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[ 1950 ] Part 1 Chapter 2 Functions and Organization of the United II. Functions and Organization of the United Nations A. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY The General Assembly is the only one of the The Charter, however, recognizes the special six principal organs of the United Nations which responsibilities of the Security Council as the consists of all the Members of the United Nations. organ of the United Nations entrusted with the It is essentially a deliberative, supervisory and re- primary responsibility for the maintenance of viewing organ.1 international peace and security. Thus, Article 12, In broad terms, the Charter states that the Gen- paragraph 1, of the Charter provides that while eral Assembly may discuss any questions or any the Security Council is exercising in respect of matters within the scope of the Charter or relating any dispute or situation the functions assigned to to the powers and functions of any organs of the it in the Charter, the General Assembly is not to United Nations, and, subject to the provisions of make any recommendations with regard to that Article 12, paragraph 1, (see 1. a, below) it may dispute or situation unless requested by the Coun- make recommendations to the Members of the cil to do so. United Nations or to the Security Council, or to The General Assembly may, in accordance with both, on any such questions or matters. The As- Article 11 of the Charter, discuss any questions sembly receives and considers annual and special relating to the maintenance of international peace reports from the Security Council, including an and security brought before it by any Member of account of the measures that the Council had de- the United Nations or by the Security Council, or cided upon, or taken, to maintain international by a State which is not a Member of the United peace and security. The Assembly also receives Nations and which is a party to a dispute, if that and considers reports from other organs of the State accepts in advance the obligations of pacific United Nations. settlement provided for in the Charter. Subject to the provisions of Article 12, paragraph 1, it may make recommendations to the State or States con- 1. Functions and Powers cerned or to the Security Council on such ques- The functions and powers of the General As- tions. Any such question on which action is neces- sembly fall into the following main categories: sary is to be referred to the Security Council by maintenance of international peace and security; the General Assembly either before or after dis- promotion of international political, economic and cussion. social co-operation; operation of the International Subject also to Article 12, paragraph 1, the Trusteeship System and consideration of informa- General Assembly may recommend measures for tion on Non-Self-Governing Territories not placed the peaceful adjustment of any situation, regard- under the System; organizational, administrative less of origin, which it deems likely to impair the and budgetary functions. general welfare or friendly relations among na- tions, including situations resulting from viola- a. MAINTENANCE OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE tions of the Purposes and Principles of the United AND SECURITY Nations. The General Assembly may consider the general In its resolution adopted on 3 November 1950 2 principles of co-operation in the maintenance of under the title "Uniting for Peace," the General international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regula- 1 The Charter provisions with respect to the General Assembly are contained in Ch. IV, Arts. 9-22, and tion of armaments, and may make recommenda- Arts. 1, 2, 4-7, 23, 24, 35, 60-64, 66, 85-88, 93, tions with regard to such principles to the Mem- 96-98, 101, 105, 108 and 109. Arts. 4, 7-15, 32, 33 bers of the United Nations or to the Security and 69 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice also contain provisions relating to the Assembly. Council, or to both. 2 See pp. 193-95. Functions and Organization of the United Nations 13 Assembly decided that if the Security Council, be- fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as cause of lack of unanimity of the permanent mem- to race, sex, language or religion. bers, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for The functions and powers of the United Na- the maintenance of international peace and secu- tions with respect to international economic and rity in any case where there appears to be a threat social co-operation are vested in the General As- to the peace, a breach of the peace or an act of sembly and, under the Assembly's authority, in the 3 aggression, the Assembly is to consider the matter Economic and Social Council. immediately with a view to making recommenda- tions to Members. These recommendations may c. OPERATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL include in the case of a breach of the peace or act TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM of aggression the use of armed force, when neces- The functions and powers of the United Na- sary, to maintain or restore international peace tions with regard to territories not designated as and security. The Assembly may meet for this pur- strategic4 that are placed under the International pose in emergency special session at the request Trusteeship System, including the approval of the of the Security Council, adopted by a vote of any terms of Trusteeship Agreements and of their seven members, or at the request of a majority of alteration or amendment, are exercised by the the Members of the United Nations. General Assembly; the Trusteeship Council, oper- The Assembly at the same time established a ating under the authority of the General Assembly, Peace Observation Commission to observe and re- assists the General Assembly in carrying out these port on the situation in any area where there exists functions.5 international tension the continuance of which is likely to endanger international peace and secu- d. INFORMATION ON NON-SELF-GOVERNING rity. The Assembly also recommended that each TERRITORIES Member of the United Nations maintain within its national forces elements so trained, organized Members of the United Nations which are re- and equipped that they can promptly be made sponsible for the administration of Non-Self- available in accordance with its constitutional pro- Governing Territories not placed under the cesses for service as United Nations units on International Trusteeship System have undertaken, recommendation of the Security Council or the under Article 73 e of the Charter, to transmit to Assembly. the Secretary-General statistical and other tech- nical information relating to economic, social and The General Assembly may call the attention educational conditions in these Territories. The of the Security Council to situations which are General Assembly considers the Secretary-Gen- likely to endanger international peace and secu- eral's summaries and analyses of this information, rity. and is assisted in this consideration by a special The Secretary-General, with the consent of the committee established by it for the purpose.6 Security Council, notifies the General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the main- e. ORGANIZATIONAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND tenance of international peace and security which BUDGETARY FUNCTIONS are being dealt with by the Security Council, and similarly notifies the General Assembly, or the The General Assembly elects the non-perma- Members of the United Nations if the General nent members of the Security Council, the mem- Assembly is not in session, immediately the Secu- bers of the Economic and Social Council, and such rity Council ceases to deal with such matters. members of the Trusteeship Council as may be necessary to ensure that its membership is equally b. PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL divided between Members of the United Nations POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL which administer Trust Territories and Members CO-OPERATION which do not. The General Assembly and the Security Council, voting independently, elect the The General Assembly initiates studies and makes recommendations for the purpose of: members of the International Court of Justice. (1) Promoting international co-operation in the 3 See p. 57. political field and encouraging the progressive develop- 4 The functions of the United Nations relating to ment of international law and its codification; strategic area Trust Territories are exercised by the (2) Promoting international co-operation in the Security Council; see pp. 46-47. economic, social, cultural, educational and health fields, 5 See p. 105. and assisting in the realization of human rights and 6 See pp. 100-101. 14 Yearbook of the United Nations Upon the recommendation of the Security of the Members present and voting. These ques- Council, the General Assembly appoints the tions include: recommendations with respect to Secretary-General of the United Nations. The the maintenance of international peace and secu- Secretary-General makes an annual report to the rity; the election of the non-permanent members General Assembly on the work of the United of the Security Council, the members of the Eco- Nations. He appoints the staff of the Secretariat nomic and Social Council and the elective mem- in accordance with regulations established by the bers of the Trusteeship Council; the admission of General Assembly. new Members to the United Nations; the sus- The General Assembly considers and approves pension of the rights and privileges of member- the budget of the United Nations. It decides on ship; the expulsion of Members; questions relating the proportion of the budget to be paid by each to the operation of the Trusteeship System; and Member. The Assembly considers and approves budgetary questions. Decisions on other questions, any financial and budgetary arrangements with including the determination of additional cate- specialized agencies and examines the administra- gories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds tive budget of such agencies with a view to mak- majority, are made by a majority of the Members ing recommendations to them.
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