Les Antidépresseurs De La Performance

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Les Antidépresseurs De La Performance Annales de Toxicologie Analytique, vol. XII, n° 1, 2000 Les antidépresseurs de la performance Performance antidepressant drugs Jean-Pierre GOULLÉ*, Christian LACROIX Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et de Toxicologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier BP 24 - 76083 LE HAVRE Cedex - Tel : 02 32 73 32 18 - Fax : 02 32 73 32 38 * Auteur à qui adresser la correspondance : Docteur Jean-Pierre GOULLÉ, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et de Toxicologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier, Jacques Monod - BP 24 - 76083 LE HAVRE Tel : 02 32 73 32 23 - Fax : 02 32 73 32 38 (Reçu le 17 décembre 1999 ; accepté le 15 janvier 2000) RÉSUMÉ SUMMARY En France, au cours de la période 1991-1997, alors que la Whereas in France the sale of psychotropic medication vente des médicaments psychotropes a augmenté de 7 %, le increased 7 % in the period between 1991 and 1997, the marché des antidépresseurs s'est littéralement envolé avec antidepressant drugs market literally exploded with a pro• une progression de plus de 40 %. Cette consommation, 2 à 3 gression of 40 %. This consumption 2 to 3 times greater than fois plus importante que celle de nos voisins européens, est that of our European neighbours created an abuse which génératrice d'abus conduisant à une accoutumance, à une lead to habituation, to an addiction, and even to drug abuse. assuétude, voire à une véritable conduite toxicophile. Les Antidepressant drugs (AD) pertain to the substances which antidépresseurs (AD) font partie des substances qui sont uti• are used by man to improve its performance due to its phar• lisées par l'homme pour améliorer sa performance, en rai• macological effects. Animal studies have shown that a cer• son de leurs effets pharmacologiques. Les études chez l'ani• tain number of AD have stimulating properties. These mole• mal montrent qu'un certain nombre d'AD ont des propriétés cules are very soon diverted from their intended use to be uti• stimulantes. Très vite, ces molécules sont détournées de leur lized with doping purposes, sometimes even before being usage à des fins de dopage, parfois avant même d'être utili• therapeuticaly employed. The most recent example is that of sées en thérapeutique. L'exemple le plus récent est celui du Russian bromantan, at the same time a psychostimulant and bromantan Russe, agent à la fois psychostimulant et mas• a masking agent. If the observations of pharmacodependen- quant. Si les observations de pharmacodépendance aux AD cy on tricyclical AD are rare and anecdotal we cannot say tricycliques sont rares et anecdotiques, il en va différemment the same for the new antidepressant drugs, in particular avec les nouveaux antidépresseurs : inhibiteurs de recapture pressive amines recapture inhibitors. These products are des amines pressives en particulier. Ces produits sont dénués devoid of cardiac toxicity, unfortunately however, a series of de toxicité cardiaque, malheureusement de nombreux autres other secondary even toxic effects have become evident after effets secondaires ou pervers voire toxiques sont apparus à usage. Because of public health reasons half a dozen antide• l'usage. Pour des raisons de santé publique une demi dou• pressant drugs were retired from the market in the last years. zaine d'AD ont été retirés du marché au cours des dernières Amineptine was thus retired from the French market années. Ainsi l'amineptine a fait l'objet d'un retrait en (30/06/99) because of the numerous observations of over- France (30/06/99) tant les observations de surconsommation consumption. Other AD are also being used otherwise and étaient nombreuses. D'autres AD font l'objet d'un détourne• are thus being reviewed. It is underlined that hair analysis ment d'usage et sont passés en revue. Il est souligné que provides a very useful tool in the search of these medications. l'analyse des cheveux s'avère un complément extrêmement utile dans la recherche de ces médicaments. MOTS-CLÉS KEY-WORDS Antidépresseurs, performance. Antidepressant drugs, performance. 30 Article available at http://www.ata-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ata/2000026 Annales de Toxicologie Analytique, vol. XII, n° 1, 2000 s'agit d'antidépresseurs tricycliques (ADT) et tétracy- Introduction cliques (ce sont des inhibiteurs de recapture de la NAd, Les antidépresseurs (AD) font partie des molécules qui sérotonine, dopamine) avec effet euphorisant marqué. sont utilisées par l'homme pour améliorer sa perfor• En raison d'effets secondaires et d'interactions mar• mance physique. Ainsi dans le dopage d'état organisé qués leur utilisation est exceptionnelle dans le cadre qui par les pays de l'est il y a quelques années , les AD font nous intéresse. partie de la panoplie du sportif : "la décision de doper venait d'en haut. Un rapport de la stasi fait état de la Sélectifs décision d'explorer diverses procédures : prise d'ana• bolisants, d'antidépresseurs, et l'électrostimulation" Seuls les IMAO inhibiteurs réversibles de type A exer• (1). La profonde mutation du mode de vie au cours du cent un effet antidépresseur : Toloxatone (Humoryl®) et e Moclobémide (Moclamine®) appartiennent à cette caté• 20 siècle avec sa cohorte d'effets pervers : pression, gorie. stress, insomnie est à l'origine de l'usage massif des AD. La fluoxetine (Prozac®), médicament qui permet de se sentir "mieux que bien" comme disent les Antidépresseurs inhibiteurs de recaptu• Américains, est consommé chaque jour par 30 millions re de la Sérotonine (1RS) et de la nor• de personnes dans le monde. C'est le 3e médicament le plus vendu, avec un chiffre d'affaires annuel de 12 mil• adrenaline (IRNAd) liards de francs. En France, au cours de la période Il s'agit du Milnacipran (Ixel®), Venlafaxine (Effoxor®). 1991-1997 si la prescription de psychotropes a pro• gressé de 7 %, au sein de cette classe les AD ont connu Antidépresseurs inhibiteurs de recaptu• un véritable boum avec +42,5 % ! Cette situation est inquiétante puisque cette consommation est 2 à 3 fois re spécifique à la Sérotonine (IRSS). supérieure à nos voisins Européens, 3 fois plus élevée Ces molécules présentent un index de sélectivité séro- qu'en Allemagne. Outre les véritables indications toninergique important, surtout si on le compare aux médicales, il existe un détournement d'usage manifes• ADT où il est inférieur à 1 (Tableau I). te. Ainsi un cadre sur cinq est dopé (2). Les médecins Leur demie-vie est voisine de 24 heures, à l'exception du travail notent que le mal sévit particulièrement dans de la fluoxetine qui est de 48 à 72 heures. les secteurs à fortes tensions où prime la performance individuelle : cabinets de conseil, grands réseaux de Tableau I : Index de sélectivité sérotoninergique des nou• distribution, finance, banque, informatique (2). veaux antidépresseurs. Index de sélectivité sérotoninergique Rappel concernant les anti• 1000 à 10000 Séropram (Citalopram®) dépresseurs (AD) 100 à 1000 Sertraline (Zoloft®) Paroxetine (Deroxat®) Le déterminant essentiel de la dépression est un déficit Fluvoxamine (Floxyfral®) en amines pressives. Les AD exerceraient leur action en augmentant le temps de séjour de ces amines au 10 à 100 Fluoxetine (Prozac®) niveau synaptique soit par inhibition de leur recapture, soit inhibition de leur dégradation (3). Antidépresseurs inhibiteurs de recaptu• Antidépresseurs inhibiteurs non sélectifs re spécifique de la Dopamine (IRSDo) de recapture (IR) tricycliques, tétracy- cliques Cette classe est représentée par l'Amineptine (Survector®), molécule chimiquement tricyclique mais Leur mécanisme d'action est une inhibition de recaptu• re de la nor-adrénaline (IRNAd), de la sérotonine et qui, du fait de son mode d'action (IRSDo), possède à la pour certains de la dopamine. fois des propriétés antidépressives et stimulantes. Antidépresseurs inhibiteurs de la Mono Antidépresseurs stimulants de recapture Amine Oxydase (IMAO) de la Sérotonine (SRS) Non sélectifs (inhibiteurs irréversibles) Leur mécanisme d'action est voisin des précédents. Il Le seul représentant est la Tianeptine (Stablon®). 31 Annales de Toxicologie Analytique, vol. XII, n° 1, 2000 • Surconsommation d'amineptine Effets indésirables et phar- Le résultat d'une étude multicentrique des centres fran• macodépendance des AD çais de pharmacovigilance (9) révèle que la surconsom• mation moyenne est de 2450 mg/J (600 à 12000 mg - Deux molécules présentent un risque très élevé ou 6 à 120 cp) pour posologie maximale recommandée de élevé de pharmacodépendance : respectivement 79 % 100 à 200 mg/J soit 1 à 2 cp. Les prises sont fractionnées, et 21,5 % pour l'amineptine et pour la tianeptine (4). en effet, la courte durée de l'effet psychostimulant eupho• En ce qui concerne la fluoxetine, il s'agit plutôt d'une risant et dynamisant amène à une prise toutes les 2 heures. dépendance psychique (5). Les observations de phar• Il s'agit d'une véritable boulimie amenant à consommer macodépendance aux ADT sont rares et anecdotiques plusieurs dizaines de comprimés chez le sportif au (6) vraisemblablement en raison de la toxicité myocar- moment de l'effort et chez le cadre pendant la journée de dique de ces molécules. Par ailleurs chez l'homme, travail. Ces surconsommations sont le plus souvent l'amitriptyline semble réduire la puissance musculaire induites initialement par une prescription à des fins théra• peutiques, au moins chez le cadre. La surconsommation cinétique (7). En revanche, des syndromes de sevrage est généralement bien tolérée, si l'on considère les poso- ont été fréquemment constatés (8). L'incidence évaluée logies parfois monstrueuses (jusqu' à 60 fois la posologie à partir d'études rétrospectives ou de cas uniques varie maximale recommandée) (5). Les effets indésirables sont entre 21 et 55 %. Des consommations abusives ont été neurologiques (agitation, confusion ) et dermatologiques : décrites pour l'amitriptyline (Laroxyl®), la trimiprami- acné (10,11). Le sevrage des sujets dépendants est parti• ne (Surmontil®), la tianeptine (Stablon®) et l'aminepti• culièrement difficile à réaliser compte tenu de la dépen• ne (Survector®). Les principaux effets indésirables des dance psychique sévère et le plus souvent d'un terrain AD sont reportés dans le tableau II.
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