Public-Key Cryptography Standards: PKCS
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A Focus on S/MIME
The University of Saskatchewan Department of Computer Science Technical Report #2011-03 Cryptographic Security for Emails: A Focus on S/MIME Minhaz Fahim Zibran Department of Computer Science University of Saskatchewan Email: [email protected] Abstract In this paper I present a study on \S/MIME", which has become the industry standard for secure email exchange. Based on existing literature review, the study examines S/MIME in depth with specific emphasis on its architecture, strengths, and deficiencies. The study also identifies usability issues related to S/MIME enabled email clients, which indicate scopes for further improvements in those implementations. Obstacles in the adoption of S/MIME are also identified indicating what is required for its successful adoption in the community. In presenting the study, the paper contributes in two ways: (a) for any newcomer in the field of cryptography this paper will be a useful resource to quickly learn about S/MIME in a fair level of detail, (b) the indication about limitations of S/MIME and its implementations reveals an avenue for further research in the area of email security, which may result in improvement of S/MIME itself, or its implementations in the email clients. Keywords: Email Security, S/MIME, MIME, PGP, PKI, Certificate, Email Authentication, Email Encryption, Key Management 1 Introduction Email has been a very common medium of communication these days. It somewhat re- places the traditional surface mail and many of the traditional ways of communication [32]. Today people send and read emails from their personal computers, business workstation, PDAs and even cell phones. -
Public Key Cryptography And
PublicPublic KeyKey CryptographyCryptography andand RSARSA Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 [email protected] Audio/Video recordings of this lecture are available at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-11/ Washington University in St. Louis CSE571S ©2011 Raj Jain 9-1 OverviewOverview 1. Public Key Encryption 2. Symmetric vs. Public-Key 3. RSA Public Key Encryption 4. RSA Key Construction 5. Optimizing Private Key Operations 6. RSA Security These slides are based partly on Lawrie Brown’s slides supplied with William Stallings’s book “Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice,” 5th Ed, 2011. Washington University in St. Louis CSE571S ©2011 Raj Jain 9-2 PublicPublic KeyKey EncryptionEncryption Invented in 1975 by Diffie and Hellman at Stanford Encrypted_Message = Encrypt(Key1, Message) Message = Decrypt(Key2, Encrypted_Message) Key1 Key2 Text Ciphertext Text Keys are interchangeable: Key2 Key1 Text Ciphertext Text One key is made public while the other is kept private Sender knows only public key of the receiver Asymmetric Washington University in St. Louis CSE571S ©2011 Raj Jain 9-3 PublicPublic KeyKey EncryptionEncryption ExampleExample Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman at MIT RSA: Encrypted_Message = m3 mod 187 Message = Encrypted_Message107 mod 187 Key1 = <3,187>, Key2 = <107,187> Message = 5 Encrypted Message = 53 = 125 Message = 125107 mod 187 = 5 = 125(64+32+8+2+1) mod 187 = {(12564 mod 187)(12532 mod 187)... (1252 mod 187)(125 mod 187)} mod 187 Washington University in -
IBM® Z/OS® Version 1 Release 12 System SSL Cryptographic Module
z/OS Version 1 Release 12 System SSL Security Policy IBM® z/OS® Version 1 Release 12 System SSL Cryptographic Module FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Policy Version 1.01 IBM Systems & Technology Group System z Development Poughkeepsie, New York IBM Research Zurich Research Laboratory August 24, 2011 © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2011 This document may be reproduced only in its original entirety without revision. © Copyright IBM Corp. 2011 Page 1 of 31 z/OS Version 1 Release 12 System SSL Security Policy Table of Contents 1 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT .............................................................................................................................................................3 2 CRYPTOGRAPHIC MODULE SPECIFICATION...................................................................................................................4 3 CRYPTOGRAPHIC MODULE SECURITY LEVEL ...............................................................................................................5 4 PORTS AND INTERFACES ........................................................................................................................................................6 5 ROLES, SERVICES AND AUTHENTICATION.......................................................................................................................6 5.1 ROLES ......................................................................................................................................................................................6 -
On the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization
On the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Meltem S¨onmez Turan NIST Lightweight Cryptography Team ECC 2019: 23rd Workshop on Elliptic Curve Cryptography December 2, 2019 Outline • NIST's Cryptography Standards • Overview - Lightweight Cryptography • NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process • Announcements 1 NIST's Cryptography Standards National Institute of Standards and Technology • Non-regulatory federal agency within U.S. Department of Commerce. • Founded in 1901, known as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) prior to 1988. • Headquarters in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and laboratories in Boulder, Colorado. • Employs around 6,000 employees and associates. NIST's Mission to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life. 2 NIST Organization Chart Laboratory Programs Computer Security Division • Center for Nanoscale Science and • Cryptographic Technology Technology • Secure Systems and Applications • Communications Technology Lab. • Security Outreach and Integration • Engineering Lab. • Security Components and Mechanisms • Information Technology Lab. • Security Test, Validation and • Material Measurement Lab. Measurements • NIST Center for Neutron Research • Physical Measurement Lab. Information Technology Lab. • Advanced Network Technologies • Applied and Computational Mathematics • Applied Cybersecurity • Computer Security • Information Access • Software and Systems • Statistical -
Security + Encryption Standards
Security + Encryption Standards Author: Joseph Lee Email: joseph@ ripplesoftware.ca Mobile: 778-725-3206 General Concepts Forward secrecy / perfect forward secrecy • Using a key exchange to provide a new key for each session provides improved forward secrecy because if keys are found out by an attacker, past data cannot be compromised with the keys Confusion • Cipher-text is significantly different than the original plaintext data • The property of confusion hides the relationship between the cipher-text and the key Diffusion • Is the principle that small changes in message plaintext results in large changes in the cipher-text • The idea of diffusion is to hide the relationship between the cipher-text and the plaintext Secret-algorithm • A proprietary algorithm that is not publicly disclosed • This is discouraged because it cannot be reviewed Weak / depreciated algorithms • An algorithm that can be easily "cracked" or defeated by an attacker High-resiliency • Refers to the strength of the encryption key if an attacker discovers part of the key Data-in-transit • Data sent over a network Data-at-rest • Data stored on a medium Data-in-use • Data being used by an application / computer system Out-of-band KEX • Using a medium / channel for key-exchange other than the medium the data transfer is taking place (phone, email, snail mail) In-band KEX • Using the same medium / channel for key-exchange that the data transfer is taking place Integrity • Ability to determine the message has not been altered • Hashing algorithms manage Authenticity -
Choosing Key Sizes for Cryptography
information security technical report 15 (2010) 21e27 available at www.sciencedirect.com www.compseconline.com/publications/prodinf.htm Choosing key sizes for cryptography Alexander W. Dent Information Security Group, University Of London, Royal Holloway, UK abstract After making the decision to use public-key cryptography, an organisation still has to make many important decisions before a practical system can be implemented. One of the more difficult challenges is to decide the length of the keys which are to be used within the system: longer keys provide more security but mean that the cryptographic operation will take more time to complete. The most common solution is to take advice from information security standards. This article will investigate the methodology that is used produce these standards and their meaning for an organisation who wishes to implement public-key cryptography. ª 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction being compromised by an attacker). It also typically means a slower scheme. Most symmetric cryptographic schemes do The power of public-key cryptography is undeniable. It is not allow the use of keys of different lengths. If a designer astounding in its simplicity and its ability to provide solutions wishes to offer a symmetric scheme which provides different to many seemingly insurmountable organisational problems. security levels depending on the key size, then the designer However, the use of public-key cryptography in practice is has to construct distinct variants of a central design which rarely as simple as the concept first appears. First one has to make use of different pre-specified key lengths. -
TS 102 176-1 V2.1.1 (2011-07) Technical Specification
ETSI TS 102 176-1 V2.1.1 (2011-07) Technical Specification Electronic Signatures and Infrastructures (ESI); Algorithms and Parameters for Secure Electronic Signatures; Part 1: Hash functions and asymmetric algorithms 2 ETSI TS 102 176-1 V2.1.1 (2011-07) Reference RTS/ESI-000080-1 Keywords e-commerce, electronic signature, security ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. -
Towards a Hybrid Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): a Review
Towards a Hybrid Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A Review Priyadarshi Singh, Abdul Basit, N Chaitanya Kumar, and V. Ch. Venkaiah School of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India Abstract. Traditional Certificate- based public key infrastructure (PKI) suffers from the problem of certificate overhead like its storage, verification, revocation etc. To overcome these problems, idea of certificate less identity-based public key cryptography (ID-PKC) was proposed by Shamir. This is suitable for closed trusted group only. Also, this concept has some inherent problems like key escrow problem, secure key channel problem, identity management overhead etc. Later on, there had been several works which tried to combine both the cryptographic techniques such that the resulting hybrid PKI framework is built upon the best features of both the cryptographic techniques. It had been shown that this approach solves many problems associated with an individual cryptosystem. In this paper, we have reviewed and compared such hybrid schemes which tried to combine both the certificate based PKC and ID-based PKC. Also, the summary of the comparison, based on various features, is presented in a table. Keywords: Certificate-based PKI; Identity-based public key cryptography (ID-PKC); Hybrid PKI 1 INTRODUCTION Public key infrastructure (PKI) and public key cryptography (PKC) [12] plays a vital role with four major components of digital security: authentication, integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation. Infact, PKI enables the use of PKC through key management. The ”efficient and secure management of the key pairs during their whole life cycle" is the purpose of PKI, which involves key generation, key distribution, key renewal, key revocation etc [11]. -
Security Target Document
Security Target Document Passport Certificate Server Ver. 4.1.1 Prepared for: Common Criteria EAL2 (augmented) 30 April 2002 2225 Sheppard Ave, Suite 1700 Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2J 5C2 TEL: 416-756-2324 FAX: 416-756-7346 [email protected] www.dvnet.com Passport Certificate Server V.4.1.1 Security Target 30 April 2002 Common Criteria EAL 2 (augmented) Version 1.00 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Security Target Identification......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Security Target Overview............................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Common Criteria Conformance .....................................................................................................1 2 TOE Description..................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Product Deployment....................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Product Functions........................................................................................................................... 2 2.3 Product Description ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.3.1 Platform -
Quantum Computing Threat: How to Keep Ahead
Think openly, build securely White paper: Quantum Computing Threat: How to Keep Ahead Ë PQShield Ƕ February 2021 © PQShield Ltd | www.pqshield.com | PQShield Ltd, Oxford, OX2 7HT, UK Cryptographic agility and a clear roadmap to the upcoming NIST standards are key to a smooth and secure transition. 1 Background 1.1 New Cryptography Standards The NIST (U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology) Post‐Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Project has been running since 2016 and is now in its third, final evaluation round. This project standardizes new key establishment and digital signature algorithms that have been designed to be resistant against attacks by quantum computers. These new algorithms are intended to replace current classical‐security RSA and Elliptic Cryptography (ECDH, ECDSA) standards in applications. The particular mathematical problems that RSA and Elliptic Cryptography are based onareeasy (polynomial‐time solvable) for quantum computers. Unless complemented with quantum‐safe cryptography, this will allow for the forgery of digital signatures (integrity compromise) and de‐ cryption of previously encrypted data (confidentiality compromise) in the future. This is aheight‐ ened risk for organizations that need to secure data for long periods of time; government orga‐ nizations that handle and secure classified information have largely been the drivers ofthepost‐ quantum standardization and its adoption in the field, but banks, financial services, healthcare providers, those developing intellectual property and many others increasingly feel the need to ensure that they can protect their customers and IP – now and in the future. 1.2 Quantum Threat and Post-Quantum Cryptography The current position of NCSC (UK’s National Cyber Security Centre) and NSA (USA’s National Se‐ curity Agency) is that the best mitigation against the threat of quantum computers is quantum‐ safe cryptography, also known as post‐quantum cryptography (PQC). -
Key Derivation Functions and Their GPU Implementation
MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY}w¡¢£¤¥¦§¨ OF I !"#$%&'()+,-./012345<yA|NFORMATICS Key derivation functions and their GPU implementation BACHELOR’S THESIS Ondrej Mosnáˇcek Brno, Spring 2015 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ cbna ii Declaration Hereby I declare, that this paper is my original authorial work, which I have worked out by my own. All sources, references and literature used or excerpted during elaboration of this work are properly cited and listed in complete reference to the due source. Ondrej Mosnáˇcek Advisor: Ing. Milan Brož iii Acknowledgement I would like to thank my supervisor for his guidance and support, and also for his extensive contributions to the Cryptsetup open- source project. Next, I would like to thank my family for their support and pa- tience and also to my friends who were falling behind schedule just like me and thus helped me not to panic. Last but not least, access to computing and storage facilities owned by parties and projects contributing to the National Grid In- frastructure MetaCentrum, provided under the programme “Projects of Large Infrastructure for Research, Development, and Innovations” (LM2010005), is also greatly appreciated. v Abstract Key derivation functions are a key element of many cryptographic applications. Password-based key derivation functions are designed specifically to derive cryptographic keys from low-entropy sources (such as passwords or passphrases) and to counter brute-force and dictionary attacks. However, the most widely adopted standard for password-based key derivation, PBKDF2, as implemented in most applications, is highly susceptible to attacks using Graphics Process- ing Units (GPUs). -
ONVIF™ Advanced Security Test Specification
ONVIF Advanced Security Test Specification Version 17.06 ONVIF™ Advanced Security Test Specification Version 17.06 June 2017 www.onvif.org ONVIF Advanced Security Test Specification Version 17.06 © 2017 ONVIF, Inc. All rights reserved. Recipients of this document may copy, distribute, publish, or display this document so long as this copyright notice, license and disclaimer are retained with all copies of the document. No license is granted to modify this document. THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED "AS IS," AND THE CORPORATION AND ITS MEMBERS AND THEIR AFFILIATES, MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, OR TITLE; THAT THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUITABLE FOR ANY PURPOSE; OR THAT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUCH CONTENTS WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER RIGHTS. IN NO EVENT WILL THE CORPORATION OR ITS MEMBERS OR THEIR AFFILIATES BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO ANY USE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT, WHETHER OR NOT (1) THE CORPORATION, MEMBERS OR THEIR AFFILIATES HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, OR (2) SUCH DAMAGES WERE REASONABLY FORESEEABLE, AND ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO ANY USE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT. THE FOREGOING DISCLAIMER AND LIMITATION ON LIABILITY DO NOT APPLY TO, INVALIDATE, OR LIMIT REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES MADE BY THE MEMBERS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE AFFILIATES TO THE CORPORATION AND OTHER MEMBERS IN CERTAIN WRITTEN POLICIES OF THE CORPORATION. 2 www.onvif.org ONVIF Advanced Security Test Specification Version 17.06 REVISION HISTORY Vers.