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Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 49: Alabaster Products (Predynastic to Old Kingdom Periods)

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Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 49: Alabaster Products (Predynastic to Old Kingdom Periods) International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology Volume 5, Issue 4, 2017, PP 12-25 ISSN 2349-4395 (Print) & ISSN 2349-4409 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.22259/ijeert.0504003 Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 49: Alabaster Products (Predynastic to Old Kingdom Periods) Galal Ali Hassaan Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt (Emeritus Professor) *Corresponding Author: Galal Ali Hassaan, Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Received Date: 22-05-2017 Accepted Date: 09-06-2017 Published Date:10-06-2017 ABSTRACT The evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt is investigated in this research paper through studying the manufacturing of alabaster products. Examples from historical eras between Predynastic and Old Kingdom are presented, analysed and aspects of quality and innovation are outlined in each one. Dynasty, main dimension (if known) and present location are also outlined to complete the information about each product. Keywords: Mechanical engineering, ancient Egypt, alabaster products, predynastic to Old Kingdom Periods. INTRODUCTION This is the 49th paper in a scientific research vessels in the period between Khian and aiming at presenting a deep insight into the Tuthmesis IV including storage jars. Among the history of mechanical engineering during the jars she presented was an alabaster vessel from ancient Egyptian civilization. The paper handles the 13th Dynasty, alabastron from the Late the manufacturing of alabaster products during the Predynastic and Dynastic Periods of the Bronxe Age, alabaster vessels from Drah Abu ancient Egypt history. This work depicts the el-Naga [2]. Klemm and Klemm (2001) studied deep knowledge of ancient Egyptians of the the building stones of ancient Egypt. They mechanical properties of the different materials described the petrography, occurrence and main available in their society and how can they probarly select them for specific products. application of 11 popular stone types used in ancient Egypt including the Egyptian alabaster. Soanes (1864) in his book about the alabaster They showed the quarries of the Egyptian sarcophagus of King Oimeneptah I studied in alabaster at Qawatiya, east of Minya [3]. details the age of the sarcophagus and presented a number of plates about the alabaster Bevan (2003) presented some alabaster vessels th sarcophagus of the King and some scenes from the 6 Dynasty and Late Old Kingdom [4]. related to the King tomb [1]. Lilyquist (1995) in Allen (2004) in her paper about miniature and her book about Egyptian stone vessels studied model vessels in ancient Egypt presented the vessels features such as shapes and sizes and alabaster model vessels from Giza produced presented a historical summary of her catalogue during the 4th Dynasty [5]. El-Derby (2009) in items. She presented a catalogue for the stone his research paper about alabaster weathering, International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology V5 ● I4 ● 2017 12 Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 49: Alabaster Products (Predynastic to Old Kingdom Periods) deterioration and damage presented a Kingdom Period of ancient Egypt presented description of the Egyptian alabaster in Egypt, travertine and calcite (alabaster) bowls from the its characteristics, weathering and damage [6]. 3rd Dynasty, alabaster jar and alabaster vase of Cross (2010) in his article about the alabaster King Unas from the 5th Dynasty, alabaster vessel coffin and Seti I last secret declared that the of Pepi I, an alabaster spouted jar and an th tomb of Seti I was discovered by Belzoni in the alabaster inverted jar from the 6 Dynasty [11], Valley of Kings on 18th October 1817 who Wikipedia (2017) wrote an article about brought the alabaster coffin of the Pharaoh to alabaster and presented an alabaster jar and an London and sold it to Sir John Soane for 2000 alabaster perfume jar of Pharaoh Tutankhamun Sterling. He declared that the coffin length was in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo 2.85 m long, 1.12 m width and wall thickness [12]. Hassaan (2017) presented in two research was between 63 and 100 mm [7]. Kuhlman papers a number of alabaster statues and vessels including a calcite (alabaster) gazelle statue (2012) in his article about the contents and from Naqada II, alabaster baboon statue from significance of Egyptian alabaster jars presented the 1st Dynasty, an alabaster vessel in the shape a 5000 years old alabaster jar in display in the of a monkey from the 6th Dynasty, a cosmetic Dunham Bible Museum. She outlined that this alabaster jar in the shape of a cat from the 12th alabaster jar represented the everyday life of Dynasty and an alabaster baboon headed stopper Egyptians 5000 years ago [8]. for a canopic jar from the 19th Dynasty [13,14]. Abdel Kader and Mohammed (2013) studied the PREDYNASTIC PERIOD restoration and conservation of Egyptian alabaster vessels from the early era in Atfiyah The ancient Egyptians were wonderful of the Egyptian alabaster stone because of its natural Museum Store at Hewan of Egypt. They beauty and its low hardness and then easy to outlined that alabaster vessels from Naqada I carve. They could manufacture different and Naqada II of ancient Egypt became one of products using alabaster from more than 5000 the funeral furniture and presented an example years ago including jars, beads and mace heads of a Predynastic alabaster vessel in display in as will be illustrated by the following examples: the British Museum. They also presented an The first example is an alabaster mace alabaster vessel from the 3rd Dynasty in display head from Naqada I/Naqada II (4000-3200 BC) and was in display for sale by Trocadero for 595 in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo [9]. Selim, US$ and shown in Figure 1 [15]. The designer Basheer and Abdel-Hafiz (2014) outlined that a showed the mace head having a spherical shape combined near surface geophysical survey and an all-through hole in the middle. conducted in archaeological site at western bank The second example is an alabaster of Luxor are showed that the geophysical snake-jar from Naqada II (3100 BC) was in method offered the possibility to characterize display for sale and shown in Fig.2 [16]. For and reconstruct the geometry of subsurface better stability when hanged the ancient Egyptian mechanical designer used four- structures without destroying the deposits. suspension holes. The jar had a rounded rim, Using this technique could locate an alabaster wide opening and a slightly conical body. The statue for Queen Tie, wife of Pharaoh white layers through the body are natural Amenhotep III having 1.30 m height and 0.73 m through the selection of the alabaster stone width [10]. which is taking the shape of a snake giving the jar its name. Hassaan (2016) in his research paper about stone vessels during the Predynastic to the Old 13 International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology V5 ● I4 ● 2017 Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 49: Alabaster Products (Predynastic to Old Kingdom Periods) The fifth example is an 178 mm height alabaster jar from Naqada III – 2nd Dynasty (3200-2750 BC) sold in by Christies on 1 October 2014 in London for 32,380 US$ and shown in Fig.5 [19]. The designer designed the jar with small round rim, wide opening, short wide neck, conical body , flat medium diameter base with two vertical lug handles.. 4444 Figure1. Mace head from Naqada I/II [15]. Figure 5. Alabaster jar from Naqada III-2nd Dynasty [19]. Figure2. Snake-jar from Naqada II [16] The third example is alabaster beads EARLY DYNASTIC from Naqada II – Naqada III (3650-3100 BC) in The Early Dynastic Period covers the 1st and 2nd display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art at Dynasties over a time span from 3100 to 2686 New York and shown in Fig.3 [17]. The beads BC [20]. There is a remarkable evolution of the have a spherical shape with all-through hole in alabaster products industry during the Early the middle for assembly purposes.. Dynastic Period as will be illustrated through The fourth example is a 44 mm height about 14 examples as follows:. alabaster mace head from Naqada III 3250-3100 The first example is a 176 mm height and 114 BC) which was a private collection of R. mm diameter (average) alabaster jar from the Pearson from New York and shown in Fig.4 [18]. The designer gave the mace head the shape Early Dynastic Period (3100-2700 BC) in of a piriform and used the natural layers of the display in the Chrysler Museum of Art at stone for decoration. Virginia and shown in Fig.6 [21]. The designer showed the jar having a slight concave surface, round rim, wide mouth and flat base having almost the maximum diameter of the jar. The second example is an alabaster jar from Early Dynastic-4th Dynasty Periods (3050-2513 BC) in display in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) and shown in Fig.7 [22]. It has an ovoid body, round rim, medium opening and flat medium base. This is Figure3. Beads from Naqada II-III [17]. most probably a Royal jar because of the symbol inscribed on the jar shoulder and zoomed in Fig.7. The third example is an alabaster bowl with name of Djer, the 5th King of the 1st Dynasty (3000 BC) in display in the Rijks Museum at Leiden and shown in Fig.8 [23]. The bowl had an ovoid body, wide opening, small rounded rim and large flat base. The King label was inscribed Figure4. Mace head from Naqada III [18]. in black on the bowl shoulder. International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology V5 ● I4 ● 2017 14 Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 49: Alabaster Products (Predynastic to Old Kingdom Periods) The fourth example is a 152.4 mm height st alabaster vase from the 1 Dynasty (2865- 2815 BC) displayed for sale by Goldberg Auctioneers in 2011 with estimated price of 5000-7500 US$ and shown in Fig.9 [24].
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