Species Detection Survey Protocols
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
SPECIES DETECTION SURVEY PROTOCOLS YELLOW RAIL SURVEYS Fish and Wildlife Branch Technical Report No. 2014-14.0 December 2014 saskatchewan.ca/environment YELLOW RAIL SURVEY PROTOCOL First Edition 2014 PUBLISHED BY: Fish and Wildlife Branch Ministry of Environment 3211 Albert Street Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 5W6 [email protected] SUGGESTED CITATION FOR THIS MANUAL Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment. 2014. Yellow Rail Survey Protocol. Fish and Wildlife Branch Technical Report No. 2014-14.0. 3211 Albert Street, Regina, Saskatchewan. 8pp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alberta’s Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Ministry is gratefully acknowledged for provision of their Sensitive Species Inventory Guidelines April 2013 document and permission to adapt the guidelines for Saskatchewan. The document provided a base reference and content source for personnel conducting respective species surveys in Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Yellow Rail Survey Protocol Acknowledgements: Sue McAdam has compiled much of the respective Saskatchewan species-specific survey protocol parameters and lead edits of the Saskatchewan protocol versions based on the Alberta Sensitive Species Inventory Guidelines April 2013 document. The Research Permit Process Renewal working group (Karyn Scalise, Sue McAdam, Ben Sawa, Jeff Keith, Andrea Benville and Ed Beveridge) has also contributed to reviews of the Saskatchewan protocol along with additional ministry-external reviewers. COVER PHOTO CREDITS Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis), © Larry Master CONTACT [email protected] COPYRIGHT Brand and product names mentioned in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Use of brand names does not constitute an endorsement. Except as noted, all illustrations are copyright 2014, Ministry of Environment. ii 14.0 YELLOW RAIL SURVEY PROTOCOL 14.1 INTRODUCTION This survey protocol provides instruction on collecting data on the occupancy (presence/not- detected) of yellow rails (Coturnicops noveboracensis) in a given area during the breeding season. Yellow Rails are poorly detected by traditional survey methods due to their secretive and nocturnal activities (Siddie-Slettedahl 2013). Detection of birds demonstrating breeding behaviour such as calling is considered sufficient evidence to confirm breeding. Avoidance is strongly recommended for the duration of the breeding season where breeding is suspected or confirmed. 14.1.1 Status and Distribution Yellow Rails may be found throughout Saskatchewan. Most current or historical records occur in the southern half of the province, which probably reflects search effort and protocol suitability for this nocturnal species, rather than the distribution of birds. Populations can change dramatically with wetland characteristics among years (K. Drake pers. comm.). The Whitesand River marsh complex has very high Yellow Rail densities (K. Drake pers. comm.). Breeding has been confirmed in northern Manitoba (Manitoba Breeding Bird Atlas undated) and there may be substantial populations in northern Alberta (Prescott et al. 2003) and possibly Saskatchewan as well. Though there is limited data available, the Yellow Rail is believed to be declining (COSEWIC 2009). For further information on the Yellow Rail in Saskatchewan, please visit the Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre (SKCDC). Additional information may be provided in Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Status Reports, in the Species at Risk Act (SARA) Registry documents and in the Migratory Birds Convention Act. 14.1.2 Biology The Yellow Rail is typically associated with marsh, wetland complexes that are dominated by sedges and other emergent vegetation (COSEWIC 2009). The species can also be found along river/stream floodplains, wet meadows and vegetated areas of bogs, in areas where there is limited standing water. Due to the nocturnal habits and often inaccessible marsh habitat, the Yellow Rail is not commonly reported (Timmermans and McCracken 2003, Conway 2009, COSEWIC 2009). The species is occasionally detected during Breeding Bird Surveys (BBS); however, these surveys are not concentrated in suitable habitat for the Yellow Rail and are conducted at an inappropriate time of day for species detection (Timmermans and McCracken 2003). Yellow Rails are often found in the same areas as LeConte’s sparrows (Ammodramus leconteii), Nelson’s sparrows (Ammodramus nelsoni) and sedge wrens (Cistothorus platensis) (Manitoba Breeding Bird Atlas undated, Siddie-Slettedahl 2013). If the associated species are detected it is advisable to conduct appropriate surveys for yellow rails (Manitoba Breeding Bird Atlas undated. December 2014 Fish and Wildlife Branch Yellow Rail Survey Protocol Page 1 of 8 14.2 SURVEY STANDARDS The standards provide instructions on the areal extent of surveys to be conducted. They provide information on experience, capabilities, minimum equipment needs, survey conditions and permit requirements. 14.2.1 Survey Area Extent Surveys must be conducted in areas with SKCDC observations as well as in any areas that provide suitable habitat for the species in question. The proposed project area, plus the appropriate setback distances, must be assessed. All suitable habitat within this area must be surveyed. Setback distances identified in the Saskatchewan Activity Restriction Guidelines for Sensitive Species(Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment 2014a) are based on the species and the level of disturbance associated with the project. 14.2.2 Personnel Personnel must be able to identify Yellow Rails by call and by sight, identify suitable habitat and be familiar with the survey methodology. Personnel must have a well-developed search image for Yellow Rails. Knowledge of specific Yellow Rail biology, behaviour and preferred habitat allows for more accurate results. Surveyors must be trained in sampling methods and show proficiency in calling marsh birds. Observers must have no hearing impairments. If surveys are conducted by remote recording systems, the Recordings must be interpreted by people with specific experience indentifying recordings of Yellow Rails. 14.2.3 Survey Effort Detection of the Yellow Rail is reliant on a number of factors including time of year, time of day, ambient temperature and whether or not surveys are timed to coincide with the peak calling period (Ministry of Environment 1998, Conway et al. 2008). Complete three or preferably four call-playback survey repeat visits at each station (Martin 2012). Visits must be spaced at least four days apart (K. Drake pers. comm.). Once the target species is detected, subsequent survey visits are not necessary. However, if additional surveys are not conducted to detect additional individuals, presence is assumed in suitable habitat throughout the project area and the appropriate setback distances in the Saskatchewan Activity Restriction Guidelines for Sensitive Species must be applied. 14.2.4 Time of Year Call play back surveys must be conducted during the appropriate time of year for the latitude. Limited information is available for breeding dates for Yellow Rails. In Manitoba, the earliest breeding is expected to start on May 16 in the south, May 26 in the central areas and June 26 in the north (Manitoba Breeding Bird Atlas undated). These dates may be used until more confirmed dates and locations are available for Saskatchewan. The highest detection occurs earlier in the field season (Siddie-Slettedahl 2013). South of the forest fringe, surveys are to be completed by the middle of June to capture peak vocalization and detection (Martin 2012). 14.2.5 Time of Day The Yellow Rail is nocturnal and therefore all surveys must be conducted during the peak vocalization period to obtain the best results. Peak detection occurs from 2300 hours to 0300 hours in the Foam Lake, Saskatchewan area (Drake and Frey 2014). This time of day should be appropriate for surveys in most parts of Saskatchewan where the Yellow Rail occurs. December 2014 Fish and Wildlife Branch Yellow Rail Survey Protocol Page 2 of 8 14.2.6 Environmental Conditions A compendium of environmental condition standards (Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment 2014b) has been prepared to complement the survey protocols for Saskatchewan. The full range of values for the respective environmental condition (e.g., temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, noise, etc.) has been provided in the standards document with the expectation that appropriate value range(s) will be applied as per the survey protocol parameters. Autonomous recordings are significantly affected by winds of 4kph which reduces both visual and auditory detection in recordings. Recordings should be carried out in calm air (Drake and Frey 2014). Surveys actively carried out by personnel must not be conducted when wind speeds are greater than 20 km/hr or above Level 3 on the Beaufort Scale (Conway 2009, Bird Studies Canada 2010). Yellow rails do not call during cold temperatures; therefore surveys must not be conducted when ambient temperatures are below 0° C (RIC1998). Surveys must not be conducted during fog, rain, or snow (Bazin and Baldwin 2007, Conway 2009, Sidie-Slettedahl 2013). Yellow Rail detection was not found to be affected by moonlight (Siddie-Slettehahl 2013, K. Drake pers. comm.). 14.2.7 Equipment List • Call playback equipment with Yellow Rail calls • Omnidirectional recorder for remote surveys • Waders • GPS receiver • Thermometer • Headlamps/flashlights • Bird Survey Loadform 14.2.8 Permit Requirements