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Reconstructing Wanstead House and Its Grounds

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Reconstructing Wanstead House and Its Grounds ORBIT-OnlineRepository ofBirkbeckInstitutionalTheses Enabling Open Access to Birkbeck’s Research Degree output The Lost Landscapes and Interiorscapes of the Eighteenth-Century Estate: Reconstructing Wanstead House and its Grounds https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/40200/ Version: Public Version Citation: Armstrong, Hannah (2017) The Lost Landscapes and Interi- orscapes of the Eighteenth-Century Estate: Reconstructing Wanstead House and its Grounds. [Thesis] (Unpublished) c 2020 The Author(s) All material available through ORBIT is protected by intellectual property law, including copy- right law. Any use made of the contents should comply with the relevant law. Deposit Guide Contact: email The Lost Landscapes and Interiorscapes of the Eighteenth-Century Estate: Reconstructing Wanstead House and its Grounds In Two Volumes Volume One: Text Hannah Armstrong Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Birkbeck College, University of London Department of History of Art July 2016 ! Acknowledgements I would like to thank the AHRC for awarding me with the grant to undertake this thesis and the University of Glasgow and Birkbeck College London for supporting my studies. The London Art Historical Society provided me with valuable funding which allowed me to make a visit to Paris towards the end of my studies to view valuable archive material. Thank you to my advisor Patrizia di Bello and her contribution to my upgrade, which helped me prepare for the next stage of my research. Special thanks to John Bonehill for his support and encouragement during the early stages of my research, without which, I may not have embarked on this project. Thank you for agreeing to take part at my upgrade and providing such valuable advice. I owe a debt of gratitude to my supervisor Kate Retford. Our meetings were a constant source of inspiration, learning and support in the most challenging times. It has been such a pleasure and I feel privileged to have had your guidance. Thank you for everything. Many people have assisted me over the last three and a half years. First and foremost, the Friends of Wanstead Park, in particular, thanks to Richard Arnopp, who was happy to share his knowledge of all things Wanstead and always ready to answer my questions. Thanks also to Ralph Porter, Sally Jeffery, Geraldine Roberts and Greg Roberts. Tim Couzens has undertaken extensive research on the Tylney Long family and the whereabouts of the Wanstead sale items. Thank you for being so kind and helpful throughout. Thanks also to Bryan Maggs at Sir Paul Getty’s Library, Pamela Kingsbury at ii Hoares Bank Archive, staff at Essex Record Office, Wiltshire and Swindon Archives, Redbridge Central Library, British Library, John Harris and Anthony Tavernor. I was fortunate to visit Wanstead Park with Compass Archaeology early in my research. Thank you for helping me to establish a valuable understanding of the current Wanstead landscape. Thanks also to Rob Wiseman for sharing his fascinating archaeological scans of Wanstead. Justin Vanson’s efforts to digitally recreate Wanstead House was inspiring. Thank you for all your hard work and for helping me realise future avenues. Amelia Smith, my country house companion. I wish you the very best for your future adventures. Nadia Marx – one of the most positive outcomes of my PhD experience was finding a friend for life in you. I would never have survived the days on end in the British Library without you. To Marie, Matthew and Joseph for being the greatest siblings a person could wish for. To my dearest friend, Tim Vanson - a shining light throughout, thank you for your boundless support, love and encouragement. Finally, to my parents Moira and Brendan Armstrong, it is because of you that Wanstead holds a special place in my heart. Without you, this would never have been and so I dedicate this thesis to you both. iii Abstract Wanstead House was built by Colen Campbell between 1713-20 for Richard Child, later Viscount Castlemaine and 1st Earl Tylney. The house, furnished by leading designer of the Georgian period, William Kent, was recognized as one of the ‘noblest houses in Europe’ and displayed the same level of opulence as major seats such as Chatsworth or Houghton, but within the peripheries of London. The Wanstead landscape was created by important designers George London and Henry Wise, Charles Bridgeman, William Kent and Humphry Repton. However, in June 1822, the entire contents of Wanstead was sold in order to settle significant debts accumulated by its owners, William and Catherine Pole Tylney Long Wellesley. Two years later, the house was demolished, and the building material was sold. Due to its demolition and the decline of its landscape, Wanstead is a major loss to academic studies of the eighteenth-century estate. This thesis draws on a broad range of widely dispersed material evidence to present a much-needed chronological history of Wanstead. It seeks to ‘animate’ the property, fully considering it as a lived space, and as a mutable environment, in the constant process of development. Other themes of this thesis include social status and the country house, estate management, and the significance of geographical location. The introduction provides an account of the 1822 Wanstead sale and outlines the historiography and methodology. Due to the nature of the dispersed ! iv! evidence, the methodological discussion is necessarily detailed, addressing the challenges and importance of cross-examining material for this study of a lost house. Chapter one examines Josiah Child’s acquisition of Wanstead, and how he laid the foundations for the estate’s future glory. Chapters two and three address improvements carried out by Richard Child between 1704 and 1750. Chapter four is a study of the ownerships of the second half of the eighteenth century. The conclusion returns to the Wanstead sale, evaluating the impact of Wanstead’s loss and assessing how the study of such a lost house can contribute to our understanding of eighteenth-century estates more broadly. ! ! v! Table of Contents Volume One Declaration i Acknowledgements ii-iii Abstract iv-v Family Tree vi - vii Introduction 1-62 Chapter One: 1676-1699 63-105 Josiah Child Chapter Two: 1704-1720 106-156 Richard Child, Viscount Castlemaine and 1st Earl of Tylney: I Chapter Three: 1720-1750 157-210 Richard Child, Viscount Castlemaine and 1st Earl of Tylney: II Chapter Four: 1750-1824 211-289 Later Ownerships Conclusion 290-318 Bibliography 319-356 Volume Two ! List of Illustrations 1 - 15 Illustration Appendix 16 - 136 Bt. Sir Josiah Child m.1654 Hannah Boate d.1663 (c.1630 -1699) ! Elizabeth Child b.1656 m.1664 Mary Stone ne. Atwood wid. of Thomas Stone, merchant, of London 2d. 1. Rebecca Child (1662-1712) 2. daughter 1s. Josiah Child m. 10 Mar. 1691, Elizabeth (d. 1741), da. of c.1668-1704 Sir Thomas Cooke*, s.p. Kntd. 29 Oct. 1692; ! suc. fa. as 2nd Bt. 22 June 1699 m. 1676, Emma, da. and coh. of Sir Henry Barnard, merchant, of London and Bridgnorth, Salop, wid. of Francis Willoughby of Middleton d.1725. 2.S 1. Barnard Child b.1677-d. 1698 2. Richard Child m. 22 Apr. 1703, Dorothy da. b.1680-d.1750 and h. of John Glynne of Henley Park, d.1744 ! Emma Child Elizabeth Frederick Richard Child John Child Henrietta Josiah b. 1707 – d.1758 Child Child b.1711-d. 1734 b.1712, suc. Child Child Dorothy nd Child vi m. 1735, Sir b.1707-d. b. 2 Earl b.1712 – b.1718-d. Robert Long, 6th 1710 1709-1715 Tylney 1750, d.1712 1759 b.1717- Bt d.1784 d.unknown Elizabeth Frederick Richard Child John Child Henrietta Josiah Dorothy Child Child b.1711-d. 1734 b.1712, suc. Child Child Child nd b.1707-d. b.1709-1715 2 Earl b.1712 – b.1718-d. b.1717- 1710 Tylney 1750, d.1712 1759 d.unknown d.1784 Emma Child b. 1707 – d.1758 m. 1735, Sir Robert Long, 6th Bt Sir James Tylney Long m. 11 July 1775, Harriet de Bouverie, d. b.1736-d.1794, suc. 7th Bt, 1767 1777 m. 26 July 1785, Lady Catherine Windsor, da. of Other Lewis, 4th Earl of Plymouth, d.1823 Dorothy Tylney-Long Emma Tylney-Long Sir James Tylney-Long, 8th Bt. b.1791-d.1872 b.1792-d.1879 b.1794-d.1805 Catherine Tylney-Long m. 14 Mar 1812, William b.1789-d.1825 Wellesley Pole, 4th Earl Mornington b.1788-d.1757 William Richard Arthur Pole Tylney Long James Fitzroy Henry Pole Victoria Catherine May Wellesley, 5th Earl Tylney Long Wellesley Pole Tylney Long Wellesley b.1815-d.1851 b.1818-d.1897 vii vii Mornington, b.1813-d.1863 ! ! Introduction The Wanstead House Sale: June 1822 On 27th February 1821, A.R. Blake of Lincolns Inn wrote to William Pole Tylney Long Wellesley advising possible solutions to avoid a catastrophic financial crisis that was likely to engulf Wellesley’s fortunes and those of his estate of Wanstead.1 William, son of the 3rd Earl of Mornington and nephew to the Duke of Wellington, had acquired this ‘princely mansion’ and its extensive grounds ten years earlier through his marriage to Catherine Tylney Long, who had inherited it in 1805.2 Catherine’s family had owned Wanstead since Josiah Child, Director of the East India Company, had purchased the property in 1673.3 The severity of debt facing William and Catherine in 1821 meant that Blake’s primary recommendation to resolve the financial crisis was to arrange a sale of the contents of Wanstead, estimated to be worth £36,000.4 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 Essex Record Office D/DB f116/4, A.R. Blake to William Pole Tylney Long Wellesley, 27 February 1821.
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