FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

ONE OF ENGLAND'S PRETTIEST VILLAGES SELWORTHY GREEN, SOMERSET

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VOL. VI, No. 8 WASHINGTON, D. C. AUGUST, 1929 LOUISBURG A CONTACT WITH THE PAST

By O. GAYLORD MARSH, Consul, Sydney, Nova Scotia Taken from His Diary I WENT again the other day to the old fortifi¬ were bastions have an unmistakable air of finality, cation of Louisburg on Cape Breton Island viz, having been erected, having served a pur¬ to look for that personal contact with the pose, having been destroyed, and having been past that was so nearly obliterated in 1760 by a utterly and eternally abandoned by men and their garrison of British sappers and miners who, after spirits. While from certain points of vantage the the departure of the French and by orders of the glacis, covered way, scarp, and other parts of the British Government, spent six months demolish¬ Queen’s Bastion still retain a queenly grace and ing this greatest, most costly, and most trouble¬ remarkable perfection of form, their general aspect some of all fortresses of what was New France. is more that of a conception than a thing of living, There is always an inspiration in standing on human interest. And so it is with the whole forti¬ this historic ground, and we well know the inevi¬ fication, including the old burying grounds with table result of the conflict that here took place unmarked graves of French, English, and New between men who went under Colonel Pepperell Englanders. The former actors have lost their to fight for home and living against the hired de¬ identity and so definitely and finally departed from fenders of the glory of empire. But the few their changed surroundings that their spirits re¬ standing casemates and the remaining mounds that spond only reluctantly to the call of the imagina-

Photo by O. Gaylord Marsh. MOUNDS THAT WERE BASTIONS, LOUISBURG Battery Island is visible in the distance 253 tion that would here re¬ enact their bit of epochal history. So I strolled without the bounds of the fortifi¬ cation into the morass where floundered and toiled the New England volunteers, around the Barachois where har¬ bored the French fleet, through the Green Hills where went the New England scouts, and out to Light House Point where the New England¬ ers established a decisive battery with French can¬ non hauled from their hiding place beneath the Photo by O. Gaylord Marsh. water. But still there AN OLD CASEMATE, LOUISBURG was no footprint, no per¬ sonal touch, no visible contact with the past—only when it mingled four generations aback with the the abstract but impressive air of solemnity that sound of blasting rock and drowned out the voices hovers over this hallowed ground and still startles of workmen and the hum of the near-by fort and the human soul. city of several thousand souls. The turbulent North Atlantic forever booms a And here at the quarry I found neat piles of solemn requiem over the reefs and rocks that were chipped rock, unmolested by hand of man or nature’s contribution to the supposed impregna¬ plant growth, unweathered, awaiting removal to bility of this “Dunkirk of America.” As a final the fort and city that are no more. It seems part of my day’s visit and study, I went to listen that these piles were made by French workers to that Atlantic at Black Rock Point, by the old but yesterday instead of sixty-odd thousand yes¬ quarry, and here still roars that mighty ocean as terdays ago. Here is a suspended operation, struggling in appear¬ ance for completion; and the spirits of the French quarrymen fairly swarm about to take up the stones that uneasily lie where mor¬ tal hands tossed and piled them for the time being on a yesterday of the ages. And thus I found one intimate contact with the past—a small but satisfactory detail over¬ looked in the process of obliteration—so I can

Photo by O. Gaylord Marsh. now go again another THE OLD QUARRY, LOUISBURG day with a better ap¬ Here we see the stones as the French hands temporarily piled them, as preciation and under¬ they thought, on a yesterday of the ages standing. 254 The Machinery of Foreign Affairs As Described in Conversations with Frank B. Kellogg, Former Secretary of State

By DREW PEARSON Reprinted by special permission from The Saturday Evening Post, Copyright 1929, by the Curtis Publishing Company PROBABLY nothing in the history of the ad¬ while the secretary’s reports to Congress were ministration of the United States Govern¬ transcribed in the Book of Reports. There was ment has changed so remarkably as the ma¬ also a book in which were recorded the passports chinery which conducts our foreign affairs issued to vessels, one of Foreign Commissions, When Thomas Jefferson became the first Secre¬ and a Book of Accounts, besides one containing tary of State, in Philadelphia, his entire staff con¬ the acts of Congress relative to the Department. sisted of four clerks and one French interpreter. Today our methods of handling correspondence Mis diplomatic corps totaled three American min¬ have changed to a degree of which Thomas Jeffer¬ isters. Only 16 American Consuls were stationed son could have had no conception. The Depart¬ abroad to protect American trade and shipping. ment handled, in 1928, 1,229,105 diplomatic notes Today the staff of the State Department in and dispatches to and from its representatives Washington alone has grown to about 600 officers abroad. The telegraph and cable bill alone totaled and clerks. We have established 51 embassies and about $200,000. These dispatches obviously can legations in the cap¬ not be copied or itals of practically even typed in rec¬ all the countries of ord hooks, as in the the world, the latest old days, so we em¬ legation established ploy the most up- being in Abyssinia. to-date filing sys¬ Our commer c e, tem, which the for¬ shipping and the eign offices of 10 rights of our cit¬ countries have sent izens are protected representatives t o through 372 Con¬ study a n d which sular offices. Our the Peruvian and total personnel resi¬ Japanese foreign dent in foreign offices have adopted countries is 3,806. in toto. In its early days The work of im¬ the Department of mediately receiving State occupied two and handling the rooms, one of which great volume of was the office of letters and tele¬ the secretary, the grams which pour other that of his in upon us daily deputy and clerks. from all corners of The letters to min¬ the world is rather isters and Consuls a fascinating one abroad were labori¬ and occupies an ex¬ ously copied long- pert section of the hand into a journal State Department called the Book of called the Bureau Foreign Letters. of Indexes and Domestic corre¬ Archives. spondence was en¬ THOMAS JEFFERSON Telegrams and tered in the Amer¬ cables are received Engraved, by J. B. Forrest from the original painting by G. Stuart, ican Letter Book, National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans, 1835. in the State De- 255 partment’s own telegraph office by its own tele¬ foreign policy. And to him the most fascinating graph operators, where they are immediately de¬ thing in the Federal Government is the manner coded or translated, and copied for circulation to in which that production plant has changed and the interested divisions. Unless the cable is in grown and become remodeled with the growth code or in a foreign language, only about 15 min¬ and change of the American nation. This is only utes is required after the message is received be¬ natural. Our foreign investment reached a total fore it is on the secretary’s desk and, simultane¬ of $13,500,000,000 in 1927. This was an increase ously, on the desk of every division chief con¬ of $5,000,000,000 in only four years. In 1927 cerned. If the telegram, for example, is from our foreign trade was more than $9,000,000,000, Morocco, it is sent to the Western European Di¬ which is three times what it was in 1910. Yet vision, which handles French affairs; to the Near during this time the money which the State De¬ Eastern Division, which has an advisory interest partment has been given to protect this immense in North Africa; and if the telegram deals with international stake has not grown at all in propor¬ an economic or financial question in Morocco, it tion. In fact, the State Department, through the goes also to the Economic Adviser. Finally it collection of passports and Consular fees, is so goes to the Chief of the Division of Current In¬ nearly self-supporting that last year its vast and formation, who, if the question is not of a con¬ far-flung organization cost only $1,387,730.58, or fidential nature, makes it available to the press. a total of less than 2 cents for each person in

TWENTY-MINUTE MESSENGER SERVICE the United States. This is not an excessive charge for insurance against international storm and However, most of the dispatches are not in the disaster. form of telegrams, but arrive by steamer in dip¬ The Department of State, it may be surprising lomatic pouches. In order to handle these, the to note, controls only slightly more than half of State Department maintains an office in New York its appropriation; Congress decides how the bal¬ and one of its representatives meets every mail ance shall be spent. For instance, Congress has ship arriving in New York Harbor to see that decreed that $250,000 shall be paid annually to the diplomatic pouches are unloaded while the ves¬ Panama for the privilege of constructing the canal. sel is still in quarantine. The pouches are carried This swells the Department’s budget, although this to the Pennsylvania Station long before the amount has nothing to do with the actual conduct steamer docks, and usually reach Washington 24 of the country’s foreign relations. Or if Congress hours before the ordinary mail. About 50 diplo¬ decides to establish a claims commission or to par¬ matic pouches are handled by the State Depart¬ ticipate in an international conference, the cost of ment every day. the undertaking becomes a fixed charge which the The problem of keeping track of all these dis¬ Department of State must meet. These are classi¬ patches is tremendous and would swamp any or¬ fied as non-operating expenses. That is, they do ganization which was not prepared to handle so not help defray the actual cost of operating the large a volume of important correspondence. In machinery of foreign affairs. It is interesting to order to keep them moving a messenger service note that these non-operating expenses have pro¬ operates through every room in the Department gressively increased from $933,964 in 1921 to every 20 minutes. Each document is indexed and $7,614,831 in 1927. At the same time, the actual a route card kept to show who has it. In this way operating expenses have decreased from $10,060,- it can be called into the secretary’s office on a 008 in 1921 to $9,932,402.69 in 1927. During the moment’s notice. The Bureau of Indexes and four years between 1923 and 1927 when our for¬ Archives also keeps a special searching force to eign investments increased by $5,000,000,000, the collect material from the files in a hurry. Usually cost of operating the machinery which protects it is a matter of a few minutes to get a document them actually decreased. from the files, despite the fact that millions of im¬ Practically all of the State Department’s appro¬ portant dispatches are filed there. priation is now concentrated upon the conduct of In order to safeguard important dispatches, they foreign affairs. This was not always the case. are sent in secret code and are decoded or coded When Thomas Jefferson wrote to President by two or three trusted experts who sit in a room Washington from Monticello on February 14, by themselves 1790, saying that he would shortly set out for New THE FOREIGN-POLICY PLANT York to assume his new duties, the State Depart¬ Secretary Kellogg liked to think of the State ment was charged with carrying on a great deal Department as the production plant of American (Continued on page 281) 256 Centennial of the Frankfort Consulate General

1829-1929

By H. W. HEINGARTNER, Consul, Frankfort-on-Main A CENTURY is a relatively brief span of record of the first century of the American Con¬ time in the proud history of the ancient sulate General at Frankfort. city of Frankfort where every paving stone The memorable anniversary was celebrated on has a history, as Gustav Koerner,* the Frankfort June 4, 1929, by the Frankfort Municipal author¬ immigrant who became Lieutenant Governor of ities and the Frankfort Branch of the American Illinois, remarked in his memoirs; hut the cen¬ Chamber of Commerce in Germany. The city’s tennial of the American Consulate General was participation in the festivities consisted of the considered as an event of outstanding importance formal unveiling at noon on that day, of a and it was com¬ memorial tablet on memorated accord¬ the building which ingly. Several housed the first months before the American Consu¬ anniversary, Dr. late. This cere¬ Otto Ruppersberg, mony was followed the Director of by a luncheon given Archives of the city by the Municipal¬ of Frankfort, set to ity in the famous work to compile a Romer building, biographical sketch the seat of the of Ernest George Frankfort city gov¬ Adam Schwendler, ernment for over the first American 500 years. A trans¬ Consul at Frank¬ lation of the text of fort, on the basis of the tablet is as fol¬ records in the city’s lows : archives, and Ar- “In commemora¬ chivrat Dr. Harry tion of the one Gerber prepared a hundredth anniver¬ most interesting his¬ sary of the estab¬ lishment of the torical review en¬ American Consulate titled “Three Cen¬ General at Frank¬ turies of Economic fort on Main, 1829- 1929, and of its first and Political Rela¬ Consul, Ernest tions between Schwendler. The Frankfort on the City of Frankfort- Main and the on-Main. United States of Among those America and the ERNEST G. A. SCHWENDLER present at the un¬ veiling of the me¬ History of the American Consul, Frankfort, 1829-1853 American Consulate morial tablet were General at Frankfort on the Main.” These val¬ Ambassador Schurman who came to Frankfort uable contributions to the history of the Consulate for the centennial celebrations, the Mayor and General were published in book form as a lasting many other city officials, the entire staff of the American Consulate General at Frankfort, and * Dr. Gustav Peter Koerner (1809-1896) was elected most of the members of the foreign consular in 1852, Vice Governor of Illinois and President of the Senate. In 1862 he was appointed American Minister corps. The building, facing the picturesque Main to Spain in succession to Karl Schurz. River at Schone Aussicht 17, was decorated with 257 American and German flags. The Mayor of N. Powers, the President of the Chamber was Frankfort, Dr. Landmann, delivered a long and the first speaker. He was followed by Ambassa¬ cordial speech in which he reviewed Frankfort’s dor Schurman, the guest of honor, who spoke relations with the United States and remarked for nearly an hour on relations between Frank¬ that it was not a mere coincidence that the first fort and the United States, on German emigra¬ American Consulate was established in the repub¬ tion to America, and on the history of the Amer¬ lican German Free Cities, since places so gov¬ ican Consulate General at Frankfort. erned, with their democratic atmosphere, were par¬ Dr. Landmann, the Mayor, spoke on German ticularly congenial to Americans. Dr. Landmann cultural relations with America and discussed the referred to the numerous fruitful connections of causes which led up to the heavy German emigra¬ culture and finance which had always existed and tion to the United States after 1840. The British still exist between Consul General, Frankfort and Mr. Bosanquet, as America. In the dean of the Frank¬ Mayor’s opinion, no fort consular corps, city in Germany has thanked the officers such close economic of the American connections with Chamber of Com¬ America as Frank¬ merce for their fort. He expressed courtesy in inviting the hope that these the consular corps connections would to the unique cele¬ broaden and be¬ bration, and Consul come still closer in Dow, the last the future. speaker, expressed The Mayor’s in a few words his speech was heartily appreciation as due applauded by the to all those who had invited persons and done so much to by the crowd which commemorate this had gathered to anniversary, es¬ witness the unveil¬ pecially the Mayor, ing ceremony. the Ambassador, Consul Dow then Archivrat Gerber thanked the Mayor and Archivdirektor for the city’s great Ruppersberg who courtesy in com¬ prepared the val¬ memorating the day uable historical in such an impres¬ sketches, and to the sive manner, and officers of the joined him in wish¬ Photo by Clinediri8t. American Chamber ing that relations EDWARD A. DOW of Commerce whose between Frankfort American Consul, Frankfort, 1928 generous hospital¬ and the United ity had made it States would continue to become closer and even such an eventful evening. more cordial. The office at Frankfort was kept open After the speeches the band played the Ger¬ throughout the day, except during the unveiling man and American national airs. of the tablet, which was attended by the person¬ In the evening the American Chamber of Com¬ nel. Many visitors called at the Consulate Gen¬ merce gave a banquet to which 250 persons were eral, including officials, business men and friends, invited, including the Mayor, Ambassador Schur- and numerous floral tributes were received. man, the career consular corps, the leading Ger¬ As stated in the memorial booklet, Ernest man officials of the city and district, and the en¬ George Adam Schwendler, the first American tire staff of the Consulate General. Mr. Charles Consul, was born at Trabelsdorf, near Bamberg, 258 on August 7, 1774. He journeyed to America in The portrait of Consul Schwendler reproduced 1805, landing at Halifax on September 25 “after in this article is from a painting owned by Herr a three months’ trip full of trouble, care and von Haake, of Machnow Castle, Zehlendorf, near danger.” He reached the United States on Octo¬ Berlin, and appeared in the memorial booklet. ber 10, 1805, and in the course of time became an American citizen as well as a successful busi¬ ness man. He returned to his native country in Mr. Heingartner states that the Frankfort 1818 and settled in Frankfort where he worked office possesses photographs of only four former as a bov. consular officers stationed there. He suggests, He was appointed American Consul at Frank¬ therefore, that if all officers would leave a framed fort on January 15, 1829, his commission being photograph at each office to which they were as¬ signed by President Adams and by Henry Clay as Secretary of State, and on May 26, 1829, the signed, the picture collections of the various con¬ Free City of Frankfort decided to recognize him sular offices would, in time, become most inter¬ as Consul of the United States of America. Mr. esting. Many gaps could be filled if Consuls Schwendler retained this post until his death in would send their photographs to posts to which 1853. they were formerly assigned.

American Legation, Lisbon

Minister Fred Morris Dearing recently sent to yellow room; a library, or green room; and then the Department an unusually complete series of the main salon, or red room, from the windows photographs of the American Legation at Lisbon, of which there is a fine outlook over the harbor which is housed in a three-story building at 18 of Lisbon, the Tagus, and the mountains beyond. Back of the salon is a spacious ballroom, where Rue do Sacramento a Lapa, and there are repro¬ several hundred people can be entertained with¬ duced herewith some of the pictures, those of the out crowding; the decorations of this room are exterior to show the surrounding gardens, and a a pale wedgewood green. On the main floor also few of the interior to give some idea of the ex¬ is the drawing room, or blue room, which also quisite taste with which the rooms have been fur¬ has a fine view over the harbor. The furnishings nished by the Minister at his own expense. The in the dining room are all Portuguese, the rug building is rented, not owned, by the Government. being Arrayolos, and the silver placques of char¬ It is difficult to give a comprehensive picture acteristic Portuguese workmanship. The vistas of the exterior of the building, owing to its loca¬ from room to room, and along the marble paved tion on a narrow street and the high houses in corridors are very charming, but are shown but front and on each side. It is built on the hillside, imperfectly in the illustrations. On the third which causes the upper stories to be almost on a floor are the bedrooms, and one of the pictures level with the garden behind, while in the front shows the lavender room, with a wonderful old of the building there are attractive fore-gardens Portuguese bed, a spindle four-poster, which filled with plants and flowers. A charming ter¬ would charm all lovers of antiques. race, stone steps leading to the spacious upper The Legation offices are in a separate building, gardens, in which are some fine old forest trees approached through a long garden, and so re¬ and flowering shrubs, the grass lawns and the moved from the heat and noise of the street; flower beds, all make a pretty setting for the the climbing vines, shade trees, plants and flowers Legation. make an agreeable impression on all visitors. The views give only a faint idea of the beauty The exterior views give some indication of the of the interior. On the ground floor there is an beauty of the gardens and terrace, which are entrance hall, with cloak rooms on either side; planted with palms, acacias, bouganvillea, and the kitchen, pantry, etc., are also on this floor. myrtles. The terrace walls are covered with ivy Immediately back of the hall is a wide staircase and verbena geranium, while the flowering plants leading to the main floor. At the front of the in the gardens give throughout the year an endless house on the main floor is the dining room, or succession of colorful beauty and fragrance. 259 260 AMERICAN LEGATION, LISBON Top: View along south path of upper garden, just above Top: View towards the east along the south path of upper terrace. garden. Middle: East garden, path, staircase and facade of Office Middle: View from the Office Building over the terrace. Building. Bottom: Looking east along the south path of upper garden. Bottom: Lower east garden from foot of stairs leading to Office Building. Center: View across grass lawn, upper garden. 261 The Somerset Home of the Adams Family AN INTERESTING account was given by deville would be required to be arranged in ad¬ Mr. Alfred Nutting, of the American Con¬ vance. A more pleasant way of reaching the spot is by car from Glastonbury (from which it sulate General at London, in the JOURNAL is distant about 10 miles), and in that event the for October, 1928, of the little Somerset village route out or home should be via the Compton of Barton St. David, where was born, about 1583, Ridge, where a stop should be made to gain a Henry Adams, one of the founders of New Eng¬ splendid view over the plain of Sedgemoor— land, 1638, and ancestor of two Presidents of the Monmouth’s battlefield; from the edge of the United States—John Adams, 1797, and John ridge a conspicuous monument rears itself sky¬ Quincy Adams, 1825. In that article a descrip¬ wards, in a southerly line from Glastonbury Tor tion was given of the memorial tablet placed in which can be seen through the wide swathe cut the Parish Church of Barton St. David by Mr. through the surrounding wooded country.” Edward Dean Adams, of New York, in 1927. The Rev. A. B. Peacock, vicar of Barton St. Near Minehead, in western Somerset, close to David, has now kindly sent, through Mr. Nutting, a magnificent stretch of moorland, coast, river and a photograph of the east end of the church show¬ mountain scenery, and on the road to Porlock and ing the Adams memorial tablet, which is repro¬ Exmoor, is the charmingly peaceful little village duced in this number. In view of the large num¬ of Selworthy Green. The view on the cover of ber of American visitors each year to the fair land the JOURNAL is of its picturesque thatched-roof of Somerset, “the cradle of all that is most gra¬ cottages, “far from the busy haunts of men.” cious and lovely in the history of the English race,” it is well that they should know, when visiting Wells, the most perfect survival in England of the small mediaeval city, with its cathedral, moated Bishop’s Palace, and the collegiate buildings attached; and Glaston¬ bury, with its ruined abbey—the earliest Christian Church in Eng¬ land—with its legends of Joseph of Arimathea, of the Holy Thorn, and of King Arthur; that nearby is this village with its methories of the Adams family, for. in ad¬ dition to the tablet in the church there is the old Manor Farm, probably the birthplace of Henry Adams. Accordingly, Mr. Nutting has now sent the following informa¬ tion: “As Barton St. David, Somerset, is off the beaten track, some directions may be helpful in aiding visitors to locate it. The nearest railroad depot is at Kein- ton Mandeville, which is reached by local rail-motor from Castle Cary, if the traveller is journey¬

ing from London or Eastern Photo from Mr. Edw. D. Adams. England; and from Taunton, if proceeding from the West. Car INTERIOR, PARISH CHURCH, BARTON ST. DAVID, conveyance from Keinton Man- SHOW,TNG ADAMS MEMORIAL TABLET 262 “NEW POSTS”

By an Officer zvho Prefers to Remain Anonymous

We have all experienced it. We have all gone tains queries and references that require thumb¬ up forward on the upper deck in the dawn and ing through the back correspondence to find out watched the land-fall as the ship approached the what its all about. We go to functions and won¬ harbor of a new post. It may have been that the der where we met this man or that lady and are lifting morning bank revealed a low line of yellow extremely guarded in our conversation until we sand dunes or a range of purple hills or a deep get a tip as to who they are. But this passes and green coast forest with coconut palms on the sea- we get our mental feet under us in time. Then fringe. A bell rings on the bridge, the screw comes the time of the greatest possibility for pro¬ stops, the water changes from blue to green and ductive effort. Everything is still new and inter¬ the pilot boat bobs alongside and the pilot, gen¬ esting and yet our relationships are squared away erally fat, comes up the side ladder. The screw and we have a clear sense of the relative impor¬ thumps again and the ship proceeds toward the tance of events and people. harbor entrance under half speed. First the ship¬ That, to my mind, is the only justifiable reason ping in the harbor, then the city behind it comes for transfers. Certainly the taxpayer doesn’t pay into view. This is the moment of the sinking of income tax in order that the officers in his coun¬ the stomach. Here is where you are going to live try’s Foreign Service may see the world—no more for the next x years. Here is where you may chan a battleship is a sightseeing bus for marines. make or break your career. You have it all to The philosophy of transfers is to provide new eyes learn—language, customs, people and the work. for our Government to see things through—fresh You feel something under three inches high and Wains that, stimulated by new scenes and environ¬ wonder why you were ever picked on to repre¬ ment, will discover, classify and record still more sent the Government of the United States of matters useful in shaping our foreign policy or in America in this town. You dread to land and developing our foreign trade. To see the signifi¬ start the responsibilities that you know will drop cance in every-day happenings, the application to on you. All through the bustle of the customs American interests of this or that development in and the porters and the baggage trucks and with your district and to report it clearly and succinctly, your predecessor telling you how he is booked to means that you are still useful. But, as the psy¬ sail on a ship leaving day after tomorrow and we chology boys tell us about attention, it requires can check the inventory this afternoon, you are constant stimulation and the best stimulant is not still conscious that you have a pit to your stomach. Scotch, as you might suppose, but intellectual After you have been in a post some two or three curiosity and freshness in point of view. But it years you sometimes make the trip from the dock can’t keep up for ever. Hence transfers. to the Consulate over the identical route you took A new post is not a city where you have just when you first landed and you occasionally get a arrived to take over, but is a post where your in¬ flash where you see it through two sets of eyes at terest is keen, your powers of observation are on once. The first time you came up you didn’t the stretch and there are not hours enough in the know what that sign meant, this native costume working day for you to get your material, put it looked queer, the horse’s headstalls were pic¬ into shape and work it up into useful information turesque, you didn’t know what building that was for your Government. You may be in a new post with the clock tower on it. Now you know half five years or a post may grow old on you in three the people sitting in front of that cafe and you months. As long as it's new you should stay there, know that down this street and around the corner but when it grows old the Department should is a movie theater. The very trees in the plaza transfer you for the good of all concerned. are old friends. When does a new post cease to be new? And when it does, what of it? We all know the con¬ (EDITOR: Comments on this article would be in¬ fused mental state when we are calling on officials every day whose names and positions and func¬ teresting. It may also stimulate others in the field tions slip about in the mind and our mail con¬ to send in their impressions or experiences.) 263 FINANCIAL STATEMENT of the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION for the PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN Fiscal Year July 1, 1928, to June 30, 1929 SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. The American Foreign Service Journal is published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, and is distributed Receipts by the Association to its members gratis. The Journal is also open to private subscription in the United States and abroad Balance from fiscal year 1927-28.... $9,004.39 at the rate of $4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Foreign Service Journal, care Department of State, Annual dues . . $3,020.25 Washington, D. C. Interest 10.13 The purposes of the Journal are (1) to serve as an exchange Interest, savings account 201.20 among American Foreign Service officers for personal news and for information and opinions respecting the proper discharge of Insurance premiums . . . 102.00 their functions, and to keep them in touch with business and Cash for check returned 2.50 administrative developments which are of moment to them; and (t) to disseminate information respecting the work of the Check redeposited 5.00 Foreign Service among interested persons in the United States, Bond premium 9.00 including business men and others having interests abroad, and young men who may be considering the foreign Service as a 3,350.08 career. Propaganda and articles of a tendentious nature, especially such as might be aimed to influence legislative, executive or administrative action with respect to the Foreign Service, or $12,354.47 the Department of State, are rigidly excluded from its columns. Contributions should be addressed to the American Foreign Disbursements Service Journal, care Department of State. Washington, D. C. AMERICAN FOREIGN SERV¬ Copyright, 1929, by the American Foreign Service Association ICE JOURNAL, its share of dues received $2,300.00 Clerical assistance CONTENTS 567.50 Flowers 50.48 Insurance premiums 102.00 Exchange on foreign checks 3.26 LOUISBURG—By O. Gaylord Marsh 253 Multigraphing 34.65 THE MACHINERY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS—By Postage 4.00 Drew Pearson 255 Telegrams 6.79 CENTENNIAL OF FRANKFORT CONSULATE Framing picture 2.50 GENERAL—By H. W. 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Secretary Stimson has recently purchased for The announcement was made on July 11, 1929, his residence the Woodley estate, on Cathedral by Secretary Stimson of the appointment of David Avenue, Washington, D. C. This attractive old Hunter Miller, of New York, to the position of mansion, of pure southern colonial architecture, “editor of treaties,” an office recently created by stands in picturesque, well-wooded grounds, em¬ Congress. Under the editorship of Mr. Miller, bracing 18 acres in extent, adjoining Rock Creek the Department expects to prepare new treaty Park. The estate has art interesting history. texts, in each case reading back to the original The mansion was built by Philip Barton Key, treaty which is kept in the archives of the State who was chief counsel of the city of Washington Department. The translations of all treaties the until 1806. Francis Scott Key, author of “The original language of which was other than Eng¬ Star-Spangled Banner,” was his nephew, and his lish will be checked, and it is expected that a name is carved on one of the window panes in volume of notes will be added subsequent to the the front hall. Presidents Van Buren, Tyler and publication of the texts. Mr. Miller is a lawyer Buchanan all made their summer residences at by profession and has specialized in international Woodley, and later President Cleveland gave the law. He has written extensively on the subject, place its modern celebrity by spending several his most recent books being “The Pact of Paris” summers there. During the war, while the es¬ and “The Drafting of the Covenant.” He was tate was in the ownership of Senator Newlands, legal adviser to the American commission to of Nevada, Col. Edward M. House held mo¬ negotiate peace at Paris in 1918. mentous conferences with foreign diplomats at Woodley. Dr. Stanley K. Hornbeck, Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, has been spending his Mr. Henry P. Fletcher, according to a press vacation in England in order to attend the re¬ statement, will close a career of 27 years with union of Rhodes scholars at Oxford. Dr. Horn- the American Diplomatic Service on September 1, beck was the first Rhodes scholar from the State when he will be retired at his own request as of Colorado. Taking advantage of his being in the American Ambassador to Italy. Announce¬ Europe, the Department asked Dr. Hornbeck to ment was made by the State Department that attend the meeting of the International Chamber President Hoover had accepted Mr. Fletcher’s of Commerce at Amsterdam in July. Mr. Pren¬ resignation with deep regret. tiss B. Gilbert, Assistant Chief of the Division of Western European Affairs, also attended that meeting. Consul General Horace Lee Washigton, since his retirement on June 3, 1929, has been spend¬ Consul General A. T. Haeberle arrived in ing the summer at York Village, Me., with Mrs. Washington May 1 on leave from his post at Washington. Dresden. After a detail of two weeks in the De¬ partment, Mr. Haeberle proceeded to his home at St. Louis, with Mrs. Haeberle, and then visited Mr. Herbert C. Hengstler spent a week early in relatives in various parts of Colorado. Fie sailed July driving up through western Pennsylvania to for his post July 18. New York State and then to Connecticut. He returned to Washington—in time for some of the warmest weather this summer—looking much re¬ Consul Keith Merrill has been recently at freshed by the outing and freedom from thoughts Pride’s Crossing, Mass., where Mrs. Merrill and of Budget and Estimates. their children are spending the summer. He re- 265 turned to Washington and then left for Minneap¬ Nanking on July 2. By a happy coincidence, Mrs. olis to visit his mother. Paxton, who had been visiting in Paris, arrived in New York the same day. After spending a Consul Charles Bridgman Hosmer received the little time at his home in Danville, Va., Mr. Pax¬ degree of LL.M. at the June graduation of ton was assigned temporarily to the Department George Washington University. for consultation.

Consul General Felix Cole, who received last Consul General W. Stanley Hollis celebrated on year the degree of LL.B. at the George Washing¬ July 1, 1929, the fortieth anniversary of his entry ton University Law School, also achieved the dis¬ in the employ of the American Consular Service, tinction of being elected to the Order of the Coif, being appointed on July 1, 1889, clerk at the the National Law Honor Fraternity. American Consulate at Cape Town, his father, Capt. George F. Hollis, of Massachusetts, being Consul Robert D. Longyear was up in Maine Consul at Cape Town. Captain Hollis was a recently for a week-end, and while there assisted Civil War veteran, and after leaving Cape Town in winning one of the preliminary races in the went into the Custom House Service at Boston, B Class of Sloops of the Casco Bay Fleet. where he remained until his death in 1893. Con¬ sul General Hollis is now living in Washington Former Consul General Tracy Lay recently at his residence, 4400 Elm Street, Chevy called at the Department, and his friends were Chase, Md. glad to see that his health has greatly improved. After spending some time at their summer cottage Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Mahin, who since at Chevy Chase, Md„ Mr. and Mrs. Lay are plan¬ Mr. Mahin’s retirement from the Service have ning to go up to the Berkshire Hills. been living in Washington at “The Netherlands,” 1860 Columbia Road, N. W., celebrated on May 29 Consul Lawrence S. Armstrong, on leave from the golden anniversary of their wedding. A num¬ Naples, was at the Department for a few days ber of friends, who were aware of the happy late in June. Accompanied by his wife and event, paid Mr. and Mrs. Mahin a surprise visit 4-year-old son, he then went to his home in Penn in the evening, and there were many beautiful Yan, N. Y. Owing to the death of his father on gifts and bouquets of flowers, some coming from July 12, Consul Armstrong has deferred the re¬ as far as Amsterdam, Mr. Mahin’s last post. turn to his post until the middle of August. George Horton, U. S. Foreign Service Officer, Consul Homer Brett, on leave from Milan, retired, is spending the summer at Quissett Har¬ while spending his vacation at Spring Hill, Ala., bor, Falmouth, Mass. Before leaving Washing¬ visited Washington with his son for a few days ton he kindly wrote an interesting tribute to the about the middle of June. He was planning to late Vice Consul Constantine M. Corafa, which sail back to Italy on July 16. is published in this issue. Consul Leslie E. Woods, assigned to Glasgow, Charles S. Winans, U. S. Foreign Service Offi¬ came to the United States on leave with his wife cer, retired, has now settled in Washington, hav¬ and children. While in Washington he had to ing purchased a home at 3354 Tennyson Street, undergo an operation at the Naval Hospital for N. W. During the summer months, however, the removal of infected glands of the neck. It Mr. and Mrs. Winans are on an automobile trip proved to be a rather serious operation, but Mr. to the Northwest. Woods quickly recovered and is now spending the rest of his leave, more pleasantly it is hoped, Vice Consul Pattie Field, the first woman ap¬ at Cambridge, Mass., and Baltimore. pointed as such, has resigned and is leaving Am¬ sterdam to return to the United States, having Vice Consul George A. Armstrong, from Nice, accepted a position in the sales promotion depart¬ visited the Department for a few days toward the ment of the National Broadcasting Company. end of June. He was called to New York by Miss Field first became interested in consular the illness of his father. work when she was a student at Radcliffe; she graduated with honors in political science and Vice Consul J. Hall Paxton, one of the heroes then went abroad and studied in the Paris Ecole of Nanking, arrived at Washington on leave from de Science Politique. After examination Janu- 266 ary 12, 1925, Miss Field was appointed as For¬ FROM ANTWERP eign Servive Officer, unclassified, on March 20, 1925; she was made Vice Consul and assigned to (CONSUL FRANCIS FI. STYLES, Correspondent) Amsterdam on September 2 of that year, and on Memorial Exercises at American Cemetery at June 22, 1929, received a promotion. Waereghem On June 2 the American Colonies at Brussels The walls of the diplomatic conference room and Antwerp united with the residents of Waere¬ in the Department of State have hitherto been ghem in an interesting memorial exercise at the covered with large framed portraits of former American cemetery near Waereghem, the chief Secretaries of State, hut as the number of these features of which were speeches by the Ambassa¬ pictures steadily increased it became necessary to dor, Hugh Gibson, and the mayor of Waereghem. find more space. The plan has now been adopted The cemetery is about two miles distant from of converting the corridors on the second floor Waereghem, in the defense of which town the into a picture gallery, and the presence of these American soldiers interred there lost their lives fine oil paintings in their handsome gilt frames and yearly observance of a memorial day was gives an impression of dignity and historical in¬ started in 1924 on the initiative of the mayor of terest to all passers-by. Beginning on the east the town. Consul General Letcher and Consul side, by Mr. Carr’s office, with the portrait of Styles represented the American Consulate Gen¬ Thomas Jefferson, the pictures continue in eral at Antwerp; Consul lfft, the Consulate at chronological order to William R. Day, Secre¬ Ghent; and Vice Consul Gilbert, the Consulate at tary of State under President McKinley. From Brussels. that date onward to Secretary Kellogg the por¬ Mrs. Reineck, wife of Consul Walter S. Rei¬ traits are in the diplomatic conference room. neck who has been assigned to duty at Antwerp and who expects to report for duty about August FROM VISITORS’ REGISTER, ROOM 115, 15, spent a week in Antwerp in the early part of DEPARTMENT OF STATE June, just prior to taking a boat to join her hus¬ band in the United States. Mrs. Reineck left W. J. Grace, Sheffield. June 18. Guadeloupe to visit her family living near Prague George Orr, Paris, June 20. just before notice of her husband’s transfer was Knox Alexander, Hamilton, Ontario, June 21. received. H. H. Dick, Rangoon, June 21. Miss Saxe, an American clerk lately on duty H. C. von Struve, Goteborg, June 24. at Lyon, was recently transferred to Antwerp. Walter S. Reineck, Antwerp, June 24. Dr. L. H. P. Bahrenburg, P. H. S., now sta¬ H. S. Goold, San Jose, C. R., June 24. tioned at Stuttgart, accompanied by his wife, George A. Armstrong, Nice, June 24. daughter and son, made a several days’ stop at Lawrence S. Armstrong, Naples, June 25. Antwerp in the last part of June while on a vaca¬ H. J. LTIeureux, Windsor, Ontario, June 26. tion tour by motor of Holland, Belgium and Ferdinand L. Mayer, Lima, Peru, June 26. France, for the purpose of visiting with Consul D. T. McGonigal, Beirut, June 27. General Letcher and his family. A. W. Kliefoth, Riga, June 28. Consul Alfred T. Nester now on duty at the Paul Bowerman, Zagreb. July 1. Consulate General at Naples, spent a day at Ant¬ J. Hall Paxton, Nanking, July 1. werp in the middle of June to meet his mother Evan E. Young, Santo Domingo, July 2. who arrived from the United States on the Nathaniel P. Davis, London, July 2. steamer “Belgenland.” Leo J. Keena, Habana, July 8. The cruiser “Raleigh,” commanded by Captain Dorris Pellett, Shanghai, July 8. W. K. Riddle and with Vice Admiral John H. E. E. Stanton, Tsinan, July 9. Dayton on board, visited at Antwerp in the period Harry M. Lakin, Department, July 15. from May 9 to 22, inclusive, and was the object Charles A. Bay, Bangkok, July 15. of exceptional attention. Among the most pleasant of the social and Annual dues to the Association for this official entertainments to which the “Raleigh” visit gave rise, was a dinner dance at the Governor’s fiscal year were payable July 1. Have you Palace at which were present all the officers made a remittance? of the cruiser and their wives, the officers of the staff of the Consulate General and their 26 7 wives, and various personages of the community. purpose of obtaining a change from the below- The Burgomaster’s banquet at the Hotel de Ville sea-level climate of Amsterdam in the hope that on the following evening was well in keeping with they might rid themselves of obstinate colds from the fine traditions of the ancient city and the mili¬ which they had suffered since their illness from tary authorities offered an exceptionally elaborate influenza in February. They visited Cologne, program of entertainment in the form of cavalry, Wiesbaden, Frankfort, Mainz and Heidelberg. artillery and aviation exercises covering the greater During the last week in May, Mr. C. Porter part of a day. Kuykendall, Consul at Oslo, Norway, paid a visit The Misses Betty and Mary Lane, daughters of to Amsterdam, which was his first post in the Brigadier General Rufus H. Lane, U. S. M. C., Consular Service, to which he was appointed in who have been spending the past year in Europe, 1920. Mr. Kuykendall was accompanied by his mostly at Paris, visited their brother-in-law and mother and father, Mr. and Mrs. B. Kuykendall sister, Consul and Mrs. Francis H. Styles, during of Towanda, Pa. This was the first visit of Mr. the latter part of June. Kuykendall to Amsterdam since his transfer to The Misses Peggy and Adele Letcher, daugh¬ Batavia, Java, in 1923, so his many friends in ters of Consul General Letcher, will return to Holland were pleased to see him again. Both he Antwerp from school in the United States on the and his parents were much entertained in Amster¬ “Belgenland,” arriving on July 8, the former at¬ dam and the vicinity. tending Wellesley College, and the latter Dina Hall during the past year. Vice Consul Harry Tuck Sherman and Mrs. Sherman spent most of the month of June on a FROM MADRID vacation in Switzerland. (CONSUL MAURICE L. STAFFORD, Correspondent) Mrs. Waring, wife of Dr. Clarence H. Waring, Mrs. Frances Parkinson Keyes, wife of Sen¬ the United States Public Health Officer at Ant¬ ator Keyes of New Hampshire, was a guest of werp, and her daughter, Betty Jean, sailed on the Consul General and Mrs. Stewart during a visit “Pennland” on June 7 for a visit with relatives in of several days to Barcelona the latter part of the United States. May, preparatory to sailing for an extended trip through various South American countries. On May 27, Mrs. Keyes was the guest of honor at a NOTES FROM THE NETHER¬ reception given by Mr. and Mrs. Stewart, which LANDS was attended by numerous governmental digni¬ taries, members of the Consular Corps and the (VICE CONSUL J. STANFORD EDWARDS, Corre¬ American, British, French, and South American spondent) Colonies. During the first week of May, Mr. Richard C. Hon. Ogden H. Hammond, American Ambas¬ Tobin, the American Minister at The Hague, paid sador at Madrid, accompanied by members of his his annual official visit to Amsterdam. During family and staff, arrived in Barcelona on May 19 the visit Mr. Tobin inspected many industrial to attend the inaugural ceremonies of the Barce¬ plants in and around the capital. On the evening lona Exposition which were conducted by the of his arrival, April 30, a dinner was given by the King and Queen of Spain. The Ambassador and former Netherlands Minister to Washington, Mr. his party returned to Madrid on May 20. J. L. A. Everwyn, which was followed by a re¬ Maj. Frederick W. Manley, American Military ception at the home of Consul General and Mrs. Attache at Madrid, accompanied the Ambassador Hoover. On Thursday, May 2, a luncheon was on his visit to Barcelona on the occasion of the offered by the American-Netherlands Chamber opening of the Exposition on May 19. of Commerce at the Industrial Club, and the same Mr. Charles A. Livengood, American Commer¬ evening the Burgomaster of Amsterdam and Mrs. de Vlugt gave an official dinner. cial Attache at Madrid, arrived in Barcelona on Mrs. Carol H. Foster has returned to Rotter¬ May 18, to attend the opening of the Barcelona dam after an absence of several months in the Exposition, and remained until May 24, when he United States. Mrs. Foster was called to the returned to Madrid. United States due to the illness of her son. Mr. J. F. O’Neill, Treasury Attache at Paris, Consul General and Mrs. Hoover made a visit visited Barcelona on May 11 and 12, during which to the Rhineland in the latter part of May for the period he called at the Consulate General. 268 Consul General Nathaniel B. Stewart, Consuls This year, however, the fetes at the Stewart Henry, Jordan, and McEnelly officially attended home did not conclude on the first of May, but the opening of the Barcelona Exposition on May have been in continual progress as the visitors 19, together with the members of the Consular from the other side pour into Barcelona to see the Corps from all other countries assigned to Bar¬ exposition and as part of the grand tour of Spain. celona. Tea at the Consul-General’s home is a leisurely function. The guests remove hats and gloves and The Embassy Staff moved to San Sebastian if they arrive about 5 o’clock they sit in the floral for the summer during the week ending June 29 bower of the main drawing rooms and chat with to remain until October. Ambassador and Mrs. Mrs. Stewart. Guests continue to arrive, and they Hammond preceded them during the previous join the group, and tell the latest tidings from week. home or the news which has percolated to them from London or Paris, until every seat or chair Mr. Julian C. Greenup, formerly Consul at or divan in the two drawing rooms is filled. Pres¬ Las Palmas, Canary Islands, recently joined the ently the maid, with a picturesque lace collar, cuffs staff of the Commercial Attache in Madrid as an and cap, whispers to Mrs. Stewart and the whole Assistant Trade Commissioner. company descends to the dining room. They sit at the table, have tea and delightful sandwiches Vice Consul Malcolm C. Burke, Vice Consul and cakes of alluring appearance. If more guests at Hamburg, and his sister, Miss Burke, were come, small tables are brought in and then more recent callers at the Madrid Consulate during small tables until it would seem that the walls are a tour of Spain. elastic. The entire company may sit for hours, exchanging views, the gentlemen busy passing re¬ Miss Justine L. Whitfield, for two and a half freshments, with Mr. and Mrs. Stewart moving years clerk in the Consulate at Madrid and pre¬ here and there, sitting at various tables with this viously in a similar capacity at Oporto, has re¬ guest and that, and all enjoying it so that the time signed in order to return to the United States. passes unheeded.

(From “The Washington Star”) FROM MEXICO CITY Barcelona, Spain, June 29.—The Consul-Gen¬ eral to Barcelona and Mrs. Nathaniel Bacon (VICE CONSUL LAWRENCE HIGGINS, Corre¬ Stewart are bearing the burden gracefully of rep¬ spondent) resenting the social side of the invasion of Spain Ambassador Dwight W. Morrow, accompanied by their country people this summer. by Secretary of Embassy Edward P. Lowry, ar¬ Mr. and Mrs. Stewart have been for almost rived in Mexico City on the morning of June 9 four years in Barcelona, and their home is a center after a fortnight’s leave of absence in the United of intercourse for the small but compact body of States. Americans who reside permanently in Spain’s chief port, as well as for the restless citizens of Mrs. Morrow and Miss Constance Morrow ar¬ Uncle Sam’s country who continually visit it. Mrs. rived in Mexico City on the evening of July 3, Stewart before her first marriage was Miss Lucy 1929. Cobb. She is the cousin of the first Mrs. Hoke Smith and of Mrs. Smith’s sister, for whom was On July 4 the Ambassador and Mrs. Morrow called the Lucy Cobb Institute, so popular a semi¬ held a reception for the members of the Ameri¬ nary for girls at Athens, Ga. She has all the can Colony at the Embassy between 5 and 7 grace and charm of the Southern woman com¬ o’clock. The attendance was very large. The bined with the ease and poise acquired by for¬ Ambassador, who had returned a few days pre¬ eign sojourns. vious from Cuernavaca, where he had been re¬ All through the season, from November until covering from a brief illness, received hearty May, the Stewart apartment on Calle de Malorca, congratulations on his rapid convalescence. one of the broad, tree-lined boulevards in the new section of the city, is filled every Tuesday after¬ At noon, on the 4th, the Ambassador held a noon from 5 until 8 with a brilliant and distin¬ reception for the gentlemen of the Foreign Office guished throng. and the resident Diplomatic Corps. 269 Among other festivities held in celebration of a stroke of paralysis. Miss Davis entered the the national holiday by the American Colony, and Service in 1917 and has served continuously under attended by many members of the staffs of the Consuls Chester W. Martin, Harold Shantz and Embassy and the Consulate General, were a ker- Emil Sauer. During that time she made many messe and picnic at the Chapultepec Heights Golf friends in the Consular Service and in Toronto, Club and a ball at the Chapultepec Restaurant. and her efficient services and friendship will be greatly missed. Counselor of Embassy Stokeley Morgan left Vice Consul R. E. Ahearn visited the Toronto on June 19 for a short leave of absence in New Consulate, where he was formerly stationed, when York City. He returned to Mexico by steamer he was en route in June to his new post at Wind¬ via Vera Cruz and arrived in Mexico City the sor, Ontario. evening of July 5. On June 13, 1929, his Excellency, the Gover¬ nor General of Canada, Viscount Willingdon, The son of Consul General and Mrs. Dawson officially opened the new Royal York Hotel at arrived at Mexico City on June 29 to spend his Toronto. This hostelry, owned and operated by vacation with his parents. the Canadian Pacific Railway, contains 1,089 guest rooms, cost $16,000,000, and is claimed to Consul Dudley G. Dwyre and family spent three be the tallest building and the largest hotel in days’ leave at Cuernavaca from June 24 to 26. the British Empire. Consul Sauer attended the opening ceremonies. Vice Consul Lawrence Higgins spent five days’ Mary Rose Walsh, 16-year-old daughter of leave, from June 16 to 21, visiting Cuernavaca Consul and Mrs. Walsh at Hamilton, Ontario, and Tasco in the State of Guerrero. won the Lord and Lady Willingdon medal in English in the public school of Hamilton. Emilita Sauer, nine-year-old daughter of Amer¬ FROM TORONTO ican Consul and Mrs. Sauer at Toronto, won the (CONSUL C. P. FLETCHER, Correspondent) Canon Plumptre cup given annually to Glen Mawr Miss Fanny Davis, American Clerk at the To¬ School of Toronto for the pupil showing the high¬ ronto Consulate, died June 7, 1929, at her home, est promise in music. The award was made on Rutland, Vt., while on a leave of absence, from the basis of an original musical composition.

TORONTO, CANADA FROM THE WATER FRONT, SHOWING THE NEW ROYAL YORK HOTEL 270 FROM BUENOS AIRES FROM AUCKLAND, NEW (CONSUL GENERAL GEORGE S. MESSERSMITH, ZEALAND Correspondent) (CONSUL WALTER F. BOYLE, Correspondent) The Secretary of the Embassy and Mrs. Wil¬ At last the rumor has been run to earth and son, accompanied by their son Orme, spent a found to have justified all the sympathetic cre¬ week’s leave on a trip to Asuncion, going there dence given thereto. The “bride-to-be” is Miss by rail and returning by one of the river boats. Audrey Gwendoline Ormiston, one of Auckland’s fairest daughters, and the fortunate Consul is Vice Consul Miller, accompanied by his bride, Bernard Gotlieb, attached to the Consulate Gen¬ formerly Miss Crosby of Washington, arrived eral at Wellington for duty, but attached to Auck¬ on the Pan America on June 8. land when off duty. The wedding about the middle of July. Dr. Vance B. Murray, of the Public Health The ball at Government House on the 30th of Service, who has been assigned to the Consulates May, given by Their Excellencies, the Governor General at Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro, ar¬ General and the Lady Alice Fergusson, was dedi¬ rived in Buenos Aires early in June after a most cated to a score or so of Auckland young ladies interesting trip down the west coast. as their “coming out” party, and among the guests thus honored were Miss Patricia Newton and Miss Dr. Alexander Dye, the Commercial Attache, Foveran Bruce, New Zealand young ladies who, has just returned from a six weeks trip to Para¬ on less formal occasions, lend their talents to guay, where he is also assigned as Commercial carrying on the work of the American Consulate. Attache to the Legation in Asuncion. Consul Boyle was a dinner guest at Govern¬ ment House on May 17. Mrs. West, who has been visiting her grand¬ Vice Consul and Mrs. Cochran left for their daughter, Mrs. Faust, the wife of Vice Consul new post at Wellington on May 29, leaving be¬ and Third Secretary at Asuncion, sailed on the hind a host of friends in the City of Auckland. Pan America for home about the middle of June. Consul Boyle addressed the Rotary Club on the Mrs. West is past 80 and made the long trip unlucky 13th of May, and two weeks later de¬ from her home in the United States to Buenos livered another address to the Workers Educa¬ Aires and to Asuncion and return by herself. tional Association. As the Eve of the King’s Birthday this year Vice Consul S. Walter Washington left on the fell on Sunday, the Consular Corps held its an¬ Lutetia on home leave on June 14, proceeding nual dinner on Saturday the 2nd of June. The via England, where he will attend a reunion of Dean, M. Paul Serre, who is also Consul for former Rhodes scholars at Oxford. Prior to his France, presided, and as the menu was both plan¬ departure the Secretary of the Embassy and Mrs. ned and dictated by this eminent Frenchman, it Wilson gave a dinner for him at which the mem¬ may truly be said that the Consular Corps bers of the staff of the Embassy and the Con¬ DINED. sulate General were present. Consul General and Mrs. Messersmith gave a luncheon for Mr. Wash¬ ington at which the members of the consular staff FROM TOKYO, JAPAN were present. (VICE CONSUL CHARLES S. REED, II, Corre¬ Mrs. Arnold, who made a trip to the United spondent) States to place her children in school, has recently Miss Jean MacDonald returned from the returned to rejoin her husband, Captain Arnold, United States on the Si S. President Jefferson, on tbe Naval Attache. the 13th of May. Consul and Mrs. Graham H, Kemper, left Captain Fleming, the Military Attache, left Tokyo June 5, for a short trip to Peiping and early in June in an aeroplane kindly lent by the other cities in China. They are expected to re¬ Argentine Government for the Chaco, where he turn the end of the month. will carry out the arrangements for the repatria¬ Consul and Mrs. Arthur R. Preston of Nagoya, tion of the Paraguayan soldiers taken in the called at the Consulate General on June 1. recent difficulties. The Embassy and Consulate General have corn- 271 bined forces to organize a baseball team to play Mr. M. R. Nicholson, United States Treasury the Foreign Office on June 8. Details of the game Attache at Shanghai, returned to his office from appear in this issue of the JOURNAL. an official trip to Japan. Consul Leo D. Sturgeon is in charge of the Consulate General during Consul Kemper’s ab¬ sence on leave. FROM SINGAPORE Vice Consul Charles S. Reed, II, has been tem¬ (CONSUL JOHN H. BRUINS, Correspondent) porarily assigned as Vice Consul in Charge at Taihoku during Vice Consul Nason’s leave in the Consul General Coert du Bois, Batavia, made a United States. short visit to Medan, Sumatra, early in May where he found Consul Foots busily engaged in cal¬ culating the future rubber production of that FROM SHANGHAI prosperous district. Mr. du Bois also renewed ac¬ quaintances in Singapore and remained long (CONSUL J. E. JACOBS, Correspondent) enough to swat a few of the local mosquitoes as May 29, 1929. well as golf balls. Vice Consul P. N. Jester of Hongkong, under Vice Consul and Mrs. John B. Ketcham, Singa¬ instructions of the Department of State, spent pore, spent their local leave during the month of three days in Shanghai conferring with Vice Con¬ May by taking a trip through Siam and French sul W. R. Lynch on shipping matters, with a view Indo-China. They saw the total eclipse of the to unifying the procedure at the Shanghai and sun on May 9 at Alor Star, Kedah, and also vis¬ Hongkong Consulates General. After the con¬ ited the ruins at Angkor. ference Vice Consul Jester proceeded to Japan Vice Consul Terry S. Hinkle, Singapore, had for simple leave. a dangerous attack of jaundice, and spent some Mrs. John R. Putnam, wife of Consul Putnam time in a local hospital during the month of May. at Amoy, together with Miss Doanda Putnam, Vice Consul Walter F. Dement, formerly of spent two weeks visiting friends in Shanghai. Leipzig, traveled to his new post at Saigon, French Miss Putnam is engaged to Lieut. Comdr. Charles Indo-China via Suez on the M. M. steamer J. Wheeler, U. S. N., a member of the staff of “Arnboise” and arrived at his new post toward Admiral Mark L. Bristol, U. S. N., and the wed¬ the end of May. ding will take place in Amoy on June 20. Mr. Verne G. Staten, Vice Consul at Hankow, Dr. A. Horace Hamilton resigned from the passed through Shanghai returning from a few staff of the Batavia Consulate General on April weeks simple leave spent in Hongkong and the 1 to accept a professional position under the Gov¬ Philippine Islands. ernment of Java. Dr. Hamilton was formerly in Clarence J. Kanaga, First Lieutenant, U. S. A., the Government Health Service of the state of North Borneo and later in the Philippine Depart¬ and language officer assigned to Peiping, passed through Shanghai on the trip on the Yangtze ment of Public Instruction. He has been at the River to Chungking. Batavia Consulate General since July, 1927. His many friends throughout the Far East will wish Julean Arnold, the Commercial Attache at Pei¬ him every success in his new work. ping, returned to Shanghai from a trip to South China, which included a visit to Yunnanfu and Tonkin. The United States Court for China, including PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Judge Milton D. Purdy, District Attorney George In the lists of Changes of Duties and Stations Sellett and Marshal Thurston R. Porter, pro¬ of Officers of the United States Public Health ceeded to North China to hold court at Tientsin Service, received since the last issue of the and Harbin. JOURNAL, the following is the only change at a Consul Jay C. Huston, Vice Consul Robert P. station out of the United States: Joyce, and Clerk Juliette C. Willing, attended the Surgeon W. C. Teufel. Relieved from duty at burial ceremonies of Sun Yat-sen at Nanking. Berlin, Germany, and assigned to duty at Ellis Vice Consul A. M. Guptil, resigned, of the Island, N. Y., effective July 31. July 3, 1929. Nanking Consulate, passed through Shanghai en The following casualty was reported: Surgeon route to Tientsin, where he has accepted a posi¬ M. K. Gwyn died at Ellis Island, N. Y., June 14, tion on a newspaper. 1929. 272 John M. Cabot, of Massachusetts, now Vice Consul, FOREIGN SERVICE Callao-Lima, Peru, assigned Third Secretary of Lega¬ CHANGES tion, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Richard M. deLambert, of New Mexico, now Third Released for Publication June 22, 1929 Secretary, San Salvador, assigned to the Department. The following changes have occurred in the American William P. George, of Alabama, now Consul, Bel¬ Foreign Service since June 8: grade, assigned also as Third Secretary. Howard Bucknell, Jr., of Georgia, now Third Secre¬ Comer Howell, of Georgia, has resigned as Vice tary of Legation, Peking, designated Second Secretary. Consul. Thomas L. Daniels, ot Minnesota, now Second Secre¬ John E. Kehl, of Ohio, now Consul, Stuttgart, con¬ tary of Embassy, Rome, Italy, designated First Secre¬ firmed Consul General and assigned Consul General, tary. Hamburg, Germany. Urme Wilson, Jr., of New York, now Second Secre¬ George F. Kennan, of Wisconsin, now Vice Consul, tary of Embassy, Buenos Aires, Argentina, designated Tallinn, Estonia, confirmed Diplomatic Secretary and First Secretary. assigned Third Secretary, Riga, Latvia, being accredited The following officers have been promoted in the Un¬ also to Lithuania and Estonia. classified Grade from $2,500 to $2,750: Harry M. Lakin, of Pennsylvania, Consul now detailed Cloyce K. Huston, of Iowa, Vice Consul, Aden, to Montreal, assigned to the Department. Arabia. Frederick D. K. LeClercq, of South Carolina, now de¬ Albert W. Scott, of Missouri, Vice Consul, Basel. tailed to the Department, assigned as Second Secretary, Gienn A. Abbey, of Wisconsin, Vice Consul, San Salvador. Johannesburg. John F. Martin, of Florida, now First Secretary, La George M. Abbot, of Ohio, Vice Consul, Calcutta. Paz, Bolivia, assigned to the Department. Sydney H. Browne, Jr., of New Jersey, Vice Consul, Ferdinand L. Mayer, of Indiana, now Counselor of Antofagasta. Legation, Ottawa, assigned Counselor of Embassy, Lima, Vinton Chapin, of Massachusetts, Vice Consul, Prague. Peru. Paul C. Daniels, of New York, Vice Consul, Val¬ Hugh Millard, of Nebraska, now Second Secretary, paraiso. Tokyo, Japan, assigned Second Secretary, Teheran, Terry S. Hinkle, of New York, Vice Consul, Singa¬ Persia. pore. Charles A. Page, of Massachusetts, now Vice Consul, Bruce Lancaster, of Massachusetts, Vice Consul, Kobe. Habana, confirmed as Secretary in Diplomatic Service Charles A. Page, of Massachusetts, Third Secretary, and assigned Third Secretary, Habana. Habana. Kennett F. Potter, of Missouri, now Vice Consul, Alan S. Rogers, of California, Third Secretary, Kobe, Japan, confirmed as Secretary in Diplomatic Serv¬ Bangkok. ice and assigned Third Secretary, Tokyo. Thomas C. Wasson, of New Jersey, Vice Consul, Ernest B. Price, of New York, has resigned as Con¬ Melbourne. sul, Nanking, China. George H. Winters, of Kansas, Vice Consul, Mexico Alan S. Rogers, of California, now Vice Consul, Bom¬ City. bay, India, confirmed as Secretary in Diplomatic Service Gordon L. Burke, of Georgia, Language Officer, and assigned Third Secretary, Bangkok. Peking. Mannix Walker, of the District of Columbia, has The following officers have been promoted in the Un¬ resigned as Vice Consul. classified Grade from $2,750 to $3,000: William T. Turner, of Georgia, Vice Consul, Yoko¬ Non-Career Service hama. Raymond E. Ahearn, of Tennessee, now Vice Consul, Ellis A. Bonnet, of Texas, Vice Consul, Durango. Buenos Aires, appointed Vice Consul, Windsor, Ontario. Robert L. Buell, of New York, Third Secretary, Charles J. Brennan, of Massachusetts, now Clerk, London. Amoy, China, appointed Vice Consul there. William C. Vyse, of the District of Columbia, Vice Linton Crook, of Alabama, now Vice Consul, Milan, Consul, Habana. appointed Vice Consul, Lucerne, Switzerland. Julian F. Harrington, of Massachusetts, Vice Consul, Earl W. Eaton, of Texas, now Vice Consul, Ciudad Dublin. Obregon, Mexico, appointed Vice Consul, Guaymas, John H. Morgan, of Massachusetts, Vice Consul, Mexico. The office at Ciudad Obregon will be closed at Budapest. at early date. Prescott Childs, of Massachusetts, Vice Consul, St. Albion W. Johnson, of Texas, now Vice Consul, Michael’s. Valencia, Spain, appointed Vice Consul, St. Michael’s, Julius C. Holmes, of Kansas, Vice Consul, Smyrna. Azores. Miss Pattie H. Field, of Colorado, Vice Consul, Henry O. Ramsey, of South Dakota, now Vice Con¬ Amsterdam. sul, Belfast, Northern Ireland, appointed Vice Consul, John H. Lord, of Massachusetts, Vice Consul, London, Sheffield, England. Rufus H. Lane, Jr., of Virginia, Vice Consul, Donald E. T. Sherman, of Massachusetts, has resigned Progreso. as Vice Consul and will not proceed to Sheffield. Augustus S. Chase, of Connecticut, Vice Consul, Released for Publication June 29, 1929 Berlin. Walter A. Adams, of South Carolina, Consul now The following changes have occurred in the American detailed Hankow, assigned Consul, Nanking, China. Foreign Service since June 22: Joseph F. Burt, of Illinois, now Vice Consul, Rio de Alfred T. Burri, of New York, now Consul, Barran- Janeiro, Brazil, assigned Vice Consul, Buenos Aires, quilla, Colombia, assigned Consul, Amsterdam, Nether¬ Argentina. lands. 273 Selden Chapin, of Pennsylvania, now Third Secre¬ Dorsey G. Fisher, of Maryland, as Vice Consul, tary, Peking, China, assigned Third Secretary, Rome, Calcutta. Italy. William H. Hessler, of Ohio, as Vice Consul, Thomas L. Daniels, of Minnesota, now First Secre¬ Bombay. tary, Rome, Italy, assigned to the Department. William Karnes, of Illinois, as Vice Consul, San Howard Donovan, of Illinois, now Consul, Bahia, Luis Potosi. Brazil, assigned to the Department. Miss Nelle B. Stogsdall, of Indiana, as Vice Consul, John Sterett Gittings, of Maryland, now Third Secre¬ Beirut. tary, Prague, Czechoslovakia, assigned Third Secretary, Miss Margaret Warner, of Massachusetts, as Vice Helsingfors, Finland. Consul, Geneva. Barton Hall, of Missouri, now Second Secretary, Helsingfords, Finland, assigned Second Secretary, Raymond A. Hare, of Iowa, now Vice Consul, Con¬ Prague, Czechoslovakia. stantinople, assigned Vice Consul, Paris, France. Edward P. Lowry, of Illinois, now Third Secretary, George F. Kennan, of Wisconsin, now Third Secre¬ Mexico City, designated Second Secretary. tary, Riga, Latvia, assigned Vice Consul, Berlin, Paul Mayo, of Colorado, now Third Secretary, Germany. Brussels, Belgium, has resigned. W. Allen Rhode, of Maryland, has resigned as Vice John R. Putnam, of Oregon, now Consul, Amoy, Consul, Guayaquil, Ecuador. China, assigned Consul, Shanghai, China. Non-Career Service Carl O. Spamer, of Maryland, now Consul, Amster¬ dam, Netherlands, assigned Consul, Amoy, China. Raymond E. Ahearn, of Tennessee, has resigned as Stanley Woodward, of Pennsylvania, regularly Vice Consul, Windsor, Ontario. assigned Vice Consul, Geneva, Switzerland, and recently Francis B. Moriarty, of the District of Columbia, detailed to the Department, confirmed a Secretary in the now Vice Consul, Marseille, appointed Vice Consul, Diplomatic Service and assigned as Third Secretary, Messina, Italy. Brussels, Belgium. Non-Career Service FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOOL Paul H. Demille, of Texas, now Clerk in the Vice Consulate, Tirana, Albania, appointed Vice Consul there. From October 1, 1928, to June 30, 1929, five Stephen E. C. Kendrick, of Rhode Island, now Vice groups of newly appointed officers have been Consul, Toronto, Ontario, appointed Vice Consul, Mon¬ treal, Quebec. given a course of instruction in the Foreign Serv¬ Released for Publication July 6, 1929 ice School. The sixth group, which began its The following changes have occurred in the American instruction period on July 1, 1929, includes the Foreign Service since June 29: following officers: Stuart Allen, Claude A. Buss, Philander L. Cable, of Illinois, now First Secretary, Warren M. Chase, Albert E. Clattenburg, Sydney Berlin, Germany, assigned First Secretary, Brussels, Belgium. G. Gest, Robert G. McGregor, Jr.. John H. Ma- Robert O’D. Hinckley, of the District of Columbia, donne, R. Borden Reams, Alvin T. Rowe, Jr., has resigned as Third Secretary, Panama, Panama. Llewellyn E. Thompson, Henry S. Villard, Robert Charles W. Lewis, Jr., of Michigan, now detailed as S. Ward. Consul, Mexico City, assigned Consul, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. Messrs. Chase, Reams, Thompson and Villard Edward L. Reed, of Pennsylvania, now First Secre¬ were on duty in the Department for some time tary, Brussels, Belgium, assigned First Secretary, before being assigned to the school. Mr. Chase Habana, Cuba. was in the Division of Foreign Administration; Elliott Verne Richardson, Foreign Service Officer, re¬ Mr. Reams and Mr. Thompson were in the Pass¬ tired, died at Chelsea Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass. Alexander K. Sloan, of Pennsylvania, now Consul. port Division; and Mr. Villard was on duty in Budapest, Hungary, assigned Consul, Riga, Latvia. the Office of the Economic Adviser. The period of instruction will end about the Released for Publication July 13, 1929 middle of September, when the officers will leave for their first posts. The following changes have occurred in the Ameri¬ can Foreign Service since July 6: The following Foreign Service Officers detailed to the Department for instruction in the Foreign Service BIRTHS School have been assigned to the field: Hiram Bingham, Jr., of Connecticut, as Vice Consul, On April 16 a son, Richard Joseph, was born Kobe. to Mrs. Herbert A. Lowe, wife of Mr. Lowe, Charles E. Bohlen, of Massachusetts, as Vice Consul, Prague. clerk in the Consulate General. Daniel M. Braddock, of Michigan, as Vice Consul, Medan. A son, Henry Carter Pete Steger, was born on Norris B. Chipman, of the District of Columbia, as May 20, 1929, at Corinto, Nicaragua, to Consul Vice Consul, Tallinn, Estonia. and Mrs. Christian T. Steger. 274 NECROLOGY

The editors of THE JOURNAL regret to an¬ nounce the death at Battle Creek, Mich., on June 30, 1929, of Mr. John J. Eberhardt, brother of Mr. Charles C. Eberhardt, American Minister to Nicaragua. Minister Eberhardt was with his brother during his last illness, and returned to Salina, Kans., to attend the funeral. Mr. John Eberhardt was a generous and gifted gentleman, who held the high esteem of all who enjoyed his acquaintance. He loved little chil¬ dren and was greatly loved by them. For his Security (Steel) Storing-vans own children, and later for thousands of others, Mr. Eberhardt wrote poems of childhood and illus¬ In case of necessity you can use our trated them. These poems appeared in news¬ “lift” vans for storage purposes—in Washington, in Paris, or elsewhere, by papers and magazines throughout the United special arrangement. Not for long States and attracted such favorable attention that periods, except in our depository in some of them were subsequently collected and Washington, but for a few weeks or published under the title of “Lanes o’ Ladland,” months. a little book which achieved wide popularity. On behalf of Minister Eberhardt’s many friends in Our vans are available almost any¬ the Service, the editors of THE JOURNAL extend where in Europe or America. to him their profound sympathy in his great loss. INSURANCE Sincere sympathy is extended to Consul Law¬ Wherever you are rence S. Armstrong in the death of his father, The Special Government Service Hatley K. Armstrong, on July 12, 1929, at his policy will cover your household effects home at Penn Yan, N. Y., after a long illness. and personal baggage — wherever you Mr. Armstrong is survived by his widow, Mrs. may be, against the risks of fire, theft, Sarah Sheppard Armstrong, and his son, Consul transportation and navigation. Armstrong.

The Department announced on July IS, 1929, Special trip transit policies both for the death that day from yellow fever of Mr. marine or rail shipments. William T. Francis, Minister Resident and Consul General to Liberia. Mr. Francis was taken ill on June 16, but hopes for his recovery were enter¬ Write for any information on the sub¬ tained. ject of insurance, to the Insurance De¬ Mr. Francis was born in St. Paul, Minn., partment of the Security Storage Co. where for many years he was a prominent mem¬ ber of the bar. He was appointed Minister Resi¬ ^prurifg J&oragp (lorapang dent and Consul General to Liberia by President Coolidge on July 9, 1927. for 39 years providing SECURITY for house¬ Secretary Stimson sent the following telegram hold goods, valuables, works of art, etc., in to Mrs. Francis, who was with her husband in Monrovia, and in his public announcement added Storage, Shipping, Moving that the telegram represented the feelings of all 1140 Fifteenth Street who had opportunity to know about the splendid Washington, D. C. work which Mr. Francis was doing in Liberia: European Office: “My deepest sympathy goes out to you in your 31 Place du Marche St. Honore, Paris great sorrow. The tragic death of Mr. Francis deprives the United States of one of its most able C. A. ASPINWALL, President. and trusted public servants. His notable achieve- 275 ment in furthering relations between this country ANNUAL CONVENTION and Liberia will not be soon forgotten, and his loss will be most keenly felt by all who were PACIFIC FOREIGN associated with him in the Department and in the TRADE COUNCIL Foreign Service. Sincere sympathy is extended to Consul The seventh annual convention of the Pacific Howard Donovan in the death on June 25 of his Foreign Trade Council will be held at Seattle, wife, Ruth Sarah Curtiss, following an operation Wash., September 17-20, 1929, and there is every at Bahia. Mr. Donovan brought his wife’s body prospect that this convention will prove to be one to the United States for interment at New of the outstanding events of its kind ever held on Haven, Conn., and is now at Windsor, 111., visit¬ the Pacific Coast. ing Dr. J. H. Donovan. Only six years of age, the Pacific Foreign Trade Council, that as a federation of the foreign trade departments of the Chambers of Commerce of the COMMERCIAL WORK FOR Pacific Coast numbers among its members the foremost men of all commercial activities of the JUNE western states, is today the most potent factor in The volume of trade data received in the Com¬ the development of Pacific trade, both domestic mercial Office of the Department of State from and foreign. consular offices during the month of June, 1929, The number of Pacific Coast ports, actual and as compared with the corresponding month of the potential, is limited, yet those of the States of preceding year, is indicated as follows: California, Oregon and Washington alone are 1929 1928 said to carry 10, 13 and 15 percent of the entire Reports 1,636 1,765 country’s commercial industry. Trade Letters 4,436 4,518 The last five years show an approximate in¬ Trade Lists 235 643 World Trade Directory Reports 3,992 3,435 dustrial gain of 25 percent for the major ports of Trade Opportunity reports 377 419 the Pacific Slope, 33 percent of the United States’ The officers whose posts and names follow, pre¬ trade with the Far East having been said to pass pared reports received during June, 1929, which through the ports of the Pacific Coast. were accorded the rating of EXCELLENT : When it is estimated that at the present trend Bucharest, Consul J. Rives Childs (2 reports) ; the next 10 years will see an increase of Asia’s Buenos Aires, Consul General George S. Messer- trade with the Pacific seaboard of the United smith; Genoa, Vice Consul Julian C. Dorr; Hel¬ States to something like ten million tons per year, singfors, Vice Consul George L. Tolman; Loanda, some realization of the importance of the en¬ Vice Consul Arthur F. Tower; Milan, Consul deavors of the Pacific Foreign Trade Council may Hugh S. Miller; Paris, Consul H. Merle Coch¬ be realized. ran; Rio de Janeiro, Vice Consul Joseph F. Burt; Rotterdam, Vice Consul George Tait; Seville, Consul Richard Ford; Stavanger, Consul John OUR MERCHANT MARINE J. Meily. Mr. William M. Lytle, Acting Commissioner Trade letters (one letter from each post except of Navigation, delivered a radio talk in Wash¬ where indicated parenthetically) received during ington on May 25, 1929, on “Our Merchant the same period from the following named posts Marine,” from which the following extracts are were accorded the rating of EXCELLENT: Agua taken: Prieta, Amsterdam, Athens (2), Bahia, Basel, There must be some central control of the ship¬ Batavia (3), Belfast, Berlin, Bordeaux, Bradford, ping activities of a nation, some court of last Bremen, Brussels (2), Bucharest (2), Calcutta, resort, and this authority the Congress of the Canton (2), Cardiff, Cologne, Constantinople, United States has delegated to the Bureau of Frankfort on the Main, Genoa, Hankow, Kovno, Navigation of the Department of Commerce. London, England, Malmo (2), Marseille, Milan, The Bureau of Navigation directs the enforce¬ Nantes, Naples, Paris, Porto Alegre, Rio de ment of the laws governing the movements of Janeiro, Rome (2), Rotterdam (4), Sao Paulo the merchant navies of the whole world while (3), Shanghai, Sheffield, Singapore (2), Sura¬ they are in the ports and waters of the United baya (3), Sofia, Stuttgart, Trieste (2), Zurich States. No vessel in foreign trade is permitted, (3). under heavy penalty, to depart from a port in 276 the United States without first obtaining the con¬ The wise provision of law which confines the sent of an officer of this bureau. coasting trade to American-built vessels has been In enforcing the laws that come within its so beneficial that this trade is now by far the jurisdiction, the Bureau of Navigation employs largest of its kind in the world. In 1928, 58 per¬ the services of the customs officers at all of the cent of our tonnage was engaged in the coasting ports, the United States shipping commissioners, trade, 41 percent in the foreign trade and 1 per¬ the navigation inspectors, and a small fleet of cent in the fisheries. patrol boats. It is ably assisted also by the Coast You may ask, if so small a percentage of our Guard of the Treasury Department. exports and imports are carried in American Shipping commissioners are stationed at the vessels, whether anything has been done to in¬ principal ports on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific crease our tonnage in the foreign trade. Many coasts. They are the officers of the Bureau of remedies have been tried and some have proved Navigation who primarily look after the inter¬ of value at least for a time, but in the end the ests of the American seamen. vessels drift back to what is considered the more Every American vessel in foreign trade, with a lucrative trade. few exceptions, must sign her crew before one of Many people wonder why the United States, these officers and, on returning from a foreign which leads the world in so many activities, cruise, must pay off the crew in a similar manner. should be something of a laggard in shipping This requirement assures just treatment to every member of the crew and at the same time pro¬ tects the interests of the owners of the vessel. The very efficient Consular Service performs similar duties for a merchant vessel and her sea¬ Banking Service men in foreign ports. If a seaman becomes ill or is injured in line of duty, while his vessel is To Foreign Service Officers in foreign waters, the American Consul at the port provides him with necessary care and when CSV. he has recovered, sees that he is returned to the United States. The shipping business naturally divides into With over thirty-eight years the foreign trade, the coasting trade, and the experience in banking and trust fisheries. business, we offer every financial The foreign trade is the shipping business usu¬ facility to those in the Foreign ally referred to in the debates in Congress. Any Service. vessel flying the flag of a country with which the United States has a commercial treaty may en¬ A banking connection in Wash¬ gage in trade on the same basis as an American vessel not only between ports in the United States ington with this Institution will and foreign ports, but also with the Philippine be a source of satisfaction while Islands, the Virgin Islands, and the Canal Zone. on duty at a foreign post. When such vessel passes through the Panama Canal or enters our ports, she pays precisely the same tolls and the same tonnage tax as an Ameri¬ can vessel under similar conditions. Great Britain leads the world in foreign trade. Less AMERICAN SECURITY than 34 percent in value of our exports and im¬ / o AND TRUST, COMPANY j. j| ports was carried in American bottoms in 1928, and only 21 percent of the tonnage used in this 15th and Penna. Ave. transportation was American. Four Branches The coasting trade is another story. This is the trade between different ports in the United Capital, $3,400,000 States and with Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii. Surplus, $3,400,000 It is restricted by statute to vessels built in and WASHINGTON’S LARGEST documented under the laws of the United States TRUST COMPANY and to certain other vessels to which the privilege has been specifically extended by act of Congress. 277 iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiimimiiimiiiiiiitiiiimiiiiiiiiiitiHiiiii’ matters. This subject has been discussed from almost every forum throughout the country, and the consensus of opinion seems to be that con¬ struction and operating costs present the most difficult problem. It has also been observed by men who have studied the problem with care that STEEL the American people, as a nation, are not so vitally interested in some features of the shipping busi¬ ness as are the people of those countries where Rolled and Heavy Forged Products nearly all food products must be obtained from RAILS, SHAPES, “CARNEGIE” BEAMS, PLATES abroad. This seeming indifference has been aptly CAR WHEELS AND AXLES expressed by saying that the American people are not yet “merchant-marine minded.” This may Wire and Wire Products be influenced by greater opportunities which have of Steel or Copper been presented in other lines of endeavor.

WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, NAILS, STAPLES, SPRINGS, It is often said that our navigation laws are WIRE ROPE, FENCING, ELECTRICAL WIRE AND CABLES antiquated and should be revised. Some of these laws were passed in Washington’s first adminis¬ Tubular Products tration and may need modification to meet modern “NATIONAL” WELDED AND “NATIONAL SHELBY” SEAM¬ requirements, but on the whole they are basically LESS PIPE, STANDARD PIPE, OIL COUNTRY GOODS, sound. BOILER TUBES, CYLINDERS Distressing accidents have occurred, but they are becoming less frequent as improved methods Sheet Steel Products are adopted and enforced for attaining the maxi¬ BLACK AND GALVANIZED SHEETS, TIN AND TERNE mum of safety for the lives of persons carried PLATE FOR ALL KNOWN USES on our vessels. Congress in the closing hours of the last session passed a load-line bill which is Fabricated Steel Structures designed to prevent vessels in foreign trade from BRIDGES, BUILDINGS, TOWERS, TURNTABLES, WELDED carrying more cargo and passengers than safety OR RIVETED PLATEWORK, BARGES, TANKS permits, and there is now in session in London a safety of life at sea convention, with delegates Trackwork and “Specialties” from all the maritime countries, whose recom¬ "LORAIN” FROGS, SWITCHES, CROSSINGS, STEEL CAST¬ mendations when adopted, should go far toward INGS, AND INDUSTRIAL CARS; PIG IRON, COAL, COKE removing any sources of danger that may yet remain. The United States is a peace-loving country BRANCH OFFICES, REPRESENTATIVES. WAREHOUSES IN THIRTY CITIES, ABROAD AND ON and yet we have fought five major wars to uphold THE PACIFIC COAST our national honor and to preserve democracy. In all of these wars our merchant marine has been the right arm of the Navy. It is to be hoped that it will not be needed for other than com¬ mercial purposes in future but, should the emer¬ United States Steel gency arise, it will do its duty. It behooves us then, to keep our shipyards going and to do every¬ thing within reason to strengthen our merchant Products Company marine.

C A D R e 30 CHURCH STREET 4?!§L >SA KE P NEW YORK Expert Distributors of the Products of CONSTANTINE M. CORAFA

Carnegie Steel Company, The Lorain Steel Company, National (Died February 20, 1929) Tube Company, Illinois Steel Company, American Bridge Corafa is dead. The Acropolis is still there, Company, American Steel & Wire Company, American and so are the Caryatides, and the temple of Sheet & Tin Plate Company, Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company Theseus, but Corafa is gone, forever and a day. He was one of the institutions of Athens, of so long duration and such unquenchable vigor and

iiiimimiiHiiitiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimMiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir untamed spirit that his death comes with the shock 278 of improbability to those that knew him. He did “It's done, Sir. Here is that report.” I took it not die a natural death. An automobile, that ex¬ and read. ponent of modernity and cynical jugernaut of an¬ “Wire Fencing in Greece. cient traditions, crushed the life from him. Athens Wire fencing does not prevail in Greece, the only kind being : 1—The man. 2—The dog. will not be the same without him. 3—The gun. He was one of the last of the disappearing The farmer wanders over his field with a dog tribe of native Vice-Consuls General, and Vice and gun. and Deputy-Consuls who used to take half of the “(Signed) CONSTANTINE M. CORAFA, chief’s salary when he was on leave. I appointed “Vice and Deputy Consul General.” him. He succeeded Apollo Abbatis who was so His chef d’oeuvre, a story that would have im¬ like him that for years I used to call him Abatti, mortalized him could it have been faithfully set in moments of abstraction. down, was an account of his wanderings, chiefly Corafa was an extraordinary and peculiar char¬ in the mountains of Greece with an American acter. He combined with great secret pride of girl in search of a fugitive Greek husband, who birth a fiery and easily aroused temper, and the was finally captured, quite by chance in the Square ability to fight his weight in wild-cats at the drop of the Constitution, Athens. I have had him of the hat, with probable discomfiture for the repeat it to me several times, and have tried to set wild cats. He never cringed to higher author¬ it down, but the phraseology was so elusive, that ities, and considered an American Vice-Consul as I was unable to record it. I long cherished a the superior of Prime Ministers and Presidents of secret scheme of concealing a receiver in a room little republics. and catching the tale for a phonograph record, but His mentality and his manner of using English it is now eternally too late, for the Great Silence were so strange that it was necessary to know him has swallowed up Corafa. Perhaps Consul Er¬ well to get at his meaning. When his wife died, hardt can repeat the tale. He was obliged to hear many prominent representatives of the Consulate it in two installments, as his ribs became so sore and the Legation attended the funeral. As the from laughing when Corafa was half through, mournful cortege moved away from the door of that he asked the narrator to desist and finish in his home, he turned to Mr. Erhardt and whis¬ a second dose. pered : “This is the proudest moment of my life.” When he was first appointed “Vice and Deputy- At one time I had in my employ a mischievous Consul General” under my regime he was vastly boy by the name of George. One day I heard occupied as to what sort of an official card he an explosion in Corafa’s office, which was next to should order, and finally settled on: mine. A chair tipped over with a crash, and the “Constantine M. Corafa, Vice-Consul General of the United States of lid of a desk was explosively slammed down, ac¬ North America, companied by a sulphurous and murderous out¬ Deputy.” burst of wrath. Corafa broke into my room, He worked wonders with this pasteboard for waving a sheet of paper, and exclaiming: “Mr. some months, as Deputies, or Senators, are greatly Horton, who wrote this ? One of my ancestors feared and respected in Greece; but he was finally was General Corafa, who took a city in Italy, obliged to suppress it. burned it to the ground and massacred every man, He was a devoted father and brought up his woman and child in it!” George had laid some two beautiful daughters and his son, Mark, with work on his desk with a sheet of paper bearing a stern hand. He married his daughters well and the legend, “For Mr. Corofallapoulos.” gave each of them a small house. The last I I shall never forget the report which he wrote heard of Mark he was occupying an important for me, years ago, on the subject of “Wire Fenc¬ position and doing credit to the great name of ing in Greece.” A circular had come into the Corafa. office, demanding this report, and I had assigned He was one of the fiercest American patriots the task to Corafa. He was busy on it for a that I have ever known, and I hope that they laid month, or more, during which time he would jerk the flag over his casket. His mentality was not back his chair half a dozen times a day and dash modern. Perhaps he was an ancient Greek. At out of the office, or come rushing in, to sit down any rate, he is now one with Pericles, Xenophon, at his desk and work feverishly. Whenever I and Diogenes, and the years, like summer clouds, asked him to do anything for me, he would reply, forever changing and the same for aye, are drift¬ tearing his hair: “But my God, Mr. Horton! I’m ing over the Eternal City, where they all lie sleep¬ working on this report on wire fencing.” At long ing. Farewell, Corafa, to the ages of ages! length he came to my desk, with a paper, saying: GEORGE HORTON. 279 “The game was a pitcher’s duel between Ben- ninghoff and Secretary Kawamura, and the for¬ FOR MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS mer had the better of the argument. Photographers to the “The American squad was made up as follows: Diplomatic Corps and the First Lieut. John Weckerling, attache, catcher; Consular Service Monroe Hall, attache for language study, first base; Lieut. Kenneth Ringle, attache, third base; Lieut. Ethelbert Watts, attache, left field; Lieut. HARRIS & EWING Col. Charles Burnett, military attache, second THE HOME OF base; H. M. Benninghoff, attache for language “NATIONAL NOTABLES” study, pitcher; G. E. Aurell, vice consul, Yoko¬ 1313 F Street N. W. WASHINGTON. D. C. hama, short stop; Lieut. A. H. McCollum, Phone Main 8700 assistant naval attache, right field; and Paul Stein- dorf, Trade Commissioner, center field.”

Score by innings: DIPLOMATIC BALL GAME Foreign Office 2 0 0 0 0 0 1—3 AT TOKYO U. S. Embassy 3 0 1 0 1 0 0—5 Foreign Office AB. R. H. PO. A. E. The following account, written by N. A. Hayashi, c 3 1 1 11 0 0 Nakano, appeared in The Japan Times of June 10: Machida, ss 2 0 0 0 0 1 “In a hilarious baseball game, which might with Suga, lb 3 1 1 4 0 1 justice be called the ‘Battle of Knickers,’ the Kawamura, p 2 1 1 0 1 1 Fujii, cf 2 0 0 1 0 0 American Embassy Plus Fours handed out a 5-3 Kubota, cf 1 0 0 0 0 0 defeat to the Foreign Office Force in the first in¬ Ohashi, 2b 1 0 0 0 0 0 ternational match of the kind at the Meiji Shrine Morita, 2b 1 0 0 1 2 0 Grounds yesterday. The winning team, led by Saito, 3b 1 0 0 0 0 0 Sato, 3b 1 0 0 1 1 3 Lieut. Col. Charles Burnett, Military Attache, Hotta, rf 1 0 0 0 0 0 who, by the way, was the liveliest player on the Taurumi, rf ... . 1 0 0 0 0 0 field despite his age, were presented with souvenir Sawada, If 2 0 1 0 0 0 medals from the Foreign Office. After the con¬ clusion of the amusing, but nevertheless tense Total 21 3 4 18 4 6 affray, both teams paid tribute to each other with U. S. Embassy AB. R. H. PO. A. E. lusty ‘Rah-rah-rah’ and ‘Banzai.’ Ringle, 3b 3 1 0 1 2 1 “One of the most amusing features of the game Benninghoff, p 4 0 0 0 2 0 Aurell, ss 3 1 0 1 1 0 was the motley manner in which the players were Steindorf, cf ... . 3 2 1 1 0 0 dressed for the occasion. Colonel Burnett cavorted Weckerling, c 4 1 1 8 2 0 around second base in grey knickers, white shirt Hall, lb 2 0 1 8 0 0 and grey cap. Mr. Saito, Chief of the Intelligence Burnett, 2b 2 0 0 2 2 0 Watts, If 3 0 0 0 0 1 Bureau, was in white knickers, white shirt with a McCoilum, rf 2 0 2 0 0 0 bow tie and a panama hat; Mr. Chashi, Chief of the Commercial Bureau, played second in grey Total 24 5 5 21 9 2 plus fours and a somewhat dilapidated hat, his Summaries : Home runs—Suga. Two-base bits— tooth-brush moustache being a very significant Weckerling, Hayashi, Kawamura. Double play—Bur¬ part of his makeup; Mr. Sawada, Chief of the nett and Hall. Struck out—By Kawamura, 11; Ben¬ Telegraph Section, was dressed to kill, he having ninghoff, 8. Bases on balls—Off Kawamura, 5; Ben¬ a pongee shirt, necktie, plus fours with a pair ninghoff, 2. Wild pitches, Kawamura, 1; Benninghoff, 2. Time of game—2 hours. Umpire—Dr. Hugh of socks to match. Keenlyside, Charge d’Affaires, Canadian Legation. “The Foreign Office infield was on the whole dressed like a ball team, but the Embassy had Other members of the team who did not play only one player in uniform. All others were in were: Charge d’Affaires E. L. Neville; Consul knickers or trousers. The elongated Mr. Aurell Leo D. Sturgeon; Hugh Millard, Second Secre¬ was the only distinguished ball player on the team, tary; Eugene H. Dooman, First Secretary; Capt. as far as his somewhat clean uniform was con¬ Allender Swift, attache; and Vice Consul W. T. cerned. Turner, Yokohama. 280 tion. They handle only major problems and work in THE MACHINERY OF cooperation with the division chiefs and the secretary FOREIGN AFFAIRS himself. (Continued from page 256) The Undersecretary of State is the principal assistant of the secretary and in his absence from Washington be¬ of work which had not even the remotest connection comes acting secretary. The assistant secretaries are all with foreign affairs specialists in different phases of international relations Today the Department is shorn of most of these do¬ and divide the bureaus of the Department between them. mestic duties. And although it is still the keeper of the Great Seal of the United States, and although it still LOSING LIKE A DIPLOMAT issues presidential proclamations, its one chief function In an organization as complex as the Department of —and a most absorbing one—is to direct the foreign State some central agency is necessary to coordinate all affairs of the United States. the work of the various divisions and to check against The routine of keeping in touch with the affairs of duplication. This is done by what we call the Office of the United States throughout the world is now handled by Coordination and Review, which was established during what we call the Geographic Divisions. the war, when the daily correspondence of the Depart¬ The evolution of these divisions has been gradual. ment suddenly jumped from about 75 letters a day to Just as the physical plant of the State Department has 1,000. It might be noted here that the State Department’s been housed in New York, in Philadelphia, in Trenton average daily correspondence is now about 3,400 letters, during the yellow-fever epidemic, in the Washington Or¬ illustrating the increasing interest the American public is phan Asylum, and in various other parts of Washington taking in the outside world and our relations with it. until finally a permanent building was erected for it, so The Office of Coordination and Review is the funnel we have built up the system of geographic divisions through which all communications between the Depart¬ through change and experimentation. John Forsyth, Sec¬ ment and its ministers, Consuls and ambassadors pass. retary of State under President Van Buren, in 1834 first There it is checked and carbon copies are sent to offi¬ inaugurated subdivisions in the State Department. He cials who need to know what instructions have been sent established a Diplomatic Bureau, a Consular Bureau and to various parts of the field. Perhaps most important of a Home Bureau, the latter having charge of copyrights, all, this office keeps a book of diplomatic precedent in the seal, and the registration of seamen. Daniel Web¬ which are tabulated all of the policies of the United ster organized the Statistical Office, which later became States. If some officer of the Department sends out an the office of Economic Adviser. Various other bureaus instruction which is out of harmony with previous policy, were subsequently established as the Department grew— it is the duty of C. R., as this office is called, to catch those of Archives, the Solicitor, Passport Control, and the break and send the dispatch back for correction. Foreign Service Administration. But for practically the entire century of isolation which followed the War of 1812 the State Department remained a very small organ¬ ization under the personal and intimate direction of its secretary. A $900-A-YEAR MAN Hotel Hifayette This period came to an abrupt end shortly after the Spanish-American War, from which the United States emerged a world power with new international commit¬ Corner 16th and Eye Streets, N. W. ments and increased responsibilities. It was during this period, when the attention of the United States was focused, through its newly acquired Philippines, upon the Orient, that the first geographic division was established. It was called the Division of Far Eastern Affairs and its chief was paid a salary of $900 a year. The division was charged with watching the interests of the United States in China, Japan, Korea, the Straits Settlements, Borneo, the East Indies, India, and, in general, the Far East. There was established shortly thereafter the Division of Western European Affairs, the Division of Near East¬ ern Affairs, the Division of Latin-American Affairs, the Division of Eastern European Affairs, and of Mexican Affairs. Each of these divisions is under the direction of an expert who has spent several years in the par¬ Only three minutes from the State, War ticular area which his division studies and has under him and Navy Departments, the White a corps of men who have also lived there. Each man is assigned a group of countries, and he must be so familiar House, and all Clubs, and is the with them that at a moment’s notice he can answer a center of all that is worth summons from the Secretary of State and reply to any while minute and detailed question, from the status of the petroleum nationalization bill in the Argentine Senate to SPECIAL RATES the claims of Great Britain in the Antarctic. TO THE DIPLOMATIC AND The undersecretary and assistant secretaries, of course, are the most important officers in the Department and CONSULAR SERVICE correspond to the vice presidents of any large corpora¬

281 There is one office in the Department of State which probably is unique among the foreign offices of the world. STANDARD OIL CO. OF NEW YORK This is the press-liaison bureau, which goes under the name of Division of Current Information. The State 26 Broadway New York Department takes the position that representatives of the press have access to this division day or night, and many times the Secretary of State is called out of bed by some urgent newspaper query which has been passed on to him by the chief of the division. Probably few other branches of the Government exercise more scrupulous care over the type of publicity that affects the subject it is handling. This is because the Department of State recognizes that it has one compelling duty which out¬ weighs all others—to keep the peace and maintain friendly relations between nations. And it is further recognized that if the press is indifferent or hostile to what the Department is attempting to accomplish, the best-laid plans, the diplomacy of genius, are of no value. In the old days diplomacy alone and unaided could prevail, because the only objective was to win the esteem, The Mark of Quality friendship and approval of the sovereign of a foreign power. Often the best equipment for a diplomat was a profound knowledge of the equivalent, at that time, of bridge and poker and the ability to lose gracefully to the sovereign. In modern states, however, the whole people must be satisfied, which means that diplomacy and the press are Socony inextricably mingled and that agreements which meet the approval of the heads of the states must not only be ap¬ proved formally by the ratifying body, as in the United States, but must be approved also informally by the edi¬ torial comment from 48 states. To this end the Division of Current Information acts Products as liaison between the Secretary of State and the press. Five times a week the secretary meets the correspondents and discusses with them, where the situation permits, pending questions throughout the entire globe. However, Illuminating Oils between these five conferences there are several hundred questions a day which must be answered and it is the Lubricating Oils and Greases duty of C. I. to answer them. Perhaps the most interesting and important phase of the division’s work is what is known as giving “back¬ Gasoline and Motor Spirits ground.” Assume a case where a correspondent of one of the press agencies has received a telegram reading: “Beirut. A refugee has just arrived from Damascus Fuel Oil who reports that yesterday the French bombarded a sec¬ tion of the city and drove out an attacking party of Asphaltums, Binders and Druses.” BRINGING BACKGROUND TO THE FORE Road Oils That correspondent must thereupon write an immediate story with a Washington date line; he must tell about the Paraffine Wax and Candles history which led up to this fighting; he must state whether American lives and property are involved; he must find out, if he can, whether this Government has any Lamps, Stoves and Heaters attitude to express regarding the event. So he hastens to C. I. In many cases the division is able to answer his ques¬ tions immediately, since it is constantly in touch with all Branch Offices in the Principal Cities of that is going on in the Department. If it can not it calls upon a Near Eastern expert, a man who has lived in Japan Philippine Islands Turkey Syria and can tell the correspondent in the fullest detail China Straits Settlements Syria of the mandate problems, of the French policy under the Indo-China Netherlands India Bulgaria mandates, of the mandates treaties of the United States, Siam South Africa Greece of the American schools and businesses in Damascus, and who can so visualize the scene that the correspondent is India Australasia Jugoslavia able to describe it as if he himself had just escaped in his shirt from the scene of battle. And so the business of supplying background proceeds. 282 This is one of the most useful things the division does of Occupation in Germany. He also assists in the fund¬ or could do for the press and for the reading public, in ing of Allied war debts, and perhaps most important of that it tends to make foreign affairs, about which, in all, his office is the agency in the Department of State general, little is known, intelligible to the reader. It which advises with bankers regarding foreign loans. makes it possible to read, with interest, what is going on There are 31 various divisions and bureaus in the De¬ in the world without having the wide knowledge which partment of State. Space prevents any detailed descrip¬ is necessary to fill in the gaps left in the cable messages tion of them all. Many of them bear rather ponderous because of the expense of cable tolls. and high-sounding names, and do not appear to merit Two of the decidedly most important cogs in the ma¬ description, yet they are all rather interesting cogs in the chinery of the Department of State are the Solicitor and machinery which conducts our foreign relations. Take, the Economic Adviser. The Solicitor’s office is the law for instance, the office of the Chief Clerk. It does not office of the State Department. Probably there are few sound very romantic. Yet the Great Seal of the United law offices in the United States handling such a volume States, which reposes under lock and key in the Chief and variety of general legal questions. Among the rou¬ Clerk’s office, is one of the most fascinating things in tine cases which face the Solicitor's office every day, for the Department. The United States existed without a instance, are the claims of American citizens against seal of any kind for six years and until Silas Deane, foreign governments, disputes over immigration, extradi¬ one of the commissioners to France, complained that tion, the freedom of the seas and the boundaries of the France would not recognize his communications as official United States. In this modern day and age of radio and because they lacked the golden seal and red ribbon which prohibition the Solicitor also handles the problem of adorned all European governmental documents. The smuggling activities along the Canadian and Mexican Great Seal was finally adopted in 1782, after a commit¬ borders, the legality of seizing ruin runners near Ameri¬ tee of Congress had given it nearly as much discussion can waters, and the distribution of radio wave lengths as the Constitution of the United States received. between Canada and the United States. Then there is the Passport Division, which has become Probably more different subjects affecting our foreign one of the most efficient governmental organizations in relations are routed through the Solicitor’s office than Washington. The conception of the average citizen that through any other in the Department, unless it be that of a passport is a formidable document tied up in yards and the Economic Adviser. All economic matters are re¬ yards of red tape, and that it takes a week or two to ferred to him. He prepares the instructions to the Ameri¬ receive one, has now become entirely untrue. Practically can observers with the Reparations Commission. He all passport applications are now acted upon in one day handles questions relating to the Dawes Plan and the and the passport is mailed out on the afternoon of the share of the Dawes Plan payments which come to the day the application is received. 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284 Passports should not be confused with the visas issued to immigrants wishing to enter the United States. These are handled by the Visa Office, and in its correspondence a dozen tragedies and romances come to light every day. THE LANGDON It is the duty of this office to keep check on the immi¬ gration quotas from every country the world over. Some 2 East 56th (Cor. 5th Ave.) of these countries have so large a number of people NEW YORK CITY desiring to enter the United States that their quotas are full as much as 13 years in advance. On the other hand, such countries as Borneo, Liberia, Monaco, Nepal and Bhutan seldom send us any immigrants, although each is A quiet, exclusive hotel in New York’s allowed 100 entries per year. We have now perfected most interesting section. the system of regulating immigration visas through our THREE BLOCKS FROM CENTRAL PARK Consular offices abroad, so that practically no immigrants who arrive in the United States have to turn back. Rooms (with bath) single $4.00 Rooms (with bath) double 5.00 NOTES FROM GEORGE WASHINGTON Suites (with bath and salon) .... 10.00 In the Division of Publications is buried a wealth of fascination and romance. In its files are the old notes to diplomats written longhand by George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Equally interesting is the original EXCEPTIONAL RESTAURANT of the first treaty the United States ever signed—a parch¬ ment bearing the signature of “the most Christian King,’’ Louis XVI of France. The first treaties signed with Personal direction of Turkey are written on silk and bear wax seals as big as a large box of cheese. These treaties have recently been MR. EDMUND H. CHATILLON transferred to the archives of the Treaty Division. One of the newer bureaus in the Department of State is the Foreign Service Personnel Board, which requires Telephone: Cable: some detailed explanation because it is the pivot around Plaza 7100 Langdon, New York which the new career service, created under the Rogers PATRONIZED BY MEMBERS OF THE Act, functions. This office is the planning board of the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE Foreign Service. Its duty is to keep in intimate contact with every officer in all of the 51 diplomatic posts and 373 consulates, to watch their work and their develop¬ ment, to plan their promotion and assignments to new keeps check on the length of the lease on every man’s house. posts, and, perhaps, above all to maintain the morale of the service. Another factor in making transfers is the rounding out of a man’s training. For instance, it is considered The problem of morale is important and peculiar to wise to transfer a man from a tropical, isolated post such the Department of State. The Department of War, for as Port au Prince, Haiti, to Paris, because here he would instance, has little trouble in maintaining morale among get a complete change to a temperate climate and a busy, its men and officers, because large groups of them are central post. Moreover, the French he acquired at Port stationed at one post. But when one man is stationed au Prince would be useful in Paris and would be further alone at Kalgan, China, on the edge of the Gobi Desert, developed. or at Nairobi, which is just under the equator in Africa, Another transfer which is frequently made is that of or in any other of a hundred isolated posts, then the a man from the Far East to London. This is useful to problem of morale becomes a very real one. For this him and to us because Great Britain’s economic and reason the principal interest of this office is in the in¬ political stake in the Orient is so great that the embassy tellectual development, contentment and physical well¬ in London must frequently discuss these problems with being of the individuals of the Foreign Service. the Foreign Office. Consequently we always make it a In assigning an officer to a post the needs of the serv¬ point to have one man in the London Embassy with a ice always come first. If a certain man is required at a background of Oriental affairs. certain post, he is sent there. But nearly always it is In case a man had served in some Balkan country, possible, by careful planning ahead, to send a man where such as Albania, we should probably transfer him to lie is best suited and will develop, and at the same time some adjacent country, such as Bulgaria, with the idea where the Department needs him most. that more time in another corner of the Balkans would really give him a sound understanding of that rather No ROUND PEGS IN SQUARE HOLES intricate and important part of the world. In Bulgaria, also, he could learn a language which, though not akin to This naturally requires planning. And that is one Albania, is extremely useful in that area. reason this office keeps a record of some of the most While a man is at his post the Personnel Office keeps intimate details of an officer’s life. This office knows, in touch with him first by direct correspondence and for instance, what languages a man speaks and what his second by inspectors. The old days of consular and health is. It knows how many children he has, how old diplomatic inspectors who examined only the filing sys¬ they are and whether they need to be in a country where tems and the accounts of each foreign post are now gone. they can be educated. And since it is rather disturbing The inspector’s job today is concentrated on personnel to be suddenly transferred from Brussels to Rio de rather than on office routine. He reports on every man Janeiro, with a year’s unexpired lease, this office even in the service—on his standing in the community, on his 285 character, on his work, on his administrative qualities, on Negotiations are now in progress to revise these and the promptness of his correspondence and on his alert¬ bring them up to date. Our Consular conventions are ness. Another of his important duties is to listen to almost equally antiquated. Three of them were concluded grievances. If a young officer who has been marooned in before 1850 and 1860, while seven predate 1910. a remote post for two years suddenly flares up and tells One of our most important programs at present, there¬ the inspector what he thinks of the Foreign Service, it fore, has been the revision of these treaties. However, is the inspector’s business to hear it all and straighten when Secretary Kellogg came into office he found that things out. Or if he finds a man who knows Arabic and treaties were being negotiated all over the building— is interested in Mohammedans wasting his time in Aus¬ in the Western European Division, the Visa Office, in tralia, the inspector sees that a shift is made. Most im¬ the Latin-American Division and in the Solicitor’s office portant of all, therefore, the inspector is a morale officer. —and that, therefore, when he wanted information as to A part of his work, however, is to check on the offices the number of treaties we had in effect with all coun¬ of each post. As a result, every consular post from tries, it was difficult to get it. Accordingly he established Kobe to Karachi has the same filing system, the same the Treaty Division to handle all treaty negotiations. system of handling mail and the same system of keeping accounts, so that a man can be transferred from Anto¬ One of the most important duties which the Treaty fagasta to . Auckland and know where to find a certain Division has carried on under the Secretary of State is document without loss of time. the negotiation of new arbitration pacts to replace the The newest cog in the machinery of managing our for¬ somewhat outworn arbitration treaties of 1908. Already eign relations is the Treaty Division. This country now we have proposed 33 arbitration treaties to foreign coun¬ has some 700 treaties in effect with foreign countries. tries, together with 22 conciliation pacts. Nineteen of That in itself is an indication of the increasingly impor¬ the former have been signed, and 13 of the conciliation tant part we are playing in international affairs. Although treaties. At the Pan-American Arbitration Conference 85 of these are commercial treaties, the State Depart¬ which was held in Washington last winter, the United ment found some time ago that most of them had be¬ States joined with 19 other American nations in signing come antiquated. Of our general commercial treaties, the most advanced mutilateral treaty for arbitration that 20 were concluded prior to 1885 and 7 prior to 1850. has ever been concluded.

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287 KEEPING US OUT OF WAR LETTERS The negotiation of arbitration and conciliation treaties Secretary Kellogg considers to have been one of the out¬ (This column wiU be devoted each month to the publication, in whole or in part, of letters to the Editor from members of standing works of the Department of State during his the Association on topics of general interest which are not of a administration. From the first instance in which the tendentious nature. Such letters are to be regarded as express¬ United States employed arbitration—in the Canadian ing merely the personal opinion of the writers and not neces¬ boundary dispute of 1797—this Government has partici¬ sarily the views of the JOURNAL or of the Association.) pated in nearly 100 arbitration cases. More than 100 WASHINGTON, D. C., July 8, 1929. treaties for arbitration or for the advancement of peace have been concluded with foreign countries. THE EDITOR, AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: The conduct of the foreign affairs of the United SIR : If a detached and impartial observer were to States in time of war is a special duty of the Department analyze for purposes of classification the very consider¬ of State many times fraught with difficulties. But the able amount of discussion that has taken place in recent conduct of the foreign affairs of the United States in years concerning the need of reforming the Foreign times of peace is even more important. For while the Service, he might well note with interest the very limited final action in declaring war rests with Congress, the field in which it has been proposed to carry out the re¬ Department of State, in the last analysis, may by its pre¬ form. If this observer were of an idealistic turn of liminary steps create a situation in which war is unavoid¬ mind, he might even be inclined to refuse to describe as able. Almost every day the Department is confronted a reform of public significance a movement so exclu¬ with some disturbing situation, such as legislation by for¬ sively concerned with administrative machinery and its eign countries or private or official acts which tend to possible modification for the avowed benefit of Foreign injure American interests abroad. These situations con¬ Service Officers themselves. Doubtless to the public at tain an element of danger to the friendly relations be¬ large much that has been said and done by Foreign tween the United States and the nation in question. Service Officers in the past few years in the matter of The adjustment of hundreds of such cases constitutes reforming the Service appears both selfish and trivial. the principal work of the Department of State and, in The public may therefore be pardoned for asking with the majority of instances, settlements are easily reached some insistence “Where do we come in?” Might not an by friendly, frank discussions carried on through the attempt to face this question squarely and to furnish an ordinary channels of diplomacy. This regular, patient answer be made the point of departure for a sounder and policy, carried on day by day, is perhaps the greatest more radical plan for reforming the Foreign Service: single contribution of the Department of State to the sounder because the interest of the public would come cause of peace. first and more radical because any answer to the ques-

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tion would involve a careful examination of the purpose of the American Foreign Service at the present time and of our existing methods of work with a view to de¬ termining whether or not they are suited to modern con¬ ditions? May we not go a step further and say that the Foreign Service is now confronted with an alterna¬ tive: (1) to follow the relatively easy path of changing the administration of the Foreign Service, by legislation or by other means, in which case, human nature being what it is, we shall in all probability simply exchange In Office, Factory and one group of reasons for personal dissatisfaction for another group, or (2) to broaden the scope of our re¬ School form movement so as to concentrate our thoughts upon improving the quality of the work of the Service and In the commercial centers—in the of individual Foreign Service Officers? In other words, cities and far-off corners of the earth—in when thinking of the reforming of the Service will the Foreign Service Officer say to himself “What can I the schools of every nation—in fact get?” or “What can we do?” wherever human thoughts and deeds are Yours sincerely, G. HOWLAND SHAW. recorded — there you will find the Underwood the standard of typewriter efficiency. PIEDRAS NEGRAS, MEXICO, July 11, 1929. Stenographers and typists realize that “Under¬ SIR : I note with interest the editorial note in the wood” means fast and accurate typewriting— June number concerning letters on non-tendentious sub¬ jects and feel encouraged to reiterate the suggestion, with less fatigue and better work. The execu¬ made some years ago, as to pensions from the retire¬ tive, too, appreciates the value of “Underwood” ment fund for the widows and dependent children of work—clear, clean-cut letters down to the last Foreign Service Officers, either active or retired. It carbon, and he knows that when a letter is was suggested at the time that the retirement fund— from an estimate of receipts and expenditures for re¬ “Underwood” typed it represents the company’s tired pay—seemed to be accumulating quite a surplus highest standard. annually and that the contributing officers would—I A demonstration on the “Underwood” will was quite sure-—prefer to see some such use made of place you under no obligation. the surplus than to have a reduction in the 5 percent annually contributed. It was suggested that a pension UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITER CO., INC. of $60 per month for the widow (or other dependent) 1413 New York Avenue N. W. and $10 per month for each dependent child, would Washington, D. C. eliminate some of the rather sorrowful cases which Branches in all Principal Cities have occurred in the Service. I have in mind particu¬ larly the case of Fred R. Robinson, who died while stationed at Saltillo and whose family was left in UNDERWOOD destitute circumstances. Yours, etc., Speeds the World’s Business PAUL H. FOSTER. 289 ' fjTHE^MERICANpOREIGN ^ERVICE JOURNAL

RECENT INTERESTING PUBLICATIONS “Foreign Office Organization,” by Henry Kit- tredge Norton, “A Comparison of the Organiza¬ tion of the British, French, German and Italian Foreign Offices with that of the Department of State of the United States of America,” is the title of the Supplement to Volume CXLIII of “The Annals of the American Academy of Politi¬ cal and Social Science,” Philadelphia, May, 1929. In a brief foreword, Clyde L. King says that as “Students of American foreign relations have felt for some time past that, owing in part to insuffi¬ cient appropriations and in part to other reasons, the Department of State is inadequately equipped to handle effectively the increasingly complicated The Power Plant by Earl Hotter problems confronting our Government,” the di¬ rectors of the Academy desired to undertake a study of the organization and operation of the In thousands of power and manufactur¬ foreign offices of the leading European countries ing plants the world over, Gargoyle Lubri¬ with a view to ascertaining whether they presented cating Oils are helping to reduce margins any lessons of value to the United States. Ac¬ of operating costs. cordingly Mr. Norton, “who has had wide experi¬ ence in the study of international affairs,” under¬ Wherever you find machinery, you will took this important work. usually find Gargoyle Lubricating Oils The pamphlet consists of 83 pages, and has, in also, reducing depreciation and lowering addition to an index, a table of contents. From costs of maintenance, power and lubrica¬ the latter the following list of titles of chapters is taken: “The Constitutional Position of the For¬ tion. eign Offices,” “The Organization of the Foreign 63 years of world-wide experience in the Offices,” “The Law Offices,” “Administrative Or¬ manufacture and application of high ganization,” “Personnel, Promotion and Assign¬ ment,” “Relations between Diplomatic and Con¬ quality lubricating oils justifies this uni¬ sular Services,” “Salaries and Honors,” “Foreign versal recognition. Office Budgets,” “Publicity,” “General Conclu¬ sions,” and “Suggested Applications.” It is un¬ fortunate that space does not permit of quotations Quality Brings Leadership from this interesting booklet. The price of this Supplement is $1.00 in paper binding and $1.50 in cloth binding.

“The Administration of the Department of State: Its Organization and Needs,” by William T. Stone, is the title of a Special Supplement, No. 3, Vol. IV, of the Foreign Policy Association, Information Series, issued in February, 1929. Lubricating Oils Also on February 6, 1929, the same Association had an issue entitled (No. 24, Vol. IV) “The British Foreign Office.” The Foreign Policy As¬ VACUUM OIL COMPANY sociation, Incorporated, has its main offices at 18 East Forty-first Street, New York City, and its subscription rates are $5.00 per year ($3.00 to F. P. A. members) and single copies 25 cents. 290 GOVERNMENT PUBLICA¬ TIONS A Market for Photographs Extracts from the “Weekly List of Selected United States Government Publications,” issued by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Gov¬ ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., from June 12 to July 10, 1929: FAR EAST. Employment and cost of living for Americans in Far East. 1929. 41 pages. (Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Regional Information Division, Far Eastern Section.) Free, by applying to Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Generally speaking, desirable commercial openings for Americans in the Far East are limited to American business houses established there, and this little book gives valuable information relative to the cost of living for Americans in the Far East, and covers professional men, engineers, agriculturists, forestry experts, clerical workers, and also gives considerable information rela¬ tive to contracts, salaries, cost of living, etc. FOREIGN COMMERCE. Foreign commerce and navigation of United States, calendar year 1927, vol. 2. 1929. 212 pages. (Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.) Cloth, $1.25. Contains tables 10 to 13, inclusive, of commerce and navigation which covers draw-back paid on exported articles, 1927, number and tonnage of vessels entered and cleared in the foreign trade by customs districts and countries, 1927, number and tonnage of vessels en¬ tered and cleared in the foreign trade by nationalities, and countries in trade of United States with the world by countries and articles, 1926 and 1927. LAWS OF UNITED STATES. Statutes of United States passed at 2d session of Photograph by M. O. Williams. 70th Congress, 1928-1929, and concurrent resolutions A TROUT FISHERMAN OF GREENLAND of two Flouses of Congress, recent treaties, and execu¬ tive proclamations : pt. 1, Public acts and resolutions. 1929. 1,700 pages. (State Dept.) $1.50. Includes all laws and resolutions passed by the 70th Put Your Camera to Work Congress, 2d session, and approved by the President. POCKET VETO. Human-interest photographs depicting the Indirect veto of act of Congress, opinion of Supreme daily life of the people and typical scenery Court of United States in case of Okanogan Indian of the region in which you live along with Tribe et al. vs. The United States, sustaining the au¬ readable manuscripts on travel and nature thority of President of United States to void legisla¬ tion by withholding his signature after adjournment of subjects, are purchased by the National Congress. 1929. 11 pages. (71st Cong., 1st sess. Geographic Magazine. For articles and S. Doc. 15.) 5 cents. pictures which meet its requirements, The This is the opinion of the Supreme Court recently Geographic pays liberally. You are in¬ rendered in the case of indirect veto of an act of Con¬ vited to submit your work. gress by the President, commonly known as the “pocket veto.” NAVAL ACADEMY, ANNAPOLIS. A booklet describing the type of photo¬ Examination papers for admission to United States graph desired will be sent on request. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., Feb., 1920-Apr., 1929. Address, The Editor. 1929. 84 pages. Free, by applying to Navigation Bu¬ reau, Navy Department. Sample examination papers for admission to the National Geographic Magazine Naval Academy at Annapolis, giving the questions in mathematics, history, physics, etc., as used in the ex- Washington, D. C. minations of February, 1920, to April, 1929.

291 toms service, immigration service, and miscellaneous MAKE YOUR HOME IN WASHINGTON Federal charges, and charges at individual ports. AT RATS. Rat proofing of ships, general instructions; approved THE SHAWMUT Feb. 8, 1929, as American marine standard H. No. 41— 2200 Nineteenth Street N. W. 1929. 1929. 8 pages. (Standards Bureau, American APARTMENTS FROM ONE TO FOUR ROOMS Marine Standards Committee, No. 59.) 5 cents. FURNISHED OR UNFURNISHED Rat infestation on ships not only constitutes a po¬ BY WEEK, MONTH, OR YEAR tential risk of the transmission of bubonic plague, but Agreeable Residential Section is a direct cause of economic loss, as in seeking food Convenient to Department of State rats destroy and consume much valuable property, and this pamphlet gives instructions for ceilings and sheath¬ Moderate Rates Cafe in Building ing of ships, insulation sheathing, treatment of doors WRITE TO MRS. BRADFORD and other openings, lockers, bins, operating require¬ 2200 19th Street Washington, D. C. ments, etc. Telephone Potomac 1180 RATS. Rat and rat-flea survey of ships at port of New York, study of ships’ rats and fleas as they are concerned in PORTS. transfer of bubonic plague, with particular reference Port and terminal charges at United States ports. to maritime quarantine. 1929. 34 pages, illus. (Public 1929. 5S7 pages. (War Department, Miscellaneous Health Reprint 1267.) Series 1.) $1. WAGES. With the virtual completion of the studies known as the Port Series, reports covering the principal ports Wages in foreign countries, compilation of latest of the United States, the Bureau of Operations, U. S. available data regarding wages in industrial and agri¬ Shipping Board and the Board of Engineers for Rivers cultural employments. 1929. 267 pages. (71st Cong., and Harbors, War Department, have undertaken to 1st sess., S. Doc. 9.) 25 cents. separate the data already compiled by issuing a series This document transmits much useful information, of monographs on collateral subjects, and this is the covering all foreign countries arranged alphabetically, first number of the series, giving charges of the United with international wage comparisons; also foreign ex¬ States Government, including quarantine service, cus¬ change rates, yearly averages, etc.

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292 The American Joreign Service zAssociation

Honorary President HENRY L. STIMSON Secretary of State

Honorary Vice-Presidents JOSEPH P. COTTON Undersecretary of State WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State W. R. CASTLE, JR Assistant Secretary of State FRANCIS WHITE Assistant Secretary of State NELSON T. JOHNSON Assistant Secretary of State

GEORGE T. SUMMERLIN President EDWIN S. CUNNINGHAM -...Vice-President EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MESSRS. DANA G. MUNRO, WALTER C. THURSTON, PIERRE DE L. BOAL, JOHN FARR SIMMONS, and JOHN G. ERHARDT. Alternates: WILLYS R. PECK JOSEPH F. MCGURK JAMES P. MOFFITT

BENJAMIN REATH RIGGS Secretary-Treasurer oi the Association

Entertainment Committee: A. DANA HODGDON, Chairman; DONALD F. BIGELOW and WALTER T. PRENDERGAST

JOURNAL STAFF AUGUSTUS E. INGRAM Editor JAMES B. STEWART Consulting Editor PAUL H. ALLING. Associate Editor CHESTER W. MARTIN Business Manager CHARLES BRIDGHAM HOSMER. .Associate Business Manager MARSHALL M. VANCE Treasurer of Journal

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