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VOLCANIC RESEARCH Recognizing Innovation Invitation for Nominations VOL. 98 • NO. 12 • DEC 2017 Did Ancient Mayans Foresee Meteor Showers? Legacy of the 1992 Nicaragua Tsunami Earth & Space Science News A Grand Tour of Ocean Basins Drones Aid VOLCANIC RESEARCH Recognizing Innovation Invitation for Nominations Nominations open online until 31 December 2017 www.psipw.org e-mail: [email protected] PSIPW 8th Ad 8.375x10.875 inches_2 Final.indd 1 3/12/2017 10:00:07 AM Earth & Space Science News Contents DECEMBER 2017 PROJECT UPDATE VOLUME 98, ISSUE 12 22 A Grand Tour of the Ocean Basins A new teaching resource facilitates plate Recognizing Innovation tectonics studies using a virtual guided tour of ocean basins around the world. Invitation for Nominations PROJECT UPDATE 28 The Legacy of the 1992 Nicaragua Tsunami A powerful tsunami struck Nicaragua’s Pacific coast 25 years ago. In its wake emerged the first coordinated collaboration among international tsunami scientists. 16 OPINION COVER Three Steps to Successful Nominations open online 13Collaboration with Data Drone Peers into Open Volcanic Vents Scientists An unmanned aerial vehicle provided high-​­resolution data that allowed scientists to A step-by-step cartoon guide to efficient, until 31 December 2017 construct their first detailed map of erupting vents at Stromboli, one of the world’s effective collaboration between Earth most active volcanoes. scientists and data scientists. www.psipw.org e-mail: [email protected] Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 1 PSIPW 8th Ad 8.375x10.875 inches_2 Final.indd 1 3/12/2017 10:00:07 AM Contents DEPARTMENTS Editor in Chief Barbara T. Richman: AGU, Washington, D. C., USA; eos_ [email protected] Editors Christina M. S. Cohen Wendy S. Gordon Carol A. Stein California Institute Ecologia Consulting, Department of Earth and of Technology, Pasadena, Austin, Texas, USA; Environmental Sciences, Calif., USA; wendy@ecologiaconsulting University of Illinois at cohen@srl .caltech.edu .com Chicago, Chicago, Ill., José D. Fuentes David Halpern USA; [email protected] Department of Meteorology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pennsylvania State Pasadena, Calif., USA; University, University davidhalpern29@gmail Park, Pa., USA; .com [email protected] Editorial Advisory Board Mark G. Flanner, Atmospheric Sciences John W. Lane, Near-Surface Nicola J. Fox, Space Physics GeophysicsJian Lin, Tectonophysics and Aeronomy Figen Mekik, Paleoceanography 38 Peter Fox, Earth and Space Science and Paleoclimatology Informatics Jerry L. Miller, Ocean Sciences Steve Frolking, Biogeosciences Thomas H. Painter, Cryosphere Sciences Edward J. Garnero, Study of the Philip J. Rasch, Global Environmental 35–37 AGU News Earth’s Deep Interior Change Michael N. Gooseff, Hydrology Eric M. Riggs, Education Diversifying the Reviewer Pool; New Brian C. Gunter, Geodesy Adrian Tuck, Nonlinear Geophysics Earth and Space Science Preprint Kristine C. Harper, History of Geophysics Sergio Vinciguerra, Mineral Server to Be Launched; AGU Revises Sarah M. Hörst, Planetary Sciences and Rock Physics Susan E. Hough, Natural Hazards Andrew C. Wilcox, Earth and Planetary Its Integrity and Ethics Policy. Emily R. Johnson, Volcanology, Surface Processes Geochemistry, and Petrology Earle Williams, Atmospheric Keith D. Koper, Seismology and Space Electricity 38–42 Research Spotlight Robert E. Kopp, Geomagnetism Mary Lou Zoback, Societal Impacts and Paleomagnetism and Policy Sciences World’s Greatest Oxygen Producers Living in Swirling Ocean Waters; Staff Improving Water Resources Production and Design: Faith A. Ishii, Production Manager; Melissa A. Tribur, Senior Production Specialist; Elizabeth Thompson, Production Assistant; Beth Bagley, Management from the Ground Manager, Design and Branding; Travis Frazier and Valerie Friedman, Senior Graphic Up; Revising an Innovative Way to Designers Study Cascadia Megaquakes; Juno Editorial: Peter L. Weiss, Manager/Senior News Editor; Mohi Kumar, Scientific Content Editor; Randy Showstack, Senior News Writer; JoAnna Wendel, News Writer; 37 Gets Spectacular View of Jupiter’s Liz Castenson, Editorial and Production Coordinator; Kimberly M. S. Cartier, News Aurora; Why Are Arctic Rivers Rising Writing and Production Intern in Winter?; Tracking Meteor Trails Marketing: Jamie R. Liu, Manager, Marketing; Angelo Bouselli and Taryn Hudson, Marketing Program Managers; Ashwini Yelamanchili, Digital Marketing Coordinator 3–11 News to Study the Mesosphere; A New Advertising: Tracy LaMondue, Director, Development; Tel: +1-202-777-7372; Baseline to Monitor Earth’s Dynamic Volcano Woes May Have Email: [email protected] Surface; Lightning Strikes May Leave Contributed to Ancient Egypt’s ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Material in this issue may Traces Like Those of Meteorites. be photocopied by individual scientists for research or classroom use. Permission is Fall; How to Trigger a Massive also granted to use short quotes, figures, and tables for publication in scientific books Earthquake; Administration Sets and journals. For permission for any other uses, contact the AGU Publications Office. Moon as Destination; Playing 43–48 Positions Available Eos (ISSN 0096-3941) is published monthly by the American Geophysical Union, with Water: Humans Are Altering 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Periodical Class postage paid Current job openings in the Earth at Washington, D. C., and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address Risk of Nuisance Floods; World’s and space sciences. changes to Member Service Center, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, Heavy Dependence on Fossil Fuels USA. Projected to Continue; Ancient Member Service Center: 8:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. Eastern time; Tel: +1-202-462-6900; Fax: Maya May Have Foreseen Meteor Inside Back Cover: +1-202-328-0566; Tel. orders in U.S.: 1-800-966-2481; Email: [email protected]. Showers. Postcards from the Field Use AGU’s Geophysical Electronic Manuscript Submissions system to submit a manuscript: http://eos-submit.agu.org. Visitors at a portable museum in the Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect official 12 Meeting Report woods learn about species affected positions of the American Geophysical Union unless expressly stated. by the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Understanding Mountain Lakes in a Christine W. McEntee, Executive Director/CEO Changing World. On the Cover 13–15 Opinion Italy’s Stromboli volcano, spewing Three Steps to Successful fountains of lava. Credit: demarfa/ Collaboration with Data Scientists. iStock/Getty Images Plus AmericanGeophysicalUnion @AGU_Eos company/american-geophysical-union AGUvideos americangeophysicalunion americangeophysicalunion 2 // Eos December 2017 NEWS a series of eruptions may have caused sharp Volcano Woes May Have Contributed drop-​­offs in the summer rainfall usually brought by the African monsoon (http://​­bit to Ancient Egypt’s Fall . ly/ Manning - etal - 2017). The loss of monsoon precipitation would have depleted the headwaters of the Nile River and deprived Egyptian civilization of the annual Nile flooding that it depended on to sustain its agriculture. As food became scarce, insurrections may have followed, including one known as the Theban revolt, which rose against the ruling Macedonian Ptolemies starting in 207 BCE. “The Ptolemies lost control over huge areas of Egypt for almost 2 decades” during the Theban revolt, said Francis Ludlow, a coauthor of the study and a climate historian at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland. It “was a very destructive revolt, with damage to tem- ples and huge losses of tax revenues for the state.” Volcanoes and the Nile Researchers know well the climatic effects of volcanic eruptions. Major eruptions spew sulfur dioxide, among other substances, into the atmosphere, which reacts to form aero- sol particles. These particles reflect sunlight back into space, cooling the atmosphere. Generally, this cooling decreases evapora- tion, and less evaporation means less water in the atmosphere for rain. The summer floods along the 6, 800- kilometer- long Nile This Landsat 8 satellite image captures a stunning contrast between the Nile floodplains (green) and the surrounding got their water mainly from rainfall in the arid desert. Ancient Egyptians relied on the Nile River’s annual floods to water their crops through the summer. When Ethiopian highlands, and that rainfall comes the Nile’s banks failed to flood because of climatic effects of volcanic eruptions, the subsequent food shortages could from the African monsoon, which is driven have contributed to societal unrest. Credit: USGS/NASA by summer heating of the atmosphere. A cooler atmosphere supplies less water for the monsoon and thus less water for the magine that it’s 245 BCE. You’re Ptol- indirectly caused the upheaval that changed Nile. emy III, a Macedonian king ruling Egypt, Ptolemy III’s fortunes as well as other unrest This effect has been documented. Writ- I and you’re leading an army against Egypt’s that beset the Ptolemaic empire: large volca- ings from 1788, for example, describe a low- biggest rival, the Seleucid Empire. But there’s nic eruptions. flowing Nile in the summers of 1783 and a revolt back home, and you must return to 1784—during and after Iceland’s Laki erup- the people that your dynasty will rule until tion—which caused a food shortage that 30 CE. Scientists and historians killed many people. Recently, other scien- Sometime in the 3rd century CE, the Roman are offering a new look at tists have used models to show how the Laki historian Justin will write that if you had “not eruption
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