, but requested that the question of The International Civil Service Advisory Board the Tribunal's authority to assess costs and the held its second session at Geneva in March 1950. nature and amount of such costs should be brought On 29 March, it completed a report on recruit- to the attention of its members at its next regular ment methods and standards for the United Na- session. tions and the specialized agencies which was sub- At its second plenary session, on 14 December sequently accepted by the Administrative Com- 1950, the Tribunal observed (A/CN.5/R.2) that mittee on Co-ordination and distributed to the the establishment of the Administrative Tribunal international agencies. by the General Assembly inferred the existence of The Board stressed the importance of securing powers necessary for the attainment of the Gen- a large measure of uniformity in basic employ- eral Assembly's objectives and that these powers ment provisions and personnel requirements included the preservation of the equitable rights among the international agencies if consistent of interested parties arising out of the proceedings recruitment methods and standards were to be of the Tribunal. The Tribunal decided that it formulated. would not as a general rule consider the question The Board then commented in detail on general of granting costs to applicants but that in excep- recruitment policy, promotion policy, international tional cases it might grant compensation for such organization for recruitment qualification stand- costs if they were demonstrated to have been un- ards, the search for candidates, the evaluation of avoidable, if they were reasonable in amount and candidates, and inter-agency transfers and promo- if they exceeded the normal expenses of litigation. tions. In particular, it would not be the policy of the Tribunal to award costs covering fees of legal (2) Recruitment During 1950 counsel with respect to cases which did not in- Recruitment to fill vacancies in the Secretariat volve special difficulties. during 1950 showed evidence of advance along d. JOINT APPEALS BOARD AND JOINT DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE 163 This deals with the termination of appointments due to reduction in force or abolition of posts. The General Assembly, at its fourth session, on 164 See Y.U.N., 1948-49, pp. 918-19. 24 November 1949, adopted resolution 352(IV) 16 5 Ibid. , pp. 163-64. 146 Yearbook of the United Nations many of the main lines recommended by the scheme being approximately 5 per cent of the International Civil Service Advisory Board, and number examined. some progress was made towards the development The report stated that from the inception of of inter-agency machinery for recruitment. The the Fund, withdrawal benefits were paid to 407 Secretariat also co-operated with specialized agen- participants, that up to 31 December 1949 thir- cies on staff transfers in limited areas of skills. teen staff members qualified for retirement bene- Greater emphasis was placed on competitive fits, that widows of two deceased participants selection of candidates, by public advertisements were in receipt of benefits, that benefits were be- in selected newspapers and trade journals, and by ing paid in respect of three children of benefi- notice to learned societies, professional organiza- ciaries and that disability benefits were paid to tions and institutes. Senior staff members travel- two participants. The report added that on the ling on official duty or attached to overseas offices death while in active employment of a participant were increasingly used to investigate the qualifica- who leaves no beneficiary entitled to a benefit, a tions of overseas candidates. The use of Boards benefit equal to the participant's own contribu- and of written examination in selection was also tions to the Fund, with interest, becomes payable extended. to any person whom the beneficiary had desig- nated to receive this benefit. Five such benefits f. UNITED NATIONS JOINT STAFF were paid. PENSION FUND The statement of cash income and disburse- ments (annex A of the report) showed total cash Pursuant to article 35 of the regulations for the receipts of $8,186,890.26 and total disbursements Joint Staff Pension Fund adopted by the Assembly of $266,677.39, leaving an accumulated fund at on 7 December 1948, the United Nations Staff 31 December 1949 of $7,920,212.87. The invest- Pension Committee, acting as the Joint Staff ments of the Fund (annex B of the report) Pension Board, submitted to the fifth regular showed the total value of investments at cost to session of the General Assembly an annual report be $7,818,853.61. The report drew attention to (A/1335) on the operation of the Pension Fund the fact that the investments of the Fund were up to 31 December 1949. made in accordance with the policy laid down by The report indicated that the number of United the Investments Committee, and that the rate of Nations staff members participating actively in yield of the present investments was slightly in the Fund on 31 December 1949 was 3,541, an excess of 2½ per cent per annum. increase of 1,562 members during the year. This The report noted that on 8 May 1950 an agree- increase, it was pointed out, was due mainly to a ment was signed in Geneva by the Secretary-Gen- change in the provisions of the Fund allowing eral of the United Nations and by the Director- staff members to participate upon completion of General of the World Health Organization, pro- one year's service. Since the inception of the Fund viding for the entrance of the latter organization on 27 January 1947 and up to 31 December 1949, into the Joint Staff Pension Fund with effect from 3,980 staff members had entered the fund and 439 1 May 1949. An agreement with the Food and had withdrawn, thus leaving an active member- Agriculture Organization was completed and was ship of 3,541. awaiting formal execution, by which that organi- The United Nations Staff Pension Committee, zation would enter the Fund with effect from in consultation with the Chief Medical Officer of 1 April 1950. It was also stated that negotiations the United Nations, adopted revised medical were well advanced with the United Nations standards for immediate coverage by the insurance Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, provisions of the scheme. These new standards, the International Civil Aviation Organization and the report showed, are closely related to the United the International Labour Office. Nations standards for employment, and the Com- The Fifth Committee at its 237th meeting on mittee agreed that, in normal circumstances, the 2 October, and on its recommendation (A/1449) medical report prepared by the Health Service of the General Assembly at its 302nd plenary meet- the United Nations for employment purposes ing on 3 November, took note of the report should form the basis of the recommendations (453(V)). made to it for insurance purposes. Since the in- On 31 December 1950 the active membership ception of the Fund, 3,838 medical examinations of the Fund was 5,490, an increase of 1,949 mem- were performed in 36 countries, the resulting rate bers during the year, largely owing to the admis- of deferments with respect to benefits under the sion of FAO and ILO during 1950. The total num- Functions and Organization of the United Nations 147

her of members who had entered the Fund since counselling service for travel, vacations, camps its inception in 1947 was 6,536, and the number and schools; and obtained, for some members of of withdrawals for the same period, 1,046. Secretariat families, scholarships to certain schools. g. STAFF WELFARE (3) United Nations Housing Projects (1) Health Service In view of some improvement in the housing situation in the New York area and the move of The Health Service completed its first year of Headquarters to Manhattan, the Secretary-General reorganized activities in June 1950. Under the did not extend the master lease on the United supervision of a medical director, and staffed by a Nations housing project at Great Neck. In the chief medical officer and part-time physicians, the case of the Parkway Village project, an option to service is primarily diagnostic, and staff members renew was exercised, and the master lease will requiring therapy are referred to their private continue until 15 January 1953, with the provision physician. The service has facilities for X-ray and that on 1 October 1952 the United Nations will electro-cardiogram examination and basal metabo- relinquish responsibility for as many apartments lism and laboratory tests; it provided complete as Parkway Village, Inc., can rent directly. physical entrance examinations, periodic examina- tions, general health counselling and first aid. It h. UNITED NATIONS INTERNE PROGRAMMES recommended standards for such public health aspects of the working environment of the Secre- The United Nations interne programme ini- tariat as air conditioning, water and food sani- tiated in July 1947 was continued, three training tation, temperature control and waste disposal. programmes being held during 1950. The first, Immunizations were provided as required and from 3 April to 27 May, was attended by 23 in- physical examinations were given to personnel ternes who were national civil servants or officials assigned to and returning from missions. The ad- of international organizations; its specific purpose vice and assistance of the Service were available was to study the working methods and procedures for recommendations affecting standards for ad- of the Secretariat. mission to full Staff Pension benefits, the review- The second programme, during the summer, ing of health insurance plans, and socio-medical was attended by 44 students and had the same schemes of interest to the Secretariat. purpose. Eight internes were supported by indi- (2) Volunteer Services vidual scholarships from educational and other The Volunteer Services continued to be staffed organizations. The programme was held in two by part-time volunteers under the direction of a sections: one at the Geneva Office, 25 June- United Nations staff member. The programme of 17 August, to enable eleven students who were the Volunteer Services is designed to help staff particularly interested in the work of the Eco- members adjust to their new environment, to de- nomic and Social Council to attend the Coun- velop understanding among the staff as well as cil's eleventh session; the other at Lake Success, between the staff and families in the United 10 July-1 September. States, and to provide Secretariat members with The third programme, from 18 September to information and assistance with regard to educa- 11 November, was attended by 24 internes com- tional facilities and vacation travel. Volunteer prising national civil servants or officials of inter- Services, among other things, arranged visits by national organizations. Its primary purpose was to Secretariat members as guests in private homes in study the working methods and procedures of the various communities for week-ends and vacations, General Assembly. with transportation the only expense; obtained By the end of 1950, at least one interne from free tickets or tickets at a discount for concerts, each Member country except seven had taken part the opera and other entertainments; maintained a in the United Nations interne programmes. ANNEX: PRINCIPAL MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARIAT (as of 31 December 1950) Secretary-General: TRYGVE LIE Director for Co-ordination of Specialized Agencies and Economic and Social Matters: Martin W. Hill EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL Acting Director of Library: Edouard Reitman Executive Assistant to the Secretary-General: DEPARTMENT OF SECURITY COUNCIL AFFAIRS Andrew W. Cordier Assistant Secretary-General: Constantin E. Zinchenko 148 Yearbook of the United Nations

Principal Director:166 Dragoslav Protitch Director of the New Centre: B. Leitgeber Director of General Political Division: Director of the Paris Centre: Rubens Borba de Moraes Alfonso Garcia Robles Director of the Prague Centre: Olav Rytter DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS Director of the Rio de Janeiro Centre: Paul Vanorden Shaw Assistant Secretary-General: A. David K. Owen Director of the Shanghai Centre: Henri Fast Principal Director: (Vacant) Director of the Sydney Centre: William McNamara Director of Division of Economic Stability and Develop- Director of the Teheran Centre: Abdollah Faryar ment: David Weintraub Officer in Charge of the Warsaw Centre: Director of Fiscal Division: Henry Bloch Mrs. Zofia Rutkowska Director of Division of Transport and Communications: Director of the Washington Centre: Arthur Sweetser Branko Lukac Director of Statistical Office: William R. Leonard LEGAL DEPARTMENT Secretary of the Economic and Social Council: Assistant Secretary-General: Ivan S. Kerno Gilbert E. Yates General Counsel and Top-Ranking Director: ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Abraham H. Feller Deputy Director of General Legal Division: Executive Secretary: Gunnar Myrdal Oscar Schachter ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE FAR EAST Director of Division for the Development and Executive Secretary: Palamadai S. Lokanathan Codification of International Law: Yuen-li Liang Director of Division of Immunities and Treaties: ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA C. Stavropoulos Executive Secretary: Paul Prebisch CONFERENCE AND GENERAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS Assistant Secretary-General: Shamaldharee Lall Assistant Secretary-General: Henri Laugier167 168 Principal Director: David B. Vaughan Principal Director: Mrs. Alva Myrdal Director of Bureau of General Services: Byron F. Wood Director of Division of Human Rights: Director of Telecommunications Services Division: John P. Humphrey H. B. Rantzen Director of Division of Narcotic Drugs: Leon Steinig Director of Purchase and Transportation Division: Director of Population Division: P. K. Whelpton F. A. Mapes 169 Director of Social Welfare Division: J. C. van Heuven Director of Bureau of Documents: Georges Peissel TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION Director of Documents Control Division: Charles H. Le Bosquet Director-General: Hugh L. Keenleyside Director of Language Services Division: Honorio Roigt Deputy Director-General: Gustavo Martínez Cabañas Director, Training Division: C. M. Fonck Director of Publishing Division: David Zablodowsky ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT OF TRUSTEESHIP AND INFORMATION FROM NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES Assistant Secretary-General: Byron Price Assistant Secretary-General: Victor Hoo Director of Planning, Headquarters Planning Office: Top-Ranking Director and Director of Division of Wallace K. Harrison Director of Bureau of Finance: Hans C. Andersen Trusteeship: Ralph J. Bunche Director of Bureau of Personnel: Georges Palthey Director of Division of Information from Non-Self- Director of Buildings Management Service: Governing Territories: Wilfrid Benson Frank M. Begley DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INFORMATION Director of Health Service: Frank A. Calderone Assistant Secretary-General: Benjamin Cohen Director of Inspection Service: Frode Hansen Principal Director: Tor Gjesdal EUROPEAN OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Director of Press and Publications Bureau: GENEVA Wilder Foote Director representing the Secretary-General: Director of Radio Division: Peter Aylen WLADIMIR MODEROW Acting Director of Films and Visual Information Divi- sion: Jan G. Lindstrom UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION Director of Special Services: W. Bryant Mumford170 FOR PALESTINE Director of Overseas Services: V. J. G. Stavridi Principal Secretary: Pablo de Azcarate INFORMATION CENTRES CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE UNITED NATIONS TRUCE Director of the Belgrade Centre: Milan Hofman SUPERVISION ORGANIZATION IN PALESTINE Director of the Buenos Aires Centre: Enrique Loudet Maj.-General William E. Riley Director of the Cairo Centre: Rahat Bokhari Director of the Copenhagen Centre: 166 Also in charge of the Administrative and General Viggo A. Christensen Division, the Atomic Energy Commission Group and Director of the Geneva Centre: Jerzy Szapiro the Armaments and Enforcement Measures Section. Director of the London Centre: George Ivan Smith 167 M. Laugier left his position on 21 April 1951. Director of the Mexico City Centre: Rafael A. Fusoni 168 Mrs. Myrdal left her position on 31 Dec. 1950. Director of the Monrovia (Liberia) Centre: 169 Julia Henderson was appointed Director of the R. de Roussy de Sales Division of Social Welfare on 11 Feb. 1951. Director of the Centre: L. I. Pavlov 170 Died 28 Jan. 1951. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 149

UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION FOR THE UNIFICATION PALESTINE REFUGEES IN THE NEAR EAST AND REHABILITATION OF KOREA 171 Director: Maj.-General Howard Kennedy Principal Secretary: C. Stavropoulos UNITED NATIONS COMMISION FOR ERITREA Principal Secretary: Petrus J. Schmidt UNITED NATIONS KOREAN RECONSTRUCTION AGENCY172 UNITED NATIONS COMMISSIONER IN LIBYA Principal Secretary of United Nations Mission in Libya: UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE Thomas F. Powers, Jr. BALKANS Principal Secretary: Raoul Aglion UNITED NATIONS ADVISORY COUNCIL FOR THE TRUST TERRITORY OF SOMALILAND UNDER ITALIAN UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION FOR INDONESIA ADMINISTRATION Principal Secretary: J. A. Romanos Principal Secretary: Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY- UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S GENERAL IN KOREA EMERGENCY FUND Col. Alfred G. Katzin Executive Director: Maurice Pate

H. BUDGETARY ARRANGEMENTS

1. Financial Reports and Accounts; The Advisory Committee reported that the Reports of the Board of Auditors Board of Auditors, in a memorandum submitted separately to the Committee, had noted "further a. UNITED NATIONS: YEAR 1949 commendable improvements in accounting proce- dures not only at Headquarters, but also at the The Board of Auditors submitted a report European Office and The Hague". (A/1256) to the fifth session of the General With respect to the compensating of overtime Assembly covering the United Nations financial work by payment, the Advisory Committee urged year ended 31 December 1949. The report showed that "every effort be made to secure that a far that the General Assembly by resolution 252 A larger proportion of overtime is dealt with on (III) had appropriated $43,487,128 for 1949, the basis of compensatory time", and suggested and had revised this amount downward to that consideration should be given to an extension $43,204,080 by resolution 354(IV) of 9 Decem- of the period during which compensatory time ber 1949. Obligations incurred during the period could be granted. totalled $42,575,367.77 (of which $3,538,346.03 To ensure consistency in the accounting meth- was unliquidated at 31 December 1949), thus ods of the United Nations, the Advisory Commit- showing savings amounting to $628,712.23, less tee concurred in the recommendation of the Board $57,497.75, the amount by which miscellaneous of Auditors that the financial rule providing that income realized during the year fell short of the miscellaneous income be credited to the account related estimates. The accounts for the year 1949 of the financial year in which it is received should thus showed an excess of income over obligations be revised in order to provide that such revenue incurred amounting to $571,214.48. This amount be treated as an appropriation in aid of the year had been carried over to the surplus account. in which it is earned. The balance on surplus account as at 31 De- In view of the serious budgetary consequences, cember 1949 was $2,745,174.92. Of this amount the Advisory Committee recommended that the $1,961,010 was applied in reduction of Members' trend towards a duplication of services as reported assessments for the year 1950, leaving a balance by the Board of Auditors be the subject of special of $784,164.92 available for application against study by the Administrative Committee on Co- assessments for the year 1951. ordination. In accordance with its terms of reference, the The Advisory Committee stated that the Audit- Advisory Committee on Administrative and Bud- ors had drawn its attention to the need for a for- getary Questions examined the report of the Board of Auditors. In its second report of 1950 to the 171 Resigned effective 30 June 1951; succeeded by General Assembly (A/1312), the Advisory Com- John B. Blanford, Jr. 172 mittee submitted a number of observations on the J. Donald Kingsley was designated Agent-General of the United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency report of the Board of Auditors. on 7 Feb. 1951. 150 Yearbook of the United Nations mal definition of "group hospitality" as one of the audit (A/1336) of the accounts of the Fund for categories of hospitality which might be charged the year ended 31 December 1949, which had to appropriations. The Committee accordingly re- been carried out by the Board of Auditors of the quested the Secretary-General to submit to it a United Nations. comprehensive report on the subject, including The report of the Board of Auditors (A/1336) proposals concerning hospitality expenditures had been considered by the Advisory Committee which might properly be charged to the hospi- on Administrative and Budgetary Questions tality account. (A/1413). The Advisory Committee called to the General The report showed that income received by the Assembly's attention a suggestion of the Board of Fund during 1949 amounted (in round figures) Auditors that, in view of the increase of construc- to $39,900,000 (exclusive of matching contribu- tion costs, the Assembly might reconsider whether tions made by the United States after the end of the approved figure of $65,000,000 for the con- 1949) against a corresponding figure for 1948 of struction of the United Nations Headquarters was $59,000,000. Expenditure in 1949 amounted to still adequate to complete the work to the satis- $46,858,000 as against $31,480,000 in 1948. The faction of United Nations Members. Board of Auditors had called attention in its re- The Fifth Committee at its 237th meeting on port to the heavy expenditure incurred by the 2 October 1950 considered the reports of the Fund for the insurance of commodities in transit Board of Auditors and the Advisory Committee and in warehouses overseas and had proposed that and a note by the Secretary-General (A/1398) the Fund consider establishing a self-insurance pertaining to the report of the Board of Auditors. scheme. This recommendation was supported by the The Committee noted that corrective action Advisory Committee, which considerd that provi- had been taken by the Secretary-General with re- sion for such a scheme might be made through an gard to a number of points raised in the report of appropriation of an amount equivalent to the cost the Board of Auditors. It noted also the assurance of commercial insurance. The Committee was in- given on behalf of the Secretary-General that formed that the Board's other recommendations efforts would be continued, in consultation with had already been acted upon by the Administra- the Advisory Committee and with the Adminis- tion of the Fund. trative Committee on Co-ordination, to eliminate The Fifth Committee, at its 237th meeting on duplication of services on the basis of the propo- 2 October 1950, considered the financial report sals advanced by the Board of Auditors. In its and accounts of UNICEF (A/1336), the report report (A/1446) to the General Assembly the by the Board of Auditors (A/1336) and the ob- Committee recorded appreciation of the manner servations of the Advisory Committee (A/1413). in which the Auditors had consistently discharged In the course of discussion of the Auditors' re- their important responsibilities. On the proposal port, several representatives supported the recom- mendation of the Advisory Committee that the of its chairman it unanimously adopted a draft resolution which was adopted by the Assembly at Administration of the Fund should give further its 302nd plenary meeting on 3 November, by 58 consideration to the Auditors' proposal concerning the establishment of a self-insurance scheme for votes to none, with 1 abstention, as resolution 450(V). It read as follows: commodities in transit and in warehouses over- seas. Doubt was expressed by some members of The General Assembly the Fifth Committee that such a scheme would, in 1. Accepts the financial report and accounts of the fact, be of a real advantage at this stage; accord- United Nations for the financial year ended 31 Decem- ber 1949, and the certificate of the Board of Auditors; ingly, it was urged that the situation should be 2. Concurs in the observations of the Advisory Com- carefully reviewed before any change in existing mittee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions with insurance arrangements was decided upon. The respect to the report of the Board of Auditors. Committee was informed, on behalf of the Ad- b. UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL ministration of the Fund, that the recommendation CHILDREN'S EMERGENCY FUND: of the Advisory Committee would be brought to YEAR 1949 the attention of the Executive Board of the Fund. The draft resolution unanimously adopted by In accordance with resolution 57(1) establish- the Committee (A/1447) was adopted by the ing the United Nations Children's Emergency General Assembly at its 302nd plenary meeting Fund (UNICEF), the Secretary-General submit- on 3 November, without discussion, by 53 votes ted to the fifth session of the Assembly an annual to none, as resolution 451(V), as follows: Functions and Organization of the United Nations 151

The General Assembly cases, relating mainly to petty cash, represented an 1. Accepts the financial report and accounts of the inconsiderable amount. United Nations International Children's Emergency The Fifth Committee considered, at its 237th Fund for the financial year ended 31 December 1949, and the certificate of the Board of Auditors; meeting held on 2 October 1950, the financial re- 2. Takes note of the observations of the Advisory port and accounts of UNRPR, the report of the Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions Board of Auditors (A/1354) and the observa- with respect to the report of the Board of Auditors. tions of the Advisory Committee (A/1414). There was no discussion on these reports, and, c. UNITED NATIONS RELIEF FOR PALESTINE on the Committee's recommendation (A/1448), REFUGEES: THE PERIOD 1 DECEMBER 1948 unanimously adopted, the General Assembly, at its TO 30 APRIL 1950 302nd plenary meeting on 3 November, adopted without discussion, by 56 votes to none, resolution In accordance with the provisional regulations 452(V), as follows: for the administration and supervision of the The General Assembly Palestine Refugee Fund, the Board of Auditors 1. Accepts the financial report and accounts of the submitted to the fifth session of the General As- United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees for the sembly a report (A/1354) on the audit of the period 1 December 1948 to 30 April 1950, and the cer- accounts maintained by the United Nations Relief tificate of the Board of Auditors; for Palestine Refugees (UNRPR) for the period 2. Takes note of the report of the Advisory Com- mittee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions with 1 December 1948 to 30 April 1950. The report respect to the report of the Board of Auditors. was examined by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions which submitted its observations on it to the General 2. Supplementary Estimates for the Assembly (A/1414). Financial Year 1950 The statement of Income and Expenditure for In a report (A/C.5/409 & Corr.1) to the fifth the period under review showed that total income session of the General Assembly, the Secretary- amounted to $36,471,894, against a total expendi- General recalled that the Assembly, by resolution ture of $39,115,975, or an excess of expenditure 356(IV), had approved appropriations of $49,- over income of $2,644,081. 641,773 to meet the expenses of the Organization As from 30 April 1950, the assets and liabilities for the financial year 1950. This total included an of the Palestine Refugee Fund were transferred to appropriation of $8,000,000 for the establishment the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for of a permanent international régime for the Jeru- Palestine Refugees in the Near East. On that date, salem area and for the protection of the Holy advances outstanding from the Working Capital Places. As no commitments had so far been Fund of the United Nations to finance opera- entered into for this purpose and no call for tions of the Agency, under the terms of paragraph payment had been made on Member States, the 14 of General Assembly resolution 302(IV), Secretary-General proposed that this amount amounted to $4,500,000. The Advisory Commit- should be cancelled. This would bring the budget tee was informed that of this amount, $2,000,000 appropriation for 1950 to $41,641,773. had since been repaid and liquidation of the The Secretary-General submitted supplementary balance of $2,500,000 was expected in the near estimates grossing $3,043,100 to cover additional future. requirements not contemplated in the original The agreements with the three operational budget estimates. A saving of $164,100 was, how- agencies which are responsible for the implemen- ever, anticipated on the original 1950 appropria- tation of UNRPR relief programmes in the field tion and, accordingly, a supplementary appropria- provided that the audit of accounts maintained by tion was requested only for an amount of the agencies should be performed by accredited $2,879,000. auditors of their own appointment. Of this total, an amount of $1,117,000 was re- Certain irregularities in the field accounts were quired for reimbursement of national income taxes brought to the notice of the Board of Auditors. paid by staff members in respect of income re- In a few cases, supporting vouchers were not pro- ceived from the United Nations during 1950 or duced or were found to be incomplete. The Ad- in respect of prior years for which reimbursement visory Committee, however, understood that these had not previously been made. 152 Yearbook of the United Nations

SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATES, 1950 (See General Assembly resolution 468(V), page 154)

AMOUNT APPROPRIATED AS ADJUSTED SUPPLEMENTARY UNDER PARA- APPROPRIATION, GRAPH 4 OF INCREASE OR REVISED RESOLUTION decrease AMOUNTS OF 356 (IV) (italic figures) APPROPRIATION

Section A. UNITED NATIONS PART I. SESSIONS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, THE COUNCILS, COMMISSIONS AND COMMITTEES 1. The General Assembly and commissions and commit- tees thereof ...... $1,171,825 $ 106,000 $1,277,825 2. The Security Council and commissions and committees thereof ...... 112,100 112,100 3. The Economic and Social Council and commissions and committees thereof ...... 275,720 275,720 (a) Permanent Central Opium Board and Drug Super- visory Body ...... 36,750 36,750 (b) Regional economic commissions ...... 47,390 10,000 37,390 4. The Trusteeship Council and commissions and com- mittees thereof ...... 176,415 9,400 167.015 TOTAL, PART I ...... 1,820,200 86,600 1,906,800

PART II. SPECIAL CONFERENCES, INVESTIGATIONS AND INQUIRIES 5. Special conferences ...... 115,600 31,700 83,900 6. Investigations and inquiries ...... 3,410,200 770,000 4,180,200 (a) United Nations Field Service ...... 337,000 337,000 TOTAL, PART II ...... 3,862,800 738,300 4,601,100

PART III. HEADQUARTERS, NEW YORK 7. Executive Office of the Secretary-General ...... 510,930 510,930 (a) Library ...... 449,370 449,370 8. Department of Security Council Affairs ...... 793,120 23,000 770,120 9. Military Staff Committee secretariat ...... 128,800 5,000 123,800 10. Department of Economic Affairs ...... 2,330,840 20,000 2,310,840 11. Department of Social Affairs ...... 1,618,050 10,000 1,608,050 12. Department for Trusteeship and Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories ...... 916,310 916,310 13. Department of Public Information ...... 3,274,280 3,274,280 14. Department of Legal Affairs ...... 519,140 519,140 15. Conference and General Services ...... 7,496,020 40,000 7,456,020 16. Administrative and Financial Services ...... 2,887,360 2,887,360 17. Common staff costs ...... 3,987,920 1,117,000 5,104,920 18. Common services ...... 2,099,900 78,400 2,178,300 (a) Transfer to the permanent Headquarters ...... 484,700 484,700 19. Permanent equipment ...... 223,920 327,000 550,920 TOTAL, PART III ...... 27,235,960 1,909,100 29,145,060

PART IV. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT GENEVA 20. United Nations Office at Geneva (excluding direct costs, chapter III, secretariat of the Permanent Central Opium Board and Drug Supervisory Body) ...... 4,134,830 125,900 4,260,730 Chapter III, the secretariat (direct costs) of the Per- manent Central Opium Board and Drug Supervisory Body ...... 53,270 53,270 TOTAL, PART IV ...... 4,188,100 125,900 4,314,000 Functions and Organization of the United Nations 153

AMOUNT APPROPRIATED AS ADJUSTED SUPPLEMENTARY UNDER PARA- APPROPRIATION, GRAPH 4 OF INCREASE OR REVISED RESOLUTION decrease AMOUNTS OF 356 (iv) (italic figures) APPROPRIATION

Section PART V. INFORMATION CENTRES 21. Information centres (other than information services, United Nations Office at Geneva) ...... $746,520 $15,000 $731,520 TOTAL, PART V ...... 746,520 15,000 731,520

PART VI. REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS (other than the Economic Commission for Europe) 22. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East . . . . 765,840 13,000 778,840 23. Economic Commission for Latin America ...... 506,530 6,600 513,130 TOTAL, PART VI ...... 1,272,370 19,600 1,291,970 PART VII. HOSPITALITY 24. Hospitality ...... 20,000 20,000 TOTAL, PART VII ...... 20,000 20,000

PART VIII. TECHNICAL PROGRAMMES 25. Advisory social welfare functions ...... 601,500 601,500 (a) Technical assistance for economic development . . 508,420 508,420 (b) International centre for training in public ad- ministration ...... 133,000 133,000 (c) Technical assistance administration ...... 127,020 127,020 TOTAL, PART VIII ...... 1,369,940 1,369,940

PART IX. SPECIAL EXPENSES 26. Transfer of the assets of the League of Nations to the United Nations ...... 533,768 533,768 TOTAL, PART IX ...... 533,768 533,768

B. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE PART X. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 27. The International Court of Justice ...... 592,115 14,500 606,615 TOTAL, PART X ...... 592,115 14,500 606,615 GRAND TOTAL ...... $41,641,773 $2,879,000 $44,520,773

The remainder of the supplementary estimates Expenses to be incurred in 1950 as a result of advance procurement of equipment for ($1,762,000) covered various items for which which equivalent amounts would be deleted provision was not made in the 1950 budget, in from the 1951 budget estimates ...... 315,000 particular: Expenses incurred in 1950 in connexion with Additional outlay in connexion with Korea the move to the permanent Headquarters 484,700 and Libya ...... $770,000 The Advisory Committee on Administrative Extra costs of holding the eleventh session of and Budgetary Questions, in its report (A/1583) the Economic and Social Council in Geneva 157,800 to the Assembly on the supplementary estimates, Unbudgeted expenses incurred by the Interna- concurred in the proposal that the $8,000,000 ap- tional Court of Justice (for ad hoc judges) propriated for 1950 for the establishment of a in the Colombian—Peruvian Asylum dispute 14,500 Costs of holding conferences on tin and permanent international régime for the Jerusalem grain at Geneva ...... 74,000 area should be cancelled. 154 Yearbook of the United Nations

As regards Korea, the Advisory Committee, plan,173 ample time had elapsed for the Member while not proposing a reduction in the estimate, States concerned to make appropriate arrange- considered that there was scope for a substantial ments in the matter. He stated further that, for economy during 1951 in various accounts, and reasons which had been given in the First Com- particularly in those relating to the operation of mittee, it would be necessary for his delegation a chartered aircraft, the purchase of motor vehicles to vote against the supplementary appropriations and the travelling and subsistence expenses of requested in connexion with the United Nations staff members. The Committee suggested that a Commission on Korea and the Office of the United high official of the Secretariat should be assigned Nations Commissioner in Libya. The Fifth Com- during 1951 to make a thorough inspection of the mittee accordingly agreed to take separate votes offices of the United Nations Commission for the on these particular items with the following re- Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea, the Mis- sults: sion to India and Pakistan and possibly of other Advisory Committee's recommendation for a supple- United Nations Missions to see that the expendi- mentary appropriation of $770,000 in connexion ture was adequately controlled and that adminis- with Korea and Libya: adopted by 34 votes to 4, trative arrangements were not in excess of actual with 1 abstention Advisory Committee's recommendation for a supple- requirements. mentary appropriation of $1,117,000 in respect of The Committee also considered that savings reimbursement of national income taxes: adopted by might be effected in the figures for the United 31 votes to 4, with 4 abstentions Nations mission in Libya and for the ad hoc meet- Remaining supplementary appropriations, as recom- ing on grain, since that meeting had been shorter mended by the Advisory Committee: approved unan- imously than anticipated. The Advisory Committee, while recommending The Fifth Committee's report (A/1677) was approval of a supplementary appropriation for the considered by the General Assembly at its 324th purpose of reimbursing advances made from the plenary meeting on 14 December 1950. The As- Working Capital Fund in respect of allowances sembly adopted, without discussion, by 48 votes paid to ad hoc judges of the International Court to 5, the draft resolution proposed by the Com- of Justice, pointed out that savings might result mittee as its resolution 468(V), as follows: under the budget section dealing with salaries and The General Assembly expenses of the Registry of the Court through an Resolves that for the financial year 1950: appropriate adjustment of the salary differential. 1. The amount of $US 49,641,773, appropriated by In this connexion, attention was called to the fact resolution 356(IV) adopted on 10 December 1949, is that, pending the completion of a cost-of-living reduced by $8,000,000 through the cancellation of the appropriation for the establishment of a permanent survey at The Hague, a provisional rate of minus- international régime for the Jerusalem area and protec- 15 per cent had been applied since 1 January tion of the Holy Places: 1950 to the salaries of the Registrar and the per- 2. The residual amount of $41,641,773 appropriated manent staff of the Court, but the result of the by the said resolution is increased by $2,879,000 as survey had indicated that the cost of living at follows: [see table on pages 152-53]. The Hague was approximately 32 per cent lower 3. Miscellaneous income to be appropriated in aid of the above expenditure under paragraph 2 of resolution than at Headquarters. The Advisory Committee 356(IV) is estimated at $5,091,740. was of the opinion that early action should be taken in this matter. 3. Budget of the United Nations The Fifth Committee considered this question for 1951 at its 275th meeting held on 5 December 1950. It concurred in the suggestion of the Advisory Com- a. GENERAL BUDGETARY PROVISIONS mittee that a high official of the Secretariat inspect The Secretary-General submitted to the fifth various United Nations missions in the field and session of the General Assembly budget estimates took note of the other observations made by the for 1951 (A/1267), totalling $45,450,800, with Advisory Committee. an income estimated at $6,007,500, leaving a net The representative of the USSR expressed the expenditure for the year of $39,443,300. The objection of his delegation to the provision of amount of $45,450,800 for 1951 compared with funds for reimbursement of national income taxes an approved budget of $41,641,773 for the year on the grounds that this expenditure was properly 1950 (exclusive of $8,000,000 specifically pro- chargeable to only a few and that, since the adop- tion by the United Nations of a staff assessment 173 See Y.U.N., 1948-49, pp. 903-4. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 155 vided for an international régime for Jerusalem), III. Headquarters, New and a total expenditure of $42,575,368 for the York (includes transfer to perma- year 1949. nent Headquarters in The Secretary-General reported that the major 1951) ...... 29,056,300 26,477,970 portion of the increase for 1951 over 1950 was IV. United Nations Office accounted for by certain items of expenditure to at Geneva (includes which the General Assembly was already com- Office of the High Commissioner for mitted. These items included: Refugees in 1951) . . 4,676,600 4,113,910 First instalment on the $65,000,000 Head- V. Information Centres quarters loan ...... $1,000,000 (excluding Informa- Increase in the payment for League of Na- tion Services, Gene- tions assets ...... 116,000 va) ...... 871,600 794,520 Remodelling of the Library building at VI. Regional economic permanent Headquarters ...... 500,000 commissions (other Moving expenses, Lake Success to Manhattan 537,000 than Economic Com- Increase of Headquarters maintenance in mission for Europe) 1,338,800 1,182,100 the new location ...... 800,000 VII. Hospitality ...... 40,000 20,000 The refugee programme approved for 1951 VIII. Contractual printing . 2,015,900 1,841,700 by the fourth session of the General As- IX. Technical pro- sembly ...... 300,000 grammes ...... 1,234,900 1,232,490 An important new feature in the estimates for X. Special expenses . . . 1,649,500 533,768 1951, the Secretary-General reported, was the pre- XL International Court sentation of personnel costs on the basis of the of Justice ...... 624,800 592,115 salary and allowance system recommended by the TOTAL 174 Committee of Experts on Salary, Allowance and $45,450,800 $41,641,773 Leave Systems which he had appointed in accor- The increase for the Secretariat at Headquarters dance with the request of the General Assembly (part III) was largely due to the move to the in 1948. The main recommendations of that permanent site. Otherwise, a certain amount of Committee were accepted on the assumption that stabilization had been achieved. Excluding the the plan in general would be acceptable to the Buildings Management Service, the number of General Assembly. Application of the new scheme established posts would be decreased by eleven. in 1951 would effect some savings in net costs. No change was proposed in the number of In- There were two major decreases in the estimates formation Centres, and the public information as compared with the 1950 appropriations. One programme generally remained the same. In the concerned the international régime for Jerusalem, case of the Economic Commission for Asia and for which no provision was requested pending the Far East, it seemed necessary to continue in consideration by the General Assembly of the 1951 the extra posts required by the decision of action to be taken. The other was a reduction of the tenth session of the Economic and Social around $880,000 in the interim estimate for in- Council concerning expansion of activities in the vestigations and inquiries. Detailed estimates in fields of inland transport and technical assistance. this respect could be submitted only after neces- Otherwise, the provisions requested for regional sary decisions were made by the General Assembly commissions did not differ markedly from 1950. and the Security Council on the future work of The increase in hospitality costs was an offset the commissions, the Secretary-General declared. for the discontinuance of certain representation The main features of the estimates for 1951 allowances, as recommended by the Committee of were reflected in the following table, which showed Experts. a comparison part-by-part with the 1950 appro- Contractual printing costs, given in part VIII, priations: were about $170,000 higher than the 1950 appro- 1951 1950 priation. Owing to intensified efforts to place con- I. Sessions of the tracts in low-cost areas, the contemplated actual General Assembly, increase in volume of printing was greater than the Councils, Com- the increase in expenditure would indicate. missions and Com- mittees ...... $ 1,142,400 $ 1,173,500 174 II. Investigations and in- Excludes $8,000,000 specifically appropriated for quiries ...... 2,800,000 3,679,700174 an international régime for Jerusalem. 156 Yearbook of the United Nations

BUDGET OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1951 (See General Assembly resolution 471(V), page 158)

Section

A. UNITED NATIONS PART I. SESSIONS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, THE COUNCILS, COMMISSIONS AND COMMITTEES 1. The General Assembly, commissions and committees ...... $2,568,750 2. The Security Council, commissions and committees ...... 3. The Economic and Social Council, commissions and committees ...... $ 502,000 ...... (a) Permanent Central Opium Board and Drug Super- visory Body ...... 22,900 ...... (b) Regional economic commissions ...... 64,000 588,900 4. The Trusteeship Council, commissions and committees ...... 53,600 TOTAL, PART I ...... $ 3,211,250

PART II. INVESTIGATIONS AND INQUIRIES 5. Investigations and inquiries ...... 3,946,800 (a) United Nations Field Service ...... 450,000 TOTAL, PART II ...... 4,396,800

PART III. HEADQUARTERS, NEW YORK 6. Executive Office of the Secretary-General ...... 484,200 ...... (a) Library ...... 450,000 934,200 7. Department of Security Council Affairs ...... 758,700 8. Military Staff Committee secretariat ...... 129,600 9. Technical Assistance Administration ...... 300,000 10. Department of Economic Affairs ...... 2,285,000 11. Department of Social Affairs ...... 1,608,550 12. Department of Trusteeship and Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories ...... 865,000 13. Department of Public Information ...... 2,687,000 14. Department of Legal Affairs ...... 430,000 15. Conference and General Services ...... 7,179,000 16. Administrative and Financial Services ...... 2,920,000 17. Common staff costs ...... 4,366,700 18. Common services ...... 2,810,000 ...... (a) Transfer to the permanent Headquarters ...... 400,000 3,210,000 19. Permanent equipment ...... 302,200 TOTAL, PART III ...... 27,975,950

PART IV. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT GENEVA 20. United Nations Office at Geneva (excluding direct costs, chapter III, secretariat of the Permanent Central Opium Board and Drug Supervisory Body) ...... 4,328,400 ...... Chapter III, joint secretariat of the Permanent Central Opium Board and Drug Supervisory Body ...... 55,200 ...... (a) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ...... 254,000 4,637,600 TOTAL, PART IV ...... 4,637,600 Functions and Organization of the United Nations 157

PART V. INFORMATION CENTRES 21. Information centres (other than information services, United Nations Office at Geneva) ...... $ 840,000 TOTAL, PART V ...... $ 840,000

PART VI. REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS (other than the Economic Commission for Europe) 22. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East ...... 825,000 23. Economic Commission for Latin America ...... 503,800 TOTAL, PART VI ...... 1,328,800

PART VII. HOSPITALITY 24. Hospitality ...... 20,000 TOTAL, PART VII ...... 20,000

PART VIII. CONTRACTUAL PRINTING 25. Official Records (excluding chapter VI, Permanent Central Opium Board and Drug Supervisory Body) . . 875,560 ...... Chapter VI, Permanent Central Opium Board and Drug Supervisory Body ...... 12,440 888,000 26. Publications ...... 962,000 TOTAL, PART VIII ...... 1,850,000

PART IX. TECHNICAL PROGRAMMES 27. Advisory social welfare functions ...... 768,500 28. Technical assistance for economic development ...... 479,400 29. International centre for training in public administration ...... 145,000 TOTAL, PART IX ...... 1,392,900

PART X. SPECIAL EXPENSES 30. Transfer of the assets of the League of Nations to the United Nations ...... 649,500 31. Amortization of the Headquarters construction loan...... 1,000,000 TOTAL, PART X ...... 1,649,500

B. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE PART XI. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 32. The International Court of Justice ...... 595,800 TOTAL, PART XI ...... 595,800 ...... 47,898,600

C. SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS PART XII. SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS 33. Global reduction on the provision for established posts ...... 100,000 GRAND TOTAL ...... $47,798,600 158 Yearbook of the United Nations

The Fifth Committee (at its 238th-252nd, The draft resolution suggested in the Fifth 256th, 258th, 259th, 263rd-267th, 269th-271st Committee's report (A/1734) was adopted by and 275th-282nd meetings on 3-5, 10, 12, 13, the Assembly at its 326th plenary meeting on 15 17-20, 27 and 31 October; 3, 9, 14, 17, 20, 24, 28 December, by 50 votes to none, with 5 absten- and 29 November; and 5-7, and 11-13 December tions. 1950) considered the budget estimates of the The USSR representative, explaining the reason United Nations for the financial year 1951, as for his abstention, stated that the budget appro- submitted by the Secretary-General and reviewed priations for the financial year 1951 provided by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and appropriations for measures carried out in viola- Budgetary Questions. tion of the Charter of the United Nations. He The various sections of the budget were ap- declared that his delegation pointed out, in the proved by the Committee by varying votes. At its discussion of these matters in the various Com- 282nd meeting on 13 December 1950, the Com- mittees, that the Committee on the Balkans, the mittee decided to recommend approval of esti- Korean Commission, the Interim Committee and mates in the total amount of $47,798,600, repre- the United Nations Field Service were set up in senting an increase of $6,156,827 over the sum violation of the terms of the Charter, and it op- appropriated for 1950 (exclusive of $8,000,000 posed the appropriations for these bodies. Further- for the establishment of an International Régime more, the USSR delegation opposed any appro- for Jerusalem). At the same meeting, the Com- priations for the Palestine Commission and sug- mittee approved an estimate of miscellaneous in- gested that that body be terminated since it had come of $6,521,000 to be applied as an offset not carried out the tasks devolving upon it, name- against estimated 1951 expenditure for the pur- ly, conciliation between the parties and achieve- pose of assessment of contributions from Member ment of a settlement. The USSR delegation also States to the sixth annual budget. Estimated net opposed appropriations for the Office of the High expenditure for 1951 would thus amount to Commissioner for Refugees as well as appropria- $41,277,600, or $4,756,117 more than the corre- tions to meet the expenditures connected with the sponding figure for 1950. maintenance of these refugees and stateless per- This amount would be subject to adjustments sons, because all these measures were designed to estimated as follows: preclude the repatriation of these refugees and to (a) Supplementary appropria- hold them in the countries to which they were tion for the financial year 1950 $2,879,000 deported by force. (b) Adjustment consequent upon overestimating the miscel- The Soviet representative went on to state that laneous income for the financial he had also abstained in the vote on the budget year 1949 ...... 57,497 for 1951 because the total figure exceeded by more than $4,000,000 the budget which was confirmed $2,936,497 LESS: for 1950 at the last session of the General Assem- (c) Contribution resulting from bly. The USSR delegation, he explained, felt that the assessment of a new Member the amount approved for 1950 would be quite State (Indonesia) ...... $ 73,100 enough to ensure the smooth functioning of the (d) Appropriation surrendered or to be surrendered under Fi- United Nations in 1951. The budget for 1951, nancial Regulations 4.3 and 4.4: he emphasized, was an inflated one and was not (i) Savings on prior year's warranted by the "true and genuine requirements appropriations as indica- of the United Nations". ted in the financial report for 1949 ...... 841,662 The resolution adopted (471(V)) read as fol- (ii) Savings during 1950 in lows: liquidating prior year's obligations ...... 470,000 1,384,762 The General Assembly Resolves that for the financial year 1951: TOTAL ...... $1,551,735 1. Appropriations totalling $US47,798,600 are here- As a result of these adjustments assessment of by voted for the following purposes: [see table on contributions from Member States for the finan- pages 156-57]. cial year 1951 would amount, if appropriations 2. The appropriations voted by paragraph 1 above were approved as recommended, to $42,829,335, shall be financed by contributions from Members after adjustment as provided by the Financial Regulations. as compared with $36,521,483 for 1950, or an in- For this purpose, miscellaneous income for the financial crease of $6,307,852. year 1951 is estimated at $US6,521,000; Functions and Organization of the United Nations 159

3. The Secretary-General is authorized: (a) That compensation be paid solely to those mem- (i) To administer as a unit the appropriations pro- bers of commissions, committees or similar bodies whose vided under section 3 (a), section 20, chapter III, and service to the Organization is recognized to the extent section 25, chapter VI; that they receive subsistence allowance from the Organi- (ii) With the prior concurrence of the Advisory zation; Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, (b) That compensation be payable only in the event to transfer credits between sections of the budget; of injury or death attributable to service with the United 4. In addition to the appropriations voted by para- Nations, eligibility under this paragraph to be deter- graph 1 above, an amount of $US14,000 is hereby mined in accordance with the definition set out by the appropriated for the purchase of books, periodicals, Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary maps and library equipment, from the income of the Questions in paragraph 342 (1) of document A/1312; Library Endowment Fund, in accordance with the ob- (c) That the maximum compensation to be paid to jects and provisions of the endowment. a claimant will be $25,000, to be awarded in case of death or total disability; b. COMPENSATION TO MEMBERS OF COMMIS- 2. Instructs the Secretary-General to follow, in the SIONS, COMMITTEES OR SIMILAR BODIES settlement of claims, the recommendations of the Advi- sory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Ques- IN CASE OF INJURY OR DEATH tions contained in document A/1312. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions in its second report of c. SUBSISTENCE ALLOWANCES FOR MEMBERS 1950 (A/1312) submitted recommendations to OF COMMISSIONS, COMMITTEES, AND the fifth session of the General Assembly on this OTHER SUBSIDIARY BODIES subject. The Committee's recommendations were In December 1949 the Fifth Committee re- based on proposals submitted to it by the Secre- quested the Secretary-General, in consultation tary-General, which, in turn, had been formulated with the Advisory Committee on Administrative in the light of a system of reparation for death or and Budgetary Questions, to review the adequacy injury affecting staff members and auxiliary per- of the rate of subsistence allowances paid to mem- sonnel (military observers, radio operators, etc.) bers of commissions, committees or other subsi- offered by the Committee of Experts on Salary, diary bodies of the General Assembly and other Allowance and Leave Systems (A/C.5/331). organs of the United Nations and to report to the The question was considered by the Fifth Com- sixth session of the General Assembly taking ac- mittee in connexion with its consideration of the count of such factors as revaluation of currencies budget estimates for 1951. and changes in the cost of living. The compensation plan recommended by the On the basis of facts presented by the Secretary- Advisory Committee provided for payments to General concerning costs of subsistence, both in the members of commissions, committees or similar New York area and in areas away from Head- bodies specified in the plan, who are eligible under quarters where United Nations commissions or the definition of "service-incurred disability" of committees are in session, the Advisory Commit- per diem allowances, costs of medical assistance tee reviewed present subsistence rates and sub- and hospitalization and disability benefits and, in mitted to the General Assembly, in its second the event of death, of funeral and related expenses report of 1950 (A/1312), its recommendations and compensation to dependents. on the matter. The Fifth Committee approved the proposals The Fifth Committee considered these recom- unanimously and without discussion and, on the mendations at its 258th and 259th meetings on Committee's recommendation (A/1508), they 31 October and 4 November 1950. were approved unanimously and without discus- In addition to the Advisory Committee's recom- sion by the General Assembly at its 305th plenary mendations and an accompanying draft resolution meeting on 16 November in resolution 458(V), (A/C.5/L.62), the Fifth Committee had before it as follows: a communication (A/C.5/394) dated 30 October The General Assembly, 1950 from the President of the General Assembly Taking into account the report of the Advisory Com- requesting consideration, in accordance with rule mittee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on 152 of the rules of procedure, of a draft resolu- the problem of compensation to members of commis- tion adopted by the Sixth Committee,175 under sions, committees or similar bodies in cases of injury which members of the International Law Com- or death attributable to service with the United Nations, mission would receive a special allowance—the 1. Approves the following basic points of the com- pensation plan proposed by the Advisory Committee on 175 Administrative and Budgetary Questions: See p. 848. 160 Yearbook of the United Nations amount to be determined by the General Assem- without discussion as resolution 459(V). Its text bly. As regards the amount of such allowance, the was as follows: Fifth Committee was informed that the Sixth The General Assembly Committee had adopted a statement expressing 1. Reaffirms the principles and conditions for pay- "the desire that the special allowance provided for ment of transportation expenses and subsistence allow- in the draft resolution adopted by it on 28 Octo- ances as laid down in resolution 231 (III) of 8 October ber 1950 should be $35 per day". 1948; 2. Agrees that subsistence allowances for members of The Advisory Committee reaffirmed the ac- commissions and committees eligible under resolution cepted principle that the allowances represent 231 (III) meeting at Headquarters should be raised subsistence and not a fee for service. It suggested from $20 to $25 per diem as of 1 January 1951, as that the Assembly reconsider the question of in- recommended by the Advisory Committee on Adminis- cluding, within the common system recommended, trative and Budgetary Questions; all expert bodies the members of which are pre- 3. Agrees that members of commissions and com- mittees meeting away from Headquarters should con- sently eligible for allowances on a differing basis. tinue to receive subsistence allowances of $20 per diem; The Committee recommended that the $20 per 4. Concurs with the recommendation of the Advisory diem rate currently in effect at Headquarters Committee that subsistence allowances for members of should be increased to $25 per diem as of 1 Jan- commissions of inquiry or conciliation meeting away uary 1951 and that the $20 rate at the local cur- from Headquarters should be paid at the local currency equivalent of $20 per diem. rency equivalent should be continued in respect of meetings away from Headquarters. d. EMOLUMENTS OF THE JUDGES AND OF THE The United States representative proposed an REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL amendment (A/C.5/L.64) to provide for an in- COURT OF JUSTICE crease in subsistence allowance for expert bodies At the fifth session of the General Assembly to $35 per diem at Headquarters and $30 per the Fifth Committee considered the question of diem elsewhere. He agreed, however, with the the emoluments of the members and Registrar of Advisory Committee's recommendation that the the International Court of Justice at its 269th, allowance for members of commissions of inquiry 270th and 271st meetings on 24, 28 and 29 No- and conciliation who are representatives of their vember. The Secretary-General had recommended Governments should be maintained at the local (A/C.5/370) that the salaries of the members be currency equivalent of $20 per diem. fixed at $20,000 per year, as from 21 September The amended draft resolution as presented by 1949, while the Advisory Committee recom- the United States (A/C.5/L.64) was rejected by mended that the salaries should be raised from 23 votes to 14, with 3 abstentions. The recommen- 54,000 to 65,000 Netherlands florins and remain dations of the Advisory Committee (A/C.5/L.62) stated in florins. were then approved by 31 votes to none, with 10 The draft resolution submitted by the Secretary- abstentions. General was adopted by the Committee by 27 After considering whether any exceptions to votes to 9, with 2 abstentions, and on the Com- this general rule should be authorized, the Com- mittee's recommendation (A/1734) by the Gen- mittee decided, by 19 votes to 15, with 7 absten- eral Assembly at its 326th plenary meeting on tions, that it was unable to recommend the estab- 15 December by 50 votes to none, with 5 absten- lishment of a special rate of $35 per day as a tions. Its text (474(V)) was as follows: daily subsistence allowance for members of the The General Assembly International Law Commission. As regards the Resolves that the emoluments of the Judges and of special allowance of $10 per diem, in addition to the Registrar of the International Court of Justice shall the normal subsistence allowance of $20, approved be fixed according to the following scale: by the General Assembly in 1949 for members of President: Dollars (US) the Administrative Tribunal, the Committee un- Annual salary ...... 20,000 Special allowance ...... 4,800 derstood that any such previous decisions would Vice-President: be superseded by the draft resolution which it Annual salary ...... 20,000 recommended to the General Assembly. Allowance equivalent to $30 for every day on which he acts as President up The Assembly, at its 314th plenary meeting on to a maximum of $3,000 per annum. 1 December, adopted the resolution recommended Members: by the Committee (A/1538) unanimously and Annual salary ...... 20,000 Functions and Organization of the United Nations 161

Judges referred to in Article 31 of the Statute: The General Assembly Allowance of $35 for each day on which they Resolves that: exercise their functions, plus a daily subsistence allowance as provided for in the Travel and 1. The Working Capital Fund shall be maintained Subsistence Regulations of the International to 31 December 1951 at the amount of $US 20,000,000; Court of Justice. 2. Members shall make advances to the Working Registrar: Capital Fund in accordance with the scale adopted by Salary and related emoluments equivalent to the General Assembly for contributions of Members to those of a Principal Director, adjusted in the sixth annual budget; accordance with such differential as may be 3. There shall be set off against this new allocation applied to the staff of the Registry at The of advances the amounts paid by Members to the Hague. Working Capital Fund for the financial year 1950; provided that, should the advance paid by any Member to the Working Capital Fund for the financial year 4. The Working Capital Fund and 1950 exceed the amount of that Member's advance Unforeseen and Extraordinary Expenses under the provision of paragraph 2 hereof, the excess shall be set off against the amount of contributions payable by that Member in respect of the sixth annual a. WORKING CAPITAL FUND budget, or any previous budget; The Secretary-General proposed to the fifth 4. The Secretary-General is authorized to advance session of the General Assembly (A/1267) that from the Working Capital Fund: (a) Such sums as may be necessary to finance bud- the Working Capital Fund be maintained to 31 getary appropriations pending receipt of contributions, December 1951 at the amount of $20,000,000, sums so advanced shall be reimbursed as soon as receipts and that he be authorized to advance certain sums from contributions are available for the purpose; from the Fund on certain conditions. The Advi- (b) Such sums as may be necessary to finance com- sory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary mitments which may be duly authorized under the pro- visions of the resolution relating to unforeseen and Questions suggested (A/1312) an alteration in extraordinary expenses. The Secretary-General shall make one of these conditions, namely that loans made provision in the budget estimates for reimbursing the to specialized agencies would "normally" be re- Working Capital Fund; payable within two years. This amendment was (c) Such sums as, together with net sums outstand- suggested in view of General Assembly resolution ing for the same purposes, do not exceed $250,000 to continue the revolving fund to finance miscellaneous 358(IV) which had stated that an extension of self-liquidating purchases and activities. Advances in one year should be granted to the Interim Com- excess of the total of $250,000 may be made with the mission of the International Trade Organization prior concurrence of the Advisory Committee on Ad- for the repayment of the 1948 loans. ministrative and Budgetary Questions. The Secretary- General shall submit, with the annual accounts, an ex- In a note to the Fifth Committee (A/C.5/- planation of the outstanding balance of the revolving L.103), the Secretary-General proposed additions funds at the end of each year; to the draft resolution, as recommended by the (d) Loans to specialized agencies and preparatory Advisory Committee, to authorize him, in accor- commissions of agencies to be established by inter- governmental agreement under the auspices of the dance with decisions already taken by the Fifth United Nations to finance their work, pending receipt Committee, to advance from the Fund such sums by the agencies concerned of sufficient contributions as might be necessary: (1) to reimburse staff under their own budgets. In making such loans, which members for national income taxes paid by them; shall normally be repayable within two years, the Sec- (2) for assistance to Palestine refugees (not retary-General shall have regard to the proposed finan- cial resources of the agency concerned, and shall obtain exceeding $5,000,000 and to be repaid by 31 the prior concurrence of the Advisory Committee on December 1951); and (3) for the programme Administrative and Budgetary Questions for any cash of relief and rehabilitation of Korea (up to issues which would increase the aggregate balance out- $1,000,000 and to be repaid by 31 July 1951). standing (including amounts previously advanced and outstanding) at any one time to an amount in excess The Fifth Committee, at its 282nd meeting on of $3,000,000, and for any issue which would increase 13 December, adopted without objection the Ad- the balance outstanding (including amounts previously visory Committee's draft resolution and the added advanced and outstanding) in respect of any one agency to an amount in excess of $1,000,000; provisions suggested by the Secretary-General. (e) Such sums as, together with the sums previously The draft resolution proposed by the Commit- advanced and outstanding for the same purpose, do not tee (A/1734) was adopted by the Assembly at exceed $500,000 to continue the Staff Housing Fund in order to finance advance rental payment, guarantee its 326th plenary meeting on 15 December, with- deposits and working capital requirements for housing out discussion, by 54 votes to none, with 5 absten- the staff of the Secretariat. Such advances shall be re- tions. The resolution (473(V)) read as follows: imbursed to the Working Capital Fund following the 162 Yearbook of the United Nations recovery of rental advances, guarantee deposits and report of 1950 (A/1445) and the Secretary- working capital advances; General's report on advances from the Working (f) Such sums, if any, as may be necessary to reim- Capital Fund and unforeseen and extraordinary burse staff members for national income taxes paid by them in respect of payments received from the United expenses for 1950 (A/1432). Nations during 1951, or in respect of prior years for The Advisory Committee, after calling atten- which reimbursement has not previously been made; tion to its proposal concerning the Working Cap- (g) In consultation with the Advisory Committee ital Fund for 1951 (A/1312), in view of the ex- on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, such sums deemed to be available for this purpose and not exceed- ceptional circumstances underlying the application ing $5,000,000 for assistance to Palestine refugees, to from FAO, recommended that the General Assem- be repaid not later than 31 December 1951 in accord- bly should approve the granting of a loan of ance with the provisions of the resolution adopted by $800,000 subject to repayment within a maximum the General Assembly at its 315th plenary meeting on 2 December 1950; period of four years and to the following condi- (h) In consultation with the Advisory Committee tions: on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, sums up (i) Specific authorization for the loan should be in- to $1,000,000 for the programme of relief and rehabili- cluded in the resolution relating to the Working Capital tation of Korea, repayable by 31 July 1951, these sums Fund (1951) to be adopted by the General Assembly; to include such charges for relief and rehabilitation of (ii) Any balance of the loan outstanding at the end of Korea as may have been incurred by the Working a period of two years from the date of the granting of Capital Fund in 1950 for reimbursement from the the loan should bear interest, at a rate to be agreed special account established in accordance with the provi- between the Secretary-General of the United Nations sions of the resolution adopted by the General Assembly and the Director-General of FAO; at its 314th plenary meeting on 1 December 1950. (iii) The Council of FAO should make every effort to arrange for the repayment of the loan within a shorter b. ADVANCES FROM WORKING CAPITAL term than four years. FUND: APPLICATION OF FAO FOR A FAO subsequently informed the Secretary-Gen- LOAN FROM THE FUND eral that it might be necessary for it to enter into expenditure commitments relating to the transfer In a report dated 22 August 1950 (A/1322), of its headquarters prior to 1951 and that it there- the Secretary-General informed the General As- fore wished to be able to utilize loan monies for sembly of an application from the United Nations this purpose during 1950, should the need arise. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), for In these circumstances and in order that final a loan of $800,000 from the Working Capital decisions regarding the. financing of and arrange- Fund, for the purpose of financing in part the ments for the move might be taken by the FAO costs of the projected transfer of FAO headquar- Conference which was to commence in Washing- ters from Washington to Rome. In transmitting ton on 6 November 1950, the Secretary-General, this request, the Secretary-General called the Gen- with the concurrence of the Chairman of the Ad- eral Assembly's attention to the fact that the con- visory Committee, proposed to the Fifth Commit- ditions relating to loans to specialized agencies tee the adoption of a separate draft resolution had customarily been included in the terms of the (A/C.5/L.51), authorizing him to advance from resolution concerning advances from the Working the Working Capital Fund, as a loan to FAO, Capital Fund and had provided, inter alia, that sums not exceeding $800,000 on terms and condi- such loans should normally be repayable within a tions as recommended by the Advisory Committee. period of two years (see above). FAO, however, Though certain representatives, including those sought authorization to repay the $800,000 re- of the Netherlands and Norway, expressed some quested in equal annual instalments over a four- doubt as to the procedure followed and main- year period commencing with 1951 and the appli- tained that such requests should be considered cation was therefore submitted separately to the together with the resolution on the Working Assembly. The Council of FAO had recommended Capital Fund, no objection was raised with respect that the first charge on the FAO budget for 1951 to the substance of the draft resolution submitted and each of the three following years should be a by the Secretary-General. This was approved by sum of $200,000 for payment of such instalments. the Fifth Committee, after a brief discussion, by The Fifth Committee considered the request of 34 votes to 1, with 5 abstentions. FAO at its 251st meeting on 19 October 1950. In The draft resolution proposed by the Fifth addition to the report of the Secretary-General Committee (A/1498) was adopted by the Gen- (A/1322), it had before it the observations there- eral Assembly at its 305th plenary meeting on on of the Advisory Committee on Administrative 16 November by 48 votes to none, with 6 absten- and Budgetary Questions as set forth in its seventh tions. Its text (457(V)) read as follows: Functions and Organization of the United Nations 163

The General Assembly, representative said that he would abstain from Having considered the request submitted by the Food voting on the proposal "in view of the objections and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to his delegation had made to certain appropriations the Secretary-General for a loan of $800,000 from the which were the subject of the draft resolution Working Capital Fund of the United Nations for the and the Secretary-General's proposal". The Ad- purpose of financing part of the costs of the transfer of the Food and Agriculture Organization from Washing- visory Committee's draft resolution and the Sec- ton, D. C. to Rome, retary-General's proposal were adopted without Desirous of facilitating the work of the Food and further objection by the Fifth Committee. Agriculture Organization, The draft resolution proposed by the Fifth Authorizes the Secretary-General to advance from the Committee (A/1734) was adopted unanimously Working Capital Fund, as a loan to the Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations, sums not by the General Assembly at its 326th plenary exceeding $800,000 to finance the removal of its head- meeting on 15 December as resolution 472(V). quarters to Rome. Such a loan shall be repayable within It read as follows: a maximum period of four years, in annual instalments of not less than $200,000. Interest, at a rate to be The General Assembly determined between the Secretary-General of the United Resolves that, for the financial year 1951, Nations and the Director-General of the Food and The Secretary-General, with the prior concurrence Agriculture Organization, shall be payable on any of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and balance of the loan outstanding at the end of a period Budgetary Questions and subject to the Financial of two years from the date on which the loan is made. Regulations of the United Nations, is authorized to enter into commitments to meet unforeseen and extra- ordinary expenses; provided that the concurrence of c. UNFORESEEN AND EXTRAORDINARY the Advisory Committee shall not be necessary for: EXPENSES (a) Such commitments not exceeding a total of $US 2,000,000 if the Secretary-General certifies that The Secretary-General proposed (A/1267) that they relate to the maintenance of peace and security or the General Assembly authorize him to enter into to urgent economic rehabilitation; commitments to meet unforeseen and extraordin- (b) Such commitments as may be necessary to pro- vide for reasonable expenses for the proposed Economic ary expenses—under certain conditions with the Commission for the Middle East, should the Economic prior concurrence of the Advisory Committee on and Social Council decide that this Commission shall be Administrative and Budgetary Questions. The Ad- created in 1951; visory Committee recommended that no special (c) Such commitments, duly certified by the Presi- provision should be made for commitments relat- dent of the International Court of Justice, relating to expenses occasioned: ing to the expenses to be occasioned by second (i) By the designation of ad hoc judges (Statute, sessions of the three original economic commis- Article 31), sions. It pointed out that the Assembly had con- (ii) By the appointment of assessors (Statute, Article curred in a similar recommendation the previous 30) or of witnesses and experts (Statute, Article year. 50), (iii) By the holding of sessions of the Court away from In a note to the Fifth Committee (A/C.5/- The Hague (Statute, Article 22), L.104), the Secretary-General proposed additions and which do not exceed $24,000, $25,000 and $75,000 respectively, under each of these three headings; to the draft resolution, as recommended by the (d) Such commitments as relate to expenses occa- Advisory Committee, to authorize him, in accor- sioned by an extraordinary session of the Economic, dance with decisions already taken by the Fifth Employment and Development Commission which may Committee, to enter into commitments without be called by its Chairman if exceptional circumstances the concurrence of the Advisory Committee to require; (e) Such commitments not exceeding a total of meet unforeseen and extraordinary expenses with $40,000 as are required for the establishment of an respect to: (1) expenses occasioned by an extra- International Bureau for Declarations of Death, in ac- ordinary session of the Economic, Employment cordance with the terms of article 8 of the Convention and Development Commission; (2) sums re- on the Declaration of Death of Missing Persons; quired for the establishment of an International (f) Such commitments as are occasioned by the con- Bureau for Declaration of Death (not exceeding vening of an inter-governmental commodity conference; The Secretary-General shall report to the Advisory $40,000); and (3) expenses occasioned by the Committee and to the next regular session of the Gen- convening of an inter-governmental commodity eral Assembly all commitments made under the provi- conference. sions of the present resolution, together with the circumstances relating thereto, and shall submit supple- The Fifth Committee considered the question mentary estimates to the General Assembly in respect at its 282nd meeting on 13 December. The USSR of such commitments. 164 Yearbook of the United Nations

5. Scale of Assessments for the effect, that the scale of assessments for 1951 Apportionment of the Expenses should be maintained at the present level, with- of the United Nations out any changes. The USSR amendment was rejected by 21 votes The scale of assessments for the apportionment to 5, with 8 abstentions. The draft resolution of the expenses of the United Nations for the proposed by the Fifth Committee was then financial year 1951 was considered at the fifth adopted by 41 votes to 6, with 2 abstentions. session of the General Assembly by the Fifth Com- The representatives of the Byelorussian SSR, mittee, at its 271st to 274th meetings from 29 to Czechoslovakia, the Ukrainian SSR and the USSR, 30 November 1950 and at the 324th plenary in explaining their negative votes, stated that in meeting of the Assembly on 14 December. The its proposal for changing the rates of contribu- Committee had before it the report of the Com- tions of different Member States, the Committee mittee on Contributions (A/1330 & Corr.1). on Contributions had deviated from the prin- The Fifth Committee at its 274th meeting on ciple that the expenses of the United Nations 30 November voted on the various proposals be- should be apportioned according to capacity to fore it. A USSR proposal that the scale of assess- pay and had failed to take into consideration the ments for 1951 should remain the same as in 1950 extent of the damage suffered by States during the was rejected by 24 votes to 5, with 15 abstentions. Second World War and their sacrifices in men A Pakistani proposal that the report of the and materials. Committee on Contributions should be referred The text of the resolution adopted (462(V)) back to it for revision of the scale of assessments read as follows: in the light of the statements made by various The General Assembly resolves delegations during the discussions on the subject, 1. That the scale of assessments for the 1951 budget and that meanwhile the rate of contribution for shall be as follows: 1951 should remain as for 1950, was rejected by Country Per cent

25 votes to 15, with 4 abstentions. Afghanistan ...... 0.06 The draft resolution embodying the recommen- Argentina ...... 1.85 dations of the Committee on Contributions was Australia ...... 1.92 Belgium ...... 1.35 then voted on paragraph by paragraph and was Bolivia ...... 0.08 adopted as a whole by 37 votes to 7, with 1 ab- Brazil ...... 1.85 stention. Burma ...... 0.15 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ...... 0.24 The assessment of Indonesia was referred to the Canada ...... 3.30 Committee on Contributions, whose report on Chile ...... 0.41 this subject (A/1602) was considered by the China ...... 6.00 Fifth Committee at its 276th meeting on 6 De- Colombia ...... 0.37 cember 1950. The representative of Indonesia Costa Rica ...... 0.04 Cuba ...... 0.31 accepted, on behalf of his Government, the recom- Czechoslovakia ...... 0.99 mendations of the Committee on Contributions, Denmark ...... 0.79 which were considered equitable in view of the Dominican Republic ...... 0.05 economic conditions of his country. He also ex- Ecuador ...... 0.05 Egypt ...... 0.71 pressed agreement with the draft resolution pre- El Salvador ...... 0.05 sented by the Secretary-General in accordance Ethiopia ...... 0.08 with which Indonesia would be called upon to pay France ...... 6.00 a sum in respect of the Working Capital Fund for Greece ...... 0.18 1951 amounting to 0.60 per cent of the total Guatemala ...... 0.06 Haiti ...... 0.04 amount of the Fund. Honduras ...... 0.04 The Fifth Committee approved the recommen- Iceland ...... 0.04 dations of the Committee on Contributions and India ...... 3.41 Iran ...... 0.45 the Secretary-General and incorporated them in Iraq ...... 0.17 its draft resolution. Israel ...... 0.12 The General Assembly at its 324th plenary Lebanon ...... 0.06 meeting on 14 December considered the report Liberia ...... 0.04 Luxembourg ...... 0.05 of the Fifth Committee (A/1669 & Corr.1) and Mexico ...... 0.63 a USSR amendment (A/1670) to provide, in Netherlands ...... 1.35 Functions and Organization of the United Nations 165

Country Per cent 28 September 1950, it shall contribute for the year of New Zealand ...... 0.50 admission to membership an amount equal to one-third Nicaragua ...... 0.04 of the percentage assessment for 1951, calculated on Norway ...... 0.50 the basis of the budget for 1950; Pakistan ...... 0.74 8. That, notwithstanding the provisions of financial regulation 5.8, Indonesia shall not be required to pro- Panama ...... 0.05 vide its proportion of the total advances to the Working Paraguay ...... 0.04 Capital Fund for the year 1951, but shall deposit with Peru ...... 0.20 the United Nations an amount corresponding to 0.60 Philippines ...... 0.29 per cent of the total amount of the Fund, which shall, Poland ...... 1.05 upon determination of the 1952 scale of assessments, Saudi Arabia ...... 0.08 be credited to the Fund subject to any necessary adjust- Sweden ...... 1.85 ment. Syria ...... 0.11 Thailand ...... 0.24 6. Expenses of the Permanent Turkey ...... 0.91 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ...... 0.92 Central Opium Board Union of South Africa ...... 1.04 Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 353- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ...... 6.98 (IV) the Secretary-General submitted a report United Kingdom of Great Britain and (A/1418) to the fifth session of the General Northern Ireland ...... 11.37 United States of America ...... 38.92 Assembly concerning the question of assessment Uruguay ...... 0.18 of non-members of the United Nations which are Venezuela ...... 0.30 signatories of the Convention of 19 February 1925 Yemen ...... 0.04 relating to Narcotic Drugs. The report, as re- Yugoslavia ...... 0.36 quested by the Assembly, embodied the results of a comprehensive study of this question, regard TOTAL 100.00 being had to the total expenses incurred in con- nexion with the international administration of 2. That, notwithstanding the provisions of rule 159 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the narcotic drugs and of other functions or powers, scale of assessments for the apportionment of the ex- the responsibility for which is shared by non- penses of the United Nations shall be reviewed by the members of the United Nations under existing Committee on Contributions in 1951 and a report sub- treaties. mitted for the consideration of the General Assembly at its next regular session; The question was considered by the Fifth Com- 3. That Switzerland shall contribute 1.65 per cent mittee at its 258th meeting on 31 October 1950. of the expenses of the International Court of Justice In addition to the report of the Secretary-General, for the year 1951, this assessment having been estab- the Fifth Committee had before it the observa- lished after consultation with the Swiss Government, tions thereon of the Advisory Committee on Ad- in accordance with the terms of General Assembly resolution 91(I) of 11 December 1946; ministrative and Budgetary Questions (A/1461). 4. That the Principality of Liechtenstein, having be- The Fifth Committee was informed that, exclu- come a party to the Statute of the International Court sive of the costs relating to international adminis- of Justice on 29 March 1950, shall contribute 0.04 per tration in the field of narcotic drugs and the costs cent of the expenses of the Court for 1951 and three- of the International Court of Justice which are quarters of the assessment of 0.04 per cent of the ex- penses of the Court for 1950, these assessments having already assessed in part against non-members of been established after consultation with the Liechten- the United Nations, the Secretary-General was not stein Government, in accordance with General Assembly able to select any expenses resulting from interna- resolution 363(IV) of 1 December 1949; tional treaties in respect of which he considered 5. That, notwithstanding the terms of financial regu- that he could recommend an assessment on non- lation 5.5, the Secretary-General shall be empowered to member States. In the case, however, of interna- accept, at his discretion, and after consultation with the Chairman of the Committee on Contributions, a por- tional administration in the field of narcotic drugs tion of the contributions of Member States for the the view was expressed by the Secretary-General financial year 1951 in currencies other than United that, in addition to direct meeting and secretariat States dollars; costs of the Permanent Central Opium Board, 6. That, for the year 1951, the assessment for the certain other costs enumerated in his report might Republic of Indonesia shall be 0.60 per cent, which reasonably be deemed to comprise assessable ex- shall be in addition to the scale of assessments amount- ing to 100 per cent set out in paragraph 1 above; penditure towards which non-member States might 7. That, in view of the fact that the Republic of be asked to contribute. The Advisory Committee Indonesia became a Member of the United Nations on indicated its concurrence in the recommendation 166 Yearbook of the United Nations made by the Secretary-General with respect to 7. Permanent Financial Regulations such expenditure, as well as in his provisional of the United Nations recommendation that the United Nations should include in its calculations similar expenses Resolution 80(I) of 11 December 1946 in- incurred by the World Health Organization structed the Secretary-General to submit draft (WHO), on the understanding that, should these financial regulations to the Advisory Committee proposals be approved, the United Nations would for consideration and final adoption by the Gen- turn over to WHO its share of such collections. eral Assembly at its regular annual session in 1947. In approving the regulations submitted to As regards the scale of assessment to be applied it at its second session the General Assembly de- to non-members of the United Nations, the Ad- cided, however, to continue to consider them as visory Committee favoured the first of the alter- provisional pending further study and experience. native methods proposed by the Secretary-General, This further study was conducted in close consul- namely, that the General Assembly, on the recom- tation with the specialized agencies, and the Con- mendation of the Committee on Contributions, sultative Committee on Administrative Questions should establish the percentage contribution to be agreed at its eighth session, after extensive discus- paid—this assessment being based on the same sions, on a common set of financial regulations principles as those used for the assessment of and reported this agreement to the Administrative Member States in apportioning the expenses of Committee on Co-ordination. The latter Commit- the United Nations (i.e. the method presently tee, on 3 May 1950, took note of the agreement used in assessing contributions of non-member and of the fact that the Secretary-General and the States to the expenses of the International Court head of each specialized agency would present the of Justice). As assurance was given by the Sec- regulations as drafted to the appropriate bodies of retary-General in his report that, when seeking their respective organizations. payment of contributions from non-member States, he would be guided by the resolutions of The Secretary-General accordingly presented the General Assembly regulating the relationships for consideration by the General Assembly at its with those States. fifth session a draft text of the permanent financial regulations of the United Nations (A/1331). The Fifth Committee approved without discus- Amendments to the draft text were proposed sion or objection the Advisory Committee's recom- by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and mendation that the draft resolution submitted by Budgetary Questions (A/1412). The Advisory the Secretary-General should be adopted. Committee stressed the importance of adopting On the Committee's recommendation (A/1497) uniform regulations as a means of securing co- the draft resolution was adopted unanimously by ordinated administration between the United Na- the General Assembly at its 305th plenary meet- tions and the specialized agencies. It had, there- ing on 16 November, as resolution 455(V). It fore, limited its amendments to the most impor- read as follows: tant points, namely to those which it considered The General Assembly, would ensure a sounder financial administration. Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General The question was considered by the Fifth Com- to the fifth session of the General Assembly on the ques- mittee at its 257th meeting on 30 October 1950. tion of the assessment of signatories of international The financial regulations were unanimously ap- instruments relating to the control of narcotic drugs, which are non-members of the United Nations, for their proved by the Fifth Committee and, together with fair share of expenses resulting from obligations placed the Committee's draft resolution (A/1496) by on the United Nations by those instruments, the General Assembly at its 305th plenary meet- 1. Approves the principle proposed by the Secretary- ing on 16 November. The resolution adopted by General for determining the expenses to be considered the Assembly (456(V)) read as follows: as assessable on such non-members; 2. Requests the Committee on Contributions to de- The General Assembly, termine the rates at which such non-members should be Taking note of the agreement reached in the Admin- assessed by the same method as that followed in deter- istrative Committee on Co-ordination to recommend a mining the assessment of non-members which are parties common set of financial regulations for the United Na- to the Statute of the International Court of Justice for tions and the specialized agencies, their share of the expenses of the Court; Approving the amendments [document A/1412] 3. Directs the Secretary-General to seek payment of recommended by the Advisory Committee on Adminis- such amounts as are determined by the method estab- trative and Budgetary Questions, lished above in respect of the 1950 expenses and those 1. Declares that the Financial Regulations of the of future years. United Nations set out in the annex to the present Functions and Organization of the United Nations 167 resolution are adopted in place of those adopted by the 3.9 The Secretary-General shall prepare supplemen- General Assembly at its second session under resolution tary estimates in a form consistent with the annual 163(II); estimates and shall submit such estimates to the General 2. Expresses the hope that Member States will sup- Assembly. The Advisory Committee shall review such port the adoption by the specialized agencies of the estimates and report thereon. Financial Regulations approved herein for the United Article IV Nations, with only such alterations as are required to meet the constitutional provisions and organizational APPROPRIATIONS structure of the respective agencies. 4.1 The appropriations voted by the General Assem- bly shall constitute an authorization to the Secretary- General to incur obligations and make payments for the ANNEX purposes for which the appropriations were voted and FINANCIAL REGULATIONS OF THE up to the amounts so voted. UNITED NATIONS 4.2 Appropriations shall be available for obligation during the financial year to which they relate. Article I 4.3 Appropriations shall remain available for twelve APPLICABILITY months following the end of the financial year to which they relate to the extent that they are required to dis- 1.1 These regulations shall govern the financial ad- charge obligations in respect of goods supplied and ser- ministration of the United Nations, including the Inter- vices rendered in the financial year and to liquidate any national Court of Justice. other outstanding legal obligation of the year. The balance of the appropriations shall be surrendered. Article II 4.4 At the end of the twelve-month period provided THE FINANCIAL YEAR in regulation 4.3 above, the then remaining balance of any appropriations retained will be surrendered. Any 2.1 The financial year shall be the period 1 January unliquidated prior year obligations shall at that time be to 31 December inclusive. cancelled or, where the obligation remains a valid Article III charge, transferred as an obligation against current appropriations. THE BUDGET 4.5 No transfer between appropriation sections may 3.1 The annual budget estimates shall be prepared be made without authorization by the General Assem- by the Secretary-General. bly. Article V 3.2 The estimates shall cover income and expendi- tures for the financial year to which they relate, and PROVISION OF FUNDS shall be presented in United States dollars. 5.1 The appropriations, subject to the adjustments 3.3 The annual budget estimates shall be divided effected in accordance with the provisions of regula- into parts, sections, chapters and articles, and shall be tion 5.2, shall be financed by contributions from Member accompanied by such information annexes and explana- States, according to the scale of assessments determined tory statements as may be requested by, or on behalf by the General Assembly. Pending the receipt of such of, the General Assembly, and such further annexes or contributions, the appropriations may be financed from statements as the Secretary-General may deem necessary the Working Capital Fund. and useful. 5.2 In the assessment of the contributions of Mem- 3.4 The Secretary-General shall submit to the reg- ber States, adjustments shall be made to the amount of ular session of the General Assembly budget estimates the appropriations approved by the General Assembly for the following financial year. The estimates shall be for the financial year in respect of: transmitted to all Member States at least five weeks prior (a) Supplementary appropriations for which contri- to the opening of the regular session of the General butions have not previously been assessed on the Mem- Assembly. ber States; 3.5 The Secretary-General shall, at least twelve (b) Miscellaneous income for which credits have not weeks prior to the opening of the regular session of the previously been taken into account, and any adjustments General Assembly, submit the estimates to the Advisory in estimated miscellaneous income previously taken into Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions account; (hereinafter referred to as the "Advisory Committee") (c) Contributions resulting from the assessment of for examination. new Member States under the provisions of regula- tion 5.8; 3.6 The Advisory Committee shall prepare a report (d) Any balance of the appropriations surrendered to the General Assembly on the estimates submitted by under regulations 4.3 and 4.4. the Secretary-General. This report shall be transmitted 5.3 After the General Assembly has adopted the to all Member States at the same time as the estimates. budget and determined the amount of the Working 3.7 The budget for the following financial year shall Capital Fund, the Secretary-General shall: be adopted by the General Assembly after consideration (a) Transmit the relevant documents to Member and report on the estimates by the Administrative and States; Budgetary Committee of the Assembly. (b) Inform Member States of their commitments in 3.8 Supplementary estimates may be submitted by respect of annual contributions and advances to the the Secretary-General whenever necessary. Working Capital Fund; 168 Yearbook of the United Nations

(c) Request them to remit their contributions and 6.5 Income derived from investments of the Work- advances. ing Capital Fund shall be credited to miscellaneous 5.4 Contributions and advances shall be considered income. as due and payable in full within thirty days of the 6.6 Trust Funds, Reserve and Special Accounts may receipt of the communication of the Secretary-General be established by the Secretary-General and shall be referred to in regulation 5.3 above, or as of the first day reported to the Advisory Committee. of the financial year to which they relate, whichever is 6.7 The purpose and limits of each Trust Fund, the later. As of 1 January of the following financial Reserve and Special Account shall be clearly defined by year, the unpaid balance of such contributions and the appropriate authority. Unless otherwise provided by advances shall be considered to be one year in arrears. the General Assembly, such Funds and Accounts shall 5.5 Annual contributions and advances to the be administered in accordance with the present Regula- Working Capital Fund of the United Nations shall be tions. assessed and paid in United States dollars. Article VII 5.6 Payments made by a Member State shall be OTHER INCOME credited first to the Working Capital Fund and then to the contributions due in the order in which the Mem- 7.1 All other income, except: ber was assessed. (a) Contributions to the budget; 5.7 The Secretary-General shall submit to the reg- (b) Direct refunds of expenditures made during the ular session of the General Assembly a report on the financial year; and collection of contributions and advances to the Working (c) Advances or deposits to Funds, Capital Fund. shall be classed as miscellaneous income, for credit to the General Fund. 5.8 New Members shall be required to make a con- tribution for the year in which they become Members 7.2 Voluntary contributions, whether or not in cash, and to provide their proportion of the total advances to may be accepted by the Secretary-General provided that the Working Capital Fund at rates to be determined by the purposes for which the contributions are made are the General Assembly. consistent with the policies, aims and activities of the Organization and provided that the acceptance of such 5.9 States which are not Members of the United contributions which directly or indirectly involve addi- Nations but which become parties to the Statute of the tional financial liability for the Organization shall re- International Court of Justice or treaty bodies financed quire the consent of the appropriate authority. from United Nations appropriations shall contribute to the estimated expenses of such bodies at rates to be 7.3 Monies accepted for purposes specified by the determined by the General Assembly. Such contribu- donor shall be treated as Trust Funds or Special Ac- tions shall be taken into account as miscellaneous in- counts under regulations 6.6 and 6.7. 7.4 Monies accepted in respect of which no purpose is specified shall be treated as miscellaneous income and Article VI reported as "gifts" in the annual accounts. FUNDS Article VIII 6.1 There shall be established a General Fund for CUSTODY OF FUNDS the purpose of accounting for the expenditures of the 8.1 The Secretary-General shall designate the bank Organization. The contributions paid by Member States or banks in which the funds of the Organization shall under regulation 5.1, miscellaneous income, and any be kept. advances made from the Working Capital Fund to finance general expenditures shall be credited to the Article IX General Fund. INVESTMENT OF FUNDS 6.2 There shall be established a Working Capital 9.1 The Secretary-General may make short-term in- Fund in an amount and for purposes to be determined vestments of monies not needed for immediate require- from time to time by the General Assembly. The source ments and shall inform the Advisory Committee periodi- of monies of the Working Capital Fund shall be ad- cally of such investments which he has made. vances from Member States, and these advances, made in accordance with the scale of assessments as deter- 9.2 The Secretary-General may make long-term in- mined by the General Assembly for the apportionment vestments of monies standing to the credit of Trust of the expenses of the United Nations, shall be carried Funds, Reserve and Special Accounts as may be provided to the credit of the Member States which have made by the appropriate authority in respect of each such such advances. Fund or Account. 6.3 Advances made from the Working Capital Fund 9.3 Income derived from investments shall be cred- to finance budgetary appropriations during a financial ited as provided in the rules relating to each Fund or Account. year shall be reimbursed to the Fund as soon as and to the extent that income is available for that purpose. Article X 6.4 Except when such advances are recoverable from INTERNAL CONTROL some other source, advances made from the Working 10.1 The Secretary-General shall: Capital Fund for unforeseen and extraordinary expenses (a) Establish detailed financial rules and procedures or other authorized purposes shall be reimbursed in order to ensure effective financial administration and through the submission of supplementary estimates. the exercise of economy; Functions and Organization of the United Nations 169

(b) Cause all payments to be made on the basis of 11.3 Appropriate separate accounts shall be main- supporting vouchers and other documents which ensure tained for all Trust Funds, Reserve and Special Accounts. that the services or goods have been received, and that 11.4 The annual accounts shall be submitted by the payments have not previously been made; Secretary-General to the Board of Auditors not later (c) Designate the officers who may receive monies, than 31 March following the end of the financial year. incur obligations and make payments on behalf of the Organization; Article XII (d) Maintain an internal financial control which EXTERNAL AUDIT shall provide for an effective current examination and/or review of financial transactions in order to ensure: 12.1 Subject to any special direction of the General Assembly, each audit which the Board of Auditors (i) The regularity of the receipt, custody and disposal established under resolution 74 (1) is required to make of all funds and other financial resources of the shall be conducted in accordance with the principles Organization; set out in the appendix to the present Regulations. (ii) The conformity of obligations and expenditures with the appropriations or other financial pro- 12.2 At the commencement of each financial year visions voted by the General Assembly, or with the Board of Auditors and the Advisory Committee shall be notified as to the sum provided to defray the cost of the purposes and rules relating to Trust Funds audit of each Trust Fund, Reserve and Special Account and Special Accounts; to be performed by the Board during the year. There- (iii) The economic use of the resources of the Organi- upon, the Board shall consult the Advisory Committee zation. relative to the scope of the several audits to be made 10.2 No obligations shall be incurred until allot- by the Board. ments or other appropriate authorizations have been 12.3 The Board of Auditors may allocate, subject made in writing under the authority of the Secretary- to the concurrence of the Advisory Committee, the General. audit work among the members of the Board, provided 10.3 The Secretary-General may make such ex gratia that two members shall jointly certify the annual ac- payments as he deems to be necessary in the interests counts submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance of the Organization, provided that a statement of such with the provisions of regulation 11.4. payments shall be submitted to the General Assembly 12.4 Whenever any financial statement is certified with the annual accounts. by only one member of the Board of Auditors, there 10.4 The Secretary-General may, after full investiga- shall be associated therewith a certificate of another tion, authorize the writing off of losses of cash, stores member of the Board to the effect that the audit pro- and other assets, provided that a statement of all such gramme had been approved by the Board and that all accounts written off shall be submitted to the Auditors special instructions given by the Board to the member with the annual accounts. were carried out. 10.5 Tenders for equipment, supplies and other 12.5 Whenever it is necessary to make a local or requirements shall be invited by advertisement, except special examination, the Board of Auditors may, subject where the Secretary-General deems that, in the interests to the budgetary provision for the audit concerned, of the Organization, a departure from the rule is de- arrange for the services of any national Auditor-General sirable. (or equivalent title) who is eligible to be appointed to the membership of the Board or of commercial pub- lic auditors of known repute. Article XI THE ACCOUNTS Article XIII 11.1 The Secretary-General shall maintain such ac- RESOLUTIONS INVOLVING EXPENDITURES counting records as are necessary and shall submit annual 13.1 No Council, commission or other competent accounts showing for the financial year to which they body shall take a decision involving expenditure unless relate: it has before it a report from the Secretary-General on (a) The income and expenditures of all Funds; the administrative and financial implications of the (b) The status of appropriations, including: proposal. (i) The original budget appropriations; 13.2 Where, in the opinion of the Secretary-General, (ii) The appropriations as modified by any transfers; the proposed expenditure cannot be made from the (iii) Credits, if any, other than the appropriations existing appropriations, it shall not be incurred until voted by the General Assembly; the General Assembly has made the necessary appropri- (iv) The amounts charged against these appropriations ations, unless the Secretary-General certifies that pro- and/or other credits; vision can be made under the conditions of the resolution (c) The assets and liabilities of the Organization. of the General Assembly relating to unforeseen and extraordinary expenses. He shall also give such other information as may be appropriate to indicate the current financial position of Article XIV the Organization. 11.2 The annual accounts of the Organization shall GENERAL PROVISIONS be presented in United States dollars. Accounting re- 14.1 These regulations shall be effective as of the cords may, however, be kept in such currency or cur- date of their approval by the General Assembly, and rencies as the Secretary-General may deem necessary. may be amended only by the General Assembly. 170 Yearbook of the United Nations

Article XV ing the Secretariat an opportunity of explanation to the Board on the matter under observation. Audit objections SPECIAL PROVISIONS to any items arising during the examination of the ac- 15.1 The estimates of the International Court of counts shall be immediately communicated to the Assist- Justice shall be prepared by the Court, in consultation ant Secretary-General for Administrative and Financial with the Secretary-General. These estimates shall be Services. submitted to the General Assembly by the Secretary- 7. The Board of Auditors shall prepare a report on General, together with such observations as he may the accounts certified in which it should mention: deem desirable. (a) The extent and character of its examination or any important changes therein; APPENDIX TO THE FINANCIAL REGULATIONS (b) Matters affecting the completeness or accuracy of the accounts, such as: PRINCIPLES TO GOVERN THE AUDIT PROCEDURES (i) Information necessary to the correct interpreta- OF THE UNITED NATIONS tion of the account, 1. The Board of Auditors shall perform an audit of (ii) Any amounts which ought to have been received the accounts of the United Nations, including all Trust but which have not been brought to account, and Special Accounts, as it may deem necessary in order (iii) Expenditures not properly substantiated; to certify: (c) Other matters which should be brought to the (a) That the financial statements are in accord with notice of the General Assembly, such as: the books and records of the Organization; (i) Cases of fraud or presumptive fraud, (b) That the financial transactions reflected in the (ii) Wasteful or improper expenditure of United Na- statements have been in accordance with the rules and tions money or other assets (notwithstanding that regulations, the budgetary provisions and other applic- the accounting for the transaction may be correct), able directives; (iii) Expenditure likely to commit the United Nations (c) That the securities and monies on deposit and on to further outlay on a large scale, hand have been verified by certificate received direct from (iv) Any defect in the general system or detailed regu- the Organization's depositaries or by actual count. lations governing the control of receipts and ex- 2. Subject to the provisions of the Financial Regu- penditure, or of supplies and equipment, lations, the Board of Auditors shall be the sole judge (v) Expenditure not in accordance with the intention as to the acceptance in whole or in part of certifications of the General Assembly, after making allowance by the Secretariat and may proceed to such detailed ex- for duly authorized transfers within the budget, amination and verification as it chooses of all financial (vi) Expenditure in excess of appropriations as records, including those relating to supplies and equip- amended by duly authorized transfers within the ment. budget, 3. The Board of Auditors may affirm by test the (vii) Expenditure not in conformity with the author- reliability of the internal audit and may make such ity which governs it; reports with respect thereto as the Board may deem (d) The accuracy or otherwise of the supplies and necessary, to the General Assembly or to the Advisory equipment records as determined by stock-taking and Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, examination of the records; or to the Secretary-General. In addition, the report may contain reference to: 4. The several members of the Board and staff (e) Transactions accounted for in a previous year working under its direction shall subscribe to such concerning which further information has been ob- oath as may be approved by the Advisory Committee on tained, or transactions in a later year concerning which Administrative and Budgetary Questions. Thereupon the it seems desirable that the General Assembly should members of the Board and its staff shall have free ac- have early knowledge. cess at all convenient times to all books of account and 8. The Board of Auditors, or such of their officers records which are, in the opinion of the Board, necessary as they may designate, shall certify the financial state- for the performance of the audit. Information classi- ments in the following terms: fied as confidential in the records of the Secretariat, and "The financial statements of the United Nations which is required by the Board for purposes of the for the financial year ended 31 December . . . have audit, shall be made available on application to the been examined in accordance with our directions. We Assistant Secretary-General for Administrative and Finan- have obtained all the information and explanations cial Services. In the event that the Board is of the that we have required, and we certify, as a result of opinion that a duty rests on it to draw to the attention the audit, that, in our opinion, the financial statements of the General Assembly any matter respecting which are correct", all or part of the documentation is classified as confiden- adding, should it be necessary: tial, direct quotations should be avoided. "subject to the observations in our report". 5. The Board of Auditors, in addition to certifying 9. The Board of Auditors shall have no power to the accounts, may make such observations as it may disallow items in the accounts but shall draw to the deem necessary with respect to the efficiency of the finan- attention of the Secretary-General for appropriate action cial procedures, the accounting system, the internal finan- any transaction concerning which it entertains doubt cial controls and, in general, the financial consequences as to legality or propriety. of administrative practices. 10. A representative of the Board of Auditors shall 6. In no case, however, shall the Board of Auditors be present when the Board's report is being considered include criticism in its audit report without first afford- by the General Assembly. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 171 I. ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS

1. United Nations Postal Administration and therefore a more practical and workable arrangement had been negotiated, under which The General Assembly on 8 October 1948, the United States Post Office Department would, in resolution 282(III), approved in principle on behalf of the United Nations Postal Adminis- the idea of establishing a United Nations postal tration, operate the United Nations Post Office in administration, and asked the Secretary-General the Headquarters District of the United Nations. to continue the inquiries and negotiations al- Expenditure for the operation of the postal ready initiated on the question. In resolution 176 administration on the proposed basis would, it was 342(IV), adopted on 20 October 1949, the estimated, amount in the first full year to $83,000 Assembly requested the Secretary-General to con- and to a somewhat lower figure in subsequent tinue the preparation of necessary arrangements years. Offsetting revenue from the sale of stamps for the establishment of the administration, and for philatelic purposes was tentatively estimated asked him to report to its fifth regular session. at $300,000 for the first year. It would still be In his report (A/1394/Rev.1), the Secretary- necessary to provide under the budget estimates General informed the Assembly that, pursuant to for the expenses of United Nations official mail its instructions, he had prepared, in consultation to the amount of approximately $180,000. with the Government of the United States, a draft The Secretary-General submitted for the As- agreement for the establishment of a United Na- sembly's consideration a draft resolution (see be- tions postal administration which provided, inter low). The question was considered by the Fifth alia: Committee at its 258th meeting on 31 October (a) That there be established a United Nations Post and by the General Assembly at its 305th plenary Office Station to be operated by the United States Post meeting on 16 November 1950. Office Department; In addition to the report of the Secretary-Gen- (b) That the United Nations Post Office Station would provide "all the services offered by any United States eral (A/1394/Rev.1) the Committee had before Post Office having comparable operations"; it the eighth report (1950) of the Advisory Com- (c) That the United Nations Post Office would use mittee on Administrative and Budgetary Ques- only United Nations postage stamps; tions (A/1453). The Advisory Committee ex- (d) That the United Nations may operate a separate pressed the view that the proposed plan of the philatelic agency for the sale of United Nations postage Secretary-General was well conceived in that (a) stamps for philatelic purposes, in response to orders received by mail and that all revenue from such sales it offered substantial advantages in terms of pub- would be retained by the Organization; licity for the United Nations; (b) it was adminis- (e) That the United Nations would furnish free of tratively simple since actual postal services would charge United Nations postage stamps in such quantities be entrusted to those most competent to carry as may be necessary to fulfil all reasonable needs of the United Nations Post Office Station; them out, that is, the officials of the United States (f) That all revenue derived from sales of the United Post Office Department; and (c) some revenue Nations postage stamps at the United Nations Post would accrue to the Organization. Accordingly, Office Station and from other services rendered by the the Committee recommended that the Assembly United Nations Post Office Station would be retained adopt the draft resolution submitted by the Sec- by the United States Post Office Department as full and complete compensation for the performance of its obli- retary-General. gations under the agreement; In the course of discussion in the Fifth Com- (g) That the United Nations would provide at its own mittee, the Chairman of the Advisory Committee expense the premises, custodial services and utilities and the representative of the Secretary-General necessary for the operation of the United Nations Post explained that the plan applied, for the time be- Office Station; and ( h ) That the United States Post Office Department ing, solely to the United Nations Headquarters, would provide at its own expense all staff, equipment although it was hoped that, in due course, similar and other services and facilities necessary for the opera- arrangements might be extended to other United tion of the United Nations Post Office. Nations offices and to the specialized agencies. In his report, the Secretary-General explained The representatives of Norway and the United that the original plan, under which the United Kingdom, among others, urged that extreme care Nations was to assume full responsibility for oper- be exercised in connexion with the operations of ating its own postal administration, presented 176 numerous foreseeable administrative difficulties, See Y.U.N., 1948-49, p. 925. 172 Yearbook of the United Nations the philatelic agency to avoid placing the United Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Nations in a situation which would be incompa- Questions, tible with its dignity and prestige. Attention was 1. Takes note of the annexed draft agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America also called to the danger of flooding the market for the establishment of a United Nations postal ad- with United Nations stamps with a consequent ministration in conformity with the terms of the Head- depreciation of their face value and loss of revenue quarters Agreement; to the Organization. The Fifth Committee was 2. Requests the Secretary-General to proceed with the assured on behalf of the Secretary-General that conclusion of the aforesaid agreement and with the the position in this respect would be carefully necessary arrangements for the establishment of a United Nations postal administration at the earliest possible watched. date consistent with sound administrative arrangements; The representative of Brazil, while generally 3. Authorizes the Secretary-General to appoint a com- approving the terms of the draft agreement, ex- mittee which shall be empowered to give final approval pressed regret that the separate agency to be main- to designs for United Nations postage stamps; tained by the United Nations for the sale of 4. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly, not later than the beginning of its stamps for philatelic purposes was only to fulfil seventh session, a comprehensive report on the estab- orders received by mail. He considered that the lishment and operations of the United Nations postal revenue which should accrue to the United Na- administration. tions would be substantially decreased if the Or- ANNEX ganization were to be precluded from participating POSTAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED in direct sales of United Nations stamps to the NATIONS and THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA public. Other representatives, however, including Whereas, a certain Agreement between the United those of Argentina, Canada, France and the United Nations and the United States of America, dated the States, while sympathizing with this point of view, 26th day of June, 1947, regarding the Headquarters of stressed that it was specifically recognized in the the United Nations (said Agreement being hereinafter agreement itself that implementation of several of referred to as the "Headquarters Agreement") provides that in the event that the United Nations should propose its provisions would require considerable adminis- to organize its own postal service, the conditions under trative and operational adjustment. Without some which such service shall be set up shall be the subject experience, for example, it was difficult to arrive of a Supplemental Agreement;177 and at an exact formula for the division of revenue as Whereas, the United Nations desires to establish a between postage stamps sold for philatelic pur- postal service in conformity with the Headquarters Agreement, poses and for use on mail matter. Those stamps Now therefore, the parties hereto agree as follows: sold specifically for the one purpose might pos- sibly be diverted for the other use. Because of Section 1 operational problems of this nature, the draft SCOPE OF AGREEMENT agreement provided that one or both the parties (i) Subject to the provisions of this Agreement, there concerned might request a revision of the agree- shall be established a United Nations Post Office Station ment after one year's experience of actual opera- in the Headquarters District of the United Nations, as tion. defined in the Headquarters Agreement, which shall be operated by the United States Post Office Department. The draft resolution proposed by the Secretary- (ii) The United Nations Post Office Station shall General was adopted unanimously by the Com- provide at the prevailing rates all the services offered by mittee. On the Committee's recommendation, it any United States Post Office having comparable opera- tions except that the United Nations Post Office Station (A/1507) was adopted unanimously without shall use only United Nations postage stamps. further discussion by the Assembly at its 305th plenary meeting on 16 November 1950, and the Section 2 Secretary-General on the same date appointed SUPPLY OF UNITED NATIONS POSTAGE STAMPS Bertil A. Renborg to be head of the new AND STAMPED PAPER postal administration. The text of the resolution (i) The United Nations shall at its own expense (454(V)) read as follows: furnish all United Nations postage stamps required under the terms of this Agreement. The General Assembly, (ii) In the event that the United Nations shall pro- Referring to resolutions 232(III) of 8 October 1948 duce or authorize production of stamped envelopes and and 342(IV) of 20 October 1949, and in particular postcards, such envelopes or postcards shall conform to to paragraphs 2 and 3 of resolution 342(IV), the specifications of the United States Post Office Depart- ment as to size and as to quality of paper used. Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the organization of a United Nations postal admin- 177 See Y.U.N., 1947-48, p. 200: art. II, sec. 6 of Head- istration and the observations thereon submitted by the quarters Agreement. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 173

(iii) No United Nations postage stamps shall be Section 8 distributed except in accordance with the terms of this DURATION OF THE AGREEMENT Agreement. Section 3 (i) This Agreement shall take effect on a date to be agreed upon between the United Nations and the United SALE OF UNITED NATIONS POSTAGE STAMPS States Post Office Department. (i) The United Nations Post Office Station shall sell (ii) This Agreement shall be subject to revision, on only United Nations postage stamps which shall be the written proposal of either contracting party, after one provided by the United Nations free of charge in such year from the date of commencement of operations. quantities as may be necessary to fulfil all reasonable (iii) This Agreement may be terminated by either needs of the United Nations Post Office Station. All party giving the other written notice of its intention to revenue derived from such sales of United Nations terminate such Agreement at least twelve (12) months postage stamps and from other services rendered by the in advance of the termination date fixed in such notice. United Nations Post Office Station shall be retained by IN WITNESS WHEREOF the respective representatives the United States Post Office Department as full and have signed this Agreement and have affixed their seals complete compensation for performance of its obliga- hereto. tions under the terms of this Agreement, except, how- DONE in duplicate this...... day of...... ever, that the United States Post Office Department shall be reimbursed for performance of any postal ser- vices resulting from use of United Nations postage 2. United Nations Telecommunications stamps sold for philatelic purposes under the provisions System of paragraph (ii) of this section which are used as postage on mail matter posted at the United Nations The General Assembly, in resolution 240- 178 Post Office Station by being paid an amount equal to (III) adopted on 18 November 1948, ap- the face value of any such stamps so used as postage. proved, in principle, the establishment of a United (ii) The United Nations may maintain a separate Nations telecommunications system, and authorized agency for the sale of United Nations postage stamps for philatelic purposes in response to orders received by the Secretary-General to present to the Assembly's mail. Subject to the provisions of paragraph (i) of this fifth session recommendations establishing the sys- section all revenue derived from such philatelic sales tem. of United Nations postage stamps shall be retained by In his report to the Assembly at its fifth session the United Nations for its own use. (A/1454), the Secretary-General pointed out that, Section 4 in addition to making provision for radio broad- UNITED NATIONS POSTMARKS casting facilities, a comprehensive telecommuni- The United Nations shall furnish all postmarking cations plan should take account of the needs of stamps to be applied to mail posted for mailing in the "point-to-point" facilities for written record and Headquarters District and shall furnish all such post- telephone traffic between the United Nations marking stamps to the United Nations Post Office Sta- Headquarters, overseas offices and missions in the tion free of charge. All postmarks shall be designated field. The Secretary-General recommended, how- as United Nations postmarks. ever, that the development of such facilities should Section 5 not proceed for the time being, since existing com- UNITED NATIONS POST OFFICE STATION PREMISES mercial arrangements appeared to be adequate, and the present volume of traffic would not warrant the The United Nations shall provide the United States Post Office Department at the expense of the United additional expenditure involved. Nations with the quarters, custodial services and utilities Accordingly, his proposals envisaged the con- necessary to enable the United States Post Office Depart- struction by the United Nations of minimal broad- ment to operate the United Nations Post Office Station in the Headquarters District. casting facilities only, to be used for services of special priority and services to areas which could Section 6 not be effectively or appropriately served by the STAFF AND EQUIPMENT use of available transmitters in the New York area. The United Nations transmitters were to be Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement the United States Post Office Department will provide at equipped with antennas beamed on Europe, Africa its own expense all staff, equipment and other services and Latin America, with a relay installation in and facilities necessary to enable the United States Post North Africa consisting of two 50-kilowatt trans- Office Department to operate the United Nations Post mitters with antennas directed to South Africa, Office Station under, the terms of this Agreement. Europe, the Middle East and Asia. In order to mini- Section 7 mize construction and operating costs, the Sec- POSTAL ADDRESS OF THE UNITED NATIONS retary-General proposed that these facilities should The postal address of the Headquarters District of the 178 United Nations shall be "United Nations, New York". See Y.U.N., 1948-49, p. 927. 174 Yearbook of the United Nations be operated under a maintenance and service con- During the initial discussion of the Secretary- tract by an outside contractor, in which event it General's proposals at the 263rd meeting of the was estimated that operating costs would be com- Fifth Committee, the representative of the United parable to the costs involved for an equal amount Kingdom expressed the opinion that the Com- of time on the nationally operated facilities pres- mittee should be supplied with further informa- ently in use. tion before taking any decision. He stated that before his delegation could act on the subject, it The new facilities to be acquired and operated by the United Nations would, it was estimated, would require full particulars as to what negotia- accommodate 50 per cent of the present broad- tions were taking place, what the voluntary con- casting schedule. On this basis, it was anticipated tributions in question were, and whether sponsored that no net addition to the budget in respect of radio was in any way involved. He also declared operating costs would be incurred, since the Or- that his delegation was interested in knowing ganization would dispense with certain transmit- what future plans were contemplated rather than ting facilities which currently entailed rental what had been done up to the present time. charges of over $95,000. The total estimated cost In response to this request, the Secretary-Gen- of the plan recommended by the Secretary-Gen- eral submitted a further note (A/C.5/401), in eral was estimated at $1,983,000. The Secretary- which he advised the Fifth Committee that, while General proposed that he should be authorized no formal negotiations had taken place, informal to accept for this purpose such voluntary con- talks had indicated that there were possibilities tributions or donations as would be appropriate of obtaining sufficient donations on the sole con- and necessary to carry out his suggestions in dition that they be used for the furtherance of whole or in part. United Nations interests in the field of broad- casting. The Secretary-General stated that it was The General Assembly was further informed not his intention to permit the United Nations that in all proposals presented to and considered telecommunications system at any time or in any by the International Telecommunication Union, way to be used for commercial purposes, or for United Nations frequency requirements necessary any other ends not in accordance with the specific for the implementation of its telecommunications interests of the Organization, and would not ac- system had been fully recognized; and in addition, cept donations if other conditions were attached. the International Telecommunication Union had accepted the United Nations as an operating broad- At the 274th meeting of the Fifth Committee casting agency and a non-voting member of the on 30 November these assurances were reaffirmed, Union. including the assurance that approval of the Sec- retary-General's recommendations would not in- The Advisory Committee on Administrative volve the United Nations in any additional or and Budgetary Questions submitted a report to the supplementary expenditure either for capital or Assembly on the financial implications of the operational purposes. It was also stated, on behalf proposed plan (A/1492). It considered that this of the Secretary-General, that the criteria of fur- plan would offer an appreciable advantage to the thering exclusively the interests of the United United Nations; however, the conditions govern- Nations would preclude acceptance of any dona- ing the acceptance of donations or contributions tion or contribution which carried with it any were to be clearly consonant with the dignity of political, economic or moral obligation. With this the Organization; and the necessary safeguards for understanding, the Fifth Committee unanimously the independent operation and security of the approved a draft resolution to instruct the Sec- telecommunications system were to be afforded. retary-General to put his proposals into effect. Consequently, the Advisory Committee considered it desirable that the Secretary-General should be The report of the Fifth Committee (A/1635) given clear guidance in this connexion, should the was considered by the General Assembly at its General Assembly decide to approve the plan as 320th plenary meeting on 12 December. The recommended. draft resolution contained in the report was adopted by the Assembly by 49 votes to none. At the fifth session of the General Assembly, Its text (460(V)) was as follows: the matter was considered by the Fifth Committee at its 263rd and 274th meetings on 9 and 30 No- The General Assembly 1. Instructs the Secretary-General to proceed with the vember. The Committee had before it the report implementation of the proposals outlined in document of the Secretary-General and the report of the A/1454 for a modified United Nations telecommunica- Advisory Committee. tions system, provided that the capital expenditure in- Functions and Organization of the United Nations 175 volved does not constitute a net addition to the budget The first offices in the Secretariat building were of the United Nations; occupied on 21 August 1950.180 2. Authorizes the Secretary-General to accept for this purpose such voluntary contributions and/or donations Conference Area and Meeting Halls—The Con- as would be appropriate and necessary to carry out these ference area, which would house the Security proposals in whole or in part, it being understood that Council, the Economic and Social Council and the any and all facilities or funds made available to the Trusteeship Council and provide facilities for United Nations as a result of such voluntary gifts or other conferences and committees, was expected contributions would become the exclusive property and 181 be under the sole control of the United Nations; to be completed by July 1951, the Secretary- 3. Requests the Secretary-General to report on this General reported. It would be connected with both matter to the sixth session of the General Assembly. the General Assembly and the Secretariat build- ings; would be approximately 400 feet long and 3. Headquarters of the United Nations 183 feet wide; and would contain seven storeys, including two basement levels. The Chambers for a. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL the three Councils, he said, would be on the upper Pursuant to paragraph 3 of resolution 350- level; these rooms would be 72 feet wide, 135 feet (IV)179 adopted by the General Assembly on long, and 24 feet high. The Chambers would be 24 November 1949, the Secretary-General sub- equipped with technical facilities, including booths mitted to the fifth regular session of the Assembly for simultaneous interpretation, press, radio, tele- a progress report (A/1392/Rev.1) on the perma- vision and film. There would be office space for nent Headquarters. Secretariat services adjacent to the Chambers; a delegates lounge, 36 feet wide, 175 feet long, and ( 1 ) Description of Work 24 feet high, with a ten-foot-deep bay window, at The Secretary-General recalled that work on the the north side of the area; and a smaller lounge site had started with demolition of old buildings primarily for the Security Council to the south. on 8 July 1947. Excavation had been begun on Each Chamber would have seating accommoda- 14 September 1948 and completed on 15 Febru- tion for approximately 120 members of the Press ary 1949. Digging and blasting down to 31 feet and 400 public spectators. The Security Council below street level, the excavators had removed Chamber would provide for 21 representatives at 215,000 cubic yards of earth and rock. Concrete the table, 84 advisers, 32 observers, and sixteen piers, carried to rock at depths below grade of as members of the Secretariat; the Trusteeship Coun- much as 40 feet, had been cast to receive the steel cil Chamber, 21 representatives, 84 advisers, five frame. Work then began on constructing the units petitioners, fourteen special advisers, 32 observers, of Headquarters, described in the report as follows. and sixteen members of the Secretariat; and the Secretariat Building—Tallest of the group, it has Economic and Social Council Chamber, 23 repre- 39 storeys above ground and three underground. sentatives, 92 advisers, fourteen representatives It is a rectangular structure of steel and glass, from specialized agencies, 32 observers, sixteen 72 feet wide, 287 feet long, and 544 feet above representatives from non-governmental organiza- street level, located at the south end of the site tions, and sixteen members of the Secretariat. area and oriented north and south. On the level below the Council Chambers would Steel erection for the Secretariat building was be three large Conference rooms, each about 135 started on 19 April and completed on 5 October feet long, 72 feet wide and eighteen feet high. 1949. On an average, 580 tons of structural steel These rooms, designed to meet the needs of Main were placed per week. Over all, 5,400 windows Committees of the General Assembly, would have and glass spandrels and 2,000 tons of marble were facilities for 70 representatives with two advisers set. for each (to be expanded if necessary for as many as 85 representatives and 170 advisers), 88 mem- The Secretariat building is provided with bers of the Press and 170 public spectators. There eighteen high-speed elevators, three service and would be six smaller committee rooms, each of freight elevators and eight moving stairs, besides which would accommodate about 27 representa- stationary stairs. Elevators and stairways are in tives, with 28 seats for advisers, Press or public. the centre of the building in order to provide maximum outside lighting. The building also has 179 See Y.U.N., 1948-49, p. 979. 180 a vertical conveyor system and a pneumatic tube The move from Lake Success to the Secretariat building was substantially completed in February 1951. system which also will serve the Library and the 181 An expected completion date in early 1952 was Conference area. later set. 176 Yearbook of the United Nations

The principal dining area at the Headquarters is projected. A vertical chain conveyor transports would be located on the roof level, above the books between the Library floors. Council Chambers, and would contain a delegates Delegation Building—The Secretary-General de- restaurant seating 300, private dining rooms, and clared that since the question of developing the a Secretariat cafeteria seating 400. plan for a delegation building (to house offices of General Assembly Building—This unit, the Sec- delegations, specialized agencies and non-govern- retary-General reported, was expected to be com- mental organizations) had been discussed with pleted in time for the Assembly's seventh session the Headquarters Advisory Committee in 1949, in 1952. It would be 380 feet long and 160 feet no further action had been taken, as the Com- wide. The north end, where the principal public mittee did not recommend a continuation of earlier entrance would be, would have a façade 75½ feet studies made by the Secretary-General. high supporting the roof, which would slope con- Landscaping—The Secretary-General reported that cavely downward to 53½ feet at the south façade. it was intended for the landscaping to consist of There would be a five-level passageway con- as much green open space as possible, small necting the General Assembly building and the planted areas, trees placed informally and pos- conference area. The two lower levels of the sibly a fountain in front of the Secretariat build- Assembly building would contain committee ing. The display of the United Nations flags would rooms, including a fourth large conference room probably be on First Avenue in front of the dele- for Assembly committees with seats for 75 repre- gates entrance to the Assembly building. sentatives, 225 advisers, and 34 specialized agen- (2) New York City's Part in Establishing cies representatives and Secretariat staff; and also United Nations Headquarters radio studios, recording and control rooms and The Secretary-General reported that the gen- maintenance areas. erous offer of $8,500,000 of Mr. John D. Rocke- The principal delegates entrance would be on feller, Jr., for the purchase of the site of the per- the west (First Avenue) side of the building. manent headquarters for the United Nations had The General Assembly auditorium would be a been contingent upon the co-operation of the City circular area, over 100 feet in diameter, capped of New York. Certain parcels of land which could with a shallow tilted dome. It would be equipped not be purchased had to be condemned and paid with public-address, motion-picture projection and for by the City, and a number of other conditions other technical facilities. The auditorium would met. Specifically, these included the closing and provide seating accommodation for 360 repre- transfer of streets and a City playground on the sentatives, 234 members of the Press, 276 ob- site and a grant of the exclusive riparian rights servers and 800 public spectators. The number of on the river shore of the site. The City agreed to seats for representatives could be increased, if widen First Avenue, construct a traffic tunnel necessary, by at least 40. A working area for under it, widen and reconstruct certain streets as Press, radio and television services would have dignified approaches, provide additional zoning office space, lounge, dispatch rooms and other restrictions in the neighbourhood, grant tax ex- essentials. emption, transfer the City Housing Authority building to the United Nations at the actual cost Garage—An underground garage, built in three of construction and grant an easement over Frank- levels, partly under the General Assembly build- lin D. Roosevelt Drive. The total value of the ing and partly under the landscaped area, accom- New York City contribution was currently esti- modates 1500 cars. There are numerous entrances mated at $26,500,000. and exits to the parking area, which totals about 600,000 square feet. (3) Budget Library—The seven-storey Manhattan Office build- The budget for the planning, construction and ing, originally a New York City property con- furnishing of the permanent Headquarters, to- taining the City Housing Authority and standing gether with other necessary expenditures, was as on the site at the time of acquisition, has become follows: the United Nations Library, with space for about Secretariat building and foundations . . . $25,105,000 300,000 books. Its seventh floor is the headquar- Demolition and excavation ...... 847,500 ters of the Military Staff Committee. A passageway Tenant relocation ...... 659,000 links the Library and the Secretariat building, and Manhattan office building ...... 1,544,000 a pneumatic tube system for books and documents Landscaping ...... 1,000,000

Functions and Organization of the United Nations 177

Furniture and fixtures ...... $ 1,000,000 the type of decor required for the United Nations Relocation of Franklin D. Roosevelt permanent Headquarters site and buildings; (2) Drive ...... 2,900,000 study and evaluate all offers, proposals and dona- Communications ...... 860,000 tions of works of art from Governments, organi- Administrative costs ...... 649,000 zations and individuals, and to advise the Secre- Architectural, design and planning ...... 2,246,000 tary-General regarding acceptance or rejection of Engineering and supervision ...... 3,139,500 specific offers; and (3) propose artists who may Title search relating to the acquisition of be appointed to execute sculpture, murals and the site ...... 20,000 other works of art at appropriate locations incor- Meeting halls and covering for the drive. 12,000,000 porated in the architectural plans. South parking garage and alterations to the Interborough Rapid Transit vent. . . 2,030,000 Gifts.—Many offers of gifts, the Secretary-General General Assembly and north parking reported, had been received from Governments, garage ...... 11,000,000 organizations of various kinds, commercial con- cerns and individuals. He had therefore requested TOTAL...... $65,000,000 the Board of Art Advisers to consider the best way of dealing with these offers, and to make (4) Procurement and Furnishings recommendations. At its first meeting, the Board At the fourth session of the General Assembly, decided, inter alia, that no gifts should be ac- during the discussion of the Secretary-General's cepted which could be interpreted as having com- report on the permanent Headquarters, attention mercial significance or advertising value to the had been drawn to the subject of world-wide pro- donor, and that portraits of national and inter- curement. In accordance with wishes expressed at national figures might be acceptable, subject to the that time, efforts had been made, the Secretary- provision that they should form part of a non- General reported, to develop a more completely permanent exhibition and that they should be con- international procurement programme both for sidered as works of art, regardless of the person- day-to-day operations and in the establishment of alities involved. Gifts from the Governments of the permanent Headquarters. Letters of inquiry Member States for the Headquarters buildings and were sent to the Governments of all Member grounds, the Board stated, would be welcomed, States, accompanied by lists of items which those and the Secretary-General addressed a letter on States might be able to supply. Representatives of this subject in April 1950 to all Members, attach- the Secretary-General visited many countries to ing a list of suggestions for the guidance of those investigate possible sources of supply and to dis- Governments interested in making donations rep- cuss with manufacturers and suppliers both the resentative of the culture of their countries. immediate and long-range needs of the Organiza- The Secretary-General reported that the Gov- tion. As a result of careful consideration, the Sec- ernments of Norway, Sweden and Denmark had retary-General stated, there could be wide pro- indicated their intention of supplying some of the curement, particularly for such items as furniture, interior furnishings, as well as the interior de- electronics equipment, floor coverings, special sign, for the three Council Chambers. He stated glass, marble and special interior finishes. Indeed, that Norwegian architects and artists were work- considerable purchases had already been made in ing on the Security Council Chamber plans; 1950 and it was thought that about 75 per cent of Swedish designers were concerned with the Eco- all interior furnishings would come from abroad. nomic and Social Council Chamber decorations; Board of Art Advisers.—Early in 1950, the Sec- and a Danish architect was preparing a scheme for retary-General decided, after consultation with the Trusteeship Council Chamber. members of the Headquarters Advisory Commit- Another significant offer, he stated, which had tee, that a Board of Art Advisers should be ap- been suggested informally by the Mayor and the pointed. In March, the following Board members Co-ordinator of Construction of the City of New were named: Wallace K. Harrison (United York, was for a decorative fence and memorial States), Chairman; Jacques Carlu (France), Mi- gateway for the site, to be presented by the peo- guel Covarrubias (Mexico) and Howard Robert- ple of the City of New York. The acceptance of son (United Kingdom). such a gift was agreed to in principle by members It was decided that its terms of reference should of the Board of Art Advisers, and a preliminary be to: (1) assist the Secretary-General in es- design was approved by the Board at their June tablishing an appropriate policy for guidance on 1950 meeting. 178 Yearbook of the United Nations b. RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE Information supplementing that contained in GENERAL ASSEMBLY the report was given by the Director of Head- quarters Planning, in response to questions put to The Secretary-General in his report submitted him by a number of representatives, concerning for the consideration of the General Assembly a working facilities for delegations in the Secretariat draft resolution which would have the Assembly: building or conference area, seating arrangements (1) take note of the report of the Secretary- in the General Assembly Hall, restaurant and General, (2) decide that the Headquarters Ad- cafeteria capacity, garage facilities and arrange- visory Committee be continued with the existing ments and procurement policy with respect to membership, and (3) request the Secretary-Gen- non-United States purchases. The Committee was eral to report to the Assembly at its sixth regular further informed that the total construction pro- session on the progress of construction of the gramme was approximately two-thirds completed. Headquarters. The representative of Cuba discussed the plans The progress report of the. Secretary-General for a proposed delegation building. Because of the was considered by the Fifth Committee at its interest shown by a majority of the delegations 264th meeting on 14 November. in maintaining permanent offices in New York, he Prior to discussion of the report, the Fifth Com- orally proposed that the Secretary-General, in mittee was informed by the Assistant Secretary- addition to reporting on the progress of construc- General in charge of Administrative and Financial tion of the Headquarters, should also be requested Services, on behalf of the Secretary-General, that to submit to the sixth regular session of the Gen- it would be difficult to complete the construction eral Assembly "definite plans and methods of and equipment of the permanent Headquarters, financing the construction of a delegation build- including alterations to the existing Manhattan ing". Office building to make it suitable as a Library, In order to make it clear that such a request within the $65,000,000 loan authorization. In addi- was not intended to prejudge the final decision of tion to the cost of Library alterations, for which a the Assembly or to involve any financial com- provision of $500,000 under a separate section of mitment, the representative of Canada orally pro- the budget had been requested, it had been found posed, and the Cuban representative agreed, that necessary, in order to accommodate the secretariat the words "definite plans" should be replaced by of the United Nations International Children's the words "tentative plans". It was indicated, on Emergency Fund, the Technical Assistance Ad- behalf of the Secretary-General, that acceptance of ministration and the liaison staffs of certain spe- the Cuban amendment to the Secretary-General's cialized agencies, to complete, at a cost of ap- draft resolution would not involve additional bud- proximately $360,000, three of the five floors in getary provision. The amendment was then adopted the Secretariat building which it had been intended by 26 votes to none, with 17 abstentions, follow- to leave unfinished. These circumstances, and the ing which the Secretary-General's draft resolution, fact that costs had risen so sharply since 1947 as amended, was adopted unanimously. when the $65,000,000 maximum project cost had been approved, he explained, made it impossible In its report (A/1634) to the General Assem- to guarantee that total expenditure would not ulti- bly, the Fifth Committee stated that it was the mately somewhat exceed this maximum, although understanding of the Committee that "these votes it was anticipated that such additional funds as did not in any way bind the General Assembly or might be needed would be relatively small. He prejudge its ultimate decision. They should not, went on to state that while every effort would be therefore, be considered as a first step towards the made to complete the project within the original construction of a delegation building but simply provision, the exact total cost of the work which as a formal request to the Secretary-General for was due to be completed before 1953 could not be information and suggestions, on the basis of which forecast at the time. Since part of the funds re- the matter might be more fully considered by the ceived under the $65,000,000 loan was still avail- General Assembly at its next regular session". able, the Secretary-General had decided not to The report of the Fifth Committee was consid- proceed with any request for immediate supple- ered by the General Assembly at its 320th plenary mentary appropriations, but to suggest that action meeting on 12 December. The draft resolution by the General Assembly, at its fifth session, should contained in the report was adopted by the Assem- be limited to adoption of the draft resolution bly by 46 votes to none as its resolution 461(V) recommended in the Secretary-General's report. as follows: Functions and Organization of the United Nations 179

The General Assembly, During the discussions in the Committee, it was 1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General emphasized that the authority of the United Na- on the permanent Headquarters of the United Nations; tions in this respect was a limited one and that 2. Decides that the Headquarters Advisory Com- mittee, established by General Assembly resolution inconsistency between the Headquarters regula- 182(11) of 20 November 1947, shall be continued with tions and the domestic law was unlikely to be the existing membership; either of frequent occurrence or of any consider- 3. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the able scope. It was also noted that, because of the General Assembly at its sixth session on the progress of construction of the Headquarters and to submit tenta- essentially administrative nature of the problem, tive plans and methods of financing the construction of the Secretary-General was in a position to judge a delegation building. what regulations would be necessary for the carry- ing out of the organizational functions at Head- c. HEADQUARTERS AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE quarters. UNITED NATIONS AND THE UNITED STATES At the same time it was felt that, in view of 182 An Agreement between the United Nations the relationship between the regulations of the and the United States on the arrangements re- Organization and domestic legislation, it was quired as a result of establishing the permanent preferable to have a deliberative body with the United Nations Headquarters in New York was prestige of the General Assembly take cognizance signed on 26 June 1947 by the Secretary-General of all such regulations. It was only necessary that of the United Nations and the Secretary of State the general principle of approval by the General of the United States. It came into force on 21 No- Assembly should not prevent the Secretary-Gen- vember 1947. eral from issuing regulations which, in his opinion, The Secretary-General placed on the agenda of were needed for immediate entry into effect. the Assembly's fifth session the question of regu- A joint draft resolution (A/C.6/L.163) to this lations to give effect to article III, section 8, of end was accordingly introduced by the representa- this Agreement, and in a report to the Assembly tives of Canada, Denmark, Syria and the United (A/1409) drew attention to the terms of sec- Kingdom and, after discussion by the Sixth Com- tion 8, which confers upon the United Nations the mittee and further clarification of the text by its power to make necessary regulations operative sponsors, was unanimously adopted. within the Headquarters district which, to the In the course of discussion, the representative of extent of their inconsistency with the federal, the United States referred to the fact that atten- state or local laws of the United States, would have tion had been drawn by some delegations to the the effect of superseding the latter within the closure of the delegates bar at the interim head- district. quarters during the fourth session of the General The Secretary-General noted in his report that Assembly. He offered a proposal (A/C.6/L.162) the General Assembly, in resolution 169 A (II), by which the Assembly could at once make some adopted on 31 October 1947, approving the Head- appropriate regulation on the matter; but as it quarters Agreement, had authorized him to per- was generally recognized that the problem could form on behalf of the United Nations the func- be adequately handled by regulations which the tions required by the Agreement. He suggested, Secretary-General would in the normal course of however, that it was desirable that there should be events propose concerning all facilities in the a more specific authorization by the General Headquarters district, he withdrew his proposal as Assembly for the issuance of any regulations which being unnecessary. would cause federal, state or local laws, to the extent of their inconsistency, to be inapplicable The report of the Sixth Committee (A/1641) was considered by the Assembly at its 320th plen- within the Headquarters district. As any such ary meeting on 12 December, and the proposed regulations would be designed to further the good management of the district, their content, he noted, draft resolution was adopted by 47 votes to none. would be largely administrative in character. The Its text (481(V)) was as follows: Secretary-General therefore considered that they The General Assembly, might appropriately be issued by him, and that he Bearing in mind the provisions of article III, section should then report to each subsequent session of 8, of the Agreement between the United Nations and the Assembly any regulations adopted. the United States of America regarding the Headquarters This question was considered by the Sixth Com- of the United Nations, approved by General Assembly resolution 169(II) of 31 October 1947, mittee at its 248th and 249th meetings on 1 and 182 2 December. For text, see Y.U.N., 1947-48, pp. 199-204. 180 Yearbook of the United Nations

Having considered the report of the Secretary-General 2. Decides that, if in the opinion of the Secretary- on the regulations to give effect to section 8 of the General it is necessary to give immediate effect to any Headquarters Agreement, regulation within the provisions of the Headquarters 1. Requests the Secretary-General to present to the Agreement, he shall have authority to make such regula- General Assembly for approval any draft regulation tion. The Secretary-General shall report any action so within the provisions of the Headquarters Agreement taken to the General Assembly as soon as possible. which may in his opinion be necessary for the full execution of the functions of the United Nations;