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Cover_Cecilia.pdf 1 18/01/16 11:26 Analyzing the institutional challenges for agricultural (re)use of wastewater in developing countries C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Cecilia Sald í as Zambrana ISBNISBN 978-9-0598985-8-5978-9-0598985-6-1 201 9 789059 898585898561 6 FACULTEIT BIO-INGENIEURSWETENSCHAPPEN Promotors: Prof. dr. ir. Guido van Huylenbroeck Department of Agricultural Economics Prof. dr. ir. Stijn Speelman Department of Agricultural Economics Dr. Pay Drechsel International Water Management Institute Dean: Prof. dr. ir. Marc van Meirvenne Rector: Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe How to cite: Saldías, C. (2016). Analyzing the institutional challenges for the agricultural (re)use of wastewater in developing countries. Doctoral Thesis, Ghent University ISBN number: 978-90-5989-858-5 The author and the promotor give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of this work of personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. CECILIA SALDIAS ZAMBRANA Analyzing the institutional challenges for the agricultural (re)use of wastewater in developing countries Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Science: Land and Water Management Members of the jury Prof. dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck (Promotor) Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University Prof. dr. ir. Stijn Speelman (Promotor) Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University Dr. Pay Drechsel (Promotor) International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka Prof. dr. ir. Mieke Uyttendaele (Chairman) Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University Prof. dr. ir. Arne Verliefde (Secretary) Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University Prof. dr. ir. Jeroen Buysse Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University Prof. dr. Christopher Scott Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona Prof. dr. Roy Brouwer Water Institute, University of Waterloo vii Acknowledgements I would like to start by thanking Ghent University for awarding me with the BOF (Special Research Fund) scholarship, which allowed me to pursue my PhD degree at this institution, and to the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for providing me with financial and logistic support for this research. I am deeply grateful to my promotors: Prof. dr. ir. Stijn Speelman, Prof. dr. ir. Guido van Huylenbroeck, and Dr. Pay Drechsel. Thanks for believing in me and in this research study from the start; and for your guidance and valuable support throughout these four years. My sincere appreciation goes to many people who collaborated with me during different stays as intern at the International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka, India and South Africa. To the research team at IWMI HQ in Colombo: Dr. George Danso, MSc. Krishna Rao, Dr. Pooland Karimi, Dr. Miriam Otoo; to Dr. K. Palanisami, Dr. Krishna Reddy Kakumanu, and MSc. Mahesh Jampani from IWMI Hyderabad Office; to Dr. Luxon Nhamo, Dr. Girma Ebrahim, and Dr. Munir Hanjira from IWMI South Africa Office, many thanks for the friendly word and collaboration. I am also grateful to Dr. Kai Wegerich and Dr. Mark Giordano, who provided feedback in early stages of this research. Special thanks to Dr. Barbara van Koppen and Dr. Priyanie Amerasinghe for their encouragement and support during the fieldworks in Western Cape and Hyderabad. To the colleagues at the Department of Agricultural Economics, at Ghent University, thank you for the collaboration. Special thanks to Dr. Evy Mettepenningen for her help and Dr. Prakashan Veettil (former colleague of the department), who guided me around the university when I first arrive. I also thank Prof. dr. Nick Vink from the Department of Agricultural Economics, Stellenbosch University and his group, for their support during data collection in Western Cape. Mrs. Taryn Allie, Mr. Steward Knott and Mr. Kevin Andrews (in Western Cape) and Mr. Mohammed Qadir, Mr. Ramprasad Chiluveri and Mr. Randheer Samala (in Hyderabad) – your support in the logistics was highly appreciated. Also many thanks to: MSc. Eng. Juan Carlos Rocha, Eng. Luis Salazar, and Eng. Roberto Saravia, who facilitated my fieldwork in Cochabamba, Bolivia. And of course, thanks to all the farmers, who generously took part of the questionnaires, as well as other interviewees who shared information. I furthermore wish to express my gratitude to the members of the jury and the reading committee for their comments and advise to improve the quality of this dissertation. A papá, mamá y Héctor, muchas gracias por su amor y apoyo incondicional. To my family and friends, thanks for the endless support and love. ix Table of Contents MEMBERS OF THE JURY .................................................................................................................. VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... XVII LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. XVII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... XVIII CHAPTER 1. SCOPE, OBJECTIVES AND OUTLINE ........................................................................ 1 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER REUSE ............................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Wastewater production and reuse ........................................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Main problems related to the use of wastewater .................................................................. 8 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................................................. 12 1.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK........................................................................................................... 13 1.4.1 Defining wastewater: benefits and threats, and drivers behind the use of wastewater ...... 13 1.4.2 Shifting realities in water management: towards the use of wastewater in agriculture ..... 15 1.4.3 The focus on the agricultural sector, and the economic value of wastewater .................... 16 1.4.4 The pillars of water governance ......................................................................................... 16 1.4.4.1 Water institutions ......................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.4.2 Water rights .................................................................................................................................. 19 1.4.4.3 Water policy ................................................................................................................................. 21 1.4.4.4 Water administration/organization ............................................................................................... 22 1.5 THE IMPORTANCE OF FARMERS’ PREFERENCES FOR WASTEWATER REUSE .................................... 23 1.6 THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL USE OF WASTEWATER .......................................... 25 1.7 CONNECTING THE BUILDING BLOCKS ............................................................................................ 26 1.8 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ....................................................................... 27 1.8.1 Research objective .............................................................................................................. 27 1.8.2 Research questions ............................................................................................................. 27 1.9 DISSERTATION OUTLINE ................................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER 2. CLASSIFYING AND SELECTING COUNTRIES FOR COMPARISON ................ 31 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 3 1 2.2 PART A: RANKING THE COUNTRIES ACCORDING TO INDICATORS .................................................. 32 2.2.1 Level of economic development .......................................................................................... 32 2.2.2 Water stress index ............................................................................................................... 32 2.2.3 Water availability index ...................................................................................................... 33 2.2.4 Mortality rate, under 5 and deaths due to diarrhea ........................................................... 33 2.2.5 Improved water sources, improved sanitation facilities ..................................................... 33 2.2.6 Population connected to WWTPs ....................................................................................... 34 2.2.7 Government effectiveness ..................................................................................................
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