Biologie De La Conservation Animale STRUCTURE

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Biologie De La Conservation Animale STRUCTURE UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DOMAINE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES MENTION ZOOLOGIE ET BIODIVERSITE ANIMALE MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU LatimeriaDiplôme chalumnae de Master MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme de MASTER Parcours : Biologie de la Conservation Animale STRUCTURE ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DE LA COMMUNAUTE HERPETOFAUNIQUE DE LA RESERVE SPECIALE DE MANGERIVOLA, EST DE MADAGASCAR Présenté par : Mademoiselle RAOELINJANAKOLONA Nasandratra Nancia Devant le Jury composé par : Président : Monsieur RAKOTOMANANA Hajanirina Professeur titulaire Rapporteur : Monsieur RASELIMANANA Achille Philippe Professeur d’ESR Examinateurs : Monsieur RAKOTOMALALA Zafimahery Maître de Conférences : Madame RATSOAVINA Fanomezana Mihaja Maître de Conférences Soutenu publiquement le : 08 septembre 2016 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DOMAINE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES MENTION ZOOLOGIE ET BIODIVERSITE ANIMALE MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU LatimeriaDiplôme chalumnae de Master MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme de MASTER Parcours : Biologie de la Conservation Animale STRUCTURE ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DE LA COMMUNAUTE HERPETOFAUNIQUE DE LA RESERVE SPECIALE DE MANGERIVOLA, EST DE MADAGASCAR Présenté par : Mademoiselle RAOELINJANAKOLONA Nasandratra Nancia Devant le Jury composé par : Président : Monsieur RAKOTOMANANA Hajanirina Professeur titulaire Rapporteur : Monsieur RASELIMANANA Achille Philippe Professeur d’ESR Examinateurs : Monsieur RAKOTOMALALA Zafimahery Maître de Conférences : Madame RATSOAVINA Fanomezana Mihaja Maître de Conférences Soutenu publiquement le : 08 septembre 2016 REMERCIEMENTS La présente étude a pu être réalisée grâce à la bénédiction et la bienveillance de Dieu, je ne cesserai de le louer et de le glorifier. Je tiens à adresser mes vifs remerciements aux personnes suivantes en témoignage de ma profonde reconnaissance : - Monsieur RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson, Professeur titulaire et Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo et Monsieur RAKOTOMALALA Zafimahery, Responsable de la Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, d’avoir autorisé la soutenance de ce mémoire. - Monsieur RAKOTOMANANA Hajanirina, Professeur titulaire au sein de la Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, de bien vouloir présider le jury de la soutenance de ce mémoire. - Monsieur RASELIMANANA Achille Philippe, Professeur d’ESR au sein de la Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, d’avoir bien voulu être mon encadreur ainsi qu’à tous les conseils et remarques constructives qu’il m’a donnés tout au long de l’accomplissement de ce travail. - Monsieur RAKOTOMALALA Zafimahery, Maître de Conférences et Madame RATSOAVINA Fanomezana Mihaja, Maître de Conférences au sein de la Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, de bien vouloir accepter de faire partie de la commission de lecture et membres de jury de la soutenance de ce mémoire. - Les personnels enseignants et administratifs au sein de la Faculté des Sciences et du Parcours Biologie de la Conservation Animale, de m’avoir enseigné et informé tout au long de mon cursus universitaire. J’exprime mes profondes gratitudes à : - L’Association VAHATRA : Monsieur RASELIMANANA Achille Philippe, Professeur d’ESR, Monsieur GOODMAN Steven Michael, Docteur, HDR, Madame RAHERILALAO Marie Jeanne, Maître de Conférences, Madame SOARIMALALA Voahangy, Maître de Conférences ainsi que Madame RAZAFIMPAHANANA Malalarisoa et Madame RAHARINIRINA Sabrina, pour i les soutiens financier, logistique et moral, ainsi que pour les conseils scientifiques qui m’ont permis de mener à terme ce travail de mémoire. - Mademoiselle RAMAMONJISOA Dina Lydie, qui m’a aidé durant les travaux de terrains et m’a donné des conseils durant ce travail. - Tous les responsables de Madagascar National Parks (MNP) : les personnels administratifs, le Chef de Réserve, les agents et les communautés locales spécialisées (CLP) ainsi qu’à toute la population locale qui nous ont aidés dans l’accomplissement des travaux sur le terrain. - La fondation « Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund » qui a financé ce projet. Mes humbles grâces vont à l’endroit de ma famille qui m’a toujours encouragé et m’a soutenu durant toute mes études surtout dans l’accomplissement de cette mémoire. Sans oublier mes amis et tous ceux qui ont contribué, de près ou de loin, à la réussite de ce mémoire, j'adresse mes profondes gratitudes. ii RESUME La communauté herpétofaunique de la Réserve Spéciale de Mangerivola a fait l’objet d’un inventaire biologique du 29 novembre au 11 décembre 2015 afin d’évaluer sa structure et sa distribution spatiale. L’étude vise ainsi à compléter la base de données sur la biodiversité de cette aire protégée pour améliorer la mesure de conservation et de gestion. Deux sites forestiers, nommés Tambohimaharangitra et Tamponampasimpotsy, situés dans la zone de basse altitude de la Réserve ont été inventoriés. Trois méthodes standards à savoir l’observation directe sur itinéraire échantillon, la fouille systématique des lieux de refuges et le système de trou-piège ont été appliquées au cours de l’investigation qui a duré six jours pour chaque site. Elles sont accompagnées par des études écologiques et structurelles de la formation végétale afin d’avoir une idée sur le type et la nature des habitats exploités par l’herpétofaune. De cette étude, un total de 61 espèces, dont 41 amphibiens et 20 reptiles ont été recensées. La structure de la communauté révèle une variation en fonction de la topographie et de la distance par rapport à un point d’eau. La richesse spécifique diminue suivant la topographie dont 50 espèces dans la vallée, 29 dans le versant et 14 dans la crête. Suivant la distance par rapport à un point d’eau, allant des habitats plus proches vers les plus éloignés, le nombre des espèces est respectivement 50, 26 et 18. Sur l’aspect biogéographique, la faune herpétologique de Mangerivola possède plus d’affinité avec celle de la Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Betampona. Les deux forêts partagent en commun un bon nombre d’espèces. Des inventaires dans d’autres sites de la Réserve sont à suggérer afin de compléter les lacunes de connaissances concernant sa faune herpétologique. Mots clés : inventaire, herpétofaune, structure, distribution spatiale, forêt humide, affinité biogéographique, Mangerivola, Madagascar. iii ABSTRACT A biological inventory of herpetofauna community was carried out from 29th November to 11th December 2015 at the Resérve Spéciale de Mangerivola to assess the structure and the spatial distribution of species. The study aims to complete the data on the biodiversity of the protected area in order to improve the measurement of conservation and management. Two sites in the low altitude of the Reserve, named Tambohimaharangitra and Tamponampasimpotsy have been inventoried. Three standard methods such as direct sampling, microhabitats examination and pitfall traps have been applied during six days for each site. They are accompanied by ecological and vegetation structure surveys in order to have information about the type and the nature of the habitats used by herpetofauna. During this study, 41 amphibians and 20 reptiles have been identified. Structure of the community presents a variation along the topography and the distance to water source. Species richness decreases following the topography of which 50 species in the valley, 29 in the slope and 14 in the ridge. Depending on distance from a source water, from closest to farthest habitats, the number of species is respectively 50, 26 and 18. The herpetofauna of Mangerivola shows biogeographical affinities with the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Betampona. The two forests share several common species. However, it is necessary to conduct inventory in other area of the Reserve to complete the information gap about the herpetofauna. Key words: inventory, herpetofauna, structure, spatial distribution, humid forest, biogeographic affinity, Mangerivola, Madagascar. iv TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 I. GENERALITES ............................................................................................................. 4 II. METHODOLOGIE .................................................................................................... 8 II.1. Description générale du milieu ........................................................................ 8 II.1.a. Localisation géographique .......................................................................... 8 II.1.b. Climatologie ................................................................................................. 9 II.1.c. Sol ................................................................................................................ 9 II.1.d. Réseau hydrographique ............................................................................. 10 II.1.e. Végétation .................................................................................................. 10 II.2. Présentation des sites d’étude ........................................................................ 10 II.2.a. Description physique et période de visite .................................................. 10 II.2.b. Description des lignes de transect ou itinéraires échantillons .................. 12 II.3. Méthodes d’inventaire .................................................................................... 13 II.3.a. Observation directe le long d’un itinéraire échantillon
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