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' mk i •.- r I I oming's Absaroka peaks loom in distance as DF-400, its load dumped Load is "built up" on Transtar 400 while President Reed (right) of Wind River s logging-dolly piggyback as it heads for reload at woods landing. Logging chats with Casper IH Dealer H. Radcliff and foreman S. Frazer (left).

But TRAIL'S size-up of forests shows use of IH muscles, other modern practices have eased role of 'Jack' in Western lumberjacking

The winds of change are whispering audibly and bred. Efficiency's now synonymous with mobility. with increasing intensity through the big woods of Wheels outnumber hands by an ever-widening margin. the Rocky Mountain West and the Pacific Northwest. Essentially, the forest products industry is relying Under the impact of new techniques in logging more and more upon powerful equipment to replace these stands of green merchantable timber, the old the lumberman's muscle and strong back. Common in time lumberjack is rapidly becoming as imaginary as the densely wooded high country for example, are some of his more fanciful tales about legendary Paul dieselized International trucks shuttling giant log loads Bunyan and Babe, his patient and powerful blue ox. between forest cutting sites and sawmills. They tra­ Mechanization and conservation have become the verse haul roads that demand steady gear shifting, new "Code of the West" for the industry harvesting acceleration and braking. Punishing, it's the supreme pine, fir, spruce, hemlock, cedar and other softwoods. test of motorized equipment. Yet, DF-400 models do Long gone are the bellowing ox teams which it day in, day out with payloads of up to 50 tons sup­ dragged huge logs to market over skid roads. Also vic­ ported in the wide bunks of their long-log dollies. tims of the march of modern forestry science and Fact is, the trucked cargo may become bigger—if economics were the grizzled men who worked, drank tests now underway are any index of things to come. and fought through cutting seasons on a steady diet More than 107 tons (25,000 board feet) are being of pork and beans. They're in oblivion, along with the carried on private forest-access roads by a Montana two-man "misery whip" (large, handpowered, cross­ operator (Richard Rossignol, Missoula). He's experi­ cut saw). Today's lumberjack wields a lightweight, menting with a triple-trailer combination coupled to motor-driven power saw, wears a hard hat, has steel a DCF-400. toes in his caulks (hobnail boots), attends first aid Added to such familiar sights are loader and/or classes and, more often than not, goes to and from blade-equipped IH track-type tractors which al­ daily work shifts on wheels. ternately prepare tree "layouts," bring timber to the Increased mechanization is everywhere apparent in log landing for loading and help carve out all-weather the forests, where science and sinew were once as in­ roads in the remote terrain. These routes ease access compatible as the teaming of a mule and a thorough­ to the deep woods; they are really the keys to the "Felling" a tree in Togwotee Pass area of Gros Ventre mountains, this Bound for a Coeur d'Alene mill, logs are placed on a J. E. Hall rig worker's an Arapahoe Indian, a cutter for Wind River Logging. spotted in wilderness between Moscow, Idaho and Spokane. Payloads average 10,000 board feet. Harbinger of future? On private road near Thompson Falls, Mont., DCF-400 makes test run with triple-trailer. Log cargo: 107 tons! mobility marking modern logging operations. But trucks and tractors are only part of the multj wheeled woodsman's remarkable gear. Any sprea worthy of the name fields things like mammoth crana with "teeth" lifting six-ton loads at a time, king-siza fork lifts, heel boom loaders and stackers, along wil those whining saws. To be sure, the old simplicities of the "forest prj meval" have succumbed to the age of mechanizatioi Trees are no longer logged on a cut-and-get-out basl They are harvested with fine discrimination afl "cruisers" stalk the forests and mark with a spray guj the sawtimber ready for cutting. Also parts of I industry's new history and tradition are elaborate coil munications systems. And there are helicopters whia give bosses quick access to the woods and help ti industry sow its future through reforestation and pi form fire, disease and insect control. One big WesteJ logger uses a 10-ton "skyhook" balloon to airlift I to landings. And Bunyan would hardly recognizee kind of logging done by a versatile device that ci strip, top, fell and bunch as many trees in an hour! a good man can in a full day. There's still another change which any logger,! matter how beset with nostalgia, can fail to welcoml The "high rigger" has disappeared. Instead of climbil 100 feet up a bare "spar tree" to attach riggingl moving fallen trees into place for hauling, he and! crew now erect — in just a few hours — portable stej towers to do the job. Indeed, the magnificent Bunyanesque absurdities survive only in loggers' names for themselves and'their specialities: whistle punks, truck punchers, choker set­ ters, top loaders, limbers, straw pushers, knot bumpers, chasers, scalers and bull buckers. And still of legendary proportions are evening meals at the few wilderness camps left in Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington. But most of the men stroll off to watch television after dining. Anyway, most camps are mere memories. There are a few modern lumber towns with a mode of living indiscernible from any U. S. commu­ nity of homes and bustling streets. Regardless, the aver­ age'jack spends nights at home with his family. He's whisked there at day's end by a company bus or in his own car. Access roads have brought the job within easy commuting distance of workers' abodes. Commuter he frequently is, all right, and that may spawn loose talk about old time lumbermen turning in their graves at such convenience and "softness." The very thought is as unlikely as the oldie about Bun- yan felling an entire forest in one day and having Babe haul all the timber in one trip. Like yesterday's, today's logging demands muscle and stamina. The same satis­ faction of rugged accomplishment as always under­ scores the annual harvesting, milling and shipping of millions of board feet for an industry that's, basically, three-in-one: lumber, plywood and paper. It's a field studded with statistics that match its hefty labors. The profession has a capital investment of over $19 billion and employs more than 1.5 million people with a yearly payroll of $8 billion. Naturally, the West abounds with exemplary evi­ dence of methods characteristic of lumbering's new era. On one hand are spreads feeding such giant, di­ versified concerns as Georgia-Pacific, Crown Zeller- bach, Weyerhaeuser and Potlach Forests. On the other are outfits supplying logs to a diversity of other com­ panies. Common to all: the ingenuity of the modern lumberman is given free rein. A good case in point is an operation centered in Dubois (Pop.: 574), a northwestern Wyoming spot on the eastern edge of the lofty Continental Divide. Here, some 100 miles from the place where Wyoming and Idaho sit cheek to cheek, is the supporting millsite (U.S.

Everyday scenes (panel, right) in timber country of the West mirror forest industry's dependence upon IH-powered mechanization. TD-15 'dozers (top) in Wind River service snake logs out of the underbrush, skid them to landings and log passed-by corners, pockets and blow-down timber. Scout and DF-400 (center) typify varied, 86-unit IH array supporting vast J. E. Hall operations in Montana, Idaho and Washington. Device hoisting logs from bunks of DF-400 (bottom) is a 90,000-lb. capacity log stacker used in yard of Dubois, Wyo., mill to take loads from Wind River's highway linkups. In one sweep it grasps full payload and "decks" it. Plywood, a division of USP—Champion Papers, Inc.) for crews logging Federal lands for the Wind River Logging Company. Mountain ranges like the Gros Ven­ tre, Absaroka and Green River tower over and rim the forest country around Dubois. And it's here the Wind River outfit—Wyoming's biggest—labors at elevations ranging from 7,000 to 9,500 feet. Under direction of Glavis Reed, Wind River presi­ dent, 75 men toil, armed with an array of "tools" rang­ ing from screaming chain saws and TD-15 'dozers to a rip-roaring logging fleet, 11 DF-400's strong. The man-and-wheeled composite makes deft work of cut­ ting, sawing and transporting 43 million board feet a year. Not only do the big diesel trucks consistently contend with ponderous loads, but they do it where adverse grades—even on Wind River's uncommonly fine logging roads—frequently exceed 9 per cent and, fc*^ 0L in winter, are snow-covered their full, 50 miles' length. 4*4 For the round robin treks (35 to 45 trips daily) with 75,000-to-85,000 lb. gross loads of lodgepole pine and Engleman spruce, Wind River's diesel fleet is equipped, in the main, with 335-hp. engines and 5-speed trans­ missions driving through 4-speed auxiliaries. All the Hardly mindful of camps of yore, today's (above) stand in the vehicles have 38,000-lb. capacity driving axles. The enveloping woods, trim, substantial and electrically lighted. mill which these trucks feed has another teamworking crew which brings into play fork-lifts, straddle-buggies and the usual band saws, resaws, gang mills, et cetera. All this accounts for daily production of thousands of board feet of 8-foot, 2x4 studding for framing houses. Leave Dubois and forsake the beaten path. Wander across Wyoming's northern boundary to Montana and plunge into the woods near Superior. You're bound to come face to face with some trappings of what is said to be the biggest independent logger in these parts. Hereabouts, the name of J. E. Hall, a talented Spokane operator, is on a preponderance of the DF-400's carry­ ing white pine and spruce. Besides this Montana job, Hall's logging in Elk River and Pierce, Idaho, and Indian Reservation, Washington. All told, the Spokane opera­ tor's IH six-wheelers haul several hundred thousand board feet daily from the uplands. And aside from big loads, something else distinguishes the Hall business. The owner oversees his company's farflung activities from a jet-powered helicopter! So it is in the changing Western woods. Yet, despite things like 'copters, balloons, powerful trucks and tree farming, the calling has lost little of its old time drama and color. An alert eye and still hand are still requisites. And there remains the ages-old "thriller"—the warn­ Typical of modern forest practices in the West are Weyerhaeuser Company tree farms, like pictured site, where timber is managed ing cry when a wooden giant begins to fall. "Tim- as a crop for perpetual wood supply. Harvesting methods are berrr," still sounds. But maybe it's on the way out, too. based on the growth habits of the Douglas fir tree. Seedlings of this tree will not thrive in the deep shade of older, larger trees. Some insist the shout's unnecessary. They claim the So a system of logging catled forest area selection is used. power saw's sudden silence is enough notice to Selected blocks or strips of timber are cut and intermittent islands of trees are left unharvested to serve as a seed source. In this loggers. • way, forests are being replaced faster than they are being harvested Delivery of troupe's sleek new International 1200D pickup occasioned photo-costumery and all. With Gloria (left) is assistant, Kay Bliss.

PEE JES'PETS HAW! T #W1I%, [an ABOUT Show business world of Detroiter's dogs, monkeys a thing on wheels, stages Upsy-daisy. Mrs. Peebles supports one of her dogs in crowd-pleasing balancing act.

Does every dog have his day? You can count on it, tion lavished on them should happen to a dog. especially if the animal is a member of the talented pet That, at least, is the impression given anyone who set that's tutored and directed by Gloria Peebles of observes Gloria's troupe at home, on the road or when Detroit. For her 11 canines—top-notch ladies all—live basking in the glory of the spotlight at public perform­ the life of stars. They're in show business and the atten­ ances. The young careerists' existence is strictly "top- Doggy-in-the-window got an eyeful the day one of Peebles' Performance-bound, Gloria escorts her charges to their berths monkeys "made" like a rabbit for a Detroit newspaper photographer. in camper. Husband Ed (in door) outfitted the body interior. dog"—and that goes also for two of Gloria's Busy B's carrier constantly on the go. who aren't really dogs. They're monkeys. Busy B's? "People wonder where we got the name! Peebles'dogs-and-monkeys' mode of transit is plenty said Gloria. "When I first started the act, all the shoB to bark and squeal about. It's first class, just like the girls' names began with 'B.' And they were just liketB portable quarters usually reserved for dogdom's blue- eleven we have now: busy!" bloods. Though Gloria's actresses are of fantastically Eighteen years have passed since the Peebles'hoofsB mixed ancestry, the dog/monkey carriage is a stylish began acting. Nowadays only eight are "B's:" BabetM camper enclosure fitted to the newest in light duty Boots, Barbara, Bunny, Bing, Buttons and twins, Gal International trucks. Creature comfort underscores in­ and Bobby. The three others are Lynne, Cookie al terior designs of the 9V2-foot camper body. Custom­ Foxy. Regardless of first-initial dissimilarity, each dl ized by Gloria's husband, Ed, the unit sports cases with has its own personality. wire-mesh doors, built-in cushions atop the cases for "Two will freeze and refuse to act if they are yell! passengers traveling free of caged restraints, stowage at," related Gloria. "Another dog I had would act oil space for the show's trappings and a gas heater. if I talked sweetly to her. Lynne and Barbara coweH The red 1200D model embodying these appoint­ the sound of thunder. Boots get stage-shy when a bail ments, explained Ed, "got into the act a few months plays. And at home, each claims a chair or sofa cushiA ago." An International Travelall station wagon used to as her own. No other pooch dare trespass." amply shoulder the lively load. "But the family got True to their profession, all the Busy B's are "haS bigger," he said, "and we hit on the idea of a pickup at heart," insists the Detroiter. "When one learnfl with a camper tailored to the animals' travel tastes." trick, she wants to show off with it. Like Bobby; si So that's the way Gloria, Ed and show-partner, Kay discovered how to ride atop Lynne's back and got! Bliss, ferry the showgirls to 500 performances a year excited we had a hard time keeping her off." month-in, month-out. Winter dates are usually at Gloria calls such demeanor a "sense of pride, soml schools, parties and civic affairs in Detroit and environs thing common to every one of the 21 dogs we'l and there are occasional television appearances. The worked with over the years." act's TV credits include such familiar names as "Big How does one get a dog to do a stunt? It's a mal Top," "Bozo," and "You Asked for It." of "holler and hope," Gloria laughed. "But I yell il Summertime finds the entertainers doing the bulk of tone they respect, not one they fear. They learn thl their 15,000 miles' annual travel. Bookings arranged by when I start training them." professional theatrical agents for appearances in New Mrs. Peebles considers females best as performer! England states' amusement parks keep the Busy B's IH She contends they're prettier, easier to handle anl Restraining fence for dog-exercising is part of truck-toted gear. Here, Troy, Mich., IH Dealer Joseph Muglia sees Gloria put it to use.

keep their carefree romping to a minimum. is to say nothing of Gloria's occasional stints behind the Initial schooling starts when a puppy is between one wheel of the'1200D. and two months old. First stunt for any of the dogs is No matter the demands, Gloria's quick to acknowl­ to sit up; then comes standing. These elementaries edge the devotion she and Ed share for their Busy B's. mastered, it is a matter of watching what the dogs do "These little girls," she smiled, "have tied up not only best on their own, then developing their talents. every day of our lives, but, as well, our hearts —and Pampering? It's necessary. The reward system brings our transportation." out the best training results for Gloria. Successful ex­ That's show biz for you. • ecution of a trick earns a quick biscuit. "And if they get too lazy during practice," she mused, "I may give them hot dog slices... that always pent. ''~\em up. Still, it is patience that does the wonders." Monkey-training techniques differ little from those applied to the dogs. It's just that the 18-year-old mon­ keys—a Rhesus and a pigtail Macaque—learn slower. One of the two could ride a bicycle after three months' daily workouts. Its feet were tied to the pedals with nylon stockings and she was rolled down an inclined sidewalk, then rolled back, then down again. Ere long the monkey had the idea as firmly implanted in its mind as is the thought—now ingrained in all the little show people —that "red" (as in International truck) means "hit the road." In addition to the heavy travel schedule, Gloria's kept busy at home and away. There are daily rehearsals. She designs and makes all the troupers' frilly, fluffy costumes, cutting cloth to the individual animal's con­ tour with several fittings necessary before the job is Peebles' pups pay price for their stage glory: they have to sit for finished to her satisfaction—not to mention the dog's. Gloria-provided grooming, inclusive of clipping, brushing, even Additionally, the girls need daily brushings, nail clips, applications of color nail polish. Feeding is another chore for tutor-director. And if you have ever had to find a sitter for 11 grooming, walking, feeding and scheduling. And that spirited kids you can begin to understand another Peebles'problem. Hop plants, bearing a small cone-shaped herb with paper thin Metal-fingered picking units strip the vines. Hops move on a belt petals, grow as tall as 25 feet. Here, KB-5, its body laden toward the blower; vines go to chopper and refuse bins. Hop cones with newly-harvested vines, noses under feeding device are subjected to shaking and screening. Finally the end product is where metal hooks transfer stalks into adjoining shed. air-dried by gas-fired furnaces for eight hours. Cooling takes two days. * STILL LOTS OF ZIP JO HOPS' VETERANS

IH trucks (circa: 1940's) enemies of depreciation, Bob and Norman Stauff Oregon hop growers, they have a strong attachmi have 350,000-plus miles for the once-popular models. The Stauffers' K-51 KB-5 may be anachronisms in the Soaring Seventi of 'herb service', yet they're But they're "much alive and well" and working at brothers' farm in Hubbard, south of Portland. rolling like '70 for Oregonians To appreciate the delightfully "hopping" lovest of the Stauffers and their trucks, it's well to turn 1 the pages of a volume of nostalgia—the album for Remember yesteryear's aristocrats of motor transpor­ early '40s. Back then, dad was a young man eit tation, the International K-5 and KB-5 models? Own­ bound for, in, or just out of the armed forces. 1 ers of these trucks were said to talk about them with cent stamps sent letters first class. The vacant loti a fondness that most men reserve for their wives and the kids' TV set—the focal point of most small fry att children. The reasons why may seem misty, more than tion. Sunday afternoon rides in the family jalopy w a score of years later. But trucking historians attribute "keen" or "swell"—hardly "groovy" or "a blast." the vehicles' fame to the pride, craftsmanship and per­ In the era's commercial circles, highway haulin fection embodied in them by the manufacturer. goods by motor transport was beginning to att Shiny new in the 1941-1947 period, K and KB models more and more business. Also, trucks were well est supposedly gave their last measure of service to man­ lished as the farmer's right hand. Spurred by availab kind years ago and have long since suffered the indig­ of the K-line models which International Harve nity of obsolescence—unceremonious junking. Company introduced in late-1940, ruralists were J Or have they? ting to pasture the last of the draft horse populat The lives of at least two—a K-5 and a KB-5—appear The state of Oregon Forestry Department acquired far from finished, thanks to a couple of Western arch­ of these new IH vehicles —a lV2-ton K-5 stake —

10 AtStauffer Brothers' farm, it takes two—wielding machete-like knives— At production peak, Stauffers' drier is always filled aboutIO minutes to cut enough vines to fill the K-5 or KB-5. Dangling 28 inches deep with hops—enough to fill 10 bales. After their full length, vines' hooked transfer from trucks is electrically cooling, product is pressed into 200-pound oblong forms covered propelled. Hubbard layout boasts the latest in hops-processing gear. with burlap. These are sewed shut, inspected and head for market.

pleased with its performance, and sought another a vested the herb so vital in beer and ale. .few months later. But it was too late. For before all End of story? Not quite. Now it's 1970, the age of K-models were in production, the World War ll-spark- Aquarius to the jet set, the age of the interstate to auto­ ing Pearl Harbor incident demanded that IH facilities motive society and the age of "hops science" to the be devoted almost exclusively to ordnance items. Stauffers and their industry contemporaries. So that lone K-5 endured the same, overworked ex­ And what about the Stauffers' affair with the K-5 and istence of most of its wartime "civilian" counterparts. KB-5? It's growing even warmer, contend the neigh­ But the K-5 demonstrated all the stamina and perform­ bors. Reason? One truck's a 29-year-old, the other an ance its builders had promised.War's end in 1945 found oldster of 23 seasons. Yet, to hear one of the brothers the truck's 93-hp six-cylinder engine perking as if new. tell it, "both Internationals are going like 70." This, in Now it's January, 1947. TV's becoming a fact of life. spite of their years of service and mileage readings More and more people are dialing instead of picking (each in excess of 350,000 miles). up the phone and responding to an operator who said, Naturally the Stauffers' wheeled "senior citizens" "Number please." America's burgeoning, post-war have inspired a raft of romanticized newspaper com­ economy heralded the debut of a new line of Interna­ ment in the Pacific Northwest. Trumpets one such arti­ tional trucks—15 "KB" models. One of the first of them cle, penned by a Hillsboro, Ore., writer: was a KB-5, a 9,200-lb GVW unit placed in service by "Outdated? Phooey. These trucks are mechanically the Portland Gas and Coke Company. Like the fore­ sound and have all their original equipment. They running K-5, by then a six-year-old still laboring in the travel over the hops fields with only a new set of spark forest, the KB-5 had a stake body. plugs each spring to renew their 'tired blood'. Even Time passes. It's 1951, give or take a year or so. Al­ when rains make a muddy mess of the ground, the most simultaneously, the Forestry Department and the Internationals hold their rusty noses in the air and Gas and Coke Company decide to buy L-line trucks— slip and slide through axle-deep quagmire without the KB-line's successors. Trade-ins? The K-5 and KB-5. getting stuck. They carry their share of the hops, no 7 'Enter the Stauffers, operators of a 175-acre hop ranch favors asked." at Hubbard. They spotted the newly "discarded" rigs All of which is understandable. The Stauffers gave •in separate used truck lots and promptly checked out the seasoned pair new leases on life ... a full-time job their .seryice records. Right then began what was to among the hop vines in exchange for bed and board. prove an extraordinary attachment between men and The grateful team responded. So there's really no mys­ trucks,. The Stauffers indeed purchased the veterans and tery about the bond linking the Stauffers and their farm put them to work in the fields where is grown and har­ pets. It's simply mutual affection! •

11 ;^^^——

A LEAP Fa

Apollo 12 moonmen placed first generator ever on another planet. Fuel element in container built by division of IH

Four months after man's first moon landing weJ down in history as a "giant leap for mankind," millioil on earth listened this past November to accounts 1 what proved to be a giant leap for science-the Apoll 12's breathtaking adventure. But for a select group! technicians tuned-in at San Diego, the nation's seconl manned lunar-landing had an added tinge of suspensf These Solarstaff personnel knew that major decisioil about the future of U. S. lunar exploration hingedol the astronauts' emplacement of, and successful mool performance by, a product evolving from their owl expertise. It was a container which the California-basel division of International Harvester Company builtfrl the first nuclear-powered generator ever destined frl another planet. As it turned out after the Intrepid touched downol the moon's Ocean of Storms, jitters about the Sob fabricated beryllium vessel were hardly necessary. Thl mission came off with no more than a few momentl "hitch" attending transfer of the nuclear fuel capsulJ from its in-flight carrying cask into the container whB IH manufactured for the General Electric-designel thermo-electric generator. Now encased in the 16x1! inch Solar product, radioactive plutonium 238 (a non explosive isotope of the element in atom bombs)! generating 1,400-degree heat that is converted to ell trie power for radio transmission and the lunar scien­ tific station. Complex scientific instruments on 1 moon are now utilizing this power to monitor anl send back to earth information on a host of phenol ena: tremors indicative of activity inside the mooi

Signalling start of a more plodding program of systematic lunar exploration, Apollo 12 Saturn V left pad November 14,1 to send astronauts Conrad, Bean and Gordon on first leg of their moon landing mission. Five days later, module set down on moon and atomic-powered scientific station was erected. SCIENCE AND SOLAR

container and radiating fins. It has900-plus beryllium parts. I changes in local magnetism, the direction and intensity of the supersonic "solar wind" blowing outward from the sun and the presence of any traces of gas that may constitute a thin lunar atmosphere. #, Like other manufacturing roles Solar hafs played in NASA's space program, the Apollo 12 casing project was identified with high-sounding acronyms —words formed from the first letters of several words. In this instance, it was SNAP-27 (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power). So named, the Solar job —handled under a $3.6-million contract awarded to the San Diego plant by General Electric Company's Missile and Space divi­ sion-was part of $25 million ALSEP (Apollo Lunar With Intrepid, here's crew: Chas. Conrad, mission commander; Surface Experiments Package). Apollo 12 commander R. Gordon, command module pilot; A. Bean, lunar module pilot. Charles Conrad, Jr., and his lunar module pilot, Alan L. Bean, erected ALSEP on the first of two moonwalks dur­ fears that blast-off later might coat the instruments ing their 32-hour stay on the powdered-glass surface with it, they carried the package 600 feet northwest of while Richard F. Gordon, Jr., remained in orbit around the lunar module. Then — that momentary hitch. Its the moon in the mother ship, codenamed Yankee anxious overtones were felt everywhere, especially at Clipper. Solar and GE.The plutonium-238fuel elementwouldn't To many of the millions who followed the redoubt­ budge from the protective graphite cask in which it was able pair in the ALSEP sequence, what they did will taken to the moon in the Intrepid's descent stage. With­ perhaps be less memorable than the way they did it. out this radioisotope fuel for the power source, the Reflecting the consensus newspaper description, one scientific experiments' package—including, of course, account said, "they plopped their lunar module onto the Solar contribution containing it—would be nothing the moon November 19 as easily and ebulliently as two but expensive junk. tipsy firemen sliding down the fire house pole." At Witness, in Bean's own words, what they did: 6:32 a.m. EST, Intrepid's hatch opened, and 13 "minutes "We used the only simple tool available, the ham­ later Conrad became the third human to step upon the mer. Pete beat on the side of the cask and I pulled just moon. Bean joined him there at 7:58 a.m. enough to provide a positive force. He pounded so The flight plan called for them to put ALSEP 300 feet hard that he fractured the graphite case. We were not from the Intrepid. Because of the thick dust and their going to be denied, even if we had to dismantle the

13 Ultra-lightweight antenna structures on service and lunar landing modules are among other components Solar builds for each Saturn Apollo mission. Four leaf clover-like configuration on command module above earth (far right) is the Solar high gain antenna system. To illustrate its lightness, Solar employe holds the foil-gauge metal system.

thing with a hammer! It came out a little with each blow until it was extended about one inch, then it slid out freely. The case was about 1,400° Fahrenheit; I could feel the heat through my space suit." Problem solved, the red-hot fuel capsule made by another subcontractor was inserted in the beryllium casing (see page 24 for photo) and a relieved capsule At 2:41 a.m., November 20, Intrepid ascendel communicator back in Houston exulted, "Well done, homeward bound from the momentous voyage. Col troops." Likewise, there were sighs of gratitude at San rad and Bean left behind on the lunar surface a nuclei Diego amongst the likes of John Long, research direc­ powered station (its generator converts heat fromtri tor; George Cremer, chief of manufacturing technol­ decay of nuclear fuel into electricity) which is expectel ogy; Al T. Letsinger, program manager; M. H. Miller, to be in operation for at least a year. After maneuvers supervisor of manufacturing planning, and in the ranks through orbital changes to bring it to rendezvous wil of those Solar craftsmen who had labored for months the Yankee Clipper, Intrepid held fast. Conrad yellede:] on the difficult project. The braze-joined cylinder and "Okay, capture!" as they locked together. radiating fins, encompassing 900 separate beryllium On Monday, November 24, the flight ended with parts, had to manifest built-in reliability to remain in­ successful splashdown and recovery. It was a welcoi tact in the moon's hostile environment (anticipated sight throughout a deeply concerned world. Delights temperature extremes of plus 170 degrees to minus was everyone, from just plain ordinary citizens to thol 280 degrees Fahrenheit). thousands of earthlings with a particular stake in till For the trudge to the experiments' site, Conrad and doings . . . scientists, technicians and craftsmen -• Bean assembled the two packages of ALSEP material by representatives of many contractors. Especially tht connecting them to the two ends of a special carrying dedicated men of Solar. For them, the pleasure wi bar. Once the pair had put 600 feet between the space­ compounded because Apollo 12's SNAP-27 generate; ship and the ALSEP array, they set up the individual structure was another feather in the collective hatcl experiments and completed the chore. This involved an IH division credited with building more than $1 mil electrical linkup of the experiments to the SNAP-27 and lion worth of components for each Saturn Apol] erection of an antenna through which data is beamed mission. to earth. The deployed ALSEP complex was activated and was tested. Powering the delicate measuring appa­ ratus, the moon generator succeeded—and then some. It provided 73 watts, 10 more than planned. That done, the moon visitors hiked back to the lander, recharged their space suits' oxygen tanks and slept for five hours each. Next came the longest moon- walk on record, a four-hour, 4,500-foot "geology trav­ erse" during which the two moon travelers photo­ graphed and picked up rocks and soil and inspected spindle-legged Surveyor3 (it soft-landed April 19,1967) to determine how 31 months' exposure to the moon's environment affected man's materials.

Moon scene denied earthlings when live TV coverage failed: photo of LM pilot Bean preparing to remove ALSEP containers from Intrepid's descent stage. Beside lunar module is umbrella-shaped unified S-band antenna. Antidote for emergencies on Chicago's expressways Task force in perpetual motion Mobile ambassadors are pros. They drive LOADSTAR trucks esides traffic torrent, whirlybird's-eye view of Dan Ryan during equipped to meet ish hour catches sight of a facet of ETP's work: construction-work iarricades are erected by emergency patrol. (Chicago TODAY photo) congestion-prone problems.

If you think your little corner of the workaday world is demanding, imagine the assignment of a traffic- monitoring Chicago task force. These specialists are charged with regularly maintaining mobile-born vigi­ lance on what looms, in their eyes, as a Chicago stretched into a five-armed, multilaned concrete rib­ bon 135 miles long and populated by upwards of a million, highly mobile people. That's how members of the elite Emergency Traffic Patrol measure the work scene confronting them day after day in their cruising Loadstar trucks. And take it from any "inhabitant" of that commuting and com­ mercial trucking "community," the force's concept of its duty domain tells it like it is. Just to read some words used in descriptions of the corps' sprawling beat is an exciting experience. It's •ardless where motorists are stranded, there's always a Loadstar, systematized, computer-con trolled, interwoven, nny-on-the-spot. Each of the state-operated trucks has two-way ramped, divided; it can be hazardous, frightening, ex­ io equipment and carries 60 individual pieces of equipment, led the "minutemen," patrolmen provide gas, tire-changing aid, asperating and congested. Granted, those citizens pop­ :er for overheated radiators; calls for repair service. ulate it more or less momentarily every day as they whiz along non-stop in 1 million-plus vehicles. They make for a steadily rising torrent of speed, whin­ ing engines, blaring horns and, sometimes, confusion. Moreover, here's a world that's especially spectacular these short winter days. When drivers switch on their headlights and taillights, it blazes into two, solidly- massed and apparently endless processions—one oncoming in gleaming yellowish-white, the other de­ parting in sparkling red. The brilliant scene might even seem beautiful if it did not represent so much frustra­ tion for the motorists—so much work for this highly- Located in downtown Chicago, state communications center dispatches Adjunct to Eisenhower's traffic control system, I II the ETP. This hub's linked by phone to Chicago police, fire departments. display sign informs motorists of conditions. Of

trained force. It's the detachment which the Illinois Swift moving and alert, the patrolmen in action] Division of Highways relies upon for maximum operat­ semble nothing so much as a band of good samarital ing efficiency of the recurring tide. No one would agree more strongly with that accoll The ETP's long-dimensioned Windy City is, unmis­ than any expressway user who ever had the misfortil takably, Chicago's system of seven, toll-free express­ to be stranded in a fast-moving express lane wij ways—the Dan Ryan, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Stevenson, stalled engine or flat tire. Like a Chicagoan who! Calumet, Kingery and Edens. Collectively, the routes cently had just such a nerve-wracking experience carry 25 per cent of all local traffic. There's little secret rush hour peak. Location: Dan Ryan, far-south si indeed about either the Emergency troupe's increas­ where interwoven traffic streams are said sometin ingly positive impact on smooth flow of the high- to send the uninitiated into "deep shock." The ma volume movement, or the patrol's means of mobility. car stalled when, he testifies, "I was two lanes inn These are yellow International trucks equipped to han­ the divider, there were two more lanes of fast movi dle any emergency, and their uniformed drivers, with traffic to my right, a close procession of cars beh good reason, have been frequently lauded as "Chi­ them and me and, of course, another line rushingp cago's mobile ambassadors" by users of this — one at left, between me and the divider." of the world's heaviest travelled urban expressway The frightened driver pumped his brakes frantiq complexes. to make his red stoplight visible to cars behind h A total of 224,000 vehicles a day use the Kennedy; "I couldn't get out of the car," he said: "just pra] an equal number the Dan Ryan; 178,000 the Eisen­ and suddenly, out of 'nowhere', popped this yell hower; 135,000 the Edens; 97,000 the Stevenson; truck—its cab warning light flashing in my rearvi 91,000 the Calumet and 53,000 the Kingery. All feed mirror. Nothing was so welcome. Like a bullfightei into the Loop and according to Charles McLean, an arena, alone, unafraid, he snuggled his rig up | state operations engineer in Cook county, traffic is hind me to keep oncoming cars from plowing intoi] almost equal in volume in both directions — as many rear. Then he jumped out and spotted flares and! leaving as those coming into the city. On one inter­ ricades. Seconds later he was at my side, learned 1 change alone—the so-called "spaghetti bowl" where out of gas, got a canful from his truck, poured the t Eisenhower, Dan Ryan and Kennedy merge —400,000 gallons into my tank and told me the 'dough' fori vehicles move every 24 hours. That's the equivalent of a gas should be mailed in. Almost before I could thai 1,500-mile bumper-to-bumper road, Chicago to Miami. him, 'varoom', he was back in the truck and gone." Directed by Carl F. Kowalski, District Traffic Engi­ Only a sample, but it does illustrate the point. Sij neer, the patrol functions on a 24-hour, seven days' incidents are not rare. Some 6,000 expressway "assist a week schedule. It numbers some 100 men who field distinguish the ETP's monthly fielding average. AcB 41 vehicles. Primary mission: detection and relocation dents account for approximately 20 per cent, tire pro| of accidental or mechanical-breakdown vehicle dis­ lems for another 25 per cent, mechanical difficulti ablements which might otherwise impede travel. for 20 per cent, empty fuel tanks 10 per cent. "A mil EIPfleet, manpower passing inspection (left and above) Dubbed "spaghetti bowl," huge expressway interchange at southwest tip of ofW, F. Cellini, state director, public works, buildings downtown area is confusing to newcomers. But it's well marked, fast.

? cellaneous bag," explained Engineer Kowalski, "ac­ counts for the remainder." Logging approximately 212,000 miles monthly, ETP ! vehicles are, manifestly, task-tailored. Take, for ex- I ample, the standardized lineup of new model 1600's I the Division of Highways installed on the patrol in late-1969. All 151-in wb units with 197-hp, V-8 engines, ' the IH trucks have four-speed transmissions and two- 1 speed axles. The Loadstars support specially-fabricated, ! utility-type bodies and are fitted with two-way radios and public address systems. A partial rundown of I the fleet's expressway-oriented features, ticked off by Patrol Engineer D. D. Romano, lists pusher-type bump­ Winch on patrol truck is employed to right an upset vehicle on Kennedy. ers, two winches with 20 tons' capability, tow assem­ ETP's duties also include calling police, ambulance, special equipment. bly-booms, removable "stiff legs," warning lights and rotating beacons. The trucks' compartments contain of work destinations. items of amazing disparity—things from first aid kits, Result: steadily increasing pressure on the ETP. tire changing gear and fire extinguishers to a shovel, But the state's acting to cope with the dilemma. Now 1 broom and highway map. in operation on the Eisenhower—and planned for the The total outlay for mobile and auxiliary gear, per­ Edens, Kennedy and Dan Ryan—is a ramp traffic light sonnel, training and the patrol-dispatching communi- system. A computer element controls lights which • cations center runs to about $1.6 million annually. "It's monitor traffic, deterring entrance-ramp bottlenecks. probably," declared William F. Cellini, Illinois director Also, new rapid transit routes on the Kennedy and i of public works and buildings, "a small price to pay for Dan Ryan median strips have taken many drivers out the safety of taxpayers who—lacking the emergency of their cars into public transportation. A north-south patrol—might also be paying in anguish." expressway is on the boards, though no one can tell Suffice it to say, the ETP imposes an amazing amount with certainty when it will be built. I of order on something with a high "turmoil potential." What is certain, however, is that in the meantime the Not all is sweetness and light, however. The prob- ETP will continue to carry out its basic mandate. I lems facing the expressway system are multiplying as Concludes Engineer Kowalski, with a word of advice I fast as the automobiles that use it. About 90,000 peo­ to all Chicago expressway drivers: ple a year are moving into the metropolitan area. And "All of the trucks, men, computers and you-name-it [ since the expressways were designed to channel traffic can't replace driver responsibility. Remember that and toward the Loop, hosts of those ever-mounting thou­ you may never get to know 'my boys'. But if you do, sands must drive into the downtown area regardless you'll be in responsible hands." •

17 IIIISlllllllllJlll Confrontation on the rails: Patrolman leaves Scout vehicle, approaches violator of the borde

U.S. border with Mexico knee-deep sand and brush that jerked the Scout frol stem to stern, then threaded a hole it tore through J is Patrol's beat, dogged zeal bushes and zipped up the face of a steep slope. "Six of them came this way," Dove had said momerJ its forte and little 4x4 earlier to a Chicagoan on hand to peek at the 111 vehicles its 'mounts' Border Patrol's policing of the nation's border wil Mexico and the Gulf Coast. Hard-driving Dove-ij imposing figure in a dark green uniform and Stetsi It was, in the parlance of lawmen, "psychological hat—pointed to faint footprints in the sand whenl surveillance." The pursued were down there some­ met the visitor in the course of a routine morning hut place. Specific whereabouts? Unknown. Technique? Now Dove was on the prowl, doggedly trackii An old ruse. Convince the violators they're in sight. those six sets of footprints heading north. The airvoii So the pursuit evolved. Round and round in a slowly kept sounding and a few other earthbound patrol! tightening circle, the tiny Piper Cub droned above a watchfully moved into the search, picking their wayi patch of desolate terrain some 20 miles west of El Paso, and down the lonely back country in vehicles identic largest U. S. city along the Mexican border. The voice to Dove's mount. Their prey: people. More specifica from the aircraft's loudspeaker came through loud and illegal entrants from Mexico who try to cross. clear. Speaking in Spanish, the flying officer repeatedly After moving a few hundred yards, Dove sudder, ordered,"Giveyourselves up-we'll catch you anyway." lost the footprints. Momentarily frustrated, he radioi In the vast, arid emptiness below airborne Charles to Patrolman Bob Gardner, half a mile ahead. "See Townsend, fellow-patrolman Jim Dove expertly they came through the fence," he shouted urgently. maneuvered his International Scout vehicle through Dove searched for the next half hour in the persevt loose sand and scrub-a stretch of landscape more ing manner so characteristic of the force which I suited to a combination of tank and burro. The high- arm of the Immigration and Naturalization Service! slung 4x4 compact negotiated a rutted path of rocks, concentrated along the 2,000-mile Mexican bol I Suddenly Dove, a big, folksy guy in high boots, shouted jubilantly. Obviously the trail of the border violators Has again "hot' in his sights. "There, right there—that's •there they came through the fence." The low early- Horning sun glinted on the footprints as they stretched I ahead, only to end abruptly. Leading the way up a railroad embankment, Dove Hused, "they must have crossed the road." The Patrol Had laid a small patch of grease near the rails as a trap He night before. Neatly embedded, there were the footprints recognizable as the ones Dove was follow­ ing by such markings as a cleat on one sole. I Up the rails, the prints vanished again. "They've gone Hack across the road." Dove's dander was up. "These I guys are real smart. They think they can fool us. But don't worry, we'll catch them." Dove continued to search while the plane kept eavesdropping overhead, its movements constantly HWtuated by shouted warnings to the scampering group. Once more the air voice sounded, tailing off Hrith .. ."we'll catch you anyway." But Dove already had. He approached a small clump of bushes and be- Photo mirrors loneliness of troop's beat: international boundary marker is sole "witness" as patrolman i gan tearing away leaves and branches. There, huddled wheels up distant, fence-bordered path in Arizona. together, were four teenage boys and two men. Dove had captured them without drawing his gun. ico and signed forms agreeing to go back to Mexico •Thesix were destined to ride across the desert to a voluntarily. They spent two days in a Border Patrol col­ •waiting bus which would take them into El Paso for in­ lection center in El Paso, waiting until the Patrol appre­ terrogation. They sat sullen in the pickup loadspace of hended enough Mexicans from their part of the country the Scout, awaiting the bus shuttle. Each was later ques­ to fill a bus for return. tioned at El Paso in Spanish (all patrolmen are fluent in The U. S. Border Patrol's "watchdogs"—there are .the language). Dove's captives were from central Mex- some 1,200 of them scattered from Brownsville, Texas

Field hands, other legal residents of bor­ Steep embankments, sandy ravines typify To officer, still-warm utensils at near-border camp derland tip off officers to violators. domain travelled by Patrol's 4x4 IH units. abandoned by aliens indicate they're close by.

'. •' ' •"

19 west to San Diego—make more that 130,000 such ap­ when hoof-and-mouth disease was rampant. prehensions a year. Regardless, the 46-year-old U. S. Border Patrol t Pressures on the border-wise patrolmen and their effectively against the passage of illegal aliens, rubber-tired IH runabouts and other four-wheel-drive being assigned to any of the Patrol's 11 Mexican borj carriers weren't always as great as manifested in the sectors, every patrolman is highly trained at the Patn described incident—a classic case. Not long ago, those academy in Port Isabel, Texas, in a number of te six might have been able to enter the U. S. legally with niques. One was passed down by the American I little difficulty. From 1951 until 1964, the U. S. had al­ sign cutting. This is the art of reading footprii lowed Mexican farm laborers to work in this country tramped weeds and broken twigs. Men are also tau during the harvest season. The program was initiated how to apply their means of mobility in another tr; when the Korean War was drawing U. S. farm workers ing maneuver, "drag trails." These are innocent-l to the factories and the Mexicans were welcome re­ ing roads traversing wide expanses parallel to placements. But Congress ended the program and border. Each day, Border Patrol 4x4's, like the Sc many former braceros became "wetbacks"—the derog­ work over their sandy surface with chain drags. Wl atory term often applied to illegal entrants. the trails are backlit by low sunlight, footprints aci Also cited among factors contributing to the flood of them glow as if they were phosphorescent. The mo illegal entrants is the U. S. Immigration law that became ing after a "clean trail" is spread, patrolmen freque effective in July, 1968. Before then, the number of find the telltale signs—an illegal crossing has been m Mexicans who could emigrate to the U. S. was limit­ through the sand under cover of darkness. less. But the 1968 law set an annual quota of 120,000 The Port Isabel academy also teaches other si immigrants for all the Western Hemisphere. during its three-month course for new officers. Am] Result: the tide of unauthorized crossings has mul­ them, sharpshooting and judo are especially vital tiplied at border towns in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona cause a border patrolman has one of the nation's 1 and California and along those often-forbidding, unin­ dangerous assignments. The job also represents bi habited sections where patrolmen and their vehicles patrolling at its roughest. Armed against any coni are constantly put to the severest tests. For on much of gency, most of the officers travel a wilderness beattl the land boundary between the U. S. and Mexico, a is hot, fatiguing and dusty. Their "roads" are usua four-foot-high fence of five barbed wire strands is the paths, nature's circuitous routes where would-beb only barrier to border-crossing attempts. And this fence der violators expect to find least resistance. Theyfi never was erected to stop people. Its purpose was to instead, more often than not, an impenetrable hum prevent the mixing of U. S. and Mexican cattle at a time barrier—the roving U. S. Border Patrol.

By air, by land—Border Patrol gets its man. Pictured moments after arrest, an Routine practice: "drag trail" running Web to snare offenders includes planes, sand illegal entrant is handcuffed, frisked, parallel to border is wiped clean of traps, drag trails, 4x4 runabouts and more. questioned in front of patrolman's "mount.' markings by Scout hitched to chaindi

20 Deck view (above) of Pennsylvania's bridge guardians and their specially fitted International VCO truck makes their tasks look routine. It's really, as scene (below) attests, no job for men fearing heights. Typically, two swing out for span inspection—100 feet above terra firma. IT BRIDGES SPACE FOR BRIDGE GUARDIANS

Pennsylvania's unique span-inspection rig has remarkable reach

That ditty, "Cross Over the Bridge," wasn't meant for Pennsylvania's Department of Highways' bridge in­ spectors. So it seems, at any rate. These engineers usually cross under "from" an International truck- crane combination. Two at a time, they work in aerial buckets fixed to an articulated, tri-boom arm. Up, out, down and finally under is the cycle that puts the men up close to check for corrosion, cracks, strain. The job has its ups and downs, to be sure. But the rig's ideal, especially for landlubbers who—if they must—prefer to go below deck practically. O

21 Big Horn, big game...ai

Enjoying a respite in course of hunt, here's a group of red-garbed Bluejacket guests beside IH carriers on a 9,000-ft. peak in the Big Horns.

Hunters take to the Comes late-autumn, however, this region's menB rable for other reasons. It's the hunting season,I Wyoming high country brings an annual outpouring in a sort of combinatiJ in all-wheel-drive TRAVELALL Mardi Gras and gold rush. Comments then from Wyo mingites and out-of-staters alike are more apt toll and Travelette trucks about the deer, elk, moose, antelope, big horn shec and bear than about the settings in which they abouni Traveling through northern Wyoming's magnificent To hear some of the stories of tenderfeet approacl Big Horn mountain country west of Sheridan, summer­ ing their first Wyoming big game chase, they expe time motorists wind through natural settings of un­ long hours in the saddle and incredibly tough wearrj paralleled beauty. The air's balmy, the country's ribbed shank's mare in driving animals from the range. with trout streams, wild game moves gracefully about. That may have been true at one time. But Wyomii U. S. 14—a mile and a half above sea level—follows the hunting excursions, more and more, are mechanizatio hairpin curves of Shell Canyon and cuts through a deluxe. They are tailored to the tastes of time-presi wilderness fringed with multicolored cliffs. nimrods who like to rough it in principle—but noi If hunting-minded, travelers willing to limit their fact. Nowadays, well run outings—especially fort shooting to instruments no more lethal than a camera patrons of some plush lodges—are complete with a have a rewarding experience here. Four-footed citizens wheel-drive International trucks sporting such .amen of these backwoods precincts can often be seen not ities as automatic transmissions, winches, two-wi far from the road. The photo yield is bountiful. radios and racks for firearms.

22 jsure-footed 'pack horses'

Switchbacking, climbing, winding along shelves of cliffs. . . it's all taken in stride by the specially-geared "pack horses."

Take, for example, Bluejacket's Guest Ranch in She Short of having the game walk up and knock on the doors of Jim Bluejacket's elegant log-cabin facilities, the owner obligingly provides nearly "everything" for his paying customers. Bluejacket literally takes guests to the game in Travelall and Travelette vehicles. And here where one has to be a sharpshooter, Bluejacket supplies a crowning touch to his hospitality. He virtu­ ally guarantees the hunt's success. • Here's Bluejacket (left) playing h nters' 4 a.m. breakfast.

truck industry, to give insight into industry practices and INTERNATIONAL Robert B. McAllister, Editor problems, to report its progress. Glen E. Gabert, Art Director To receive TRAIL regularly, please contact your Interna­ John P. Hogan, Consultant tional dealer or branch (see back cover) or write to the Editor. Howard E. McElhose, Production Text of any article may be reprinted in whole or part, WML with credit to TRAIL, upon written request to the Editor. VOLUME 40 • NUMBER S TRAIL is published six times a year by the Motor Truck Copies of illustrations can be made available to editors. Division, International Harvester Company, and circulated Comments from TRAIL readers are invited. Direct inquir­ by its dealers and branches to truck owners and others ies to: Editor, INTERNATIONAL TRAIL, Advertising De­ interested in the company and its products. The magazine's partment, International Harvester Company, 401 North purpose is to foster a better understanding of the motor Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611.

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SOLAR CASES MOONS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

After stepping out on the moon, Apollo 12's Alan Bean started removing radioactive fuel element from its cask. The element was then inserted in moon's nuclear generator (at front of Bean) which powers scientific instruments. Beryllium casing for fuel capsule was fabricated by Solar Division, International Harvester Company (Pages 12,13,14).