The Brisbane Sound
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
THE BRISBANE SOUND Scott Bradley Regan BMus, BMus (Hons) DOCTORAL THESIS By CREATIVE WORKS Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Creative Industries Faculty Queensland University of Technology 2019 Abstract What is the Brisbane Sound, and what does it actually sound like? Many cities are said to have their own musical ‘sound’, for example, the Liverpool Sound (Cohen 1994), the Dunedin Sound (McLeay 1994; Mitchell 1996; Bannister 2006), and the Canterbury Sound (Bennett 2002). Brisbane, Australia is no different. Since the late 1970s, music journalists and other cultural intermediaries (Bourdieu 1984) have constructed the idea of a ‘Brisbane Sound’, and used it to consecrate a specific cohort of bands that emerged during the ‘five golden years’ of Brisbane music history, between 1978 and 1983. Yet, despite the cultural currency and prevalence of the trope in subcultural parlance, this so-called Brisbane Sound has remained entirely absent from existing scholarly literature about the local Brisbane music scene. This Doctoral Thesis by Creative Works aims to remedy this gap, and in doing so, contributes new knowledge to our understanding of Brisbane popular music history and cultural memory. It also proposes a novel way of addressing the perennial conundrum of music’s ineffability, by using music to explain music. I take an interdisciplinary approach to answer the question ‘what does the Brisbane Sound sound like?’ by adapting methods from three key fields: cultural studies, popular musicology, and creative practice. First, I collate and analyse how the Brisbane Sound trope has been defined in media discourses over time. Second, I apply music analysis to a primary corpus of Brisbane Sound exemplars to verify and elucidate these claims, supporting my findings with audio examples. Finally, I use the above processes to inform my own creative practice of songwriting, performance, and recording, to produce five original songs that aim to sound like the Brisbane Sound. The Brisbane Sound i Keywords Agents, Australian Music, Bourdieu, Brisbane, Brisbane Music History, Brisbane Sound, Creative Practice, Cultural Capital, Cultural Intermediaries, Cultural Memory, Discourse Analysis, Habitus, Media Studies, Music Analysis, Music and Language, Music Journalism, Music Performance, Music Production, Music Scenes, Music Subcultures, Music-speak, Popular Music, Popular Musicology, Queensland, Rock Music, Songwriting. ii The Brisbane Sound Statement of Original Authorship The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. QUT Verified Signature The Brisbane Sound iii Acknowledgements This research was funded by an Australian Post Graduate Award (APA) Scholarship (2015-2018) and a Australian Government Research Training Program Stipend (RTP) (2017-2019). I would like to thank my primary supervisor, Dr Kiley Gaffney, for guiding me through every step, stumble and page of my journey as a post-graduate student. Thank you very much for your endless encouragement, knowledge, reading, editing, and patience. Thanks also to my associate supervisor Dr John Willsteed for your dry wit, wisdom and insight into the scene; Dr Lachlan ‘Magoo’ Goold for mixing the recordings; and James See for engineering, relentless cheeriness and willingness to chat anytime about anything other than this. This thesis would not have been possible without the immense help, love and support of my extended family: John, Kay, Johnathan and Ita; Jeff and Es; Nathan and Kristina. Special thanks to Lisa for the endless encouragement, meals and lifts. Finally, this thesis is dedicated to my best friend and darling wife, Erin. Thank you monka two one. We did it. iv The Brisbane Sound Links to Supplementary Audio Data Note to reader: this is a Thesis by Creative Works A Thesis by Creative Works is a type of PhD that includes research in the form of artistic practice. The creative works component consists of five original songs that the author wrote, recorded and produced. These Creative Works can be streamed^ via the author’s website, here: http://scottregan.com/research/phd-creative-works/ In addition, the music analyses in Chapter 7 are supplemented with audio listening examples, designed to be heard in correlation with reading the text and/or graphical notation. There are signposts within Chapter 7 that indicate to the reader when each audio clip should be played, for example: Listen: Example 06—Heaven Says in 7/4 with Count (Verse) These audio listening examples can be streamed via the following link: http://scottregan.com/research/phd-research/ ^Note: These songs © Scott Regan 2018. All rights reserved. Please do not copy, share, broadcast or publicly perform these works in any way without authorised permission from the copyright holder. The Brisbane Sound v Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ i Keywords ..................................................................................................................................................... ii Statement of Original Authorship............................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................iv Links to Supplementary Audio Data ............................................................................................................. v Table of Contents.........................................................................................................................................vi Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Introductory Statement ........................................................................................................................... 1 Prelude: It sounded so Brisbane… ......................................................................................................... 1 Thesis Type ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Research Questions ................................................................................................................................ 3 Thesis Aims ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................................. 6 The Creative Works ................................................................................................................................ 9 Contribution to Knowledge .................................................................................................................. 10 Limitations and Scope .......................................................................................................................... 10 Assumptions ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Does the Brisbane Sound really exist? ................................................................................................. 13 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 2: Contextual and Literature Review .......................................................................................... 15 Contextual Review ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Introducing Brisbane ............................................................................................................................ 15 Scholarly and other Writing About Brisbane ....................................................................................... 17 Temporal Framework of this Study ...................................................................................................... 18 Related Fields and Disciplines .................................................................................................................. 22 Cultural Studies and Subcultural Theory ............................................................................................. 23 Popular Musicology.............................................................................................................................. 25 Music Scenes : Local, Translocal and Virtual ...................................................................................... 26 Cultural Memory and Heritage ............................................................................................................. 28 Cultural Geography .............................................................................................................................. 30 Literature about other ‘City Sounds’