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MPhil in European and Culture (Lent Modules 2010) Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment in Modern European Thought Eight Seminars: Fridays 2-4 pm; course co-ordinator: M.A. Ruehl (mar23), Trinity Hall

The Enlightenment was one of the main „roads to modernity‟ in eighteenth-century Europe and its latter-day proponents still regard its central tenets – rationalism, secularism, individualism – as the very definition of what it means to be modern. For many historians of European thought, it represents the single most significant event since the Renaissance: an intellectual revolution that fundamentally transformed man‟s understanding of his place in the natural as well as the social world and produced not just the „ideas of 1789‟, but the various (liberalism, socialism, pacifism) that would shape Western political theory and praxis over the next two centuries.

While the scholarly output on the Enlightenment and its various individual representatives is vast, relatively little is known about those thinkers who resisted the „Age of Reason‟ and launched what Isaiah Berlin later identified as a „Counter-Enlightenment‟. And yet there was, as early as the mid-eighteenth century, a vociferous and highly articulate contingent in the new „republic of letters‟ which fiercely opposed the and atheism of the lumières, their abstract, a-historical conceptions of the self and their levelling of national traditions and cultural diversity in the name of universalism and progress. These anti-philosophes, though frequently marginalized in the history of ideas, played a no less important role in the formation of European thought. Appalled by the rapid „disenchantment of the world‟ (Max Weber), they attacked what they viewed as the terribles simplifications and, especially in the wake of the French Revolution, the doctrinaire intolerance of their enlightening enemies. In doing so, they not only formulated crucial new concepts and ideals that laid the discursive foundations for what we now call, somewhat vaguely, „the Right‟; they also forced the „party of progress‟ to re-define its own positions.

In this seminar, we will the intellectual struggles over Enlightenment from the critique of revealed religion in the ancien régime to the „culture wars‟ of the present day. We will examine these struggles as on-going, politically charged controversies about the nature and meaning of modernity, without, however, establishing any facile links between „the unfinished project of modernity‟ (Jürgen Habermas) and the „Enlightenment project‟. We shall approach both projects, instead, as profoundly dialectical phenomena that were generated and defined, from the beginning, by their opposites. Particular attention will be given, accordingly, to liminal figures, theorists at the interface between Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment like Rousseau, Nietzsche, Freud, and Adorno, who embraced central aspects of Aufklärung while questioning its triumphalist belief in humanity‟s inexorable march towards ever higher levels of rationality, emancipation, and civilization. We shall read the works of these theorists as „historically‟ as is possible in such a text-based seminar, concentrating on the following themes, listed here, rather simplistically, as binary oppositions: progressivism/historicism, optimism/Kulturkritik, society/community, reason/faith, rationalization/myth, peaceful meliorism/violent renewal.

Although many of the texts on our syllabus are by German authors, we will also look at the specific national contexts (political, social, cultural) that conditioned the debates about Enlightenment in countries, most notably France. The reading list attached below, though quite expansive, is by no means final and the course co-ordinator strongly welcomes bibliographical suggestions from all participants.

General reading Introductions J. Robertson, „The Case for the Enlightenment‟, in: J. Robertson, The Case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples 1680-1760 (Cambridge 2007), pp. 1-52. J. Schmidt, „Aufklärung, Gegenaufklärung, Dialektik der Aufklärung‟, in J. Schmidt (ed.), Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung in der europäischen Literatur, Philosophie und Politik von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (Darmstadt 1989), pp. 1-33 ** D. Outram, The Enlightenment (Cambridge 1995) ** J. Schmidt, „Introduction: What is Enlightenment? A Question, its Context, and Some Consequences‟, in: J. Schmidt (ed.), What is Enlightenment? Eighteenth-century Answers and Twentieth-century Questions (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1996), pp. 1-45 * R. Porter, The Enlightenment, 2nd edn (London 2001) * H. Stuke, „Aufklärung‟, in: O. Brunner, W. Conze and R. Koselleck (eds), Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland, vol. I (Stuttgart 1972), pp. 243-342

Sourcebooks and readers A.C. Kors (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment, 4 vols (Oxford 2003) J. Yolton, R. Porter, P. Rogers and B. Stafford (eds), The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment (Oxford 1991) * P. Hyland, O. Gomez and F. Greensides (eds), The Enlightenment: A Sourcebook and Reader (London 2003) S. Eliot and B. Stern (eds), The Age of Enlightenment: An Anthology of Eighteenth-Century Texts (Oxford 1979) ** J. Schmidt (ed.), What is Enlightenment? Eighteenth-Century Questions and Twentieth-Century Answers (Berkeley and London 1996) * I. Kramnick (ed.), The Portable Enlightenment Reader (London 1995) M.C. Jacob, The Enlightenment: A Brief History with Documents (London 2000)

On the different methodological approaches to the Enlightenment * K.M. Baker, „On the Problem of the Ideological Origins of the French Revolution‟, in: K.M. Baker, Inventing the French Revolution (Cambridge 1990) R. Darnton, „The High Enlightenment and the Low-Life of Literature in Pre-Revolutionary France‟, Past and Present 51 (1971) ** R. Darnton, „In Search of the Enlightenment: Recent Attempts to Create a Social History of Ideas‟, Journal of Modern History 43 (1971), pp. 113-32. R. Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution (Durham 1991) J. Lough, „The Literary Underground Revisited‟, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 329 (1995) D. Goodman, The Republic of Letters. A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (Ithaca and London 1994) * H. Dainat and W. Voßkamp (eds), Aufklärungsforschung in Deutschland (Heidelberg 1999), esp. the introduction by Voßkamp and the chapters by Rosenberg and Schönert

Major monographs on the Enlightenment E. Cassirer, The of the Enlightenment (Princeton 1951) ** P. Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation (New York 1966-69) R. Anchor, The Enlightenment Tradition (Berkeley 1967) R.H. Commager, The Empire of Reason (New York 1977) R. Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, 1775– 1800 (Cambridge/Mass. 1979) * M.C. Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment – Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans (Oxford 1981) ** R. Koselleck, Critique and Crises: Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society (Cambridge/Mass. 1998)

2 ** J. Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750 (Oxford 2001) R. Porter, The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment (New York 2001) J. Van Horn Melton, The Rise of the Public Sphere in Enlightenment Europe (Cambridge 2001) * G. Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments (New York 2005) R. Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason: How the Enlightenment Transformed the Way We See our Bodies and Souls (London 2005) J. Israel, Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752 (Oxford 2006)

On the Counter-Enlightenment R.R. Palmer, Catholics and Unbelievers in Eighteenth-Century France (Princeton 1939) H. Vyverberg, Historical Pessimism in the French Enlightenment (Cambridge 1958) ** I. Berlin, „The Counter-Enlightenment‟, in: I. Berlin, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, ed. H. Hardy (Oxford 1970) M. Landmann, „Critiques of Reason from Weber to Bloch‟, Telos 29 (1976), pp. 187-198 D. Masseau, Les Ennemis des Philosophes: L’antiphilosophie au Temps des Lumières ( 2000) K.M. Baker and P. Reill (eds), What’s Left of Enlightenment? A Postmodern Question (Stanford 2001) * D. McMahon, Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity, new edn (Oxford 2002) J. Mali and R. Wokler, Isaiah Berlin’s Counter-Enlightenment (Philadelphia 2003) ** Richard Wolin, The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to (Princeton 2004) A. Compagnon, Les Antimodernes: de Joseph de Maistre à (Paris 2005) * G. Garrard, Counter-Enlightenments: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present (London 2006) Z. Sternhell, Les anti-Lumières : Du XVIIIe siècle à la guerre froide (Paris 2006)

Seminar 1 Foundational statements: What is Enlightenment? What is Counter-Enlightenment?

Set texts Rousseau, Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts (1750) Kant, „An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?‟ (1784)

Additional primary literature Voltaire, Essay on Customs and Morals (1756) Herder, Another Philosophy of History for the Education of Mankind (1774) Mendelssohn, „On the Question: What is Enlightenment?‟ (1784) Hamann, „Metacritique on the Purism of Reason‟ (1784) Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (1795)

Secondary Literature ** D. Outram, „What is Enlightenment?‟, in: D. Outram, The Enlightenment (Cambridge 1995), pp. 1-14 * H.B. Nisbet, „“Was ist Aufklärung?” The Concept of Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Germany‟, Journal of European Studies 12 (1982), pp. 77-95 S. Lestition, „Kant and the End of the Enlightenment in Prussia‟, The Journal of Modern History 65, 1 (March 1993), pp. 57-112

3 J. Schmidt, „The Question of Enlightenment: Kant, Mendelssohn and the Mittwochsgesellschaft‟, Journal of the History of Ideas (1989), pp. 269-291 Berlin, Isaiah, Vico and Herder (Oxford 1976) * J. Schmidt, „“What is Enlightenment?” – A Question, its Context, and Some Consequences‟, in: J. Schmidt, What Is Enlightenment? Eighteenth-Century Answers and Twentieth-Century Questions (Berkeley and London 1996) Graham Gibbs, „The radical Enlightenment‟, in The British Journal for the History of Science, 17 (1984) J. Schmidt, „What Enlightenment Was: How Moses Mendelssohn and Immanuel Kant Answered the Berlinische Monatsschrift‟, Journal of the History of Philosophy 30, 1 (1992), pp. 77-101 J. Schmidt (ed.), Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung in der europäischen Literatur, Philosophie und Politik von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (Darmstadt 1989), esp. the chapters by W. Hempel („Zu Voltaires schriftstellerischer Strategie‟, pp. 243-261), J. Brummack („Gegenaufklärung im Namen des Logos‟, pp. 261-277), and J. Mittelstraß, („Kant und die Dialektik der Aufklärung‟, pp. 341- 361) ** I. Berlin, „The Counter-Enlightenment‟, in I. Berlin, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, ed. H. Hardy (1979) * D. McMahon, „The Counter-Enlightenment and the Low-Life of Literature in Pre- Revolutionary France‟, Past and Present 159 (1998), pp. 77-112 D.J. Sorkin, „Introduction‟, in: D.J. Sorkin, Moses Mendelssohn and the Religious Enlightenment (Berkeley 1996) J.B. Knudsen, „Justus Möser in the German Enlightenment‟, in: J.B. Knudsen, Justus Möser and the German Enlightenment (Cambridge 1986) G. Garrard, Rousseau’s Counter-Enlightenment: A Republican Critique of the Enlightenment (New York 2003) ** F.M. Barnard, Herder on Social and Political Culture (Cambridge 1969), „Introduction‟, pp. 3-60 M. Schutze, „The Fundamental Ideas in Herder‟s Thought‟, Modern Philology 18 (1920), pp. 65-78, 289-302; 19 (1921-1922), pp. 113-130, 361-382; 21 (1923), pp. 29-48, 113-132 * C. Taylor, „The Importance of Herder‟, in E. and A. Margalit (eds), Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration (Chicago 1991), repr. in: Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge/Mass. 1995), pp. 79-99 M.N. Forster, „Herder‟s Importance as a Philosopher‟, in: R. Bubner and G. Hindrichs (eds), Von der Logik zur Sprache (Stuttgart 2007) A.O. Lovejoy, „Herder and the Enlightenment Philosophy of History‟, in: A.O. Lovejoy, Essays in the History of Ideas (Baltimore 1948), pp. 166-182 I. Berlin, „Herder and the Enlightenment‟, in: I. Berlin, Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder, ed. H. Hardy (Princeton 2000), pp. 168-243 J. Whaley, „Enlightenment and History in Germany‟, Historical Journal 31 (1988), pp. 195- 199. R. Porter and M. Teich (eds), The Enlightenment in National Context (Cambridge 1981), chs on „France‟ and „Germany‟.

Seminar 2 After the Deluge: Critics of Enlightenment in post-revolutionary Europe

Set texts Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit (1806), ch. VI.B.II. („Enlightenment‟) Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History (1822-1831), „The Modern Age‟ De Maistre, Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions (1814)

Additional primary literature Donoso Cortes, Essay on Catholicism, Liberalism and Socialism (1851)

4 Novalis, Christendom or Europe (1799)

Secondary literature K. Peter, Stadien der Aufklärung. Moral und Politik bei Lessing, Novalis und Friedrich Schlegel (Wiesbaden 1980) F.C. Beiser, Enlightenment, and Revolution: The Genesis of Modern German Political Thought, 1790-1800 (Cambridge/Mass. 1992) H. Honour, Romanticism (London 1979) M. Cranston, The Romantic Movement (Oxford 1994) Frederick C. Beiser, „Early Romanticism and the Aufklärung‟, in: J. Schmidt, What Is Enlightenment? Eighteenth-Century Answers and Twentieth-Century Questions (Berkeley and London 1996) Rudolph Vierhaus, „Progress: Ideas, Skepticism, and Critique: The Heritage of the Enlightenment‟, in: J. Schmidt, What Is Enlightenment? Eighteenth-Century Answers and Twentieth-Century Questions (Berkeley and London 1996) * H. Mah, „German Historical Thought in the Age of Herder, Kant and Hegel‟, in L. Kramer and S. Maza (eds), A Companion to Western Historical Thought (Oxford 2002), pp. 154-159 („Metaphysics and History‟) S. Houlgate, An Introduction to Hegel: Freedom, Truth and History, 2nd edn (Oxford 2005) J. Toews, : The Path toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805-1841 (Cambridge 1980), chs 1-3 (pp. 13-71) J. McCarney, Hegel on History (London 2000), esp. the introduction, pp. 1-21, and part II („The Course of History‟), pp. 101-213 * F. Beiser (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hegel (Cambridge 1993), ch. 9 („Hegel‟s Historicism‟), pp. 270-301 ** K. Löwith, Meaning in History: Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History (Chicago 1957), ch. III („Hegel‟), pp. 52-60 K. Löwith, From Hegel to Nietzsche: The Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Thought (New York 1964), Part I, ch. I („The Eschatological Meaning of Hegel‟s Consummation of the History of the World and the Spirit‟), pp. 31-53; and Part I, ch. 5 („The Spirit of the Age and the Question of Eternity‟), pp. 201-235 * D. Berthold-Bond, „Hegel‟s Eschatological Vision: Does History have a Future?‟, History and Theory 27, 1 (1988), pp. 14-29 * G.A. Kelly, „Hegel and the Present Standpoint‟, Political Theory 4, 1 (1976), pp. 45-63. H. White, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Baltimore 1973), ch. 2 („Hegel: The Poetics of History and the Way beyond Irony‟), pp. 81-133 L. Krieger, Time’s Reasons: of History Old and New (Chicago 1989), esp. chs 2-4, pp. 11-137 ** G. Garrard, Counter-Enlightenments: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present (London 2006), chs 3 („Counter-Enlightenment and Counter-Revolution‟) and 4 („The Return of Faith and Feeling‟), pp. 36-74 ** L.P. Hinchman, Hegel’s Critique of the Enlightenment (Gainesville 1984), „Introduction‟, pp. 1-10, ch. 5 („Enlightenment, Faith and Revolution‟), pp. 122-155, and ch. 9 („Hegel and the Enlightenment: The Debate in Contemporary Perspective‟), pp. 249-265 R. Bubner, „Rousseau, Hegel und die Dialektik der Aufklärung‟, in: J. Schmidt (ed.), Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung in der europäischen Literatur, Philosophie und Politik von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (Darmstadt 1989), pp. 404-421 * R.A. Lebrun (ed.), Joseph de Maistre’s Life, Thought and Influence: Selected Studies (Montreal and Kingston 2001), esp. the chapters by Lebrun and Reedy in Pt III (pp. 153-190) and the reception histories by Lebrun and Pranchère in Pt IV (pp. 271-327) I. Berlin, „Maistre‟, in: I. Berlin, Freedom and its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty, ed. H. Hardy (London 2002) ** I. Berlin, „Joseph de Maistre and the Origins of Fascism‟, in: I. Berlin, The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas, ed. H. Hardy (London 1990), pp. 91- 174

5 G. Garrard, „Isaiah Berlin‟s Joseph de Maistre‟, in: J. Mali and R. Wokler (eds), Isaiah Berlin’s Counter- Enlightenment (Philadelphia 2003) C.M. Lombard, Joseph de Maistre (Boston 1976) * G. Garrard, „Joseph de Maistre‟s Civilization and its Discontents‟, Journal of the History of Ideas 57.3 (1996), pp. 429-446

Seminar 3 Towards a new Materialism (and Humanism): Marx and the Young Hegelians

Set texts Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (1841), Preface to the Second Edition (1843) and the Introduction („The Being of Man in General‟ and „The Essence of Religion in General‟) Marx and Engels, The German (1846) Preface, Chapter 1 („Materialism and Idealism‟, „Ideology in General, German Ideology in Particular‟, „First Premises of Materialist Method‟, „The Essence of the Materialist Conception of History‟, „The Illusions of the Epoch‟, „Summary of the Materialist Conception of History‟), Chapter 3 („On Religion‟, „On Ideas and Social Conditions‟, „On Criticism of Religion‟, „On Human Nature‟, „The Idea and the Realisation of Freedom‟)

Additional primary literature Marx, On the Jewish Question (1844) Marx, Theses on Feuerbach (1845)

Secondary literature R.P. Wolff, Understanding Marx (Princeton 1984) M.B. Steger and T. Carver (eds), Engels after Marx (Manchester 1999) I. Fetscher, Marx and (New York 1971), pp.148-181 G. Stedman Jones, „Engels and the History of Marxism‟, in E. Hobsbawm (ed.), The History of Marxism, Volume I: Marxism in Marx’s Day (Brighton 1982), pp. 290-326 * L. Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism: Its Origins, Growth and Dissolution , 3 vols (Oxford 1978), vol. I, ch.15 (see also ch. 10 on „utopian‟ and „scientific‟ socialism) D. McLellan, The Thought of : An Introduction, 2nd edn (London 1980) ** G. Stedman Jones, „Introduction‟ to K. Marx and F. Engels, The Communist Manifesto, ed. G. Stedman Jones, (Harmondsworth 2002) J. D. Hunley, The Life and Thought of Frederick Engels (New Haven, 1991) * T. Carver, : His Life and Thought (London 1989) D. McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought, London 1973) F. Wheen, Karl Marx (London 1999) J. L. Stanley, „Marx, Engels and the Administration of Nature‟, History of Political Thought 12,4 (1991), pp. 647-70 * R. Adamiak, „The “Withering Away” of the State: A Reconsideration,‟ Journal of Politics 32 (1970), pp. 3-18 T. Ball, „History: Critique and Irony‟, in T. Carver (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Marx (Cambridge 1991), pp. 124-143 ** L. Krieger, „Marx and Engels as Historians‟, Journal of the History of Ideas 14 (1953), pp. 381-403 * E. Hobsbawm, „Marx and History‟, in E. Hobsbawm, On History (London 1997), pp. 207- 226 N. Levine, „The German Historical School of Law and the Origins of ‟, Journal of the History of Ideas, 48 (1987), 431-51 J. Wolff, Why Read Marx Today? (Oxford 2002), pt 2 („Class, History and Capital‟), ch. on „History‟, pp. 52-66

6 G.A. Cohen, Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence, 2nd rev. edn (Princeton 2001), esp. ch. 1 („Images of History in Hegel and Marx‟), ch. 13 („Reconsidering Historical Materialism‟) and ch. 15 („Marxism after the collapse of the Soviet Union‟) J. Ferraro, Freedom and Determination in History according to Marx and Engels (New York 1992) ** K. Löwith, Meaning in History, Chicago 1949, ch. II („Marx‟), pp. 33-52. D. Carvounas, Diverging Time: The Politics of Modernity in Kant, Hegel, and Marx, (Lanham/Mass. 2002) ** J. Toews, Hegelianism: The Path toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805-1841 (Cambridge and New York 1980), esp. the Introduction and the chapter on Feuerbach F. Furet, Marx and the French Revolution (Chicago 1988), Pt I (Introduction), chs 1-2 (pp. 3- 66)

Seminar 4 Renouncing Reason in the Age of Science: Nietzsche

Set texts Nietzsche, „On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense‟ (1873) Nietzsche, On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life (1874) Nietzsche, The Antichrist (1888)

Additional primary literature Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human (1878-1882)

Secondary literature S. Houlgate, Hegel, Nietzsche and the Criticism of Metaphysics (1986), esp. ch. 3 („Nietzsche and Metaphysics‟) J.P. Stern, A Study of Nietzsche (1979), ch. 5 („Sketch of a Book‟) L. Gossman, Basel in the Age of Burckhardt: A Study in Unseasonable Ideas, Chicago 2000, ch. 14 („ and Franz Overbecke‟), pp. 413-439 * B. Magnus and K. Higgins, „Nietzsche‟s works and their themes‟, in: Bernd Magnus and Kathleen Higgins (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche (Cambridge 1996), pp. 24- 29 J.P. Stern, Nietzsche (London 1985), ch. 4 („Historical Philosophizing‟), pp. 49-59 * C. Emden, „Toward a Critical Historicism: History and Politics in Nietzsche‟s Second Untimely Meditation‟, Modern Intellectual History 3 (2006) G. Lukács, The Destruction of Reason [1954] (London 1974) W. Sokel, „The Political Uses and Abuses of Nietzsche in Walter Kaufmann‟s Image of Nietzsche‟, Nietzsche-Studien 12 (1983), pp. 436-442 J. Simon, „Aufklärung im Denken Nietzsches‟, in: J. Schmidt (ed.), Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung in der europäischen Literatur, Philosophie und Politik von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (Darmstadt 1989), pp. 459-475 G. Garrard, Counter-Enlightenments: From the 18th century to the present (New York 2006), ch. („The Strange Case of Friedrich Nietzsche and the Enlightenment‟), pp. 74-80 P. Heller, „Nietzsche in his relation to Voltaire and Rousseau‟, in: P. Heller, Studies on Nietzsche (Bonn 1980), pp. 51-89 ** N. Martin, „“Aufklärung und kein Ende”: The Place of Enlightenment in Friedrich Nietzsche‟s Thought‟, German Life and Letters 61, 1 (January 2008), pp. 79-97

7 Seminar 5 Reason and its Discontents: Freud, Bergson, Le Bon

Set texts Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), Introduction Freud, The Future of an Illusion (1927) Bergson, Creative Evolution (1907) Le Bon, The Crowd (1895)

Additional primary literature Freud, Civilization and its Discontents (1930)

Secondary literature * E. Gellner, The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason (1993) A.C. MacIntyre, The Unconscious: A Conceptual Analysis (1958) A. Storr, Freud (1989) J. Lear, Freud (2005) * C. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (1961), ch. IV („Politics and Parricide in Freud‟s Interpretation of Dreams‟), pp. 181-208 * J. Neu (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Freud (1994), esp. the introduction by Neu and chs 1 (pp. 8-25) by Schorske and 11 (pp. 267-287) by Paul. M. Ignatieff, „The Jewish Freud‟, The New York Review of Books, vol. 33, no. 10 (12 June 1986) ** J. Toews, „Historicizing : Freud in His Time and for Our Time‟, Journal of Modern History 63 (1991), pp. 504-545; this article is available on-line at: http://www.jstor.org/view/00222801/di971057/97p00712/0 H. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious (1970) P. Gay, Freud: A Life for our Time (1988); for a much more compact version of Gay‟s take on Freud see: ** P. Gay, „: A German and his Discontents‟, in: P. Gay, Freud, Jews and Other Germans: Masters and Victims in Modernist Culture (1978), pp. 29-92. ** R. Wollheim, Freud (1990), esp. ch. VIII („Civilization and Society‟), pp. 253-275 L. Breger, Freud: Darkness in the Midst of Vision (2000) * E. Young-Bruehl, „A History of Freud Biographies‟, in: R. Porter and M.S. Micale (eds), Discovering the History of Psychiatry (1994) F. J. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend (1979) *P. Kramer, Freud: Inventor of the Modern Mind (2006), esp. ch. 12 („Culture‟), pp. 176-185. * S. Marcus, Freud and the Culture of Psychoanalysis (1984) J. Lear, Love and Its Place in Nature. A Philosophical Interpretation of Psychoanalysis (1990) * B. Bettelheim, Freud and Man’s Soul (1982) P. Rieff, Freud: The Mind of the Moralist, 3rd edn (1979) * W. McGrath, Freud’s Discovery of Psychoanalysis: The Politics of Hysteria (1986) J. Mitchell, Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis, new edn (2000) E. Wright, Psychoanalytic Criticism: Theory in Practice (1984) * J. Laplanche and J.B. Pontalis, The Language of Psychoanalysis (1988) J. Malcolm, Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession (1982) J. Le Rider, „Freud zwischen Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung‟, in: J. Schmidt (ed.), Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung in der europäischen Literatur, Philosophie und Politik von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (Darmstadt 1989), pp. 475-497 ** M. Mack, „Freud‟s Other Enlightenment: Turning the Tables on Kant‟, New German Critique 85 (Winter, 2002), pp. 3-31 ** J.W. Burrow, The Crisis of Reason: European Thought, 1848-1914 (Oxford 2000), ch. 4 („The Elusive Self‟), pp. 147-170 R.C. Grogin, The Bergsonian Controversy in France, 1900-1914 (Calgary 1988)

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Seminar 6 Seduced by Unreason? Heidegger, Bataille, and the Lure of Fascist Ideology

Set texts Heidegger, Introduction to Metaphysics (1935) Heidegger, The Question Concerning Technology (1949) Bataille, „The Psychological Structure of Fascism‟ (1935) Bataille, (1949), vol. I

Additional primary literature Bataille, „The Notion of Expenditure‟ (1933) M. Blanchot, „Le Terrorisme comme méthode de salut public‟, Combat 1, 7 (July 1936) Heidegger, „Only a God Can Save Us‟: An Interview with Der Spiegel (1966)

Secondary literature ** H. L. Dreyfus, „Heidegger on the connection between nihilism, art, technology, and politics‟, in: C. Guignon (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger (Cambridge 1993), pp. 289-316 * R. Safranski, : Between Good and Evil (Cambridge/Mass. 1998) K. Löwith, Martin Heidegger and European Nihilism (New York 1998) M. Zimmerman, Heidegger’s Confrontation with Modernity (Bloomington 1990) P. Lacoue-Labarthe, Heidegger, Art and Politics (Oxford 1990) R. Wolin, The Politics of Being: The Political Thought of Martin Heidegger (New York 1990) A. Rabinbach, „Heidegger‟s Letter on Humanism as Text and Event‟, New German Critique 62 (1994), pp. 3-38 N. Boyle, „Crossing the Line? Heidegger and the Post-Modern University‟, in: N. Boyle, Who Are We Now? Christian Humanism and the Global market from Hegel to Heaney (1998), pp. 211-244 V. Farías, Heidegger and , ed. J. Margolis and T. Rockmore (Philadelphia 1989) T. Rockmore and J. Margolis (eds), The Heidegger Case (Philadelphia 1992) T. Rockmore, On Heidegger’s Nazism and Philosophy (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1992) * R. Wolin (ed.), The Heidegger Controversy (Cambridge/Mass. 1993) J. Young, Heidegger, Philosophy, Nazism (Cambridge 1997) H. Sluga, Heidegger’s Crisis: Philosophy and Politics in Nazi Germany (Cambridge/Mass. 1993) R. Wolin, Heidegger’s Children: Philosophy, Anti-Semitism, and German-Jewish Identity, (Princeton 2001) G. Nicholson, „The Politics of Heidegger‟s Rectoral Address‟, Man and World 20 (1987), pp. 171-187 * D. Linker, „Heidegger‟s Revelation: The End of Enlightenment‟, American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 5 (2006), pp. 733-749 A. Feenberg, Heidegger, Marcuse and Technology: The Catastrophe and Redemption of History (London 2005) ** H. Sluga, „Heidegger and the Critique of Reason‟, in: K.M. Baker and P. Reill (eds), What’s Left of Enlightenment? A Postmodern Question (Stanford 2001) * Z. Sternhell, Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France (Princeton 1986) * D. Carroll, French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Antisemitism and the Ideology of Culture (Princeton 1995) E. Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s (New York 1994) A. Hamilton, The Appeal of Fascism: A Study of Intellectuals and Fascism, 1919-1945 (New York 1973) ** R. Wolin, „Left Fascism: Georges Bataille and the German Ideology‟, Constellations 2, 3 (1996), pp. 397-428 * J. Brenkman, „Introduction to Bataille‟, New German Critique 16 (Winter 1979), pp. 59-63

9 M. Suryia, Georges Bataille: An Intellectual Biography (London 2002) L.A. Boldt-Irons (ed.), On Bataille: Critical Essays (Albany 1995) B. Noys, Benjamin, Georges Bataille: A Critical Introduction (London 2000) M. Richardson, Georges Bataille (London 1994) A. Stoekl (ed.), On Bataille = Yale French Studies 78 (1990), esp. the essays by J.-L. Nancy, „Exscription‟, R. Comay, „Gifts without Presents: Economies of “Experience” in Bataille and Heidegger‟, and J.J. Goux, „General Economics and Postmodern Capitalism‟ S. Geroulanos, „The of Exit: Bataille on Heidegger and Fascism‟, October 117 (Summer 2006), pp. 3-24 A. Stephens, „Georges Bataille‟s Diagnosis of Fascism‟, Thesis 11, 24 (1989) * J.-M. Besnier, „Georges Bataille in the 1930s: A Politics of the Impossible‟, Yale French Studies 78 (1990), pp. 169-181

Seminar 7 The End of Reason? Adorno, Horkheimer, and the Entwinement of Enlightenment and Myth

Set texts Horkheimer and Adorno, The Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947) Horkheimer, „Reason against itself: Some remarks on Enlightenment‟ (1946)

Additional primary literature Horkheimer, „The End of Reason‟ (1941) Adorno, „Theses Against Occultism‟ (1969)

Secondary literature * M. Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 (Boston 1973) * W.D. Wilson and R.C. Holub (eds), Impure Reason: Dialectic of Enlightenment in Germany (Detroit 1993) O. K. Werckmeister, „When Dogma Bites Dogma, or the Difficult Marriage of Marx and Freud‟, The Times Literary Supplement (8 January 1971) M. Jay, „The Frankfurt School‟s Critique of Marxist Humanism‟, Social Research 39, 2 (Summer 1972) G. Lichtheim, „From Marx to Hegel: Reflections on Georg Lukács, T. W. Adorno and ‟, Tri-Quarterly 12 (Spring 1968) S. Buck-Morss, The Origin of Negative Dialectics: Theodor W. Adorno, and the Frankfurt Institute (New York 1977) * P. Connerton, The Tragedy of Enlightenment: An Essay on the Frankfurt School (Cambridge 1980) J. O‟Neill (ed.), On , New York 1976. Z. Tar, The Frankfurt School: The Critical Theories of and Theodor W. Adorno, New York 1977. * R. Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories and Political Significance, Cambridge/Mass. 1994. S. Benhabib, Critique, Norm and Utopia, New York 1986. S. Benhabib et al. (eds), On Max Horkheimer, Cambridge/Mass. 1995. * M. Jay, Adorno, Cambridge/Mass. 1984. G. Rose, The Melancholy Science: An Introduction to the Thought of Theodor W. Adorno, New York 1978. F. Jameson, „Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture‟, Social Text 1 (Winter 1979), pp. 130-148. ** J. Habermas, „The Entwinement of Myth and Enlightenment: Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno‟, in: J. Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Cambridge 1988), pp.106-130 A. Rabinbach, „Thickets of Experience: Mimesis and the Construction of Antisemitism in Dialectic of Enlightenment‟, in: A. Rabinbach, In the Shadow of Catastrophe: German Intellectuals between Apocalypse and Enlightenment (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1997)

10 ** J. Schmidt, „Language, Mythology, and Enlightenment: Historical Notes on Horkheimer and Adorno‟s Dialectic of Enlightenment‟, Social Research 65, 4 (Winter 1998), pp. 807-838 B.J. Shaw, „Reason, Nostalgia, and Eschatology in the Critical Theory of Max Horkheimer‟, The Journal of Politics (1985), pp. 160-181 I. Fetscher, Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung in der Bundesrepublik, in: J. Schmidt (ed.), Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung in der europäischen Literatur, Philosophie und Politik von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (Darmstadt 1989), pp. 522-547 C. Rocco, „Between Modernity and Postmodernity: Reading Dialectic of Enlightenment Against the Grain‟, Political Theory 22 (1994), pp. 71-97 * R.C. Holub, „The Enlightenment of Dialectic: Jürgen Habermas‟s Critique of the Frankfurt School‟, in: W.D. Wilson and R.C. Holub (eds), Impure Reason: Dialectic of Enlightenment in Germany (Detroit 1993) R. Wolin, „Critical Theory and the Dialectic of Rationalism‟, New German Critique 41 (1987), pp. 23-53 A.J. Cascardi, Consequences of Enlightenment (Cambridge 1999), ch. 1 („The Consequences of Enlightenment‟), pp. 1-49

Seminar 8 Re-assessing the Potentials and Pathologies of Enlightenment in a ‘Postmodern’ World: Habermas, Lyotard, and the new Culture Wars

Set texts J.-F. Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1979), trans. G. Bennington and B. Massumi (Minneapolis 1990), Introduction and Appendix („An Answer to the Question: What is Postmodernism?) Habermas, „Modernity: An Unfinished Project‟ (1981), in: M. Passerin d‟Entrèves and S. Benhabib (eds), Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity: Critical Essays on The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Cambridge/Mass. 1996) Foucault, „What is Enlightenment?‟ (1984) Gray, Enlightenment’s Wake: Politics and Culture at the Close of the Modern Age (1995) Rorty, „The Continuity between Enlightenment and “Postmodernism”‟ (2001)

Additional primary literature Améry, „Enlightenment as Philosophia Perennis‟ (1977) Foucault, „What is Critique?‟ (1978) Foucault, „Kant on Enlightenment and Revolution‟ (1986) Habermas „Taking Aim at the Heart of the Present: On Foucault‟s Lecture on Kant‟s What is Enlightenment?‟ (1984) Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures (1985) Honneth, „An Aversion Against the Universal‟, Theory, Culture and Society 2, 3 (1985) Honneth, „Enlightenment and Rationality‟ (1987) Hollinger, „The Enlightenment and the of Cultural Conflict in the United States‟ (2001) Gray, Al-Qaeda and What it Means to Be Modern (2005) Dawkins, The God Delusion (2006)

Secondary literature P.U. Hohendahl, „The Dialectic of Enlightenment Revisited: Habermas‟ Critique of the Frankfurt School‟, New German Critique 35 (1985), pp. 3-26 P.U. Hohendahl, Reappraisals: Shifting Alignments in Postwar Critical Theory (London 1991), esp. pp. 99-155 D. Barnouw, „Modernity and Enlightenment Thought‟, in: S. Friedrichsmeyer and B. Becker- Cantarino (eds), The Enlightenment and its Legacy: Studies in German Literature in Honor of Helga Slessarev (Bonn 1991) J. Rajchman, „Habermas‟ Complaint‟, New German Critique (Spring 1989)

11 D. Gordon (ed.), Postmodernism and the Enlightenment: New Perspectives in Eighteenth-Century French Intellectual History (London 2001), esp. the introduction by Gordon („Introduction: Postmodernism and the French Enlightenment‟) and the chapters by L. Miller („Foucault, Nietzsche, Enlightenment: Some Historical Considerations‟) and D. Gordon („On the Supposed Obsolescence of the French Enlightenment‟) * R.C. Holub, Jürgen Habermas: Critic in the Public Sphere (London 1991), chs 4 (pp. 78- 106), 6 (pp. 133-162), and 7 (pp. 162-190) ** L. Goode, Habermas: Democracy and the Public Sphere, London 2005, ch. 2 (pp. 29-56) C. Calhoun, Habermas and the Public Sphere, new edn, Boston 1992 S.K. White, The Recent Work of Jürgen Habermas: Reason, Justice and Modernity, Cambridge 1989, chs 5-6, pp. 90-155 R. Wolin, „On Misunderstanding Habermas‟, New German Critique (Winter 1990) P. Dews, Habermas: A Critical Reader, Oxford 1999, ch. 10 („What is Metaphysics? – What is Modernity?‟), pp. 291-320 * S.K. White, The Cambridge Companion to Habermas, Cambridge 1995, Part V („The Defence of Moderntiy‟), pp. 263-325 ** M. Passerin D‟Entrevès and S. Benhabib (eds), Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity: Critical Essays on The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Boston 1997), esp. the Introduction by Passerin D‟Entrevès and ch. 5 („Habermas and Foucault‟), pp. 147-172 * M. Kelly (ed.), Critique and Power: Recasting the Foucault/Habermas Debate (Cambridge/Mass. 1994), esp. the chapters by T. McCarthy, „The Critique of Impure Reason: Foucault and the Frankfurt School‟ and N. Fraser, „: A Young Conservative?‟ R.J. Bernstein, Habermas and Modernity (Cambridge/Mass. 1985) * M. Meranza, „Critique and Government: Michel Foucault and the Question “What is Enlightenment?”‟, in: K.M. Baker and P.H. Reill (eds), What’s Left of Enlightenment? A Postmodern Question (Stanford 2001), pp. 102-115 * E. Bahr, „In Defense of Enlightenment: Foucault and Habermas‟, German Studies Review 11, 1 (February 1988), pp. 97-109 ** H. Dreyfus and P. Rabinow, „What Is Maturity? Habermas and Foucault on “What Is Enlightenment?”‟, in: D.C. Hoy (ed.) Foucault: A Critical Reader (Oxford 1986), pp. 109-22 B. Becker-Cantarino, „Foucault on Kant: Deconstructing the Enlightenment?‟, in: S. Friedrichsmeyer and B. Becker-Cantarino (eds), The Enlightenment and its Legacy: Studies in German Literature in Honor of Helga Slessarev (Bonn 1991) R.J. Bernstein, „The Rage against Reason‟, Philosophy and Literature 10 (1986), pp. 186-210 F. Dallmayr, „The Discourse of Modernity: Hegel and Habermas‟, Journal of Philosophy 84 (1987), pp. 682-692 * T.R. Flynn, „Foucault and the Politics of Postmodernity‟, Noûs 23, 2 (1989), pp. 187-198 ** C. Norris, „What is Enlightenment? Kant and Foucault‟, in G. Gutting (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Foucault (Cambridge 1994), pp. 159-194 D. Freundleib, „Rationalism v. Irrationalism? Habermas‟s Response to Foucault‟, Inquiry 31 (1988), pp. 171-192 L.M. Palmer, „Gadamer and the Enlightenment‟s Prejudice Against All Prejudices‟, Clio 22 (1993), pp. 369-376 ** J. Schmidt, „Jürgen Habermas and the Difficulties of Enlightenment‟, Social Research 49 (1982), pp. 181-208 * J. Schmidt and T.E. Wartenberg, „Foucault‟s Enlightenment: Critique, Revolution and the Fashioning of the Self‟, in: M. Kelly (ed.), Critique and Power: Recasting the Foucault- Habermas Debate (Cambridge/Mass. 1994) ** T. Todorov, „The Deflection of the Enlightenment‟, Partisan Review 56 (1989), pp. 581- 592 N. Wilson, „Punching out the Enlightenment: A Discussion of ‟s Kritik der zynischen Vernunft‟, New German Critique 41 (1987), pp. 53-70 P. Kurtz (ed.), Challenges to the Enlightenment: In Defense of Reason and Science (New York 1994), esp. the introduction by Kurtz

12 L. Nagl, „The Enlightenment – A Stranded Project: Habermas on Nietzsche as a Turning- Point to Postmodernity‟, History of European Ideas 11 (1989), pp. 743-750 * R.C. Holub, „The Enlightenment of Dialectic: Jürgen Habermas‟s Critique of the Frankfurt School‟, in: W.D. Wilson and R.C. Holub (eds), Impure Reason: Dialectic of Enlightenment in Germany (Detroit 1993)

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