US HISTORY, January 4

• Entry Task: Stretch your memory! Discuss: What do you remember about the ? Why was it important? • Announcements: – Today: Review (you’ll need your packets out!) + how does the Civil War end? Crash Course video will introduce some key ideas. – Half of this week & part of next week – Civil War Project (takes the place of a test – work in the library) and prepare for FINALS WARNING: Some disturbing slides on this ppt!  Aggressive offensive to crush the rebellion. – War of attrition: South has less manpower…  Gen ’s  War goal: Preserve Union and later abolish slavery  Capture Richmond  Don’t allow Confederacy to rest.  Napoleonic tactics at first----later “trench warfare” Defend and delay until Union gives up. Quick victories to demoralize Union Alliance with Great Britain Capture Washington, D.C. Defend Richmond Sought decisive battle that would convince the Union it wasn’t worth it Use better military leadership to your advantage and outsmart Union generals.

Civil War Battles: 2 Names???

• The Union identifies battles by streams or rivers, the Confederacy names after nearby towns. Eastern Theater Western Theater Theater/Battles 1862 DATE BATTLE VICTOR RESULT July 1861 Bull Run South Union retreats to Wash. D.C. Manasses

June 1862 7 Days South Lee stops McClellan from taking Richmond

August 1862 Bull Run South Lee stops John Pope from taking Richmond

*Sept. 1862 Antietam Draw McClellan stops Lee from taking Washington, D.C. Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

*Turning Point battle

Gettysburg

George Meade Robert E. Lee The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Location: Pennsylvania • Lee tries to invade the North again • ¼ of each army lost • Who wins this battle? North – Lee retreats to • is named Supreme Commander • Map on p. 358 The Battle Ends • Lee realized his army could no longer remain in Pennsylvania – he ordered the army to withdraw, retreat to the Potomac River, and return to Virginia. "Too bad, too bad," a staff officer heard the general say in his discouragement. "Oh, too bad." • Storm clouds blackened the early evening sky. A heavy rain soon fell, symbolically washing the land of the carnage wrought by three days of bloody battle. Gettysburg Casualties WARNING: A disturbing image on the next slide of this ppt!

GETTYSBURG: . Photographer Alexander Gardner aptly captioned this image "A Harvest of Death".

Edward Everett, the featured speaker at the dedication ceremony of the National Cemetery of Gettysburg, later wrote to Lincoln, "I wish that I could flatter myself that I had come as near to the central idea of the occasion in two hours as you did in two minutes." DATE BATTLE VICTOR RESULT Feb. 1862 Fort Donelson Union Controlled the Ohio River March 1862 Fort Henry Union Controlled Cumberland River April 1862 Shiloh Union Controlled Tennessee River April 1862 New Orleans Union Controlled mouth of Mississippi July 1863 Vicksburg Union Controlled Mississippi River * split Confederacy in half *Turning Point Battle

Battles in West 1 The North Initiates the Draft, 1863 Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863) NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863) A “Pogrom” Against Blacks Inflation in the South The Progress of War: 1861-1865 The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865 Plan of Attack for Grant in the remainder of the War

• Ulysses S. Grant wanted to attack the Confederacy on two fronts – Attack the Deep South (, Tennessee, Alabama) with – Pressure deep into Virginia and take over Richmond with the Army of the Potomac under George Gordon Meade. William Tecumseh Sherman The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865 Total War 1 Total War 3 Picture: Richmond Picture: Richmond Theater/Battles 1864 DATE BATTLE VICTOR RESULT May 5-7, 1864 Wilderness Inconclusive Grant refuses to give up and continues to pursue Lee

1864 – Becomes a WAR OF ATTRITION

Battle of the Wilderness

• Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant fight a battle in “no-man’s land” without result. “Bloody Angle” and “Hell’s Half Acre” - May 4-7, 1864 Numbers Game at the Wilderness • Total Union Soldiers at the Wilderness – 118,000 (Grant loses around 50,000) • Total Confederate Soldiers at the Wilderness – 61,953

Despite the fact that the Confederates were losing soldiers to desertion every day, Lee knew that numbers did not matter when you are fighting in a no-man’s land like the Wilderness.

DATE BATTLE VICTOR RESULT May 5-7, 1864 Wilderness Inconclusive Grant refuses to give up and continues to pursue Lee

May 8-21, 1864 Spotsylvania Inconclusive Costliest battle of the campaign; heavy losses for both sides May 31-June 12 Cold Harbor Confederate Grant makes his worst mistake here, sending 7,000 troops to be slaughtered

1864 – Becomes a WAR OF ATTRITION

WARNING: A disturbing image on the next slide of this ppt!

Numbers and Casualties at Spotsylvania

• Union – 100,000 men at the battle – 18,399 casualties • Confederates – 50,000 men at the battle – 10,000 casualties Grant sends the Cavalry, led by towards Richmond

• Lee sent J.E.B. Stuart and his own cavalry to chase Philip Sheridan. • Two days later, J.E.B. Stuart was mortally wounded in the liver at a clash at Yellow Tavern. Robert E. Lee considered Stuart irreplaceable.

J.E.B. Stuart died on May 12, 1864 from a wound in the liver. Grant’s plan of moving to Richmond Continues • Grant still had a tremendous advantage after Spotsylvania as he still held 109,000 soldiers to Lee’s 59,000 as Grant continued down towards Richmond. • The next battle is at Cold Harbor, Virginia - June 1-3, 1864. A new style of warfare

• The daytime of the summer of 1864 was for fighting, but the nighttime was for trench-digging. Little sleep would be had as many men became shell-shocked and even A.P. Hill and Richard Ewell suffered mental breakdowns in this fighting. Cold Harbor Assault by Ulysses S. Grant • The initial assault by Grant upon Cold Harbor took place on June 1, and was an assault upon all defenses. •The Confederates were entrenched and the Union gained no ground on this day or the assault on June 3. • The Union attack gained no success and they lost heavy casualties, losing 7,000 in the two days of fighting versus the Confederates losses of 1,500. Grant after Cold Harbor

• “I regret this assault more than any one I have ever ordered.” • He was called "the Butcher", having lost 60,000 casualties in 30 days! • Some say that through the Wilderness Campaign and Cold Harbor Campaign Grant actually wept during the night-time after contemplating the losses through these two battle. DATE BATTLE VICTOR RESULT May 5-7, 1864 Wilderness Inconclusive Grant refuses to give up and continues to pursue Lee

May 8-21, 1864 Spotsylvania Inconclusive Costliest battle of the campaign; heavy losses for both sides May 31-June 12 Cold Harbor Confederate Grant makes his worst mistake here, sending 7,000 troops to be slaughtered June 1864- Petersburg Union 9 months of Trench Warfare March1865 Lee abandons both Petersburg & Richmond in April – leads to surrender Nov-Dec 1864 Sherman’s Union Destroyed South’s capacity March to the Sea to wage war 1864 – Becomes a WAR OF ATTRITION

Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864

25,000 slaves flee to Sherman's army during the march The destruction of Atlanta • When he entered Atlanta, Sherman issued an order requiring all the people to leave within five days. • The Yankees were “not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people,” Sherman explained; as a result, they needed to “make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war.” • On the march, Sherman's army causes $100 million worth of damage "the South would never forget." (1.38 billion in 2010)

General Sherman’s troops captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864. Atlanta was a railroad hub and the industrial center of the Confederacy: It had munitions factories, foundries and warehouses that kept the Confederate army supplied with food, weapons and other goods. Sherman’s March: Atlanta to Savannah Army of 65,000 burned and pillaged • People in the South have lost much morale; Sherman used scorched earth policy – destroy everything that could be useful to the enemy (controversial) • On the 26th Sherman wrote to President Lincoln: " I beg to present to you, as a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about 25,000 bales of cotton." 1864 Election

Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D) Why did some not support Lincoln? • Lincoln suspends the writ of Habeas Corpus – 15,000-20,000 citizens were arrested • Many opposed banking system, tariffs, draft, martial law, emancipation, etc The Peace Movement: Copperheads Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in 1864 Presidential Election Results: 1864 The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865 US HISTORY, January 5 • Entry Task: Discuss - who do you think said the following quote & why? “When in doubt, fight.” • Announcements: –Today: Review (you’ll need your packets out!) + how does the Civil War end? –Library Work Days: Wed, Thur, Fri, and Mon next week. Movement by Grant to Petersburg, Virginia • Lee felt that Grant was going to make a direct attack upon Richmond, but instead he decides to attempt to trick Lee by flanking around Richmond down to Petersburg, South of Richmond, while destroying the Western Virginia rail lines with a dispatch of his army. • Lee is finally outsmarted - for the first time in the war. • What ensues is a 9 month long siege by the Union on the Confederate entrenchments from June 15, 1864 through March 25, 1865. Confederate Defenses at Petersburg End of the War… finally…

• After nine long months of defending Richmond from Petersburg, just south of the Confederate capitol, Lee orders the evacuation of Richmond on April 2, 1865, and the Confederates start to flee to the western part of Virginia. Richmond evacuated

• April 2 – President Davis, Cabinet, and defenders abandoned Richmond and set fire to bridges, the armory, and warehouses Picture: Richmond Appomattox Courthouse meeting- April 9, 1865 Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865

All Confederate officers and men were pardoned (28,000), sent home with their private property– most important to the men were the horses, which could be used for a late spring planting. Officers kept their side arms, and Lee’s starving men were given Union rations. How did the North win???

• When asked some years afterwards why the Confederates lost at Gettysburg, General Pickett replied, ‘I think the Yankees had something to do with it’. • Lincoln traveled to conquered Richmond to Davis’ evacuated offices.

Casualties on Both Sides Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865) The Assassin

John Wilkes Booth The Assassination WANTED~~!! Secretary Stanton: Now He Belongs to the Ages! The Execution liked to tell the story of a Baptist minister who met an old woman, an ex-slave, weeping while waiting in the line of mourners assembled along the fence outside the White House. He asked her why she wept. She told him, “We have lost our Moses.” The Civil War Project

• Tomorrow’s Expectations (Wed): Either full layout (choose what will go on each page) and begin researching (print out or save at least 3 pages of research). • Thursday: Complete at least one full page (paragraphs are written, pictures are chosen, and they are on the page). • Friday: Complete another 2 full pages. • Monday: Complete another 2 full pages. The Civil War Project

Just FYI, Chilson’s pet peeves on projects: - Don’t even try to tell me that you have this done, it’s just “at home.” - Find good websites. What constitutes a good website? How can you tell? - Be careful about which pictures you choose. If you choose one from google image search, find out where that picture came from. Include a title for each picture. - If I’ve said it once, I’ll say it again – DO NOT PLAGIARIZE. You may not think I will catch you, but believe me when I say, I CAN TELL!!! The Civil War Project

• Looking for: who, what, where, when, how, and why. • Also, for many of your articles, you will need to make important claims: – CLAIM (Main idea statement) – SUPPORT (Evidence used to back up the claim) – EXPLAIN (The explanation of the supporting details that make the writing “stick together” and make sense)