Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 147(1): 94–116, 2020.

The Spontaneous Vascular Plant Flora of New York’s Central Park1 Daniel Atha,2, 7 Regina V. Alvarez,3 Ken Chaya,4 John-Paul Catusco,5 and Eric Whitaker6 2 Center for Conservation Strategy, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 3 Science Department, Dominican College, Orangeburg, NY 4 New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 5 Van Cortlandt Park, City of New York Parks and Recreation, Ranaqua, 1 Bronx River Parkway, Bronx, NY 10462 6 Landscape Management Department, Central Park Conservancy, New York City, NY

Abstract. This work details the spontaneous vascular plant flora of New York City’s Central Park for the period 2013 to 2017. We divided the 341-ha (843-acre) park into 36 zones and used a modified timed-meander sampling method to collect herbarium specimens and silica-dried samples (for DNA analysis) of spontaneous, naturalized plants. We collected each new species until we ceased to find any species that had not been previously encountered in any zone. We collected 1,468 specimens, representing 438 species and two subspecific taxa from 262 genera and 89 families, and a number of cultivated species not analyzed is this work. We find that 45% of the flora are native (198 species) and 54% (240 species) are nonnative. Three species are of unknown native status (,1%). The largest families are Poaceae (56 species), Asteraceae (55), Rosaceae (27), Fabaceae (20), and Polygonaceae (17). The largest genera are Persicaria (8 species), Carex (7), Acer (7), Cyperus (6), Rubus (6), and Eragrostis (6). Seven species are ranked as rare, threatened, or endangered by New York Natural Heritage Program. Thirty-six species are listed as prohibited or regulated invasive species by New York State. Four species new for New York State were collected in Central Park during this study. We documented 76 additional species since the last inventory of 2007. The percentage of native species has increased by 5% since 2007. The data suggest that management efforts focused on controlling invasive species and planting and supporting native species have been effective. The spontaneous, naturalized flora is

1 We commend the Central Park Conservancy for their exemplary stewardship of Central Park and thank the present and former staff, in particular Douglas Blonsky and Neil Calvanese, as well as the New York Botanical Garden, particularly Gregory Long, for funding and supporting this project. We are grateful to Kelly O’Donnell and Lisa Brundage for organizing the 2013 Macaulay Honors College BioBlitz in Central Park, the event that provided the catalyst for our study. We are grateful to the staff of the William and Lynda Steere Herbarium at NYBG for curating the specimens and online information, including images of the specimens. We thank Meryl Rubin for her technical support with specimen processing and database management. We thank the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation for approval to collect and do research in Central Park. We thank Jelisa Oliveras (NYBG intern) and Marissa Vaccarelli (Fordham intern) for going through the Brooklyn herbarium collection and pulling out all Central Park plants. Thank you to Rob Naczi for determining Sedges, Juncus, and Dichanthelium. We thank Russell Fredericks and John Dillon of the Central Park Conservancy for always being receptive to our recommendations relating to our findings. We thank Matthew Brown and Tina Nelson for directing our attention to additional old Central Park specimens and Richard Kruzansky for taking the time to help us verify the information on those specimens. We also thank computer scientist Yibing Han for developing a collection map used to illustrate and analyze our methods. Thank you to John McBride and Bob Scheuerman for allowing us access to the Central Park Zoo and for accompanying us on a productive and fun day.In addition, we would like to express our appreciation for the keen eyes and good company of our field surveyors, participants of the 2013 Central Park BioBlitz: Aiton Eliach, Alex Hodges, Allan Wong, Amy Gage, Andrea Buteau, Andrea Gaskin, Annie Schwartz, Betsy Marzahn-Ramos, Bill Kearny, Bill Berliner, Bob Weinreb, Bonnie Ralston, Brie Berry, Carlos Alfredo Sa´nchez, Carry Reed, Chris Krivanek, Chris Madden, Christina Colon, Christine Seita, Christopher Lee, Dan Feeser, Dan Protess, Daniel LaMarca, Deborah Atha, Diane Schaub, Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, Elizabeth Kaledin, Ella Baron, Eric Kreilick, Erickson Lantigua, Fabrice Rochelemagne, Gregory Stout, Harry Hogan, Huning Zhang, Janna Passuntino, Jasmine Da Costa, Jason Leggett, Jay Wen, Jerry Heinzen, Joe Gamache, John Seirup, Josh Galiley, Julian Campbell, Julie Rankin, Kaitlyn Schwalje, Keiron Lindsay, Kim-Nora Moses, Linda Stillman, Lisa Foderaro, Lisa Kozlowski, Lisa Synoradzki, Marcus Kronforst, Maria Hernandez, Marie Winn, Matthew Wills, Melanie Macchio, Michael Nee, Michael O’Grady, Mimi Gunderson, Molly Lemeris, Molly Rouzie, Nicole Sexton, Pete Provenzale, Raymond Duggan, Rebecca Panko, Richard Abbott, Richard Lieberman, Sandra Bruening, Sara Cedar Miller, Sarah Skubel, Shanna Blanchard, Steve Swanson, Suzanne Charle´, Taylan Morcol, Terrance Ruane, Terri Carta, Terri Coppersmith, Thomas Hopper, Tim Boyd, Tom Kain, Veronica Lucchese, Virginia Carter, Wallace Wentink, Zihao Wang. 7 Author for correspondence: [email protected] doi 10/3159-TORREY-D-19-00024 ÓCopyright 20XX by the Torrey Botanical Society Received for publication May 22, 2019, and in revised form August 1, 2019; first published February 17, 2020. 94 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 95 listed in Appendix I. Spontaneous plants that appear once or sporadically but do not persist without repeated introduction are listed as waifs in Appendix II. The species are listed with scientific and common name, native status in New York State, coefficient of conservatism, New York Natural Heritage Program rarity ranking (S1–S5), observed frequency in Central Park (rare, infrequent, and frequent), and observed species fecundity for Central Park (decreasing, stable, or increasing). All species reported are vouchered by herbarium specimens and silica-dried tissue samples at the New York Botanical Garden. Key words: conservation, invasive species, native plants, New York City, urban flora

Central Park is probably the most famous urban historical accounts show an overall change indi- park in the world. It was designated a National cating the loss of many native species and a Historic Landmark in 1963 and is tentatively listed substantial increase in nonnative species. Over as a UNESCO World Heritage site (UNESCO 50% of the species listed in these historical 2018). It lies in the middle of Manhattan Island in documents have been extirpated, and the majority the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, the of these were native species (DeCandido et al. tenth largest megacity in the world and the largest 2007). Two entire families were lost, only to be urban area in land cover (Demographia 2018). It replaced with nonnatives of the same family was widely reported that in 2014, more than half (Orchidaceae and Dioscoreaceae). Only one spon- the world’s population lived in cities (Sengupta taneous orchid was found in our survey—the 2014) and the number is projected to rise. Which nonnative Epipactis helleborine. The native Dio- wild plants and animals that are able to coexist scorea villosa has not been seen in the park since with such intense urbanization and the dynamics of 1857, but the nonnative Dioscorea polystachya is their survival are globally important issues. The spreading. subject of this study, the wild flora of Central Park, While often described as a barren wasteland, the seeks to contribute baseline inventory data to help area that would become Central Park contained us understand the dynamics of spontaneous urban significant woodlands, swamps, and wetlands. The floras so they can be managed sustainably. park’s first chief engineer, Egbert Viele, reported While New York City may be the iconic urban that there were 9,000 Acer saccharinum L. trees area—the concrete jungle—actually forty percent and 12,000 Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. shrubs of New York City’s land area (783 km2)is‘‘green’’ growing in the park (Viele 1857). Through much or managed as open space such as parks, of the 19th and 20th centuries, marshes, swamps, cemeteries, campuses, private yards, and golf creeks and other wetlands were seen as a nuisance courses (Pregitzer et al.2018).Asignificant preventing development and contributing to dis- portion of this is managed as natural areas by the ease. In Central Park, all of the creeks and swamps New York City Department of Parks and Recre- and most of the seeps and springs were diverted ation as well as municipal, state, and federal into pipes and combined with the city’s growing authorities, often in partnership with conservan- waste water system (Rosenzweig and Blackmar cies, friends groups, and similar organizations. The 1992). The major streams were reconfigured into health and sustainability of these natural areas and open waterbodies to provide ‘‘picturesque’’ land- the species they support are important barometers scape elements. While much of the park was of the health of our environment and also reflect constructed, there remain elements of the pre- our values and priorities as a society. existing topography, vegetation, and hydrology. Prior to the beginning of park construction in Many of the natural rock outcrops throughout the 1857, the area of Central Park was rural or park were left intact as part of the design. The suburban land at the edge of a burgeoning city, north end of the park, from 106th Street to 110th with homes for 1,600 inhabitants, businesses, Street, was acquired and added after construction churches, schools, and farms (Miller 2003, had begun. The area included high bluffs, large 2009). Two principal documents chronicle the rock outcrops, a salt marsh, and young forest. The species present at the time the park was construct- rugged landscape became a welcome addition to ed (Rawolle and Pilat 1857, Viele 1857), followed the park and was left largely as it was (Rosenzweig a few years later by an inventory of the planted and and Blackmar 1992). Elsewhere, the park has spontaneous plants (Demcker 1873). When com- retained areas where spontaneous native and pared to the modern spontaneous flora, these nonnative species have flourished. In some cases 96 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147 this was intentional—in woodlands, for example, Tina Nelson, the Soil, Water and Ecology or edges of open lawn. In others cases it was Laboratory Coordinator. The collection contained unintentional—corners and edges not easily approximately 422 mounted and 14 unmounted mown, rock outcrops, transverse roads, waterbody sheets. In 2015, the specimens were generously islands are all areas where spontaneous vegetation donated by the Conservancy to the William and flourishes. Lynda Steere Herbarium at the New York Marianne Cramer summarizes how these areas Botanical Garden (NYBG), where they have been have been managed and the challenges and databased, imaged, added to the general collection, conflicts addressed since the park was created and made available online. The published 2007 (Cramer 1993). In her work, she describes how the inventory consisted of 362 putative native and Central Park Conservancy (Conservancy), founded naturalized species. This is the number we used for in 1980 by Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, assumed analysis and comparison. day-to-day management of the park, and began to The present study was begun in the summer of reclaim the ‘‘nature’’ in Olmsted and Vaux’s 2013 by the authors (D.A., R.A., and K.C.) who ‘‘naturalistic’’ design. At the time, the park was coordinated the plant section of the 2013 Macaulay severely degraded. Heavy use and neglect had Honors College BioBlitz of Central Park. A diminished the native biodiversity and favored BioBlitz is a 24-hour event during which experts invasive species (Barlow Rogers 2018). Degraded and volunteers catalog as many species as possible landscapes, depauperate of native species too often in a designated area. These events are meant to evolve toward an uninspiring and unhealthy document flora and fauna and increase public monotony of a very few hardy, mostly introduced awareness of local biodiversity. During the initial species. Reversing this trend took tremendous scouting for the BioBlitz, several spontaneous effort and the wisdom to recognize that reliable plants were discovered that were not reported in data were necessary to make informed manage- the 2007 inventory, including Plantago rugelii, ment decisions and the most efficient allocation of Viburnum sieboldii, Persicaria extremiorientalis, resources (Barlow Rogers 1987). and others. A new survey of the spontaneous flora A significant research impediment with the historic lists prior to 2007 is that no set of seemed warranted by the number of novelties contemporaneous herbarium specimens referable observed during the brief period of the BioBlitz. to the works have been located that permit With financial and logistical support from the verification of the species reported. This is the NYBG and the Conservancy, and permission to case for lists of animals and fungi as well. There collect specimens granted by the New York City are privately produced checklists and inventories Department of Parks and Recreation, the Central of birds, fungi, and insects, but as with plants, Park Flora Project began in the fall of 2013. The surprisingly few vouchered biological inventories project was designed to conclude four years later of Central Park have been published. Despite the in 2017, 10 years after the previous inventory. lack of vouchers, these inventories are useful in suggesting biological change over time. The late Materials and Methods. The focus of this Gary Lincoff cataloged fungi in the park for 40 study is the spontaneous vascular plant flora of years and kept a fungal list on social media. Central Park, New York County, New York. The To inform sound landscape management, the 341-ha (843-acre) study area is bounded by the Central Park Conservancy sponsored the first rectangle formed by 59th Street on the south, 110th inventory of the spontaneous flora that was Street on the north, Fifth Avenue on the east and vouchered by herbarium specimens and thus was Eighth Avenue (Central Park West) on the west verifiable. The work was led by Dr. Robert (Fig. 1). The park is uniformly enclosed by a stone DeCandido and published in 2007 (DeCandido et perimeter wall with numerous entrances of various al. 2007). The authors surveyed the entire park for sizes. For this study we include all the area inside one year, attempting to collect a specimen of every the wall and the inside of the wall itself. We did not spontaneous species. The specimens were gener- include the exterior surface of the wall nor the ally well prepared, labeled, and mounted. They sidewalk or tree pits outside of it. We did include were stored in a metal herbarium cabinet in the the area of the four transverse roads inside of the Conservancy’s Soil and Water Lab and curated by park perimeter. Elevation in Central Park ranges 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 97

FIG. 1. Central Park in local and regional context. Map of Central Park showing the thirty-six zones used in this study (left). Map of New York City’s five boroughs showing location of Central Park (top). Map of New York City and surrounding states (above). 98 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147 from approximately 5 m above sea level at the A spontaneous annual plant that occurs once Harlem Meer to 44 m at Summit Rock (Fig. 1). and disappears, or that may persist but does not We divided the park into 36 zones to facilitate reproduce on its own, disappears and only occurs data collection, analysis, and discussion. In again if re-introduced is considered by us as a waif. defining the zones, we tried to maintain some To assess the status of a waif or naturalized species ecological and physiographic cohesion within each we consider the species’ history in the park, its zone and intended them to be intuitive to a visitor reproductive and dispersal dynamics, and its reasonably familiar with the park and its geo- context in the region. graphical features. We also attempted to follow the The flora in Appendix I is arranged by major zone management system used by the Conservan- groups (ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms: mono- cy. Every specimen collected was assigned to a cots and dicots) with families, genera, and species particular zone and reported on the specimen arranged alphabetically within each group. Fern labels. taxonomy follows Moran (2017). Angiosperm We used a modified timed-meander sampling taxonomy follows the classification of the Angio- method (Nkoa et al. 2013) during the roughly four sperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV 2016). Author years of collecting. We assume this is the same abbreviations follow Brummitt and Powell (1992). method used by DeCandido et al. (2007), but in Species concepts follow Werier (2017), largely as their case, the time interval was one year and in described in Flora of North America (FNA 1993þ) ours it was four. We traversed each of the 36 zones and Gleason and Cronquist (1991), and recent several times in different seasons, looking for revisions. We endeavored to use common names as they are spoken and written currently by individ- species not previously encountered. When no new uals referring to plants of New York City. For species were found in a zone after repeated visits, those plants without names in common usage or we focused our efforts elsewhere. From August 17, where there are multiple names used, we chose a 2013 to September 16, 2017, we visited the park name from among those used in the New York 139 times and collected a total of 1,468 specimens, Flora Atlas (Weldy et al. 2019), the USDA Plants the majority being spontaneous plants, but includ- Database (USDA, NRCS 2019), Gleason and ing some cultivated plants (not analyzed) and waifs Cronquist (1991), other sources. (see Appendix II). After the second year, we Nativity status (native or introduced), coeffi- identified blank spots on our collecting map and cients of conservatism, and state rarity ranking visited them, often finding interesting things (see (S1–S5) follow the Catalogue of the Vascular Results and Discussion). By the end of the study, Plants of New York State (Werier 2017), the New no new species were found in any zone. York Flora Atlas online (Weldy et al. 2019), and Every specimen is databased, imaged, and the New York Rare Plant Status Lists (Young accessioned in the Herbarium at NYBG. Every 2017). specimen has a silica-dried tissue sample in the We report the species’ abundance in Central NYBG DNA bank. All specimen data and images Park as rare (1 population or individual), infre- are accessible online through various data portals quent (2–5 populations), and frequent (. 5 such as the NYBG’s CV Starr Virtual Herbarium, populations). The trajectory designation is a SEINET, and GBIF. measure of the species’ fecundity in situ, reported We define spontaneous as any free-living as either decreasing, stable, or increasing. We individual plant not intentionally planted in cannot predict how the park will be managed in the Central Park by humans (note italics). The plant future and we cannot predict the climate or other could be annual or perennial, native or introduced. environmental variables, so trajectory is measured To be considered a part of the indigenous or on the basis of what we observed during 2013– naturalized flora for this study, a species must be 2017 period, augmented by our knowledge of the represented by at least one spontaneous population species behavior elsewhere in the region. In growing somewhere in the park. Generally, a addition, we took into consideration the observa- population consists of more than one individual; tions and knowledge of current and former however, some perennial species such as trees may Conservancy staff members, several of whom be spontaneous, but only known from one have worked in the park for many years. Invasive individual. species are aggressive by definition and if left 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 99

Table 1. The number of species (excluding meaning that they occur in disturbed sites ranging subspecific taxa) reported by DeCandido et al. from the most disturbed (CoC 0) to less disturbed (2007) and this paper, Atha et al. (2020). (CoC 4). The remaining 40% (79 species) are Native Introduced Total native with CoC values of 5 or greater and show 2007 145 (40%) 217 (60%) 362 some fidelity to a particular habitat with little 2017 198 (45%) 240 (55%) 438 disturbance. All of the rare, threatened, and Change þ53 þ23 þ76 endangered species are in the latter category.

Discussion. In this study we documented 76 alone, their populations would increase in size and more species than were documented in 2007. As density. In many cases the most aggressive summarized in Table 1, the number of introduced invaders are actively managed and seasonally species increased from 217 in 2007 to 240 in 2017 removed to the extent possible. Nevertheless, we (a 10.6% increase), but the native flora increased classify most of these invasives as ‘‘increasing’’ more, from 145 in 2007 to 198 in 2017 (a 36% because they would be if left alone, but may be increase). These increases are partially due to a reduced by management. greater collecting time interval and intensity that Results. The spontaneous flora consists of 438 documented species likely present in 2007 but species and 2 subspecific taxa from 262 genera and were then undetected. For example, Sagina 89 families. We documented 76 additional species apetala, a state record that is hard to distinguish since the inventory of 2007. The largest families from other Sagina species; Viburnum sieboldii,an are Poaceae (56 species), Asteraceae (55), Rosa- introduced ornamental shrub that may not have ceae (27), Fabaceae (20), and Polygonaceae (17). been recognized as spontaneous, but has become The largest genera are Persicaria (8 species), an emerging invasive; Potamogeton foliosus Carex (7), Acer (7), Cyperus (6), Rubus (6), and subsp. foliosus, a submerged aquatic species that Eragrostis (6). Seven species are ranked as rare, is easily overlooked; and Amelanchier sanguinea, threatened, or endangered by New York Natural a Shadbush species that has never been reported Heritage Program: Rare (S3): Panicum amarum for Manhattan, was found in only one location in subsp. amarum; Threatened (S2): Viburnum den- the North Woods of Central Park. The longer tatum var. venosum, Carex glaucodea; and Endan- collection time (four years vs. one year) also gered (S1): Acalypha virginica, Quercus phellos, allowed us to find rare species that might have Gymnocladus dioicus, Fraxinus profunda. The been considered locally extirpated, such as Mono- native Ashes Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus penn- tropa uniflora. Species that have naturalized from sylvanica, and Fraxinus profunda are all ranked as cultivation also contributed to the increase, such as Critically Endangered globally (Barstow et al. Mertensia virginica and Acer palmatum. 2018). Thirty-six species are listed as prohibited or There are 31 native species that are only known regulated invasive species by New York State from one wild population in Central Park (defined (NYS DEC, DAM 2014). Four New York State here as rare). Almost half have a CoC value of 5 or records were collected in Central Park during this greater. All are listed as stable or decreasing. Four study and published separately: Gamochaeta of the 10 spontaneous fern species are in this pensylvanica, Rumex cristatus, Stellaria pallida, group. Species that are known from only one site and Sagina apetala (Atha et al. 2016; Atha 2018; in Central Park are extremely vulnerable to Atha et al. 2018a; Atha et al. 2018b). extirpation. A severe weather event or disturbance As of 2017, native species comprise 45% of the could eliminate the species from the park and flora. That is an increase of 5% since 2007. The because the park is surrounded by dense urban comparison of native and introduced species development on all sides and is on an island, the documented in this and the previous study are chances of unassisted recolonization is very low, summarized in Table 1. even for ferns which are dispersed by wind. The The coefficient of conservatism (CoC) can be only known wild population of Dryopteris margin- used to assess a species’ habitat specificity and alis occurs in the northern section of the park, but tolerance of disturbance (Bried et al. 2012). Of the Conservancy staff have planted and cultivated the native species, approximately 60% (118 species) species elsewhere. This species is available in the are ruderal species with a CoC value of , 5, nursery trade, but that is not true for all species. 100 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147

Other species such as Amelanchier sanguinea are become a large problem in New York City is also known from only one population and should Sorghum halapense. We found a large patch of S. be protected and increased if possible. halapense behind the stage at the Delacorte Inventories such as these are also useful in Theater and promptly alerted management staff. verifying the identity of planted specimens that This species has cost many millions of dollars and may become naturalized. Occasionally, nurseries lost productivity in the southern states, particularly make errors in identifying and labeling species. We in the agricultural sector. While New York City is found several examples of this: Dryopteris gold- not agricultural, S. halapense is extremely aggres- iana labeled as D. marginalis and Viola striata sive and difficult to control once established. It is labeled as V. blanda. These examples do not pose vital that New York City take seriously the threat serious problems in the landscape since both are from this species (and others like it) and provide native. But Parthenocissus quinquefolia labeled as aggressive steps to eradicate it wherever it occurs, P. inserta may be a problem because although as was done in Central Park. Fatoua villosa is an these look similar, P. inserta will not climb trees or annual species that appears to be spreading rapidly trellises, a characteristic which may be desired. throughout New York City (including Central Most importantly, errors such as Alnus glutinosa Park) and should be managed aggressively before sold as A. incana is a serious problem because A. it becomes unmanageable. glutinosa is introduced, spreads rapidly, and is As described in the Materials and Methods difficult to eradicate once established. section, waifs (listed in Appendix II) are usually Considerable attention and allocation of re- introduced plants that appear spontaneously, but do sources by the Conservancy (with the help of many not persist in the same place and do not form volunteers) has decreased the abundance and reproducing and spreading populations. Most density of invasive species in Central Park. Large spread anthropogenically, often inadvertently, but areas, particularly the Ramble, were once domi- occasionally deliberately as ornamentals or food nated by Reynoutria japonica and the canopy of plants. One of the most common inadvertent the North Woods was once dominated by Acer anthropogenic vectors for the spread of waifs is platanoides. These species are still found in the broadcast of bird seed. A cursory analysis of Central Park, but their numbers and harmful the waif list in Appendix II shows that many are ecological consequences have been greatly re- components of bird seed and are not naturally duced. Humulus japonicus was declared extirpated found in New York. Examples of these include by DeCandido et al. (2007). This highly invasive Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum, Sorghum annual vine has been increasing greatly in New bicolor subsp. bicolor, Phleum canariense and York City in the last several years and is once Amaranthus cruentus. Common food plants may again present in Central Park. We list the species as also be spread by humans or other animals. Every frequent and increasing. Perhaps it can be year during the warmer months we observed eliminated again. While no New York State numerous occurrences of Solanum lycopersicum prohibited or regulated invasive species has been plants scattered throughout the park. The plants eliminated since 2007, it is hoped that some often reach flowering and sometimes fruiting invasives will be eliminated by the time of the next stage, but they never seem to reappear in the same inventory. place the following season. The introduction of Early detection of new invasive species and commercial nursery plants carrying ancillary novel rapid response with control measures (EDRR) is plant species in the soil is another common vector the most efficient and effective means of control- for waifs, invasives, and occasionally native ling invasives and protecting the health, beauty, species. For example, we found a few plants of and ecological integrity of landscapes. Species Erigenia bulbosa in one recently planted area. The should be identified as soon as they appear and species is native to western New York and eliminated before they have time to cover large Pennsylvania, but not New York City and likely areas and increase vigor from repeated genetic came in with nursery material. Some of the waifs mixing. Trained botanists, community scientists could have become very troublesome invasives, and other knowledgeable persons should alert but we alerted the management staff to the nature management staff as soon as a new potential and location of these infestations. The tropical invasive is detected. One invasive that could Pistia stratiotes is a good example. Overwintering 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 101 populations of this extremely fast-growing aquatic The ongoing effort to plant native species and invasive have been moving north in North the success of past efforts to restore native plant America concurrent with a warming climate. We populations by the Conservancy should be strong- found it in the pool at 103rd Street two years in a ly supported and encouraged. Based on years of row beginning in 2014, each time alerting the collective observation of insects and birds in management, who removed it. The species was not Central Park, native plants are preferred by observed in 2016, 2017, or 2018. We do not know resident and visiting fauna. Some introduced whether the plant overwintered from 2014 to 2015 ornamental plants may be preferred horticulturally or was reintroduced. Another extremely worrying because they are considered pest free, meaning that potentially invasive plant we listed as a waif is insects, fungi, and other herbivores do not exploit Impatiens balfourii. There was a spontaneous them as food or shelter. This is supported by a population of about a dozen plants in the moist, recent study showing that native plants have shady woods of the Ramble in 2016. Conservancy significantly greater leaf herbivory rates than gardeners removed it and it has not been seen introduced invasive species (Bodawatta et al. since. This species could have expanded its range 2019). A 1999 study showed that 96% of North and displaced the native Impatiens capensis and I. American terrestrial birds rely on insects to feed pallida and other shade tolerant herbaceous their young (Tallamy 2007), but if the plants perennials. As yet, neither Pistia stratiotes nor preferred by insects (native) are not there, the birds Impatiens balfourii are known to occur elsewhere will suffer. In Central Park, bees, wasps, and flies in New York State (Werier 2017), demonstrating are among the most prodigious pollinators and the value of EDRR. help sustain the local flora. Thus, the regions of In recent years, the Central Park Conservancy Central Park supporting spontaneous plant growth, has planted an increasing number of native species, especially of native species, help sustain the experimenting with a variety of native species for insects and birds. If we seek to manage and grow different habitats. Over time some of these have our urban green spaces as diverse and healthy become naturalized, sometimes for the first time, ecosystems for the benefit of wildlife, we must aim such as the Mertensia virginica and sometimes for the restoration and continued management of augmenting existing populations that may have diverse and healthy native plant palettes. occurred in low numbers such as Lindera benzoin. A change in the culture of park users and park Thenativespecies,Mertensia virginica,isa managers has been an important factor in the Central Park success story. There are numerous restoration of native plant communities. Appreci- populations of this species that have spread beyond ating plants that people traditionally see as weeds initial plantings to form dense stands in moist, may be a vital factor in ecosystem restoration. For shady sites. Based on the evidence, it appears that example, Phytolacca americana, Asclepias syria- they have become established and are self- ca, Persicaria virginiana, and Ageratina altissima sustaining. Podophyllum peltatum is another were regularly pulled up as weeds anywhere they example. We observed that the plants are now were found. They are now left in natural areas and abundant and widespread in the park. Podophyl- they provide important forage for migrating birds lum peltatum is an ideal species for Central Park and other wildlife. because it can tolerate diverse soil and light Habitats such as roadsides, woodland edges, and conditions, and because it spreads by rhizomes, it rock outcrops harbor numerous ruderal (CoC value can rebound after some disturbance. However, not , 5) native species that rely on minor disturbances all reintroductions have been successful. There are and suppression of woody species. These habitats many native species that were introduced but did are particularly abundant in the park and help to not succeed. Symphiotrychum novae-angliae and define the naturalistic character of the landscape S. novi-belgii were both tried numerous times in (Barlow Rogers 1987). They are important for what seemed to be proper environments. Neither maintaining meadow and edge species, such as did well and the populations declined and many of the Symphyotrichum spp., Solidago spp., disappeared over time. The native orchid Good- Rhus spp., Rubus spp., Sambucus nigra subsp. yera pubescens is another reintroduced species that canadensis, Populus deltoides, Sassafras albidum, struggled and soon disappeared. and many others. 102 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147

Vernal pools, marshes, and other wetlands are results presented here, detailing the changes in just important habitats for native plants and wildlife. 10 years, argues for their high value and continued Over the course of the last two centuries, the fear importance. We hope others will follow suit, of disease and development pressures drove our though future studies may not take the same form, predecessors in New York City to drain these areas as herbarium collections are expensive to collect and to use them as garbage dumps and building and maintain. Other forms, such as digital sites to the point where they are now rare and photograph collections will augment and substitute almost nonexistent in Manhattan (Steinberg 2014). for physical collections, especially of common, Freshwater marshes that were not completely filled weedy species that are well documented. in were diverted into pipes or channelized into Landscape management is a complex business concrete canals, destroying their ecological integ- involving many elements, living and non, but rity and function. Until 1949, a small but inarguably, the most important element is the significant (for the island of Manhattan) freshwater flora. Plants are living organisms responding to marsh existed in the southeast corner of Central untold influences beyond the control of even the Park at the north end of the Pond. The marsh was most skilled and well-funded managers. Often, formerly part of a much larger wetlands system the results of management interventions are not formed by DeVoor’s Mill Stream that was known until the plants have time to ‘‘settle in.’’ substantially altered by the construction of the The palette of available plant material for display park in 1857 and development of the city beyond. and restoration is constantly changing and not The small marsh that remained after 1857 was every planting will succeed. In addition, wild filled and covered by an ice skating rink in 1949. plants are constantly being introduced by humans, In 1966, the last remaining marsh in Central Park animals, and natural dispersal, creating an ever- connecting Montagne’s Rivulet (the Loch) and the changing and highly dynamic flora that must be Harlem Meer at the north end of the park was constantly monitored if it is to be sustainably similarly filled in and covered by an ice skating managed. rink. No inventories of these areas are available As demonstrated during this study, early from before these developments, but it can be detection of invasive and potentially invasive assumed that a number of wetland species were plants and their prompt removal while populations lost. Some wetland species persist today or appear are small is essential to maintaining a sustainable ephemerally, such as the small population of landscape. Lindernia dubia, a native species with a CoC Our findings show that even in a park with 40 value of 6, that we documented growing in a small million visits per year, alpha diversity can be muddy area between the Wollman rink and maintained and even increased when native species Gapstow Bridge, most likely a refugee of the are planted, encouraged, and allowed the flexibility former wetland that existed where the ice rink is. to move dynamically, thereby allowing the land- We support the Conservancy’s effort to daylight scape to respond to natural as well as anthropo- the waterway connecting the Loch and the Harlem genic change. Meer, currently diverted into a pipe under the Lasker Rink. If this project proceeds, we hope the Literature Cited water will be slowed and widened as it meanders [APG] ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP IV. 2016. An update northward toward the Meer, creating (or recreat- of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for ing) what may be the only naturally occurring, the orders and families of Flowering plants: APG IV. ecologically functional freshwater emergent marsh Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 181: 1–20. ATHA, D. 2018. First report of Rumex cristatus (Polygo- (Edinger et al. 2016) on the island of Manhattan. naceae) for New York State. Phytoneuron 2018-48: 1– 3. Conclusions. This study, and its 2007 prede- ATHA, D., R. V. ALVAREZ, AND K. CHAYA. 2018a. First report cessor, have established baseline data on the of Sagina apetala (Caryophyllaceae) for New York. spontaneous flora of Central Park. Considering Phytoneuron 2018-34: 1–2. that the first vouchered inventory of Central Park’s ATHA, D., P. WIJESINGHE, AND V. L AZZERI. 2018b. First report of Stellaria pallida (Caryophyllaceae) for New spontaneous flora did not occur until 150 years York State. Phytoneuron 2018-64: 1–8. after the park was established, a once-decadal ATHA, D., R. ALVAREZ,D.FEESER,M.FEDER,Z.WANG, AND survey of the plants seems luxurious, but the R. KELLY. 2016. Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Astera- 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 103

ceae) is established in the New York flora. Phytoneur- MORAN, R. C. 2017. Division Polypodiopsida, Ferns. In R. on 2016-22: 1–4. F. C. Naczi, J. R. Abbott, and Collaborators, New BARLOW ROGERS, E. 1987. Rebuilding Central Park, A Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United Management and Restoration Plan. The MIT Press, States and Adjacent Canada, compiled in 2016, 2017, Cambridge, MA. 160 pp. online ed. NYBG Press, New York, NY. BARLOW ROGERS, E. 2018. Saving Central Park. Alfred A. NKOA, R., M. D. K. OWEN, AND C. J. SWANTON. 2013. Knopf, NY. 301 pp. Research methods in weed science: Weed abundance, BARSTOW, M., S. OLDFIELD,M.WESTWOOD,E.BEECH, AND distribution, and diversity and community analysis. M. RIVERS. 2018. The Red List of Fraxinus. Botanic Weed Science 2013: 1–28. doi: 10.1614/ Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, Sur- WS-D-13-00075. rey, UK. 32 pp. [NYS DEC, DAM] NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF BODAWATTA, K. H., C. CLARK,A.HEDRICK,A.HOOD, AND B. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND NEW YORK STATE H. SMITH. 2019. Comparative analysis of herbivory and DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS. 2014. New leaf phenology in invasive and native shrubs in an east- York State Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Plants, central Indiana forest. Journal of the Torrey Botanical September 10, 2014. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Society 146: 48–57. 14 pp. BRIED, J. T., K. L. STROUT, AND T. PORTANTE. 2012. PREGITZER, C., H. M. FORGIONE,K.L.KING,S.CHARLOP- Coefficients of conservatism for the vascular flora of POWERS, AND J. GREENFELD. 2018. Forest Management New York and New England: Inter-state comparisons and expert opinion bias. Northeastern Naturalist 19: Framework for New York City. Natural Areas 101–114. Conservancy, New York, NY. 40 pp. RAWOLLE,C.AND I. A. PILAT. 1857. Catalogue of Plants BRUMMITT, R. K. & C. E. POWELL. 1992. Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. 732 pp. Growing in the Terrain of the Central Park Gathered in CRAMER, M. 1993. Urban renewal: Restoring the vision of the Summer of 1857. I. M. W. Siebert, New York, NY. Olmsted and Vaux in Central Park’s woodlands. 34 pp. Restoration and Management Notes 11: 106–116. ROSENZWEIG,R.AND E. BLACKMAR. 1992. The Park and the DECANDIDO, R., N. CALVANESE,R.V.ALVAREZ,M.I. People. Henry Holt and Company, New York, NY. 623 BROWN, AND T. M. NELSON.2007.Thenaturally pp. occurring historical and extant flora of Central Park, SENGUPTA, S. 2014. Most people in cities, U.N. finds. New New York City, New York 1857–2007. Journal of the York Times, July 11, 2014, p. A8. Torrey Botanical Society 134: 552–569. STEINBERG, T. 2014. Gotham Unbound: An Ecological DEMCKER, R. 1873. Central Park Plant List and Map Index History of Greater New York, from Henry Hudson to of 1873. The Frederick Law Olmsted Association and Hurricane Sandy. Simon & Schuster, New York, NY. The Central Park Community Fund, New York, NY. 47 517 pp. pp. TALLAMY, D. 2007. Bringing Nature Home: How Native DEMOGRAPHIA. 2018. Demographia World Urban Areas Plants Sustain Wildlife in Our Gardens. Timber Press, (Built-Up Urban Areas or World Agglomerations), Portland, OR. 288 pp. 15th Annual Edition: April 2019. Retrieved May 22, UNESCO. 2018. Central Park. Accessed May 22, 2019 2019 from ,http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf. from United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Accessed 22 May 2019.. Cultural Organization, World Heritage Centre. EDINGER, G. J., D. J. EVANS,S.GEBAUER,T.G.HOWARD,D. ,http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6234/.. M. HUNT, AND A. M. OLIVERO. 2014. Ecological [USDA, NRCS] U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Communities of New York State, 2nd ed. A revised NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE. 2019. The and expanded edition of Carol Reschke’s Ecological PLANTS Database. Retrieved May 22, 2019 from Communities of New York State. New York Natural National Plant Data Team, Greensborough, NC. Heritage Program, Albany, NY. 160 pp. ,https://plants.usda.gov.. FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA EDITORIAL COMMITTEE (EDS.). VIELE, E. L. 1857. Botany [of Central Park]. Extracted 1993þ. Flora of North America North of Mexico, from Board of Aldermen, Doc. No. 5, 19 January Volumes 2–9, 12, 19–26. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 1857. 35 pp. WELDY, T., D. WERIER, AND A. NELSON. 2019. New York GLEASON,H.A.AND A. CRONQUIST. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and Flora Atlas. [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell adjacent Canada, 2nd ed. New York Botanical Garden (original application development), USF Water Insti- Press, Bronx, NY. 910 pp. tute. University of South Florida]. Retrieved May 22, MASLIN NIR, S. 2015. Celebrating in New York, on such a 2019 from the New York Flora Association, Albany, California Day. The New York Times. December 26, NY. ,http://newyork.plantatlas.usf. edu/.. 2015: A14. WERIER, D. 2017. Catalogue of the vascular plants of New MILLER, S. C. 2003. Central Park, An American Master- York State. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Society piece: A Comprehensive History of the Nation’s First 27: 1–542. Urban Park. Harry N. Abrams, New York, NY. 240 pp. YOUNG, S. M. 2017. New York Rare Plant Status Lists, MILLER, S. C. 2009. Seeing Central Park: The Official November 2017. New York Natural Heritage Program, Guide to the World’s Greatest Urban Park. Harry N. New York State Department of Environmental Con- Abrams, New York, NY. 192 pp. servation, Albany, NY. 103 pp. 104 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147

Appendix 1

Checklist of the spontaneous vascular plants of Central Park. Waifs appear in Appendix 2. The list is arranged alphabetically by family and species within three groups: ferns and allies, gymnosperm, and flowering plants. The latter category includes both monocots and dicots together to assist those not familiar with plant systematics to find a family and species easily. It is a bit unfortunate that related families do not appear together, such as the Fagaceae and Juglandaceae and Poaceae and Cyperaceae (oaks and hickories and grasses and sedges), but that is the nature of compromise. All species reported here were documented between 2013 and 2017, inclusive. Native status and coefficient of conservatism (CoC) are from the New York Flora Atlas (Weldy et al. 2019) and Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of New York State (Werier 2017). Rarity rankings in New York State (S1–S5) are from the New York Rare Plant Status List (Young 2017). Introduced species are not ranked at the state level. These values are followed by abundance in Central Park as observed by us during the four-year period from 2014 to 2017 (inclusive): rare (1 population or individual); infrequent (2–5 populations); and frequent (. 5 populations). Frequency is assessed as either decreasing, stable, or increasing. All voucher specimens are at the New York Botanical Garden (NY). Collection numbers 13000–16000 were assigned to D. Atha and co-collectors and collection numbers between 201300–201700 were assigned to R. Alvarez and co-collectors. All other collection numbers are indicated with collector name.

FERNS Woodsiaceae Aspleniaceae Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. – Blunt-Lobed Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Woodsia. Native, CoC 7, S5; frequent, Poggenb. – Ebony Spleenwort. Native, CoC increasing. 13960, 13961, 14653, 14659. 5, S5; frequent, increasing. 13959, 14652, GYMNOSPERM 201605. Taxaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. – Japanese Yew. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore – Hay- Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14165, Scented Fern. Native, CoC 4, S5; infrequent, 14685, 15713. stable. 14556, 14657, 15011.

Dryopteridaceae FLOWERING PLANTS Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs – Spinulose Adoxaceae Wood Fern. Native, CoC 6, S5; rare, stable? Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis (L.) Bolli – 14557. Common Elderberry. Native, CoC 4, S5; Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray – frequent, increasing. 14530, 14601, 15690. Evergreen Wood Fern. Native, CoC 5, S5; (also Viburnum dentatum L. var. lucidum Aiton – Smooth cultivated), rare, stable. 13966, 14661. Arrowwood. Native; frequent, increasing. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray – Marginal Wood 14048, 15076, 15454. Fern. Native, CoC 6, S5; rare, stable. 14244, Viburnum dentatum L. var. venosum (Britton) 14660. Gleason – Southern Arrowwood. Native, Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott – Threatened, CoC 7, S2; infrequent, stable. Christmas Fern. Native, CoC 6, S5; rare, stable. 14540, 14981. 14047, 15482. Onocleaceae Viburnum prunifolium L. – Blackhaw. Native, CoC 4, Onoclea sensibilis L. – Sensitive Fern. Native, CoC S4; frequent, increasing. 14131, 14180, 14198, 2, S5; frequent, increasing. 14333, 14382. 14390, 14461, 15427. Ophioglossaceae Viburnum sieboldii Miq. – Siebold’s Viburnum. Sceptridium dissectum (Spreng.) Lyon [Botrychium Introduced; frequent, increasing. 15077, 15098, dissectum] – Dissected Grapefern. Native, CoC 15409, 15647. 3, S5; rare, stable. 14966. Altingiaceae Thelypteridaceae Liquidambar styraciflua L. – American Sweetgum. Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. – New York Native, CoC 6, S5; frequent, increasing. 14112, Fern. Native, CoC 4, S5; rare, stable. 15205. 15907. 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 105

Amaranthaceae Apocynaceae Amaranthus albus L. – Tumbleweed Amaranth. Apocynum cannabinum L. – Indian Hemp. Native, Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14682. CoC 2, S5; frequent, increasing. 14698. Amaranthus blitum L. – Notch-Leaved Amaranth. Asclepias incarnata L. – Eastern Swamp Milkweed. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 13971, 14684, Native, CoC 4, S3?; infrequent, stable. 15678, 14827. 201476. Amaranthus hybridus L. – Smooth Amaranth. Native, Asclepias syriaca L. – Common Milkweed. Native, CoC 0, S?; infrequent, increasing. 14928. CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 14190, 14632. Amaranthus powellii S. Watson – Powell’s Amaranth. Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. – Honeyvine. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 15369, 15656. Native; rare, stable. 15209. Amaranthus retroflexus L. – Redroot Amaranth. Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi – Black Native, CoC 0, S5; infrequent, increasing. Swallowwort. Introduced; rare, increasing. 14858. 15162. Atriplex patula L. – Spear Orach. Introduced; rare, Vinca minor L. – Common Periwinkle. Introduced; decreasing. 15265, 15265. frequent, increasing. 14323. Chenopodium album L. – Lambsquarters. Introduced; Araceae frequent, increasing. 14170, 14561. Lemna minor L. – Common Duckweed. Native, CoC Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants 2, S5; frequent, increasing. 14507. – Mexican Tea, Epazote. Introduced; frequent, Peltandra virginica (L.) Raf. ex Schott – Green increasing. 14083. Arrow Arum, Tuckahoe. Native, CoC 6, S5; Dysphania pumilio (R. Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants – infrequent, stable. 14574. Clammy Goosefoot. Introduced; frequent, Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. – Greater increasing. 13976, 14120, 14681. Duckweed. Native, CoC 3, S5; infrequent, stable. 14506. Amaryllidaceae Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd. – Brazilian Duckweed. Allium vineale L. – Field Garlic. Introduced; frequent, Native, CoC 2, S4; rare, stable. 15208. increasing. 14231, 14351, 14563. Araliaceae Anacardiaceae Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. – Japanese Angelica Tree. Rhus copallinum L. var. latifolia – Common Winged Introduced, prohibited; frequent, increasing. Sumac. Native, CoC 7, S5; frequent, increasing. 14033, 15705. 14197, 201481. Hedera helix L. – English Ivy. Introduced; frequent, Rhus glabra L. – Smooth Sumac. Native, CoC 3, S5; increasing. 14130, 14195. frequent, increasing. 14736. Asparagaceae Rhus typhina L. – Staghorn Sumac. Native, CoC 1, Ornithogalum umbellatum L. – Common Star-Of- S5; frequent, increasing. 14726, 15627. Bethlehem. Introduced; frequent, increasing. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze ssp. radicans – 14292, 15431. Eastern Poison Ivy. Native, CoC 3, S5; frequent, Asteraceae increasing. 14476, 14518. Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. – Apiaceae White Snakeroot. Native, CoC 4, S5; frequent, Aegopodium podagraria L. – Goutweed. Introduced; increasing. 13970, 14039, 15385, 15707. frequent, increasing. 14590, 14635, 201440. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. – Common Ragweed. Conium maculatum L.–PoisonHemlock. Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 14169. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 15117, Ambrosia trifida L. – Giant Ragweed. Native, CoC 3, 201462. S4; frequent, increasing. 201472. Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. – Honewort. Anthemis arvensis L. – Corn Chamomile. Introduced; Native, CoC 6, S5; frequent, increasing. rare, stable. 15449, 15487. 14591, 15180. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. – Lesser Burdock. Daucus carota L.–WildCarrot.Introduced; Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14870, 15712. frequent, increasing. 15160. Artemisia annua L. – Sweet Annie. Introduced; Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke – Hairy frequent, increasing. 14093, 15869. Sweet Cicely. Native, CoC 7, S5; frequent, Artemisia vulgaris L. – Mugwort. Introduced, increasing. 15065. prohibited; frequent, increasing. 14167, 14202. Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis – Common Baccharis halimifolia L. – Groundsel Tree. Native, Canada Snakeroot. Native, CoC 7, S5; CoC 7, S5; infrequent, increasing. 14196, infrequent, stable. 15177. 14216, 15615. 106 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147

Bidens connata Muhl. ex Willd. – Purple-Stemmed Lapsana communis L. – Nipplewort. Introduced; Beggarticks. Native, CoC 4, S5; rare, stable. infrequent, increasing. 14850. 15853. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. – Oxeye Daisy. Bidens frondosa L. – Devil’s Beggarticks. Native, Introduced; rare, increasing. 15131. CoC 2, S5; frequent, increasing. 13978, 13980, Matricaria discoidea DC. – Pineapple-Weed. 13981, 13982, 13999, 14045, 14086, 15850. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14524. Centaurea nigra L. – Black Knapweed. Introduced; Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D. Sell. & C. West – frequent, increasing. 15833. Meadow Hawkweed. Introduced; rare, Centaurea stoebe L. – Spotted Knapweed. increasing. 14747. Introduced, prohibited; frequent, increasing. Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. laciniata – Green-Headed 201477. Coneflower. Native, CoC 5, S5; infrequent, Cichorium intybus L. – Chicory. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14185, 15714. increasing. 14727. Senecio vulgaris L. – Common Groundsel. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. – Canada Thistle. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14096, 14255, Introduced, prohibited; frequent, increasing. 14486. 14568, 15437, 15694. Silphium perfoliatum L. – Cup Plant. Introduced, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. – Bull Thistle. prohibited; frequent, increasing. 14184. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 15157. Solidago altissima L. ssp. altissima – Tall Goldenrod. Coreopsis lanceolata L. – Lance-leaved Coreopsis. Native, CoC 1, S5; frequent, increasing. 14053, Introduced; rare, increasing. 14748. 15358. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. – False Daisy. Unknown?, Solidago caesia L. var. caesia – Blue-Stemmed CoC 1, S?; frequent, increasing. 13979. Goldenrod. Native, CoC 6, S5; frequent, Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. – Fireweed. increasing. 15356. Native, CoC 3, S5; frequent, increasing. 14051. Solidago juncea Aiton – Early Goldenrod. Native, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. – Annual Daisy Fleabane. CoC 3, S5; infrequent, increasing. 15782. Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 14555, Solidago rugosa Mill. var. rugosa – Wrinkleleaf 201443. Goldenrod. Native, CoC 1, S5; frequent, Erigeron canadensis L. – Common Horseweed. increasing. 14143. Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 14104. Solidago sempervirens L. – Seaside Goldenrod. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. – Late Thoroughwort. Native, CoC 4, S4; rare, stable. 201612. Native, CoC 1, S?; frequent, increasing. 14040. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill – Prickly Sowthistle. Eurybia divaricata (L.) G.L. Nesom – White Wood Introduced; frequent, stable. 14094, 14500, Aster. Native, CoC 6, S5; frequent, increasing. 14620, 201453, 201460. 14038, 14142. Sonchus oleraceus L. – Common Sow-Thistle. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. – Common Flat- Introduced; frequent, stable. 14831. Topped Goldenrod. Native, CoC 1, S5; rare, Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L. Nesom – stable. 201467. Common Blue Wood Aster. Native, CoC 4, Galinsoga parviflora Cav. – Lesser Quickweed. S5; frequent, increasing. 14156, 14205, 15748. Introduced; rare, stable. 14559. Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A´ .L¨ove & D. L¨ove – Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. – Common Smooth Aster. Native, CoC 2, S5; infrequent, Quickweed. Introduced; frequent, increasing. stable? 14912. 14091, 14490, 14527, 14558, 14854, 14916, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom 201607, 201608, 201609. var. lanceolatum – Lance-Leaved-Aster. Native, Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera – CoC 1, S5; frequent, increasing. 14082, 14145, Pennsylvania Cudweed. Introduced; rare, 14182, 14187, 14217, 14948, 15340, 15341, decreasing. 15390. 15353, 15370, 15904, 201606. Hieracium kalmii L. – Canada Hawkweed. Native, Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom var. CoC 5, S4; infrequent, increasing. 14720, pilosum – Frostweed Aster. Native, CoC 0, S5; 15176. Infrequent, stable. 15371. Hypochaeris radicata L. – Hairy Cat’s-Ear. Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) A´ .L¨ove & D. L¨ove Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 15667. var. puniceum – Purple-Stemmed-Aster. Native, Lactuca canadensis L. – Tall Lettuce. Native, CoC 1, CoC 4, S5; infrequent, stable. 15858. S5; infrequent, increasing. 14725, 201456. Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. – Common Lactuca serriola L. – Prickly Lettuce. Introduced; Dandelion. Introduced; frequent, increasing. frequent, increasing. 15797. 14251, 14264, 14343, 14356. 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 107

Tragopogon dubius Scop. – Yellow Salsify. Cardamine hirsuta L. – Hairy Bittercress. Introduced; Introduced; rare, stable? 15695. frequent, increasing. 14260, 14314, 14962, Tussilago farfara L. – Colt’s-Foot. Introduced; rare, 14964, 14973. stable. 14289. Draba verna L. – Spring Whitlowgrass. Introduced; Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney – frequent, increasing. 14309, 14968, 14995. Wingstem. Unknown; CoC 1, S?; rare, stable. Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz – French 14947. Rocket. Introduced; rare, stable. 15651. Xanthium strumarium L. – Canada Cocklebur. Lepidium virginicum L. ssp. virginicum – Wild Native, CoC 1, S5; infrequent, increasing. Pepperweed. Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, 14896, 14922. stable. 14479, 14481. Balsaminaceae Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. palustris – Marsh Impatiens capensis Meerb. – Spotted Jewelweed. Yellowcress. Native, CoC 3, S4; frequent, stable. Native, CoC 3, S5; frequent, increasing. 14201, 14826, 15439. Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser – Creeping Yellow 14650, 15384. Cress. Introduced; rare, stable. 14528. Impatiens pallida Nutt. – Pale Jewelweed. Native, Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. – Common Hedge CoC 3, S4; infrequent, increasing. 15147. Mustard. Introduced; frequent, increasing. Berberidaceae 14495, 14729. Podophyllum peltatum L. – Mayapple. Native, CoC Thlaspi arvense L. – Field Pennycress. Introduced; 5, S5; frequent, increasing. 14393. frequent, increasing. 14253, 14315, 201450. Betulaceae Campanulaceae Betula lenta L. – Sweet Birch. Native, CoC 6, S5; Lobelia inflata L. – Indian Tobacco. Native, CoC 1, infrequent, stable. 14146, 15382. S5; infrequent, increasing. 15723. Betula populifolia Marshall – Gray Birch. Native, Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. – Clasping Venus’s CoC 5, S5; rare, stable. 15851. Looking Glass. Native, CoC 7, S5; frequent, Bignoniaceae increasing. 14643. Catalpa bignonioides Walter – Southern Catalpa. Cannabaceae Introduced; frequent, increasing. 15779, 15840. Celtis occidentalis L. – Northern Hackberry. Native, Boraginaceae CoC 7, S4; frequent, increasing. 13986, 14101, Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link – Virginia 14325, 14362, 14898, 201444. Bluebells. Native, CoC 7, S4; frequent, Celtis sinensis Pers. – Chinese Hackberry. increasing. 14346. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14899. Brassicaceae Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. – Japanese Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande – Hops. Introduced, prohibited; frequent, Garlic Mustard. Introduced, prohibited; frequent, increasing. 15342, 15343. increasing. 14296, 14339, 14451. Caprifoliaceae Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. – Mouse-Ear Cress. Lonicera japonica Thunb. – Japanese Honeysuckle. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14991, 14996. Introduced, prohibited; frequent, increasing. Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton – Yellow Rocket. 14543, 14629. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14474. Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. – Amur Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. – Brown Mustard. Honeysuckle. Introduced, prohibited; Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14613, 14710, infrequent, increasing. 14214, 14494, 15715, 14990, 15096. 15756. Caryophyllaceae Brassica rapa L. – Field Mustard. Introduced; Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp. vulgare (Hartm.) infrequent, stable. 201618. Greuter & Burdet – Big Chickweed. Introduced; Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. – Shepherd’s frequent, increasing. 14998. Purse. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14252, Dianthus armeria L. – Deptford Pink. Introduced; 14263, 14338, 14377, 201413. rare, stable. 15126, 15130. Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O. Schwarz – Cut- Sagina apetala Ard. – Annual Pearlwort. Introduced; Leaved Toothwort. Native, CoC 6, S5; rare, rare, decreasing. 15923. decreasing. 15061. Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi – Japanese Pearlwort. Cardamine flexuosa With. – Wavy Bittercress. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 15178, 201439. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14100, 14380, Sagina procumbens L. – Matted Pearlwort. 15388, 15868, 201414. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14504. 108 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147

Scleranthus annuus L. – German Knotgrass. Sedum ternatum Michx. – Woodland Stonecrop. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14669, 201465. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14293. Silene latifolia Poir. – White Campion. Introduced; Cyperaceae frequent, increasing. 14670. Carex blanda Dewey – Eastern Woodland Sedge. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke – Bladder Campion. Native, CoC 4, S5; infrequent, increasing. Introduced; frequent, stable. 14753. 14472, 14567, 201416. Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl – Purple Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. – Oval-Headed Sandspurry. Introduced; rare, stable. 15665. Sedge. Native, CoC 5, S5; frequent, increasing. Stellaria graminea L. – Grass-Leaved Stitchwort. 15149, 15481, 15620, 201411. Introduced; rare, stable. 15721. Carex glaucodea Tuck. ex Olney – Blue Sedge. Native, Stellaria media (L.) Vill. – Common Chickweed. Threatened, CoC 6, S2S3; rare, stable. 15485. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14257, 14266, Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. – 14372, 14373, 14454, 14997. Muhlenberg’s Sedge. Native; CoC 7, S3–S5; Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Cre´pin – Lesser rare, stable. 15468. Chickweed. Introduced; frequent, increasing. Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small – Star Sedge. Native, 14365, 14999. CoC 7, S5; infrequent, stable. 14592, 15483, Celastraceae 201425, 201428. Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. – Asian Bittersweet. Carex swanii (Fernald) Mack. – Swan’s Sedge. Introduced, prohibited; frequent, increasing. Native, CoC 7, S5; frequent, increasing. 15381. 14458, 14596, 15474, 15480, 15609. Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold – Winged Carex vulpinoidea Michx. – Fox Sedge. Native, CoC Euonymus, Burning-Bush. Introduced, 2, S5; frequent, increasing. 14575, 14576, regulated; infrequent, stable. 14147. 15435, 15476. Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. – Winter Cyperus engelmannii Steud. – Engelmann’s Flat Creeper. Introduced; frequent, increasing. Sedge. Native, CoC 9, S?; infrequent, stable. 14042, 14243, 201615. 14923. Colchicaceae Cyperus esculentus L. – Common Yellow Nutsedge. Uvularia sessilifolia L. – Sessile-Leaved Bellwort. Native, CoC 1, S?; frequent, stable. 14862. Native, CoC 6, S5; rare, stable. 15408. Cyperus iria L. – Rice-Field Flat Sedge. Introduced; Commelinaceae infrequent, increasing. 13993, 14097, 14941. Commelina communis L. – Asiatic Dayflower. Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks ssp. macilentus Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14078, 14496, (Fernald) Marcks – Eastern Flat Sedge. Native, 14598. CoC 4, S5; rare, stable. 15608. Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. – Ohio Spiderwort. Cyperus microiria Steud. – Asian Flat Sedge. Introduced; rare, decreasing. 14625, 14667. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 13972, Convolvulaceae 15183, 15778. Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. – Hedge Bindweed. Cyperus strigosus L. – False Yellow Nutsedge. Native, CoC 0, S?; frequent, increasing. 14610. Native, CoC 3, S5; infrequent, stable. 14645, Convolvulus arvensis L. – Field Bindweed. 14647, 14940. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 15634. Dioscoreaceae Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. – Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. – Chinese Yam. Common Dodder. Native, CoC 4, S5; Introduced, prohibited; rare, increasing. 201617. infrequent, increasing. 15192, 201602, 201603. Elaeagnaceae Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. – Ivy-Leaved Morning Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. – Autumn Olive. Glory. Introduced; rare, stable. 15790. Introduced, prohibited; infrequent, increasing. Ipomoea hederifolia L. – Scarlet Morning Glory. 14392, 15870. Introduced; rare, stable. 15348. Ericaceae Ipomoea lacunosa L. – White Morning Glory. Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh – Spotted Wintergreen. Introduced; rare, increasing. 15992. Native, CoC 7, S4; rare, stable. 15674. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth – Common Morning Monotropa uniflora L. – Indian Pipe. Native, CoC 7, Glory. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14737, S5; infrequent, stable. 15675. 14861, 14930. Euphorbiaceae Crassulaceae Acalypha australis L. – Asian Three-Seeded- Sedum sarmentosum Bunge – Stringy Stonecrop. Mercury, Asian Copperleaf. Introduced; Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14945. frequent, increasing. 14751, 14883. 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 109

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. – Common Three-Seeded Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet – Chinese Wisteria. Mercury. Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14220, 14221, increasing. 14177, 14628, 14721, 201483. 15069, 15616, 201418. Acalypha virginica L. – Virginia Copperleaf. Native, Fagaceae CoC 10, S1; infrequent, stable. 1. Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh. – American Euphorbia cyparissias L. – Cypress Spurge. Chestnut. Native, CoC 6, S4; rare, decreasing. Introduced, prohibited; infrequent, stable. 14888. 201501. Quercus alba L. – White Oak. Native, CoC 7, S5; Euphorbia maculata L. – Spotted Spurge. Native, infrequent, decreasing. 15638. CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 14178, 14505, Quercus cerris L. – Turkey Oak. Introduced; 14884, 14901. frequent, increasing. 14179, 14213, 15621, Euphorbia nutans Lag. – Upright Spurge. Native, 15781. CoC 0, S5; infrequent, stable. 15718, 15903. Quercus palustris Mu¨nchh. – Pin Oak. Native, CoC Fabaceae 7, S4; frequent, increasing. 13987, 14134. Albizia julibrissin Durazz. – Silktree. Introduced; Quercus phellos L. – Willow Oak. Native, rare, increasing. 14136. Endangered, CoC 8, S1; frequent, increasing. Apios americana Medik. – Groundnut. Native, CoC 13998, 14137, 15053. 5, S5; rare, stable. 15359. Quercus rubra L. – Northern Red Oak. Native, CoC Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene – 7, S5; frequent, increasing. 14986, 15100, Partridge Pea. Native, CoC 1, S3S4; 201482. infrequent, increasing. 14089, 14092. Geraniaceae Gleditsia triacanthos L. – Honeylocust. Introduced; Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’He´r. ex Aiton – Common frequent, increasing. 14467, 15054. Storkbill. Introduced; frequent, increasing. Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch – Kentucky 14566, 15402. Coffee Tree. Native, Endangered, CoC 5, S?; Geranium carolinianum L. – Carolina Cranesbill. infrequent, increasing. 14107. Native, CoC 4, S5; frequent, increasing. 14487, Lotus corniculatus L. – Common Bird’s-Foot Trefoil. 15443. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14863. Hypericaceae Medicago lupulina L. – Black Medic. Introduced; Hypericum perforatum L. – Common St. John’s- frequent, increasing. 14594, 14714, 15128, Wort. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14624, 15375. 14678, 15873. Melilotus albus Medik. – White Sweet Clover. Iridaceae Introduced; infrequent, stable. 14750. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. – Yellow Sweet Iris pseudacorus L. – Yellow Iris. Introduced, Clover. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 15445. prohibited; infrequent, increasing. 14509. Robinia pseudoacacia L. – Black Locust. Introduced, Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. – Narrow-Leaved regulated; frequent, increasing. 14028, 201417. Blue-Eyed Grass. Native, CoC 1, S5; rare, Securigera varia (L.) Lassen – Crown Vetch. stable. 15679. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14706. Juglandaceae Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott – Pagoda Tree Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch – Bitternut – Introduced; frequent, increasing. 15014. Hickory. Native, CoC 7, S5; frequent, Trifolium arvense L. – Rabbitfoot Clover – increasing. 15750. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14677. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet – Pignut Hickory. Native, Trifolium hybridum L. – Alsike Clover – Introduced; CoC 7, S5; infrequent, stable. 15746. frequent, increasing. 15442, 15655. Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch – Shagbark Hickory. Trifolium pratense L. – Red Clover – Introduced; Native, CoC 7, S5; infrequent, decreasing. frequent, increasing. 15441, 201442. 15637. Trifolium repens L. – White Clover – Introduced; Juglans nigra L. – Black Walnut. Native, CoC 5, S5; frequent, increasing. 15444, 15664, 201432. frequent, increasing. 15158, 15761. Vicia cracca L. – Tufted Vetch. Introduced; Juncaceae infrequent, stable. 15361, 15450. Juncus pylaei Laharpe – Pylae’s Rush. Native, CoC Vicia sativa L. ssp. sativa –CommonVetch. 3, S5; infrequent, increasing. 14587. Introduced; infrequent, stable. 15447. Juncus tenuis Willd. – Path Rush. Native, CoC 0, S5; Vicia villosa Roth ssp. villosa –HairyVetch. frequent, increasing. 14032, 14526, 14733, Introduced; infrequent, stable. 15446. 14734, 15639, 201434. 110 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147

Lamiaceae Magnoliaceae Ajuga reptans L. – Carpet Bugle. Introduced; rare, Liriodendron tulipifera L. – Tulip Tree. Native, CoC stable. 15407. 6, S5; frequent, increasing. 14829, 15787. Callicarpa dichotoma (Lour.) K. Koch – Purple Malvaceae Beautyberry. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. Abutilon theophrasti Medik. – Velvetleaf. Introduced; M. Gunderson 1. infrequent, increasing. 14931, 15187. Glechoma hederacea L. – Ground-Ivy. Introduced; Hibiscus moscheutos L. – Swamp Rose Mallow. frequent, increasing. 14330, 14354, 15008, Native, CoC 7, S4; infrequent, increasing. 201438. 15717. Lamium amplexicaule L. – Henbit. Introduced; Malva neglecta Wallr. – Common Mallow. frequent, increasing. 14259, 14298. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 13977, 14378, Lamium hybridum Vill. – Cut-Leaved Dead-Nettle. 14499. Introduced; rare, stable. 14381. Mazaceae Lamium purpureum L. – Purple Dead-Nettle. Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis – Japanese Mazus. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14240, 14254, Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14099, 14503. 14371, 201405. Molluginaceae Leonurus cardiaca L. – Motherwort. Introduced; rare, Mollugo verticillata L. – Carpetweed. Introduced; stable. 14627. frequent, increasing. 14175, 14626. Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W.P.C. Barton – Moraceae American Bugleweed. Native, CoC 4, S5; rare, Fatoua villosa (Thunb.) Nakai – Mulberry Weed. stable. 15684, 15788. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14853, 14881, Melissa officinalis L. – Garden Balm. Introduced; 14882, 15362, 15852. frequent, increasing. 14206, 14662, 15197. Morus alba L. – White Mulberry. Introduced; Nepeta cataria L. – Common Catnip. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 201426. rare, stable. 15724. Nyssaceae Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton – Beefsteak Plant. Nyssa sylvatica Marshall – Black Tupelo. Native, Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14565. CoC 7, S5; infrequent, increasing. 14893, Prunella vulgaris L. – Common Selfheal. Introduced; 15429. frequent, increasing. 14644, 15631. Oleaceae Teucrium canadense L. – American Germander. Fraxinus americana L. – White Ash. Native, CoC 3, Native, CoC 4, S5; rare, stable. 14749. S5; frequent, increasing. 14125, 14929, 15050, Lauraceae 15074, 15190, 15666. Fraxinus excelsior L. – European Ash. Introduced; Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume – Spicebush. Native, infrequent, increasing. 15168, 15193, 15380. CoC 6, S5; frequent, increasing. 14160, 14290, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall – Green Ash. 14327, 15103. Native, CoC 4, S5; frequent, increasing. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees – Sassafras. Native, 14055, 14728, 14823, 15064, 15097, 15110, CoC 4, S5; frequent, increasing. 14311, 14383. 15165, 15165, 15166, 15167, 15169, 15344, Liliaceae 15669, 15926. Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. – Yellow Trout Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush – Pumpkin Ash. Lily. Native, CoC 5, S5; frequent, increasing. Native; infrequent, increasing. 15645, 15670, 14291, 201406. 15671, 15672, 15792. Linaceae Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. – Border Linum usitatissimum L. – Cultivated Flax. Privet. Introduced, prohibited; frequent, Introduced; rare, stable. 15118. increasing. 14173, 15095. Linderniaceae Onagraceae Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill – Broadleaf Enchanter’s (Michx.) Cooperr. – Long-Stalked False Nightshade. Native, CoC 5, S5; frequent, Pimpernel. Native, CoC 10, S5; rare, increasing. 14560, 15116, 15119. decreasing. 14942, 15372. Epilobium ciliatum Raf. – Fringed Willow Herb. Lythraceae Native, CoC 3, S5; infrequent, stable. 14707. Lythrum salicaria L. – Purple Loosestrife. Epilobium coloratum Biehler – Cinnamon Introduced, prohibited; frequent, increasing. Willowherb. Native, CoC 2, S5; infrequent, 14646. stable. 14943. 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 111

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott – Water Purslane. Platanaceae Native, CoC 4, S5; rare, stable. 14914, 15365. Platanus occidentalis L. – Eastern Sycamore. Native, Oenothera biennis L. – Common Evening Primrose. CoC 6, S5; infrequent, increasing. 14455. Native, CoC 1, S5; frequent, increasing. 14158, Poaceae 14158, 14743. Agrostis capillaris L. – Rhode Island Bent. Orchidaceae Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14655, 15133. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz – Broadleaved Agrostis gigantea Roth – Redtop. Introduced; Helleborine. Introduced; frequent, increasing. infrequent, stable. 14656. 14630, 14694, 14702, 15628, 15646, 15708. Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuck. – Autumn Bent. Oxalidaceae Native, CoC 4, S5; frequent, increasing. 13956, Oxalis corniculata L. – Creeping Yellow Woodsorrel. 14036, 14144, 15132, 15203, 15354, 201468. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14480. Agrostis stolonifera L. – Creeping Bent. Introduced; Oxalis dillenii Jacq. – Slender Yellow Woodsorrel. infrequent, stable. 15175. Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 14098, Anthoxanthum odoratum L. – Sweet Vernal Grass. 14344, 14447, 14488, 201412. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14676. Oxalis stricta L. – Common Yellow Woodsorrel. Bromus inermis Leyss. – Smooth Brome. Introduced; Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 14345, frequent, increasing. 15440, 15448. 14448. Bromus sterilis L. –Barren Brome. Introduced; Papaveraceae infrequent, stable. 15654. Chelidonium majus L. – Greater Celandine. Bromus tectorum L. – Cheatgrass. Introduced; Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14484. frequent, increasing. 14485, 15422, 201459. Paulowniaceae Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. – Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Canada Bluejoint Grass. Native, CoC 7, S5; Steud. – Princess-Tree, Empress-Tree. infrequent, increasing. 14615. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 201455, Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates – Inland Sea 201610. Oats. Unknown; frequent, increasing. 14119, Phytolaccaceae 14593. Phytolacca americana L. var. americana – Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. – Bermuda Grass. Pokeweed. Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 15786. increasing. 14081, 15619, 15689. Dactylis glomerata L. – Orchard Grass. Introduced; Plantaginaceae frequent, increasing. 15070, 201433. Linaria vulgaris Mill. – Common Toadflax. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14724. Danthonia compressa Austin – Northern Oat Grass. Plantago lanceolata L. – English Plantain. Native, CoC 6, S5; frequent, increasing. 14535, Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14215, 14456. 14654, 15145, 15612. Plantago major L. – Common Plantain. Introduced; Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould – frequent, increasing. 14708, 15281. Deertongue Rosette Grass. Native, CoC 4, S5; Plantago rugelii Decne. – American Plantain. Native, frequent, increasing. 14030, 14059, 14462, CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 13984, 13989, 14532, 14595, 15153. 14709. Dichanthelium lanuginosum (Elliott) Gould – Veronica arvensis L. – Corn Speedwell. Introduced; Slender-Stemmed Rosette Grass. Native, CoC frequent, increasing. 14366, 14367, 14482, 4, S5; frequent, increasing. 14035, 14463, 14993, 14994, 15010. 14464, 14533, 14578, 14579, 14689, 14739, Veronica hederifolia L. – Ivy-Leaved Speedwell. 15475, 15617. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14261, 14347, Dichanthelium lindheimeri (Nash) Gould – 14970, 14971, 15051, 15405, 201407. Lindheimer’s Rosette Grass. Native, CoC 8, Veronica peregrina L. ssp. peregrina – Purslane SNR; frequent, increasing. 14697. Speedwell. Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. – Southern Crabgrass. increasing. 14341, 14364, 15352, 201415. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 15349. Veronica persica Poir. – Persian Speedwell. Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. – Smooth Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14269, 14363, Crabgrass. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14483. 14087, 14168, 15350, 15357. Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia – Common Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. – Northern Thyme-Leaved Speedwell. Introduced; Crabgrass. Introduced; frequent, increasing. infrequent, stable. 15009, 15282. 13988, 14037, 14849, 15373, 15769. 112 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. – Eurasian Panicum amarum Elliott ssp. amarum – Dune Panic Barnyard Grass. Introduced; frequent, Grass. Native, Rare, CoC 8, S3; infrequent, increasing. 13994, 14712, 14938. stable. 15749. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. – Goosegrass. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. ssp. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14090. dichotomiflorum –SmoothPanicGrass. Elymus canadensis L. – Canada Wild Rye. Native, Native, CoC 1, S5; frequent, increasing. CoC 6, S5; frequent, increasing. 14103, 15156. 14879, 14924, 15836. Elymus hystrix L. – Bottlebrush Grass. Native, CoC Panicum virgatum L. – Switchgrass. Native, CoC 4, 6, S5; (also cultivated), frequent, increasing. S5; frequent, increasing. 14058, 14742, 15254. 14531, 14614, 15150. Phleum pratense L. – Timothy. Introduced; Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees – Tiny Lovegrass. infrequent, stable. 14680. Native, CoC 2, S5; infrequent, stable. 14176, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. 15838. australis – Common Reed. Introduced, prohibited; frequent, increasing. 14872, 15345. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch. – Poa annua L. – Annual Bluegrass. Introduced; Stink Lovegrass. Introduced; frequent, frequent, increasing. 14258, 14317, 14340, increasing. 14738. 14352, 14974, 15410, 201457. Eragrostis minor Host – Little Lovegrass. Introduced; Poa nemoralis L. – Woodland Bluegrass. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 15181. frequent, increasing. 14469, 14548, 14606, Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees – Tufted 14730, 15626. Lovegrass. Native, CoC 0, S5; infrequent, Poa pratensis L. – Kentucky Bluegrass. Introduced; increasing. 15722, 15794. frequent, increasing. 14445, 15049, 15052, Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. – India Lovegrass. 15082. Introduced; infrequent, stable. 14741. Poa trivialis L. – Rough-Sheathed Bluegrass. Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. – Purple Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14446, 14477, Lovegrass. Native, CoC 3, S5; infrequent, 14491, 14511, 15101, 201441. increasing. 14855. Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. – Tall Festuca myuros L. – Foxtail Fescue. Introduced; Ryegrass. Introduced; frequent, increasing. infrequent, stable. 14478, 14501, 14673, 15120, 14449, 14489, 14597, 201436. 15486. Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. – Meadow Festuca rubra L. – Red Fescue. Native/Introduced; Ryegrass. Introduced; frequent, increasing. frequent, stable. 15099, 15134, 15135, 15477. 15257. Hordeum jubatum L. – Foxtail Barley. Introduced; Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash – Little frequent, increasing. 15636. Bluestem. Native, CoC 4, S5; infrequent, stable. Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum (Link) 15256, 15862. Arcang. – False Barley. Introduced; frequent, Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm. – Giant Foxtail. increasing. 14497, 14672. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 13992, 14084, Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. – Rice Cutgrass. Native, 15186, 15186. CoC 4, S5; rare, stable. 15854; 200451, 200452. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. ssp. pumila – Leersia virginica Willd. – White Cutgrass. Native, Yellow Foxtail. Introduced; frequent, increasing. CoC 5, S5; frequent, increasing. 14031, 14046, 15770. 14057, 14869. Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. var. viridis – Green Lolium perenne L. ssp. perenne – Perennial Ryegrass. Foxtail. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14121. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. – Johnson Grass. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 201458, Introduced; rare, increasing. 15652. 201461. Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. var. flavus – Purpletop Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus – Japanese Tridens. Native, CoC 0, S5; infrequent, stable. Stiltgrass. Introduced, prohibited; infrequent, 15783, 15837. stable. 15202. Polygonaceae Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel. – Nimblewell. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A´ .L¨ove – Black Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 14080, Bindweed. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14880, 15791, 15938. 14691, 14693. Panicum amarum Elliott ssp. amarulum (Hitchc. & Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub – Climbing False Chase) Freckmann & Lelong – Tall Dune Panic Buckwheat. Native, CoC 6, S5; infrequent, Grass. Introduced; rare, stable. 15704. stable. 15195. 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 113

Persicaria extremiorientalis (Vorosch.) Tzvelev – Ranunculaceae Far-Eastern Smartweed. Introduced; frequent, Clematis terniflora DC. – Autumn Clematis, Sweet increasing. 13973, 14106, 14688, 14859, 15700. Autumn Virginsbower. Introduced, regulated; Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre – Pale frequent, increasing. 15206, 15389. Smartweed. Native, CoC 1, S?; frequent, Ficaria verna Huds. – Lesser Celandine. Introduced, increasing. 13975, 14860. prohibited; frequent, increasing. 14250, 14350, Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag. – Low 201404. Smartweed. Introduced; frequent, increasing. Ranunculus abortivus L. – Small-Flowered 14062, 14171, 14172, 14852, 15383, 15386. Buttercup. Native, CoC 6, S5; frequent, Persicaria maculosa Gray – Lady’s Thumb. increasing. 14512, 14939, 15019, 15653. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14825, 14851, Ranunculus acris L. – Tall Buttercup. Introduced; 15910. frequent, increasing. 14297. Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz – Small Water Pepper. Ranunculus bulbosus L. – Bulbous Buttercup. Native; infrequent, increasing. 15855. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 15436. Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M. Gomez´ – Ranunculus repens L. – Creeping Buttercup. Pennsylvania Smartweed. Native, CoC 2, S5; Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14572, 15456. infrequent, increasing. 13974, 15200. Rhamnaceae Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross – Mile-A-Minute Frangula alnus Mill. – Glossy Buckthorn. Weed. Introduced, prohibited; frequent, Introduced, prohibited; infrequent, increasing. increasing. 14612, 14665, 14911, 15709. 14116, 14539, 15685, 201429. Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. – Virginia Rhamnus cathartica L. – European Buckthorn. Jumpseed. Native, CoC 5, S5; frequent, Introduced, prohibited; infrequent, increasing. increasing. 14115, 15285. 13958, 14157. Polygonum aviculare L.–CommonKnotweed. Rosaceae Introduced; frequent, increasing. 13990, 14683, Amelanchier laevis Wiegand – Smooth Shadbush. 15260, 15264, 15392, 15393, 15394, 15438, Native, CoC 4, S5; rare, stable. 14303, 14466, 15614, 15663. 14517. Reynoutria japonica Houtt. – Japanese Knotweed. Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. – Roundleaf Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14857, 15846, Shadbush. Native, CoC 7, S5; rare, stable. 15847. 14374, 14514. Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai – Giant Crataegus crus-galli L. var. crus-galli – Cockspur Knotweed. Introduced, prohibited; rare, stable. 14368. Hawthorn. Native, CoC 2, S5; infrequent, stable. Rumex acetosella L. – Sheep Sorrel. Introduced; 14699. frequent, increasing. 14577, 201604. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. – One-Seeded Hawthorn. Rumex crispus L. – Curly Dock. Introduced; frequent, Introduced; rare, stable. 13962. increasing. 201435. Crataegus phaenopyrum Borkh. – Washington- Rumex cristatus DC. – Greek Dock. Introduced; rare, Thorn. Introduced; rare, increasing. 14161, increasing. 14686. 14162. Rumex obtusifolius L. – Broadleaved Dock. Crataegus pruinosa (H.L. Wendl.) K. Koch – Frosted Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14564. Hawthorn. Native, CoC 2, S4; infrequent, Portulacaceae increasing. 15458, 15463, 15901, 201454. Portulaca oleracea L. – Purslane. Introduced; Geum canadense Jacq. – White Avens. Native, CoC frequent, increasing. 14619, 15263. 5, S5; frequent, increasing. 14562, 15711, Potamogetonaceae 15753. Potamogeton crispus L. – Curly Pondweed. Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehder – Chinese Introduced, prohibited; infrequent, increasing. Crabapple. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14379, 15094. 14306, 14307, 14349, 14369, 14675, 15015, Potamogeton foliosus Raf. ssp. foliosus – Leafy 15047, 15071, 15109, 15453, 15662, 15755. Pondweed. Native, CoC 2, S5; infrequent, Malus pumila Mill. – Apple. Introduced; infrequent, stable. 14913, 15287, 15902. increasing. 15048. Primulaceae Malus toringo (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese – Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U. Manns & Anderb. – Toringo Crabapple. Introduced; frequent, Scarlet Pimpernel. Introduced; rare, stable. increasing. 15376, 15461, 15629, 15630, 15871. 15648, 15692, 15758. 114 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147

Photinia villosa (Thunb.) DC. – Christmasberry. Sapindaceae Introduced; frequent, increasing. 13964, 14135, Acer negundo L. var. negundo – Boxelder Maple. 15419, 15462. Native, CoC 1, S5; infrequent, stable. 14313. Potentilla argentea L. – Silvery Cinquefoil. Acer palmatum Thunb. – Japanese Maple. Introduced; infrequent, stable. 15283. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14188, Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th. Wolf – Indian 14717. Strawberry. Introduced; frequent, increasing. Acer platanoides L. – Norway Maple. Introduced, 14326, 14361, 14460, 201421. regulated; frequent, increasing. 14281, 14376, Potentilla norvegica L. – Rough Cinquefoil. Native, 14492. CoC 0, S?; frequent, stable. 14513, 14671. Acer pseudoplatanus L. – Sycamore Maple. Potentilla recta L. – Sulphur Cinquefoil. Introduced; Introduced, prohibited; frequent, increasing. infrequent, stable. 15478. 14718. Potentilla simplex Michx. – Common Cinquefoil. Acer rubrum L. var. rubrum – Red Maple. Native, Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 15355. CoC 4, S5; frequent, increasing. 14141, 14241, Prunus serotina Ehrh. – Black Cherry. Native, CoC 4, 15078, 15415. S5; frequent, increasing. 14468, 14731, 201409. Acer saccharinum L. – Silver Maple. Native, CoC 6, Prunus virginiana L. – Chokecherry. Native, CoC 3, S5; rare, stable. 14357. S5; infrequent, increasing. 14305, 14982, 14985, Acer saccharum Marshall – Sugar Maple. Native, 15421. CoC 7, S5; infrequent, increasing. 13991, Prunus 3 yedoensis Matsum – Yoshino Cherry. 14052, 14140, 15613. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 15688, Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. – Goldenrain Tree. 15716. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14199, Pyrus calleryana Decne. – Callery Pear. Introduced; 14641, 15017, 15018. frequent, increasing. 14133, 14287, 14342, Saururaceae 14360, 14984, 15016, 15754. Saururus cernuus L. – Lizard’s Tail. Native, CoC 6, Rosa multiflora Thunb. Multiflora Rose. Introduced, S5; frequent, increasing. 14573, 15650. prohibited; frequent, increasing. 14218, 14444. Scrophulariaceae Rubus allegheniensis Porter – Common Blackberry. Verbascum blattaria L. – Moth Mullein. Introduced; Native, CoC 3, S5; frequent, stable. 14538. infrequent, increasing. 14525. Rubus flagellaris Willd. – Northern Dewberry. Verbascum thapsus L. – Common Mullein. Native, CoC 1, S5; frequent, increasing. Introduced; infrequent, increasing. 14159. 14470, 14735, 15072. Simaroubaceae Rubus laciniatus Willd. – Cut-Leaved Blackberry. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle – Tree-Of- Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14029, 14537. Heaven. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14123. Rubus occidentalis L. – Black Raspberry. Native, Smilacaceae CoC 3, S5; frequent, increasing. 14079, 14163. Smilax glauca Walter – White-Leaved Greenbrier. Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. – Pennsylvania Blackberry. Native, CoC 6, S5; infrequent, stable. 14126, Native, CoC 3, S5; frequent, increasing. 14061, 15378. 14695, 15073, 15114, 201410, 201430, 201431. Smilax rotundifolia L. – Common Greenbrier. Native, Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. – Wineberry. CoC 4, S5; frequent, increasing. 14181, 14516, Introduced, prohibited; frequent, increasing. 15379. 14164, 14585. Solanaceae Rubiaceae Datura stramonium L. – Jimsonweed. Introduced; Galium album L. – Hedge Bedstraw. Introduced; frequent, increasing. 201601. frequent, increasing. 14502, 14705, 201503. Lycium barbarum L. – Matrimony Vine. Introduced; Galium aparine L. – Catchweed Bedstraw. Native, frequent, increasing. 14174, 15391, 15832, CoC 0, S5; frequent, increasing. 14498, 201502. 15832, 15848. Salicaceae Physalis heterophylla Nees – Clammy Groundcherry. Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall – Eastern Native, CoC 0, S5; rare, stable. 15908. Cottonwood. Native; infrequent, increasing. Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense – 15194, 15467. Horsenettle. Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, Salix cinerea L. – Introduced, prohibited; infrequent, stable. 14580, 15632. increasing. 15452. Solanum dulcamara L. – Bittersweet Nightshade. Salix nigra Marshall – Black Willow. Native, CoC 5, Introduced; frequent, increasing. 14194, 14471, S5; infrequent, decreasing. 14978. 15618, 15691, 201437. 2020] ATHA ET AL.: VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF CENTRAL PARK 115

Solanum nigrum L. – Black Nightshade. Introduced; Verbena urticifolia L. – White Vervain. Native, CoC frequent, stable. 14060, 15261, 15262. 2, S5; frequent, increasing. 14186, 14208. Solanum ptycanthum Dunal – Eastern Black Violaceae Nightshade. Native, CoC 0, S5; frequent, Viola canadensis L. – Canadian White Violet. Native; increasing. 14687. infrequent, increasing. 14399, 15924. Solanum rostratum Dunal – Buffalo Bur. Introduced; Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Torr. & A. rare, stable? 15184. Gray – Smooth Yellow Violet. Native, CoC 7, Typhaceae SNR; infrequent, increasing. 14270, 15107. Typha angustifolia L. – Narrowleaf Cattail. Native, Viola sororia Willd. – Common Blue Violet. Native, CoC 1, S5; infrequent, increasing. 14589, CoC 3, S5; frequent, increasing. 14114, 14256, 14648, 15856. 14282, 14337, 14355, 14370, 14450, 15000, Ulmaceae 15001, 15060, 15411, 15412, 15413, 15414. Ulmus americana L. – American Elm. Native, CoC 4, Viola sororia Willd. forma priceana (Pollard) S5; frequent, increasing. 13957, 14283, 14348, Cooperr. – Confederate Violet. Native; 14987, 15004, 15005. frequent, increasing. 14262, 14288, 14295, Ulmus glabra Huds. – Wych Elm. Introduced; 14300, 14316, 14353. frequent, increasing. 14301, 14304, 14308, Viola striata Aiton – Striped Cream Violet. Native; 14310, 14391, 15007. frequent, increasing. 14396, 14534, 15111, Ulmus pumila L. – Siberian Elm. Introduced; 15387, 15396, 201423. frequent, increasing. 14111. Vitaceae Ulmus rubra Muhl. – Slippery Elm. Native, CoC 8, Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. – Porcelain- S5; infrequent, stable. 14475. Berry. Introduced, prohibited; frequent, Urticaceae increasing. 14044, 14536; 200453, 200454. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. – False Nettle. Native, Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kern.) Fritsch – Thicket CoC 7, S5; infrequent, increasing. 15138, Creeper. Native, CoC 2, S5; infrequent, 201469. increasing. 15063, 15199. Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaudich. – Wood Nettle. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. – Virginia Native, CoC 8, S5; rare, stable. 14828. Creeper. Native, CoC 4, S5; frequent, increasing. Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.– 14611, 15068. Pennsylvania Pellitory. Native, CoC 2, S5; Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) frequent, increasing. 13967, 14294, 14493. Planch. – Japanese Creeper. Introduced; Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray – Green-Fruited frequent, increasing. 14138, 14200, 14690, Clearweed. Native, CoC 2, S5; infrequent, 15280. increasing. 14891. Vitis aestivalis L. – Summer Grape. Native, CoC 4, Verbenaceae S5; rare, stable. 201449. Verbena hastata L. – Blue Vervain. Native, CoC 3, Vitis labrusca L. – Fox Grape. Native, CoC 6, S5; S5; rare, stable. 15835. rare, stable. 15196.

Appendix 2

The following are plants ranked by us as waifs. These are mostly introduced plants that occur sporadically, but do not establish self-sustaining populations (see Materials and Methods for more complete definition). These values are followed by abundance in Central Park as observed by us during the five-year period from 2013 to 2017 (inclusive): rare (1 population or individual); infrequent (2–5 populations); and frequent (. 5 populations). Frequency is assessed as either decreasing, stable, or increasing. All voucher specimens are at the New York Botanical Garden (NY). Collection numbers 13000–16000 are assigned to D. Atha and co-collectors and collection numbers between 201300–201700 are assigned to R. Alvarez and co-collectors. 116 JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY [VOL. 147

FERNS Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poir. – Pumpkin. Athyriaceae Introduced; rare, decreasing. 15189, 15747. Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance var. pictum Cyperaceae (Maxwell) Fraser-Jenk. – Japanese Painted Cyperus brevifolioides Thieret & Delahouss. – Asian Fern. Introduced; rare, stable. 14856. Green-Headed Sedge. Introduced; rare, stable. 14900. FLOWERING PLANTS Euphorbiaceae Amaranthaceae Phyllanthus urinaria L. – Chamber Bitter. Amaranthus cruentus L. – Blood Amaranth. Introduced; rare, decreasing. 201613. Introduced; rare, stable. 14886, 15185. Fabaceae Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. – Prince’s-Feather. Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench – Sensitive Pea. Introduced; rare, stable. 15793. Native, CoC 1, S4S5; rare, decreasing. 14085. Amaryllidaceae Trifolium incarnatum L. – Crimson Clover. Allium proliferum (Moench) Schrad. ex Willd. – Introduced; rare, decreasing. 15668. Walking Onion. Introduced; rare, decreasing. 14465. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. – Blackeyed Pea. Apiaceae Introduced; rare, decreasing. 14926. Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. – Harbinger-Of- Lamiaceae Spring. Native; rare, decreasing. 14248. Mentha spicata L. – Spearmint. Introduced; rare, Apocynaceae decreasing. 14692. Asclepias curassavica L. – Tropical Milkweed. Malvaceae Introduced; rare, decreasing. 15860. Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik – Aibika. Asclepias purpurascens L. – Purple Milkweed. Introduced; rare, decreasing. 15795. Native, Threatened, CoC 2, S2S3; rare, Malva sylvestris L. – Common Mallow. Introduced; decreasing. 15136. rare, decreasing. 14915. Araceae Poaceae Pistia stratiotes L. – Water Lettuce. Introduced; rare, Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi brachiata (Steud.) decreasing. 14864, 14868, 14910, 15121. N. Snow – Mucronate Sprangeltop. Introduced; Asteraceae rare, decreasing. 15351. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton – Midwestern Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. – European Dune Beggarticks. Introduced; rare, decreasing. Grass. Introduced; rare, decreasing. 15473. 15839. Panicum miliaceum L. ssp. miliaceum – Proso Millet. Helianthus annuus L.–CommonSunflower. Introduced; infrequent, stable. 14740, 15198. Introduced; infrequent, stable. 15159. Phalaris canariensis L. – Annual Canary Grass. Onopordum acanthium L. – Scotch Thistle. Introduced; rare, decreasing. 15146. Introduced; rare, decreasing. 15188. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. bicolor – Balsaminaceae Sorghum. Introduced; frequent, stable. Impatiens balfourii Hook. f. – Kashmir Impatiens. 14640,14871 Introduced; rare, decreasing. 15174. Tridens strictus (Nutt.) Nash – Longspike Tridens. Bignoniaceae Introduced; rare, decreasing. 15364. Bignonia capreolata L. – Cross Vine. Introduced; rare, stable. 15173. Triticum aestivum L. – Wheat. Introduced; rare, Boraginaceae decreasing. 14581. Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & J.R.Drumm. – Zea mays L. ssp. mays – Corn. Introduced; rare, Chinese Forget-Me-Not. Introduced; rare, decreasing. 15798. decreasing. 15720. Rosaceae Cucurbitaceae Prunus persica (L.) Batsch – Peach. Introduced; Cucumis melo L. – Muskmelon. Introduced; rare, infrequent, stable. 15012, 15400. decreasing. 14723. Solanaceae Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche´–FigleafGourd. Solanum lycopersicum L. – Tomato. Introduced; Introduced; rare, decreasing. 14935. frequent, stable. 14095, 14937.