The Dilemma of Green Business in Tropical Forests: How to Protect What It Cannot Identify Erik Meijaard1,2,3 & Douglas Sheil3,4,5
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POLICY PERSPECTIVE The dilemma of green business in tropical forests: how to protect what it cannot identify Erik Meijaard1,2,3 & Douglas Sheil3,4,5 1People and Nature Consulting International, Ciputat, Jakarta 15412, Indonesia. 2School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia 3Center for International Forestry Research, PO Box 0113 BOCBD, Bogor 16000, Indonesia 4Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, PO Box 44, Kabale, Uganda 5School of Environmental Science and Management, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia Keywords Abstract Borneo; forest; IUCN Red List; logging; mining; oil palm; sustainable forest management; Much tropical biodiversity resides in forests managed by timber, mining, and taxonomy. plantation companies. These companies can determine the local persistence of many species and have considerable implications for global conservation Correspondence : E. Meijaard, Country Woods outcomes. Many companies are willing to invest in improved management house 306, JL WR Supratman, Pondok as long as this does not undermine their business—indeed accessing green Ranji-Rengas, Ciputat, Jakarta 15412, Indonesia. Tel: +62-812-5514006. markets often makes commercial sense. Compliance with common standards E-mail: [email protected] of good commercial practice requires identification of all species of conserva- tion significance which occur within their areas of management responsibility. Received But, as we demonstrate, it is impossible for companies to do this comprehen- 7 February 2012 sively. Such demands are often counterproductive in that they alienate those Accepted who might otherwise be willing to improve. Given the finite resources avail- 2 May 2012 able for achieving conservation outcomes, we need to trade off data collection Senior Editor against other costs. To encourage adoption and implementation of conserva- Phillip Levin tion friendly practices requires incentives, not technical and financial obsta- cles. We challenge conservation biologists to reconsider the realities of good doi: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00252.x forest management, and provide pragmatic guidance for business compatible conservation. Until we engage more effectively with commercial interests, op- portunities for improved conservation outcomes will be wasted. ance on what is required is, however, unrealistic. A spe- Introduction cific challenge involves the assessment and management Companies play an important role in the management of of endangered species. This issue is of particular concern tropical forests and wildlife and thus influence the dis- in the tropics. tribution and persistence of many endangered species. Tropical conservation is strongly associated with the Globally close to 1.2 billion hectares (ha) of forest—30% management and preservation of species such as tigers, of the world’s forests—are managed primarily for the pro- gorillas, and elephants. A scan of conservation journals duction of wood and other products, 25% of which in and more popular materials such as televised wildlife the tropics (FAO 2010). This area is almost four times programs and NGO promotions suggests that most of larger than the global area of forest designated for stricter us, professionals and general public alike, still consider conservation (FAO 2010). Numerous other forest ar- species-focused management the cornerstone of conser- eas are managed as mineral concessions, plantations, or vation. Cuddly animals also remain a powerful means other ventures. Many companies make some commit- to raise conservation awareness and access charitable ment to conservation-sensitive management because it funds (Caro 2010). Endangered species remain a focus makes good business sense (Russo & Fouts 1997; Kollert for companies aspiring to green business, but as we shall & Lagan 2007; Chen et al. 2010). Much available guid- demonstrate the associated requirements present a major 342 Conservation Letters 5 (2012) 342–348 Copyright and Photocopying: c 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. E. Meijaard & D. Sheil Business dilemma in tropical forests obstacle. We specifically investigate obstacles associated looking for 714 IUCN-listed of Bornean plant or animal with species surveys, identification, and management in species of near threatened to critically endangered sta- the tropics, and suggest opportunities for progress. tus (IUCN 2011). The number of people who can identify these species with confidence is less than 100, and the list itself grew from 688 to 714 in 2 years, suggesting that the The reality of species identification number of species that need to be identified will grow in in tropical forest the years ahead (see later). It is clear that, if rigorously sought, species-level identification for protected and en- Forest management guidance, such as the certification dangered taxa could be tremendously costly. The details criteria of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC 2011), the will vary from site to site but our conclusion is general: Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification complete species-level surveys, even if focusing only on (PEFC Council 2010), and the Round Table for Sustain- conservation priority taxa, are commercially unrealistic. able Palm Oil (RSPO 2007), as well as good practices for It is not just the companies that need to deal with mining and biodiversity by the International Council on incomplete and changing knowledge. Many species Mining & Metals (IUCN & ICMM 2006) require the detec- records, both plants and animals, are based on few ob- tion, identification, and management of endangered and servations. In Borneo, 15–35% of the flora may remain nationally protected species. uncollected (Beaman & Burley 2003). Estimates suggest It is instructive to recognize the magnitude of this chal- that our knowledge of some higher plant families is far lenge and the inevitability of falling short. Let us consider from complete (e.g., perhaps only 28% complete for the the example of plants on the island of Borneo, an area Fabaceae of Southeast Asia, see Giam et al. 2010). We are of global conservation importance. Based on a density of seldom sure whether a taxon is rare and localized or sim- some 6,000 trees ha−1 (dbh ≥1 cm), an average 50,000 ha ply neglected (Abeli et al. 2009; Cardoso et al. 2011). J.D. concession in tropical forest contains around 300 million Holloway’s 18 volumes work describing Borneo’s “macro trees of 3,000–4,000 species (Losos & Leigh 2004). Based moths” is 70% completed, and hundreds of new species on daily identification rates of 55 samples (Ferry Slik, have been identified so far and many more are likely to personal communication, 2011), identifying each and ev- be added. Similarly, a recent review of Sundaic species ery tree would take 500 taxonomists over 30 years (con- of Edosa (Perissomasticinae), small moths, described 52 siderably more if we consider regrowth over the same species of which 45 were new to science (Robinson period). A more conservative stem size of dbh ≥10 cm 2008). One consequence of this uncertainty, and ongoing might reduce the effort by over 80% but would still efforts to address it, is that we expect the IUCN Red List leave 30 million stems while allowing many understorey and related lists of conservation priorities to be updated species to be missed entirely. We note that even with repeatedly and at an accelerating pace over the coming such major investments in identification a significant er- decades, likely bringing in increasingly little known taxa ror rate would still be unavoidable, especially given the and escalating the challenge for anyone who wants or preponderance of infertile material (reviewed in Sheil & needs to keep up in theory and practice. Padmanaba 2012). Herbs, lianas, and epiphytes (etc.) would also take a considerable effort. The situation for fauna would be comparable but brings additional chal- Limitations of a sample-based approach lenges because mobile species may remain undetected or imperfectly identified. Even in a research setting, all-taxa In reality of course companies sidestep the challenge of surveys, though advocated, have never been achieved at identifying all red-listed and protected species. Even in a single site (Gamez et al. 1997; Nichols & Langdon 2011). tropical forest areas where taxa are relatively understud- A focus only on species formally listed as having ied and undersampled, they employ short surveys involv- conservation significance is simpler but not without ing a few available experts (Table 1). The assumption is challenges either. On Borneo, one could, for example, ig- that a sample (or “expert search”)-based approach is suf- nore all ants (Formicidae) because there are no IUCN red- ficient to reveal which species of concern occur. This is a listed or protected ant species, but one would still need to compromise which will inevitably allow some vulnerable consider a long list of plants and animals including tiny species to go undetected and thus unconsidered. We do land snails (e.g., various critically endangered species of not know how to best judge this compromise. Our earlier Arinia) or freshwater molluscs such as the endangered examples may appear extreme but it defines one end of a Brotia pageli, and such a list would require years of work long spectrum of choices and possibilities. Even the prob- by a team of taxonomists to complete. A company hold- lem of identifying all endangered and protected species ing a concession in Indonesian Borneo