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Heavy Minerals, Rare Earth Elements, Antimony

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Heavy Minerals, Rare Earth Elements, Antimony Deutsche Rohstoffagentur (DERA) Deutsche Rohstoffagentur 21 21 DERA Rohstoffi nformationen Deutsche Rohstoffagentur (DERA) in der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) Wilhelmstraße 25 – 30 13593 Berlin Tel.: +49 30 36993 226 Fax: +49 30 36993 100 [email protected] www.deutsche-rohstoffagentur.de DERA Rohstoffi nformationen Rohstoffi DERA ISSN: 2193-5319 ISBN: 978-3-943566 -11- 6 Investor‘s and Procurement Guide South Africa Part 1: Heavy Minerals, Rare Earth Elements, Antimony EP-Umschlag_investorsguide.indd 1 13.03.14 15:36 Impressum Editors: Dr. Peter Buchholz, Head of the German Mineral Resources Agency (DERA) Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) Wilhelmstrasse 25-30 13593 Berlin, Germany Tel.: +49 30 36993 226 Fax.: +49 30 36993 100 [email protected] www.deutsche-rohstoffagentur.de Dr. Stewart Foya Head of the Department of Mineral Resources Development Council for Geoscience (CGS) 280 Pretoria Street, Silverton Pretoria, South Africa Tel.: +27 12 841 1101 Fax.: +27 86 679 8334 [email protected] Authors: Dr. Torsten Graupner (BGR), Dr. Napoleon Q. Hammond (CGS), Maren Liedtke (DERA), Dr. Herwig Marbler (DERA), Rehan Opperman (CGS), Dr. Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera (BGR), Dr. Elisa Long’a Tongu (CGS), Abdul O. Kenan (CGS), Unathi Nondula (CGS), Matamba Tsanwani (CGS) Project coordination: Dr. Herwig Marbler (DERA), Rehan Opperman (CGS) Contact DERA: Dr. Herwig Marbler: [email protected] Contact CGS: Rehan Opperman: [email protected] Layout: DERA, label D Druck + Medien GmbH, Berlin Date: March 2014 ISSN: 2193-5319 ISBN: 978-3-943566-11- 6 Cover Images: DERA Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa Investor‘s and Procurement Guide South Africa Part 1: Heavy Minerals, Rare Earth Elements, Antimony Published jointly by the German Mineral Resources Agency (DERA) and the Council for Geoscience, South Africa (CGS) Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 5 Foreword This is the first part of the “Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa”, a handbook for investing and doing business in South Africa’s mineral industry. It is anticipated that this publication will aid potential investors into considering South Africa as an investment destination, not only for raw materials, but also for related industries. This manual supplements the many publications available on the economic geology and mineral wealth in South Africa and has been designed to guide prospective and current investors, suppliers and mine equipment exporters through the process of doing business in Africa’s biggest and dynamic economy. As well as detailing the mineral raw materials heavy minerals, rare-earth metals and antimony, the handbook provides a general introduction to South Africa and its infrastructure, the economical, political and judicial frame of the South African mining industry and an overview of the economic geology. South Africa has a long and complex geological history which dates back in excess of 3.6 billion years. The country has a vast mineral wealth, undoubtedly due to the fact that a significant proportion of the Archaean and younger rocks have been preserved. The mining of the enormous Witwatersrand gold deposits, commencing in 1886, has led to the establishment of South Africa’s well-developed infrastructure and to the sustained growth of an industrial and service sector in the country. With the world’s largest resources of PGMs, gold, chromite, vanadium and manganese and significant resources of iron, coal and numerous other minerals and metals, the minerals industry will continue to play a pivotal role in the growth of South Africa’s economy in the foreseeable future. South Africa is one of the top destinations in Africa for foreign direct investments. South African head- quartered companies have been major investors into foreign direct investments on the African continent in the past decade. Investing in South African companies would allow investors to gain a foothold into the large emerging markets of Africa. This handbook is a result of a cooperation project between the Council for Geoscience (CGS) of South Africa and the German Mineral Resources Agency (DERA) at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) that started at the end of 2011 and is conducted by experts from DERA and the CGS. Studies on the different natural resources are compiled in this manual on new occurrences and deposits with investment and supply options for German investors and purchasers in South Africa. Dr. Stewart Foya Dr. Peter Buchholz Head of the Department Mineral Resources Head of the German Mineral Resources Agency of the Council for Geoscience, South Africa (DERA), Germany Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 7 Contents Foreword 5 1 Introduction 15 1.1 Aim of the study and background 15 1.2 Country profile 15 1.3 References 20 2 Infrastructure 21 3 Economical, Political and Judicial frame of the South African Mining Industry 23 3.1 Key government legislation and policies regarding mineral industry 23 3.2 Taxation policy 25 3.3 Black Economic Empowerment Act 26 3.4 References 27 4 Overview of the economic geology 28 5 Mineral raw materials 31 5.1 Heavy Minerals (M. Liedtke and E. L. Tongu) 31 5.1.1 Definition, mineralogy and sources 31 5.1.2 Specifications and use 32 5.1.3 Supply and demand 33 5.1.4 Resources in South Africa 34 5.1.4.1 Wallekraal, Soutfontein, Alexander Bay, diamond mining dumps (Northern Cape) 36 5.1.4.2 Kamiesberg (Roode Heuvel, Leeuvlei) (Northern Cape) 37 5.1.4.3 Namakwa Sands (Brand-se-Baai) (Western Cape) 39 5.1.4.4 Tormin (Geelwal Karoo) (Western Cape) 43 5.1.4.5 Bowker’s Bay, Morgan Bay, Nickolas (Eastern Cape) 46 5.1.4.6 Xolobeni (Eastern Cape) 47 5.1.4.7 Eastern Cape Project: Sandy Point, Nombanjana, Ngcizele (Eastern Cape) 48 5.1.4.8 Cape Vidal, St Lucia and Tojan (KwaZulu-Natal) 50 5.1.4.9 Richards Bay Minerals (Zulti North, Tisand, Zulti South) (KwaZulu-Natal) 52 5.1.4.10 KZN Sands (Hillendale) (KwaZulu-Natal) 55 5.1.4.11 Fairbreeze (KwaZulu-Natal) 58 5.1.4.12 Port Durnford (KwaZulu-Natal) 60 5.1.4.13 Bothaville (Free State) 62 5.1.4.14 Gravelotte (Limpopo) 64 5.1.4.15 Letsitele (sand project, rock project) (Limpopo) 65 5.1.5 Requirements and Evaluation 65 5.1.5.1 Ilmenite 65 5.1.5.2 Zircon 66 5.1.5.3 Evaluation 67 5.1.6 References 70 8 Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 5.2 Rare-earth elements (T. Graupner, R. Opperman and E. L. Tongu) 73 5.2.1 Definition, mineralogy and sources 73 5.2.2 Specifications and use 74 5.2.3 Supply and demand 74 5.2.4 Resources in South-Africa 79 5.2.4.1 Steenkampskraal (Western Cape) 79 5.2.4.2 Zandkopsdrift (also Zandkops Drift, Sandkopsdrift) (Northern Cape) 82 5.2.4.3 Vergenoeg fluorspar mine (Gauteng) 84 5.2.4.4 Glenover carbonatite project (Limpopo) 87 5.2.4.5 Schiel Complex (Limpopo) 93 5.2.4.6 Phalaborwa Complex (Foskor pyroxenite mining operation) (Limpopo) 98 5.2.4.7 Pilanesberg Complex (North West) 104 5.2.4.8 Heavy mineral sand deposits 105 5.2.5 Requirements and evaluation 109 5.2.6 References 113 5.3 Antimony (H. Marbler, N. Q. Hammond and U. Schwarz-Schampera) 116 5.3.1 Definitions, mineralogy and sources 116 5.3.2 Specifications and use 119 5.3.3 Supply and demand 120 5.3.4 Resources in South Africa 121 5.3.4.1 Consolidated Murchison Mine, Murchison Greenstone Belt (Limpopo) 121 5.3.4.2 Consolidated Murchison tailings dumps, Murchison Greenstone Belt (Limpopo) 128 5.3.4.3 Mali and Amo Antimony Mine, Barberton Greenstone Belt (Mpumalanga) 132 5.3.5 Requirements and evaluation 133 5.3.6 References 135 Acknowledgements 136 Investor’s and Procurement Guide South Africa 9 Figures Fig. 2.1: Railway network of South Africa. 21 Fig. 2.2: Power grid system and existing power stations in South Africa. 22 Fig. 4.1: Overview of the geology and the main geological features in South Africa. 30 Fig. 5.1.1: Worldwide consumption of titanium feedstock (estimated) and zircon by end-use in 2011. 33 Fig. 5.1.2: World mine production of titanium mineral concentrates (in TiO2) by country in 2011. 33 Fig. 5.1.3: World mine production of zircon by country in 2011. 34 Fig. 5.1.4: Distribution of heavy mineral sand occurrences and deposits in South Africa. 35 Fig. 5.1.5: Location of the Kamiesberg Project. 39 Fig. 5.1.6: Prospecting areas of the Kamiesberg Project and Namakwa Sands Groen River. 39 Fig. 5.1.7: Namakwa Sands operation showing primary density separa tion and secondary magnetic separation in the foreground and an extensive working pit in the background. 40 Fig. 5.1.8: Mining of unconsolidated Namakwa ore sands using front-end loaders (load-and-carry operation). The hardened layers are mined using hydraulic excavators in a backhoe configuration or by trackdozer. The mined material is transported by trucks to the mineral sizers where primary reduction takes place. 41 Fig. 5.1.9: Geelwal Karoo heavy mineral beach placer, 24 km west of Lutzville. The heavy mineral sands occur on both the foreshore and backshore with the reddish colour being attributable to an abundance of garnet. 43 Fig. 5.1.10: Location of the Tormin prospecting permit application. 44 Fig. 5.1.11: Idealised composite section of the Maputaland Group. 51 Fig. 5.1.12: Mining lease areas of RBM. 54 Fig. 5.1.13: Hydraulic mining of HM-rich sands at KZN Sands in KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa.
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