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Home , Brothers of Italy, Enrico Letta, Five Star Movement, Forza Italia, Forza Italia (2013), Matteo Renzi

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 192 Geographical Overview | EU’s Mediterranean Countries Panorama and media coverage of its leader, , who who Renzi, Matteo leader, its of coverage media and personalization excessive the for paying also is Party ic Democrat The to growth. return a real despite rated deterio has situation their that grounded, often tion, sensa have the who , have over won the not and school, and market labour the regarding those especially left, the have they divided But out. carried were reforms many administration, this During loni. Genti Paolo and Renzi Matteo Letta, Enrico other: an one succeeded PD the of members were who ing the incumbents.’ three Ministers Prime Indeed, 1994, since ‘remov applied have systematically ians Ital the that asanction policies, its for sanctioned power during the last administration, it has been In stronghold. a left-wing been have always which , central in bastions its in ground lost has and south the in disappeared almost has It defeat. ing acrush suffered Deputies, of Chamber the votes for PD), 18.7% with the of Democratico, (Partito Party Democratic the At centre-left, spectrum. political the of ends respective their on years for hegemony their to impose attempting been had that parties litical po main two the foremost, and first are, losers The uncertainty. cal politi extreme of astage enter Italy havethey made hand, other the On losers. three and winners three show clearly they hand, one the On paradoxical. are 2018 elections 4March the of Italian results The Internazionale degliStudiSocialiGuidoCarli(LUISS), President, School ofGovernment, LiberaUniversità , Professor ofHistoryandPolitical Sociologyat Lazar Marc UncertainAn Italy Countries Mediterranean |EU’s Overview Geographical 1 to a person’s subconscious use of their body, i.e. body language, posture, bearing, accent when speaking, etc. – Translator’s Note. –Translator’s etc. speaking, when accent bearing, posture, language, body i.e. body, their of use subconscious aperson’s to Bodily hexis is a concept ultimately developed by the French sociologist Pierre Bordieu, which could be summed up more or less as referring referring as less or more up summed be could which Bordieu, Pierre sociologist French the by developed ultimately aconcept is hexis Bodily ------pressing himself and his ‘ his and himself pressing ex of manner his as even insofar party, credible a of leader the as off comes Grillo, to Beppe trast 31, aged con Maio, in Di who, Luigi leader, young by a headed is it time, This votes. the of 25.6% with party Italian leading the 2013,from became it when campaign, the carried out M5S significant changes this During . and security of matters in right-wing rather time, same at the and ecological also but instance) for income, (citizens’ basic left post-modern and left classic at once is that gramme apro proposes It . European of panorama the within party unclassifiable an Deputies), of ber (32.6% Cham M5S) the votes for of 5 Stelle, mento (Movi Movement Star Five the is winner big The end. the in over 3% slightly garnered only but votes, the of 6% some obtain and PD the to weaken aspired which Equal, and Free election loser is the coalition small radical left party, third the finally, And penalized. are parties governing the elsewhere, as Italy, In . and many, Ger , in instance, for seen, be can as right, European the of difficulties the of that nomenon, phe generalized to amore attests by him, and for exclusively nearly exists which party, his of haustion ex The election. this of results by the weakened ly great been thus has He to centre. extreme the from ranging him behind forces broader of arc an aggregates longer no and followers diehard most his but anyone mobilizes longer no age, 81 of years 1994. in Il Cavaliere founded was it since results election lowest its 14% obtained has votes, the of with Italia, Forza Berlusconi’s Silvio part, its For left. of the deep crisis of the entire continental European example yet another is PD’s defeat the fact, aster. In dis this wake of the in resignation his submitted has bodily hexis ’ 1 . It has mod has . It , at at , ------what unites them in the face of , the Eu the globalization, of face the in them unites what ever; than now more are, they who themselves ing ask are Italians that sense the in cultural, finally, And parliament and the administration, is extremely high. parties, the class, ruling the of ensemble ally, the gener more and leaders political their with faction dissatis Italians’ The surveys: all in indicated ades been experiencing a profound political crisis for dec greatly. Political, in the has since Italy place, second spread has poverty and have increased sorts all of of all, since remains high, inequalities content. This has various explanations. Social, first dis Italian of to depth the attest likewise but logic, aspecific follow Movement Star Five the and Italy of Brothers League, the of progression electoral The populism European within the panorama of party Movement (M5S), unclassifiable an bigwinnerThe isthe Five Star right. further strongly shifted thus has parties centre of grouping aminiscule and Italia Forza plus parties two these of coalition 2013. from centre-right results its The bled dou over 4% votes, the of with d’Italia), (Fratelli Italy of Brothers party, post-Fascist the side, At its south. the in ground some gained and centre the in inroads made has north, the in established well League, The andof the insecurity immigrants, . criticism virulent its with right, extreme at the uated byspired the French Front National, deliberately sit in into aparty south, the and to Rome hostile party aregionalist Nord), (Lega League North the turned has ago). leader to 4% years Its five compared as (17.3%, winner big second the is (Lega) League The education. of levels lower with people and class ing work the people, young of overrepresentation by an in dire social straits. Its electorate is characterized is which south, peninsula’s the conquered all above has territory, the throughout presence a general with M5S, The parties. other with alliances of principle the accepted has it finally, And ness.” and immigration what it busi “the formerly called , European the of criticism its erated ------and aid from the government, which is not at all at all not is which government, the from aid and southern electorate that demands social protection a of expectations the now meet must and paign cam its during income basic citizens’ promised instance, for Movement, Star Five The posed. are incompatible,grammes if not completely op pro and interests parties’ the that fact by the ed complicat more the all rendered is executive the of formation The failure. of to avote case in returning majority, of with parliamentary the quickly possibility have anarrow would time, alimited for who, a figure League coalition or a ‘minority’ administration led by coalition, an M5S-centre-right union, an M5S- M5S-PD an alliance, centre-left acentre-right, rella: Matta by Sergio explored be will possible nations For theing Administration, principles. all the combi found to its faithful apriori and Movement Star Five the of tendency leftist the embodying Fico, Roberto Deputies, of Chamber the in and people, lusconi’s Ber Silvio of one Casellati, Alberti Elisabetta Maria Senate, the in dynamism: its demonstrating thus Italia, Forza on decision the imposed which League, the and Movement Star Five the between ment agree an after 24 on March elected were chambers parliamentary two the of presidents the Already ed. test hard being thus are Mattarella, Sergio public, Re the of President the and democracy mentary parlia The Senate. the or Deputies of Chamber the in seats of majority have not the do they since alone, power to exercise aposition in is coalition or party ple, future scenarios are unclear because no one sim is results election the of analysis an Although of discontent Italian logic, but likewise attest to the depth follow aspecific League, Brothers and of the Italy electoralThe progression of the eigners, but also of strangers in general. in strangers of also but eigners, for of mistrust strong their demonstrating polls ion withdrawal into or the family, with opin by a tempted being ”, while “living of state a to re-establish aspiring identity, an of search in are ropean Union and various migratory shocks. They ------

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 193 Geographical Overview | EU’s Mediterranean Countries Panorama IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2018 194 Geographical Overview | EU’s Mediterranean Countries Panorama had allowed them to ensure a sort of social peace. peace. social of asort to ensure them allowed had which debt, public and deficit the to increase ing tricht criteria prevented governments from continu Maas the when mid-90s, the of as to appear began Fissures peace. and protection prosperity, growth, with synonymous then was EU the building since 1970s, the of as particularly Italy characterized sus consen political such that a pro-European broad, 1970s, the in Communists by the 1960s, followed the in first position their changed Socialists The 1990s. the of beginning the until uninterruptedly power in remained and Italy in power in was which Soviet, capitalist and Christian Democratic , Common Market, denouncing an Atlanticist, anti- the condemned Party Socialist the and Party nist Commu strong the at first, Historically, . of years twenty of warmongering the with breaking of aquestion was it since especially time, a long for Europhile very was and Community an Europe the of country afounding was Italy Indeed, even scepticism regarding the EU disenchantment, discouragement, or ago of aquarter acentury ofbegan stage in thefurther major trend that these elections have marked a the since Especially Europeans. are thus Italians The waiting, are as Europe? vis-à-vis Italians among attitude in achange such we interpret should How currency. to single the adherence of level est low the registers that Italy is it , the all Of European-wide. or Italian whether polls, opinion all in registered EU the regarding even scepticism or a century ago of disenchantment, discouragement, of aquarter began that trend major the in stage ther afur have marked elections these since Especially Europeans. the are as waiting, thus are Italians The expects. machine– mistrustful of the bureaucratic and administrative what the electorate of the League –more and liberal ------arises after these doubtless historic elections. that question great the is aside? This tofer stand pre it will or relaunch hypothetical its and struction con European in protagonist amajor to be tinue con Italy Will League. the than so more Movement, Star Five the especially campaign, election the ing dur it against attacks their attenuated they although ultimately mistrust and criticize the European Union, that parties for facto voted de two of out Italian one that vote, knowing parliamentary the after formed be even can executive the if take, will executive new the orientation what ascertaining of now amatter is It doubtless historic elections great question that after these arises prefer to stand aside? This isthe and its hypothetical relaunch or will it protagonist in European construction continueWill Italy to amajor be 600,000 of them in five years. years. five in them of 600,000 over Mediterranean, the crossing after conditions dramatic under arriving migrants of inflow the finally, and delinquency; practice and sorts all of trafficking in involved are wits, by their live often who grants, hosting so many foreigners); immi clandestine to unaccustomed Italy, overwhelmed has which 2001, in number their (over now, times four 5million grants established on the peninsula and regularized tionally amalgamating three realities: that of immi inten resource, apolitical as question migrant the used deliberately Movement, Star Five the and Italia Forza extent, to alesser also, but Italy, of Brothers the and League the Mainly situation. the manage to attempts their in States Member EU other the by abandoned felt reason, good with Italians, the and Italy of coasts the on conditions dramatic under arrived migrants over 660,000 years, following the 2013 in of Finally, poverty. of course over the and and the inequality unemployment, growth increased peninsula and entailed , rigor, recession, cial and economic crisis that severely affected the 2007-2008, in finan the with beginning again, And ------