DOCSLIB.ORG

Logical Forms in the Core Language Engine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

LOGICAL FORMS IN THE CORE LANGUAGE ENGINE Hiyan Alshawi & Jan van Eijck SRI International Cambridge Research Centre 23 Millers Yard, Mill Lane, Cambridge CB2 11ZQ, U.K. Keywords: logical form, natural language, semantics ABSTRACT from linguistic analysis that applies composi- tional semantic interpretation rules indepen- This paper describes a 'Logical Form' target dently of the influence of context. language for representing the literal mean- Sentence ing of English sentences, and an interme- ~, syntax rules diate level of representation ('Quasi Logical Parse trees Form') which engenders a natural separation semantic rules between the compositional semantics and the QLF ezpressions processes of scoping and reference resolution. ~, context The approach has been implemented in the LF expressions SRI Core Language Engine which handles the English constructions discussed in the paper. The QLF expressions are derived on the ba- sis of syntactic structure, by means of se- mantic rules that correspond to the syntax INTRODUCTION rules that were used for analysing the sen- tence. Having QLFs as a well-defined level of The SRI Core Language Engine (CLE) is representation allows the problems of com- a domain independent system for translat- positional semantics to be tackled separately ing English sentences into formal represen- from the problems of scoping and reference tations of their literal meanings which are resolution. Our experience so far with the capable of supporting reasoning (Alshawi et CLE has shown that this separation can ef- al. 1988). The CLE has two main lev- fectively reduce the complexity of the system els of semantic representation: quasi logical as a whole. Also, the distinction enables us to forms (QLFs), which may in turn be scoped avoid multiplying out interpretation possibil- or unscoped, and fully resolved logical forms ities at an early stage. The representation (LFs). The level of quasi logical form is the languages we propose are powerful enough target language of the syntax-driven seman- to give weU-motiwted translations of a wide tic interpretation rules. Transforming QLF range of English sentences. In the current expressions into LF expressions requires (i) version of the CLE this is used to provide a fixing the scopes of all scope-bearing opera- systematic and coherent coverage of all the tors (quantifiers, tense operators, logical op- major phrase types of English. To demon- erators) and distinguishing distributive read- strate that the semantic representations are ings of noun phrases from collective ones, and also simple enough for practical natural lan- (ii) resolving referential expressions such as guage processing applications, the CLE has definite descriptions, pronouns, indexical ex- been used as an interface to a purchase order pressions, and underspecified relations. processing simulator and a database query The QLF level can be regarded as the nat- system, to be described elsewhere. ural level of sentence representation resulting In summary, the main contributions of the 25 work reported in this paper are (i) the intro- for an elegant compositional semantic duction of the QLF level to achieve a natural framework: separation between compositional semantics and the processes of scoping and reference resolution, and (ii) the integration of a range use of lambda abstraction for the of well-motivated semantic analyses for spe- translation of graded predicates in cific constructions in a single coherent frame- our treatment of comparatives and work. superlatives; We will first motivate our extensions to first order logic and our distinction between use of tense operators and inten- LF and QLF, then describe the LF language, sional operators for dealing with illustrating the logical form translations pro- the English tense and au~liary sys- duced by the CLE for a number of English tem in a compositional way. constructions, and finally present the addi- tional constructs of the QLF language and illustrate their use. • Extensions motivated by the desire to separate out the problems of scoping from those of semantic representation. EXTENDING FIRST ORDER LOGIC • Extensions motivated by the need to deal with context dependent construc- As the pioneer work by Montague (1973) sug- tions, such as anaphora, and the implicit gests, first order logic is not the most nat- relations involved in the interpretation of ural representation for the meanings of En- possessives and compound nominals. glish sentences. The development of Mon- tague grammar indicates, however, that there is quite a bit of latitude as to the scope of the The first two extensions in the list are part extensions that are needed. In developing of the LF language, to be described next, the the LF language for the CLE we have tried to other two have to do with QLF constructs. be conservative in our choice of extensions to first order logic. Earlier proposals with simi- These QLF constructs are removed by the processes of quantifier scoping and reference lar motivation are presented by Moore (1981) and Schubert & Pelletier (1982). resolution (see below). The ways in which first order logic-- The treatment of tense by means of tempo- ral operators that is adopted in the CLE will predicate logic in which the quantifiers 3 and not be discussed in this paper. Some advan- V range over the domain of individuals--is ex- tages of an operator treatment of the English tended in our treatment can be grouped and motivated as follows: tense system are discussed in (Moore, 1981). We are aware of the fact that some as- • Extensions motivated by lack of ex- pects of our LF representation give what are pressive power of ordinary first order arguably overly neutral analyses of English logic: for a general treatment of noun constructions. For example, our uses of event phrase constructions in English general- variables and of sentential tense operators say ized quantifiers are needed ('Most A are little about the internal structure of events or B' is not expressible in a first order lan- about an underlying temporal logic. Never- guage with just the two one-place pred- theless, our hope is that the proposed LF rep- icates A and B). resentations form a sound basis for the subse- quent process of deriving the fuller meaning • Extensions motivated by the desire representations. 26 RESOLVED Leave(e, john) ^ Sudden(e))). LOGICAL FORMS The use of event variables in turn permits us to give a uniform interpretation of prepo- NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS sitional phrases, whether they modify verb phrases or nouns. For example, John de- Our notation is a straightforward extension signed a house in Cambridge has two read- of the standard notation for first order logic. ings, one in which in Cambridge is taken to The following logical form expression involv- modify the noun phrase a house, and one ing restricted quantification states that every where the prepositional phrase modifies the dog is nice: verb phrase, with the following translations quant(forall, x, Dog(x), Nice(x)). respectively: To get a straightforward treatment of the quant(exlsts, h, collective/distributive distinction (see below) House(h) A In_location(h, Cambridge), we assume that variables always range over past(quant (exists, e, Ev(e), sets, with 'normal' individuals corresponding Design( e, john, h ) ) ) ). to singletons. Properties like being a dog can quant(exlsts, h, House(h) A be true of singletons, e.g. the referent of Fido, past(quant(exists, e, Ev(e), as well as larger sets, e.g. the referent of the Design(e, john, h) ^ three dogs we saw yesterday. In_location(e, Cambridge)))). The LF language allows formation of com- plex predicates by means of lambda abstrac- In both cases the prepositional phrase is tion: ,~x,\d.Heavy.degree( z, d) is the predi- translated as a two-place relation stating that cate that expresses degree of heaviness. something is located in some place. Where the noun phrase is modified, the relation is between an ordinary object and a place; in the case where the prepositional phrase mod- EVENT AND STATE VARIABLES ifies the verb phrase the relation is between an event and a place. Adjectives in pred- Rather than treating modification of verb icative position give rise to state variables in phrases by means of higher order predicate their translations. For example, in the trans- modifiers, as in (Montague, 1973), we follow lation of John was happy in Paris, the prepo- Davidson's (1967) quantification over events sitional phrase modifies the state. States are to keep closer to first order logic. The event like events, but unlike events they cannot be corresponding to a verb phrase is introduced instantaneous. as an additional argument to the verb pred- icate. The full logical form for Every repre- sentative voted is as follows: GENERALIZED QUANTIFIERS quant(forall, x, Repr(x), past(quant(exists, e, Ev(e), Vote(e,x)))). A generalized quantifier is a relation Q be- tween two sets A and B, where Q is insensi- Informally, this says that for every represen- tive to anything but the cardinalities of the tative, at some past time, there existed an 'restriction set' A and the 'intersection set' event of that representative voting. A N B (Barwise & Cooper, 1981). A gen- The presence of an event variable allows eralized quantifier with restriction set A and us to treat optional verb phrase modifiers as intersection set ANB is fully characterized by predications of events, as in the translation a function AmAn.Q(m, n) of m and n, where of John left suddenly: m = IAI and n = IANB I. In theLFlan- guage of the CLE, these quantifier relations past(quant(exists, e, Ev(e), are expressed by means of predicates on two 27 numbers, where the first variable abstracted The reading of Two companies ordered five over denotes the cardinality of the restriction computers where the first noun phrase is in- set and the second one the cardinality of the terpreted collectively and the second one dis- intersection set.
Recommended publications
  • Logophoricity in Finnish

    Logophoricity in Finnish

    Open Linguistics 2018; 4: 630–656 Research Article Elsi Kaiser* Effects of perspective-taking on pronominal reference to humans and animals: Logophoricity in Finnish https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0031 Received December 19, 2017; accepted August 28, 2018 Abstract: This paper investigates the logophoric pronoun system of Finnish, with a focus on reference to animals, to further our understanding of the linguistic representation of non-human animals, how perspective-taking is signaled linguistically, and how this relates to features such as [+/-HUMAN]. In contexts where animals are grammatically [-HUMAN] but conceptualized as the perspectival center (whose thoughts, speech or mental state is being reported), can they be referred to with logophoric pronouns? Colloquial Finnish is claimed to have a logophoric pronoun which has the same form as the human-referring pronoun of standard Finnish, hän (she/he). This allows us to test whether a pronoun that may at first blush seem featurally specified to seek [+HUMAN] referents can be used for [-HUMAN] referents when they are logophoric. I used corpus data to compare the claim that hän is logophoric in both standard and colloquial Finnish vs. the claim that the two registers have different logophoric systems. I argue for a unified system where hän is logophoric in both registers, and moreover can be used for logophoric [-HUMAN] referents in both colloquial and standard Finnish. Thus, on its logophoric use, hän does not require its referent to be [+HUMAN]. Keywords: Finnish, logophoric pronouns, logophoricity, anti-logophoricity, animacy, non-human animals, perspective-taking, corpus 1 Introduction A key aspect of being human is our ability to think and reason about our own mental states as well as those of others, and to recognize that others’ perspectives, knowledge or mental states are distinct from our own, an ability known as Theory of Mind (term due to Premack & Woodruff 1978).
  • Predicate Logic

    Predicate Logic

    Logical Form & Predicate Logic Jean Mark Gawron Linguistics San Diego State University [email protected] http://www.rohan.sdsu.edu/∼gawron Logical Form & Predicate Logic – p. 1/30 Predicates and Arguments Logical Form & Predicate Logic – p. 2/30 Logical Form The Logical Form of English sentences can be represented by formulae of Predicate Logic, What do we mean by the logical form of a sentence? We mean: we can capture the truth conditions of complex English expressions in predicate logic, given some account of the denotations (extensions) of the simple expressions (words). Logical Form & Predicate Logic – p. 3/30 The Leading Idea: Extensions Nouns, verbs, and adjectives have predicates as their translations. What does ’predicate’ mean? ’Predicate’ means what it means in predicate logic. Logical Form & Predicate Logic – p. 4/30 Intransitive verbs Translating into predicate logic (1) a. Johnwalks. b. walk(j) (2) a. [[j]] = John b. “The extension of ’j’ is the individual John.” c. [[walk]] = {x | x walks } d. “The extension of ’walk’ is the set of walkers” (3) a. [[John walks]] = [[walk(j)]] b. [[walk(j)]] = true iff [[j]] ∈ [[walk]] Logical Form & Predicate Logic – p. 5/30 Extensional denotations • Remember two kinds of denotation. For work with logic, denotations are always extensions. • We call a denotation such as [[walk]] (a set) an extension, because it is defined by the set of things the word walk describes or “extends over” • The denotation [[j]] is also extensional because it is defined by the individual the word John describes. • Next we extend extensional denotation to transitive verbs, nouns, and sentences.
  • Pronouns, Logical Variables, and Logophoricity in Abe Author(S): Hilda Koopman and Dominique Sportiche Source: Linguistic Inquiry, Vol

    Pronouns, Logical Variables, and Logophoricity in Abe Author(S): Hilda Koopman and Dominique Sportiche Source: Linguistic Inquiry, Vol

    MIT Press Pronouns, Logical Variables, and Logophoricity in Abe Author(s): Hilda Koopman and Dominique Sportiche Source: Linguistic Inquiry, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 555-588 Published by: MIT Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4178645 Accessed: 22-10-2015 18:32 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Linguistic Inquiry. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.97.27.20 on Thu, 22 Oct 2015 18:32:27 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hilda Koopman Pronouns, Logical Variables, Dominique Sportiche and Logophoricity in Abe 1. Introduction 1.1. Preliminaries In this article we describe and analyze the propertiesof the pronominalsystem of Abe, a Kwa language spoken in the Ivory Coast, which we view as part of the study of pronominalentities (that is, of possible pronominaltypes) and of pronominalsystems (that is, of the cooccurrence restrictionson pronominaltypes in a particulargrammar). Abe has two series of thirdperson pronouns. One type of pronoun(0-pronoun) has basically the same propertiesas pronouns in languageslike English. The other type of pronoun(n-pronoun) very roughly corresponds to what has been called the referential use of pronounsin English(see Evans (1980)).It is also used as what is called a logophoric pronoun-that is, a particularpronoun that occurs in special embedded contexts (the logophoric contexts) to indicate reference to "the person whose speech, thought or perceptions are reported" (Clements (1975)).
  • Chapter 6 Mirativity and the Bulgarian Evidential System Elena Karagjosova Freie Universität Berlin

    Chapter 6 Mirativity and the Bulgarian Evidential System Elena Karagjosova Freie Universität Berlin

    Chapter 6 Mirativity and the Bulgarian evidential system Elena Karagjosova Freie Universität Berlin This paper provides an account of the Bulgarian admirative construction andits place within the Bulgarian evidential system based on (i) new observations on the morphological, temporal, and evidential properties of the admirative, (ii) a criti- cal reexamination of existing approaches to the Bulgarian evidential system, and (iii) insights from a similar mirative construction in Spanish. I argue in particular that admirative sentences are assertions based on evidence of some sort (reporta- tive, inferential, or direct) which are contrasted against the set of beliefs held by the speaker up to the point of receiving the evidence; the speaker’s past beliefs entail a proposition that clashes with the assertion, triggering belief revision and resulting in a sense of surprise. I suggest an analysis of the admirative in terms of a mirative operator that captures the evidential, temporal, aspectual, and modal properties of the construction in a compositional fashion. The analysis suggests that although mirativity and evidentiality can be seen as separate semantic cate- gories, the Bulgarian admirative represents a cross-linguistically relevant case of a mirative extension of evidential verbal forms. Keywords: mirativity, evidentiality, fake past 1 Introduction The Bulgarian evidential system is an ongoing topic of discussion both withre- spect to its interpretation and its morphological buildup. In this paper, I focus on the currently poorly understood admirative construction. The analysis I present is based on largely unacknowledged observations and data involving the mor- phological structure, the syntactic environment, and the evidential meaning of the admirative. Elena Karagjosova.
  • Toward a Shared Syntax for Shifted Indexicals and Logophoric Pronouns

    Toward a Shared Syntax for Shifted Indexicals and Logophoric Pronouns

    Toward a Shared Syntax for Shifted Indexicals and Logophoric Pronouns Mark Baker Rutgers University April 2018 Abstract: I argue that indexical shift is more like logophoricity and complementizer agreement than most previous semantic accounts would have it. In particular, there is evidence of a syntactic requirement at work, such that the antecedent of a shifted “I” must be a superordinate subject, just as the antecedent of a logophoric pronoun or the goal of complementizer agreement must be. I take this to be evidence that the antecedent enters into a syntactic control relationship with a null operator in all three constructions. Comparative data comes from Magahi and Sakha (for indexical shift), Yoruba (for logophoric pronouns), and Lubukusu (for complementizer agreement). 1. Introduction Having had an office next to Lisa Travis’s for 12 formative years, I learned many things from her that still influence my thinking. One is her example of taking semantic notions, such as aspect and event roles, and finding ways to implement them in syntactic structure, so as to advance the study of less familiar languages and topics.1 In that spirit, I offer here some thoughts about how logophoricity and indexical shift, topics often discussed from a more or less semantic point of view, might have syntactic underpinnings—and indeed, the same syntactic underpinnings. On an impressionistic level, it would not seem too surprising for logophoricity and indexical shift to have a common syntactic infrastructure. Canonical logophoricity as it is found in various West African languages involves using a special pronoun inside the finite CP complement of a verb to refer to the subject of that verb.
  • The Predicate View of Names

    The Predicate View of Names

    The Predicate View of Names Aidan Gray March 28, 2008 There is, and has for some time been, a consensus among philosophers interested in lan- guage that proper names in natural language are properly thought of on the model of individual constants in a formal language. This is to say, at least, that their semantic function is to pick out individuals. This as opposed to, e.g., intransitive verbs, whose semantic function is to pick out properties of individuals (let’s say) or quantifiers phrases whose function is to pick out prop- erties of properties (let’s say). There has been disagreement as to the details of this approach — for instance, in grasping the meaning of the name must I simply know which object it refers to or must I also know the manner in which the name presents the object? — but the basic premise has rarely been questioned. What reasons have philosophers had to assimilate names to individual constants? The ques- tion immediately strikes one as odd. The oddness is, in part, an expression of fact the picture is so deeply held as to constitute part of our framework for asking questions about language. More interestingly, perhaps, the question strikes one as odd because it seems like, as philosophers, we understand individual constants on the model of names just as much as we understand names on the model of individual constants. Individual constants were introduced into formal languages to do the job that names do in natural languages. Though this may well be true, it has little bearing on the question at hand.
  • 30. Tense Aspect Mood 615

    30. Tense Aspect Mood 615

    30. Tense Aspect Mood 615 Richards, Ivor Armstrong 1936 The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rockwell, Patricia 2007 Vocal features of conversational sarcasm: A comparison of methods. Journal of Psycho- linguistic Research 36: 361−369. Rosenblum, Doron 5. March 2004 Smart he is not. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/smart-he-is-not- 1.115908. Searle, John 1979 Expression and Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seddiq, Mirriam N. A. Why I don’t want to talk to you. http://notguiltynoway.com/2004/09/why-i-dont-want- to-talk-to-you.html. Singh, Onkar 17. December 2002 Parliament attack convicts fight in court. http://www.rediff.com/news/ 2002/dec/17parl2.htm [Accessed 24 July 2013]. Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson 1986/1995 Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. Voegele, Jason N. A. http://www.jvoegele.com/literarysf/cyberpunk.html Voyer, Daniel and Cheryl Techentin 2010 Subjective acoustic features of sarcasm: Lower, slower, and more. Metaphor and Symbol 25: 1−16. Ward, Gregory 1983 A pragmatic analysis of epitomization. Papers in Linguistics 17: 145−161. Ward, Gregory and Betty J. Birner 2006 Information structure. In: B. Aarts and A. McMahon (eds.), Handbook of English Lin- guistics, 291−317. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Rachel Giora, Tel Aviv, (Israel) 30. Tense Aspect Mood 1. Introduction 2. Metaphor: EVENTS ARE (PHYSICAL) OBJECTS 3. Polysemy, construal, profiling, and coercion 4. Interactions of tense, aspect, and mood 5. Conclusion 6. References 1. Introduction In the framework of cognitive linguistics we approach the grammatical categories of tense, aspect, and mood from the perspective of general cognitive strategies.
  • Sets, Propositional Logic, Predicates, and Quantifiers

    Sets, Propositional Logic, Predicates, and Quantifiers

    COMP 182 Algorithmic Thinking Sets, Propositional Logic, Luay Nakhleh Computer Science Predicates, and Quantifiers Rice University !1 Reading Material ❖ Chapter 1, Sections 1, 4, 5 ❖ Chapter 2, Sections 1, 2 !2 ❖ Mathematics is about statements that are either true or false. ❖ Such statements are called propositions. ❖ We use logic to describe them, and proof techniques to prove whether they are true or false. !3 Propositions ❖ 5>7 ❖ The square root of 2 is irrational. ❖ A graph is bipartite if and only if it doesn’t have a cycle of odd length. ❖ For n>1, the sum of the numbers 1,2,3,…,n is n2. !4 Propositions? ❖ E=mc2 ❖ The sun rises from the East every day. ❖ All species on Earth evolved from a common ancestor. ❖ God does not exist. ❖ Everyone eventually dies. !5 ❖ And some of you might already be wondering: “If I wanted to study mathematics, I would have majored in Math. I came here to study computer science.” !6 ❖ Computer Science is mathematics, but we almost exclusively focus on aspects of mathematics that relate to computation (that can be implemented in software and/or hardware). !7 ❖Logic is the language of computer science and, mathematics is the computer scientist’s most essential toolbox. !8 Examples of “CS-relevant” Math ❖ Algorithm A correctly solves problem P. ❖ Algorithm A has a worst-case running time of O(n3). ❖ Problem P has no solution. ❖ Using comparison between two elements as the basic operation, we cannot sort a list of n elements in less than O(n log n) time. ❖ Problem A is NP-Complete.
  • The Etienne Gilson Series 21

    The Etienne Gilson Series 21

    The Etienne Gilson Series 21 Remapping Scholasticism by MARCIA L. COLISH 3 March 2000 Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies This lecture and its publication was made possible through the generous bequest of the late Charles J. Sullivan (1914-1999) Note: the author may be contacted at: Department of History Oberlin College Oberlin OH USA 44074 ISSN 0-708-319X ISBN 0-88844-721-3 © 2000 by Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies 59 Queen’s Park Crescent East Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C4 Printed in Canada nce upon a time there were two competing story-lines for medieval intellectual history, each writing a major role for scholasticism into its script. Although these story-lines were O created independently and reflected different concerns, they sometimes overlapped and gave each other aid and comfort. Both exerted considerable influence on the way historians of medieval speculative thought conceptualized their subject in the first half of the twentieth cen- tury. Both versions of the map drawn by these two sets of cartographers illustrated what Wallace K. Ferguson later described as “the revolt of the medievalists.”1 One was confined largely to the academy and appealed to a wide variety of medievalists, while the other had a somewhat narrower draw and reflected political and confessional, as well as academic, concerns. The first was the anti-Burckhardtian effort to push Renaissance humanism, understood as combining a knowledge and love of the classics with “the discovery of the world and of man,” back into the Middle Ages. The second was inspired by the neo-Thomist revival launched by Pope Leo XIII, and was inhabited almost exclusively by Roman Catholic scholars.
  • Deriving the Definiteness Effects in Nuu-Chah-Nulth Locatives1 Rachel Wojdak Florence Woo UBC UC Santa Cruz Rasusann@Interchang

    Deriving the Definiteness Effects in Nuu-Chah-Nulth Locatives1 Rachel Wojdak Florence Woo UBC UC Santa Cruz Rasusann@Interchang

    WSCLA 9: Victoria, B.C. February 6-8, 2004 1 Deriving the definiteness effects in Nuu-chah-nulth locatives QUESTION 1: why is a bare locatum argument obligatorily interpreted as 1. indefinite inXlocatives Rachel Wojdak Florence Woo 2. definite inKLO-locatives UBC UC Santa Cruz [email protected] [email protected] • bare nominal in Nuu-chah-nulth are generally ambiguous between indefinite and definite interpretations 1. The problem (4) a. <DTDTL6 &LVWXXS • locatives in Nuu-chah-nulth are expressed by affixal predicates which long-very-3.IND rope describe a relationship between a location argument and a locatum The/some rope is very long. argument (Wojdak in prep; see also Rose 1981, Davidson 2002). b. <DTDTL6 &LVWXXSL predicate location locatum (theme) long-very-3.IND rope-DET The rope is very long. (1) XXT]LL6 -D0DT]<DNL FLL[VDF X DT]L6 -D0DT]<DNL FLL[VDF QUESTION 2: why are X-locatives ruled out when the locatum is pro? -inside-3.IND oven-DET frying.pan There's a frying pan in the oven. (5) Q: ZDDVDNN FLL[VDF where-POSS-2.Q frying.pan • depending on what the morphological host for the locative affix is, there Where's your frying pan? seems to be two different kinds of definiteness effects in locatives: A1: KL<DT]L6 -D0DT]<DN ((ii)) aann iinnddeeffiinniitteenneessss rreessttiiccttiioonn oonn ath bea lroec laotcuamtu wmh aerng uthmee hnot swt hise tnh e KLO DT]L6 -D0DT]<DN t h e epxrepdleictiavte msuofrfpixheesm toe thXe. expletive morpheme X. LOC-inside-3.IND oven It's in the oven.
  • Corpus Study of Tense, Aspect, and Modality in Diglossic Speech in Cairene Arabic

    Corpus Study of Tense, Aspect, and Modality in Diglossic Speech in Cairene Arabic

    CORPUS STUDY OF TENSE, ASPECT, AND MODALITY IN DIGLOSSIC SPEECH IN CAIRENE ARABIC BY OLA AHMED MOSHREF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Elabbas Benmamoun, Chair Professor Eyamba Bokamba Professor Rakesh M. Bhatt Assistant Professor Marina Terkourafi ABSTRACT Morpho-syntactic features of Modern Standard Arabic mix intricately with those of Egyptian Colloquial Arabic in ordinary speech. I study the lexical, phonological and syntactic features of verb phrase morphemes and constituents in different tenses, aspects, moods. A corpus of over 3000 phrases was collected from religious, political/economic and sports interviews on four Egyptian satellite TV channels. The computational analysis of the data shows that systematic and content morphemes from both varieties of Arabic combine in principled ways. Syntactic considerations play a critical role with regard to the frequency and direction of code-switching between the negative marker, subject, or complement on one hand and the verb on the other. Morph-syntactic constraints regulate different types of discourse but more formal topics may exhibit more mixing between Colloquial aspect or future markers and Standard verbs. ii To the One Arab Dream that will come true inshaa’ Allah! عربية أنا.. أميت دمها خري الدماء.. كما يقول أيب الشاعر العراقي: بدر شاكر السياب Arab I am.. My nation’s blood is the finest.. As my father says Iraqi Poet: Badr Shaker Elsayyab iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I’m sincerely thankful to my advisor Prof. Elabbas Benmamoun, who during the six years of my study at UIUC was always kind, caring and supportive on the personal and academic levels.
  • Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Papers, 1646-1716

    Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Papers, 1646-1716

    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt2779p48t No online items Finding Aid for the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Papers, 1646-1716 Processed by David MacGill; machine-readable finding aid created by Caroline Cubé © 2003 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Finding Aid for the Gottfried 503 1 Wilhelm Leibniz Papers, 1646-1716 Finding Aid for the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Papers, 1646-1716 Collection number: 503 UCLA Library, Department of Special Collections Manuscripts Division Los Angeles, CA Processed by: David MacGill, November 1992 Encoded by: Caroline Cubé Online finding aid edited by: Josh Fiala, October 2003 © 2003 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Papers, Date (inclusive): 1646-1716 Collection number: 503 Creator: Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr von, 1646-1716 Extent: 6 oversize boxes Repository: University of California, Los Angeles. Library. Dept. of Special Collections. Los Angeles, California 90095-1575 Abstract: Leibniz (1646-1716) was a philosopher, mathematician, and political advisor. He invented differential and integral calculus. His major writings include New physical hypothesis (1671), Discourse on metaphysics (1686), On the ultimate origin of things (1697), and On nature itself (1698). The collection consists of 35 reels of positive microfilm of more than 100,000 handwritten pages of manuscripts and letters. Physical location: Stored off-site at SRLF. Advance notice is required for access to the collection. Please contact the UCLA Library, Department of Special Collections Reference Desk for paging information. Language: English. Restrictions on Use and Reproduction Property rights to the physical object belong to the UCLA Library, Department of Special Collections.