In the Heart of the Sierras by James Mason Hutchings (1888)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

In the Heart of the Sierras by James Mason Hutchings (1888) In the Heart of the Sierras by James Mason Hutchings (1888) James Mason Hutchings 1886, by J. M. Hutchings In the Heart of the Sierras by James Mason Hutchings (1888) Table of Contents In the Heart of the Sierras by James M. Hutchings (1888).............................................................................1 Contents...................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................1 Photography: George Fiske and Ansel Adams........................................................................................3 Bibliographic Note...................................................................................................................................3 Preface..................................................................................................................................................................7 Table of Contents................................................................................................................................................8 Illustrations........................................................................................................................................................13 Map of Routes to the Yo Semite Valley..........................................................................................................18 THE YO SEMITE VALLEY...........................................................................................................................19 CHAPTER I......................................................................................................................................................20 AS OTHERS SEE IT........................................................................................................................................21 CHAPTER II.....................................................................................................................................................27 CAUSES LEADING TO ITS DISCOVERY..................................................................................................28 CONNECTING LINKS OF KINDNESS.............................................................................................28 THE LULL BEFORE THE STORM....................................................................................................29 AN ACT OF SIMPLE JUSTICE..........................................................................................................29 TELEGRAPHING BY FIRE AND SMOKE.......................................................................................30 EFFICIENT SYSTEM OF RUNNERS,...............................................................................................31 ISOLATED INSTANCES OF INDIAN VIOLENCE..........................................................................31 THE FIRST OPENLY HOSTILE DEMONSTRATION.....................................................................31 ANOTHER CLOUD WAS GATHERING..........................................................................................31 SAVAGE QUIETLY PLANNED A COUP D’ETAT.........................................................................31 NOT FRUITFUL IN RESULTS,..........................................................................................................32 A FITTING OPPORTUNITY FOR A TALK......................................................................................32 JOSE JUAREZ, THE INDIAN CHIEF, MAKES A SPEECH............................................................32 BREATHING DEFIANCE, EXCITEDLY INTERRUPTED SAVAGE.............................................33 JOSE REY, THE LEADING CHIEF OF THE CHOW-CHILLAS,....................................................33 UNHEEDED WARNINGS..................................................................................................................33 COL. ADAM JOHNSTON’S LETTER...............................................................................................34 SAD EXPERIENCES AT SAVAGE’S FRESNO STORE..................................................................35 SAVAGE’S OTHER STORE PILLAGED AND DESTROYED........................................................35 MAJOR BURNEY AND JAMES D. SAVAGE RAISE A COMPANY.............................................36 MAJOR BURNEY’S LETTER TO GOVERNOR McDOUGAL.......................................................36 THE FIRST CONFLICT ALMOST A DEFEAT.................................................................................37 GOVERNOR McDOUGAL’S PROMPT RESPONSE.......................................................................38 i In the Heart of the Sierras by James Mason Hutchings (1888) Table of Contents CHAPTER III...................................................................................................................................................40 HOW AND WHEN DISCOVERED...............................................................................................................41 A CALL FOR TWO HUNDRED ABLE-BODIED MILITIA,............................................................42 FORMATION OF THE MARIPOSA BATTALION..........................................................................43 OFFICERS ELECTED TO COMMAND THE BATTALION............................................................43 THE MARIPOSA BATTALION TOOK UP ITS LINE OF MARCH................................................43 THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA WAS BREAKING.............................................................................43 LETTER OF GEN. THOMAS B. EASTLAND.*................................................................................43 INSTRUCTIONS TO COL. J. NEELY JOHNSON............................................................................44 SUITABLE PREPARATIONS FOR THE COMING CAMPAIGN...................................................46 SPEECH TO THE MARIPOSA BATTALION.*................................................................................46 PEACE MESSENGERS SENT TO THE INDIAN VILLAGES.........................................................46 FIRST INTIMATIONS GIVEN OF THE EXISTENCE OF YO SEMITE.........................................47 RESERVATION GROUNDS AND QUARTERS...............................................................................47 THE BATTALION TO FORM INTO LINE........................................................................................48 INTERVIEW BETWEEN TEN-IE-YA AND MAJOR SAVAGE......................................................49 AN EXPEDITION TO THE MYSTIC VALLEY WAS RESOLVED UPON....................................50 YO SEMITES MET UPON THE TRAIL............................................................................................50 THE YO SEMITE VALLEY FIRST SEEN BY WHITE MEN..........................................................50 CHAPTER IV....................................................................................................................................................52 THE NAME—”YO SEMITE"—ITS ORIGIN AND MEANING...............................................................53 THE MUSICAL NAME—YO SEMITE..............................................................................................54 LEGENDARY TRADITION CONCERNING “YO SEMITE.”.........................................................54 CHAPTER V.....................................................................................................................................................56 CLOSE OF THE INDIAN CAMPAIGN........................................................................................................57 SMOKE FROM A SLUMBERING PICKET FIRE.............................................................................57 A VIVIFIED EGYPTIAN MUMMY,”................................................................................................57 CAPTIVES LEAVE SOUTH FORK FOR THE RESERVATION.....................................................58 THE INDIAN CAMP WAS ENTIRELY DESERTED,......................................................................58 A NEW CAMPAIGN WAS RESOLVED UPON................................................................................59 THE SECOND EXPEDITION TO THE YO SEMITES.....................................................................59 THREE OF TEN-IE-YA‘S SONS TAKEN PRISONERS...................................................................59 LURE THEIR PURSUERS INTO A TRAP;.......................................................................................60 ESCAPE OF A PRISONER.................................................................................................................60 TEN-IE-YA’S YOUNGEST SON WAS SHOT DEAD,.....................................................................60 MESSENGERS SENT TO TEN-IE-YA..............................................................................................60 CAPTURE OF TEN-IE-YA.................................................................................................................61 TEN-IE-YA ATTEMPTING HIS ESCAPE.........................................................................................61 SURPRISE OF THE INDIAN VILLAGE...........................................................................................62 THE NAMING OF LAKE TEN-IE-YA...............................................................................................62
Recommended publications
  • THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM of ART ANNUAL REPORT 2002 1 0-Cover.P65 the CLEVELAND MUSEUM of ART
    ANNUAL REPORT 2002 THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART REPORT 2002 ANNUAL 0-Cover.p65 1 6/10/2003, 4:08 PM THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART ANNUAL REPORT 2002 1-Welcome-A.p65 1 6/10/2003, 4:16 PM Feathered Panel. Peru, The Cleveland Narrative: Gregory Photography credits: Brichford: pp. 7 (left, Far South Coast, Pampa Museum of Art M. Donley Works of art in the both), 9 (top), 11 Ocoña; AD 600–900; 11150 East Boulevard Editing: Barbara J. collection were photo- (bottom), 34 (left), 39 Cleveland, Ohio Bradley and graphed by museum (top), 61, 63, 64, 68, Papagayo macaw feathers 44106–1797 photographers 79, 88 (left), 92; knotted onto string and Kathleen Mills Copyright © 2003 Howard Agriesti and Rodney L. Brown: p. stitched to cotton plain- Design: Thomas H. Gary Kirchenbauer 82 (left) © 2002; Philip The Cleveland Barnard III weave cloth, camelid fiber Museum of Art and are copyright Brutz: pp. 9 (left), 88 Production: Charles by the Cleveland (top), 89 (all), 96; plain-weave upper tape; All rights reserved. 81.3 x 223.5 cm; Andrew R. Szabla Museum of Art. The Gregory M. Donley: No portion of this works of art them- front cover, pp. 4, 6 and Martha Holden Jennings publication may be Printing: Great Lakes Lithograph selves may also be (both), 7 (bottom), 8 Fund 2002.93 reproduced in any protected by copy- (bottom), 13 (both), form whatsoever The type is Adobe Front cover and frontispiece: right in the United 31, 32, 34 (bottom), 36 without the prior Palatino and States of America or (bottom), 41, 45 (top), As the sun went down, the written permission Bitstream Futura abroad and may not 60, 62, 71, 77, 83 (left), lights came up: on of the Cleveland adapted for this be reproduced in any 85 (right, center), 91; September 11, the facade Museum of Art.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbert Ponting; Picturing the Great White South
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2014 Herbert Ponting; Picturing the Great White South Maggie Downing CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/328 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] The City College of New York Herbert Ponting: Picturing the Great White South Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts of the City College of the City University of New York. by Maggie Downing New York, New York May 2014 Dedicated to my Mother Acknowledgments I wish to thank, first and foremost my advisor and mentor, Prof. Ellen Handy. This thesis would never have been possible without her continuing support and guidance throughout my career at City College, and her patience and dedication during the writing process. I would also like to thank the rest of my thesis committee, Prof. Lise Kjaer and Prof. Craig Houser for their ongoing support and advice. This thesis was made possible with the assistance of everyone who was a part of the Connor Study Abroad Fellowship committee, which allowed me to travel abroad to the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge, UK. Special thanks goes to Moe Liu- D'Albero, Director of Budget and Operations for the Division of the Humanities and the Arts, who worked the bureaucratic college award system to get the funds to me in time.
    [Show full text]
  • The California Indian in Three-Dimensional Photography
    The California Indian in Three-Dimensional Photography PETER E. PALMQUIST ARLY-DAY stereoscopic photographs humor; all became common knowledge E provide a truly unique and valuable through this pervasive medium. To study the resource for study of the California Indian. development of the stereoscope in the United Immensely popular during the nineteenth and States is to participate vicariously in the early twentieth centuries, the twin-imaged modes, aspirations, and other phenomena of stereograph card is much more than a quaint adolescent America. This article is intended to anachronism. When viewed today, such provide the reader with an overview of the images are often our only pictorial link with history of stereoscopy and a concise look at many cultural and historical aspects of Indian photo-stereoscopic imagery as it relates to the life during the past century. Most important, Indians of California. however, is the fact that the stereograph is the only early photographic medium able to THE STEREOGRAPHIC IMAGE recreate visual and spatial understandings that The principles of binocular vision—the approximate direct human vision. In this mental fusing of slightly dissimilar images, regard, the stereoscopic photograph is without seen separately by our two eyes, into one image peer. with three-dimensional characteristics—were Not surprisingly, stereoscopic photography known in ancient times. However, it was not was destined to become the most significant until 1832 that Sir Charles Wheatstone actu­ and influential mode of visual communication ally discovered how to produce this effect in the period between the mid-1850's and artificially by viewing two "flat" pictures World War I.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawrence and Houseworth Photograph Collection
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8mg7w44 Online items available Finding aid to the Lawrence and Houseworth photograph collection. PC RM Lawrence Houseworth The collection was processed by Erin Hurley in 2018. Wendy Welker previously processed the stereographs in 2003-2004. California Historical Society December 2018. 678 Mission Street San Francisco, CA 94105 [email protected] URL: http://californiahistoricalsociety.org/ PC RM Lawrence Houseworth 1 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: California Historical Society Title: Lawrence and Houseworth photograph collection Creator: Lawrence & Houseworth Creator: Weed, Charles Leander Identifier/Call Number: PC RM Lawrence Houseworth Physical Description: 0.5 box1 photo box, half of which is Lawrence and Houseworth and half of which is Houseworth and Co. Date (inclusive): 1860-1870 Abstract: Lawrence and Houseworth were one of the main publishers of stereoviews on the West coast around the 1860s. They sold views primarily of California and Nevada, and the majority of their photographs are of nature scenes, and the wonders of California's redwoods, geysers, lakes and mountains. The collection contains commercial formats - stereographs and cartes de visites. They were taken by photographer Charles Leander Weed and published by Lawrence and Houseworth, who did a brisk business selling these formats, and were competitive with other merchants of stereoviews. Language of Material: Collection materials are in English. Biographical / Historical Like many, Thomas Houseworth (1828-1915), a native New Yorker, travelled West with an interest in mining and arrived San Francisco in 1849. Houseworth met George S. Lawrence (dates unknown) while working a claim in Calaveras County, Calif. The two men were mining partners for the next two years, looking for gold in Trinity County, Calif.
    [Show full text]
  • The Photographed Environment in America
    Curriculum Units by Fellows of the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute 2006 Volume I: Photographing America: A Cultural History, 1840-1970 The Photographed Environment in America Curriculum Unit 06.01.02 by Stephen P. Broker Introduction The majestic Yosemite Valley in California is photographed from Inspiration Point: El Capitan, Bridal Veil Falls, Cathedral Spires, and Half Dome are seen in the distance with the Merced River Valley below. The year is 1865 or 1866. Over the course of the next decades, American tourists and foreign visitors to the United States will visit this and other national parks in growing numbers. Within the half-century, voices of alarm will be raised as the unique natural features that made these parks worthy of protection are increasingly threatened by commercial misuse and recreational overuse. The tallest and the most massive trees on Earth- the Coast Redwoods and the Giant Sequoias of Northern California -- are seen in photographic images by disbelieving Eastern eyes in the 1850s and 1860s. Through the nineteenth century and the first part of the twentieth century, those who would preserve these big trees for future generations met opposition from those who saw the trees as a valuable source of lumber. The establishment of Kings Canyon National Park in 1939 assured protection for some of the most significant stands of sequoias. By the year 2000, however, more than 80 per cent of all Pacific Northwest old-growth forests have fallen to the insatiable axe and saw. Some forty thousand hides from slaughtered buffalo are piled high in a commercial yard in Dodge City, Kansas in 1878, midway through the late nineteenth century's all-out effort to exterminate the many millions of American Bison from North American plains and woodlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Johnmuircc.Pdf
    John Muir was a naturalist, writer and advocate of U.S. forest conservation, Muir founded the Sierra Club and was largely responsible for establishing Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. Born on April 21, 1838 in Dunbar, Scotland, John Muir immigrated to the United States with his family when he was 11 years old. Settling in Wisconsin, Muir contended with a rigid, punishing father who made his son memorize the Bible and maintain a demanding schedule. Yet the boy had a major inclination for learning and creativity, coming up with an array of inventions. After showing his inventions at the state Fair, Muir attended the University of Wisconsin during the early 1860s. Leaving school in 1863, he took up studying botany and exploring the natural world via foot while taking on jobs to support himself. But in 1867, while working at a factory, he was involved in an accident in which he was blinded for a time. Upon regaining his sight, he fully embraced his devotion to nature and walked from Indiana to Florida, creating detailed sketches of the terrain. After first visiting California’s Yosemite Valley in 1868 and taking on work as a shepherd, Muir landed a mill job working with James Mason Hutchings, though the two would later have a falling out. Muir began having his ecology-oriented articles published via newspapers in the early 1870s, with his first printed essay appearing in the New York Tribune. After acute observations, he offered groundbreaking theories about Yosemite’s geological structures being formed by glacial activity, countering previous scientific assertions.
    [Show full text]
  • SFBAPCC Feb. 2004 Postcard Newsletter
    San Francisco Bay Area- 1 - Post Card Club Meetings are held the fourth Saturday of every month except December Visitors and dealers are always welcome See us online at www.postcard.org February 2004Volume XIX, No. 2 Next Meeting: Saturday, February 28, 12 to 3 PM Fort Mason Center, Room C-370 Laguna Street at Marina Boulevard, San Francisco Please disarm pagers, cell phones, and alarms during the meeting. Program Notes: Ed Herny, a twenty year collector of San Francisco Midwinter Fair cards, will show and tell us about the rarely seen postcards of the 1894 fair. This will be an in-depth look at the three principal series of cards from the fair and their publishers. These cards were probably the first San Francisco picture postcards and deserve to be better known. Don’t miss this exciting and informative program. Parking Alert: There will be another large event at Fort Mason this weekend, and parking is predicted to be difficult but not impossible as it was in January. Arrive by 11 o’clock, find a spot and enjoy the museums and book sale that are open Saturday morning. Or better yet, take the bus. Show & Tell: On the tip of my tongue, George Orwell, finds at Concord and, as always, collector’s choice. Three item, two minute limit. COVER CARD Shown here is the card Jack Hudson brought for Show & Tell in January. It was written up by Robert Ward in his book, “Real Photo Postcards: The Life-Size Edition,” 1994. A copy of the card sold in 1993 by Postcards International held the record price for a classic era real photo postcard.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleveland Calls
    Jan-Feb 2018 (v43#4) 1/9/18 7:57 PM Page 34 J / F b 2 0 1 8 V l 4 3 N b 4 Cleveland Calls Helen Keller at Palawoo Artists in Camp Jan-Feb 2018 (v43#4) 1/9/18 7:57 PM Page 35 A taste of the late ’40s through the early ’60s found in amateur stereo slides by Mark Willke Fun in Hawaii collection of slides from an unknown photographer privided Athis set of Hawaii views. None of the slides in the box was labeled with any kind of notation, so no details are known. But judging from the Kodak slide mounts, I’m guess - ing these views were made around 1960. They may even show scenes from more than one trip, since one mount is the older gray with red edge style, and the others are white.) That’s quite a welcome the travel - ers are getting at the airport! And while the lower half of the second view is on the dark side, that car behind the musicians sure makes a great backdrop. Speaking of dark, the last view was shot into the sun and seems too dark at first glance in 2-D, but when fused in stereo, a nice Hawaiian buffet is revealed in 3-D! his column combines a love of stereo Tphotography with a fondness for 1950s- era styling, design and decor by sharing amateur stereo slides shot in the “golden age” of the Stereo Realist—the late 1940s through the early 1960s. From clothing and hairstyles to home decor to modes of transportation, these frozen moments of time show what things were really like in the middle of the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Yosemite Association Celebrates 80 Years a Message from the President
    A JOURNAL FOR MEMBERS OF THE YOSEMITE ASSOCIATION Summer 2003 Volume 65 Number 3 The Yosemite Association Celebrates 80 Years A Message from the President S OF AUGUST 4, THE YOSEMITE ASSOCIATION IS OFFICIALLY 80 YEARS OLD! Compared to some institutions, that’s just getting going, but in the context of Yosemite history it’s pretty impressive. Consider that Yosemite National Park has been in existence only 113 years, and the National Park Service began just 87 years ago. Our association has played an important role in the park for a truly significant time (in Yosemite years)! I have served as president of the organization for over 18 years now, and it’s an honor and a treat for A me to celebrate YA’s milestone anniversary with you. In researching and writing the history of the associa- tion (see the article at the center of this issue), I came to appreciate the park’s impressive educational tradition that was forged by talented men and women with amazing intellect and foresight. I hope that YA continues to meet the standards for curiosity, service, and creativity that our founders set for us. As we did in the spring, in this issue of Yosemite we are including an envelope, which we encourage you to use to send us an 80th anniversary gift. We are well on our way to raising $80,000 in our eightieth year, thanks to the 125 or so donations we’ve already received from members (see the list of contributors at the back of this jour- nal). We have some exciting plans and projects in the works, and your gifts will allow us to see them through.
    [Show full text]
  • Get the Classic #1
    # 01 THE SPRING 2019 CLASSICA free magazine about classic photography In this issue THE DENNIS HOPPER ARCHIVE ROBERT HERSHKOWITZ MARTIN BARNES THE ALEX NOVAK COLLECTION OF EARLY NEGATIVES FAIRS, AUCTIONS, EXHIBITIONS AND MORE 1 The photography department of the 5th ranked French auction house Millon, has been organizing exhibitions and auctions of collections, archives and estates, and specialized thematic sales for 25 years. The department’s specialty are the monographic auctions of great photographers of the 19th and 20th centuries. These auctions have resulted in record prices on the art market. Results from some of these auctions*: Succession Brassaï 2006 – 4,206,550 € Blanc & Demilly 2008 – 346,165 € Ilse Bing 2009 – 435,650 € Frédéric Barzilay 2014 – 57,250 € Edouard de Campigneulles 2016 – 334,580 € Les Frères Séeberger 2016 – 279,580 € Succession Galerie Gérard Lévy 2016 – 1,732,260 € Claude Raimond-Dityvon 2018 – 137,110 € To consign in one of our upcoming auctions please contact: Expert: Millon Head of Department: Christophe Goeury Natalia Raciborski +33 (0)6 16 02 64 91 +33 (0)7 88 09 91 86 [email protected] [email protected] MILLON, 19 rue de la Grange Batelière, 75009 Paris, France www.millon.com Bud Fraker, Audrey Hepburn for “Breakfast at Tiffany’s”, 1961. Vintage silver gelatin print. MILLON – SVV Agrément n°2002-379 *Results are indicated without the buyer’s premium 3 In this issue Distributors 04 IN BRIEF LOS ANGELES The Fahey/Klein Gallery 10 PREVIEW LONDON MAY 148 North La Brea between 1st Street The Special
    [Show full text]
  • Of:V '£, B Mi National Park Service
    NPS FORM 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) I net/1 United States Department of the Interior Of:v '£, B mi National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "X" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor or computer to complete all items. 1 . Name of Property historic name: .W.awma.G.P.yjgr.^ other names/site number: .. .. .. .. .. „ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2. Location street and number Pioneer Yosemite History Center , Yosemite National Park D.N.9t.f.Qc.p.u.t)lLc9tion. city or town Wawp.na..................................................................... vicinity ._.__.__.__.__.„.__.„.__.__.__.__.„.__.„.„.__.„.__.__.__._.... state .CaiifornJa............................................................ code CA....... county Mariposa......................... code .04.3......... zip code 95.3.89. 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, I herby certify that this x nomination __ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquisitions (2 MB PDF)
    Collections The museum acquired 193 objects in 2002. Each adds unique quality to the collection, but even among them a few stand out as extraordinary. Grant Wood completed fewer than 40 paintings in his mature style, and the oppor- tunities to acquire them have been rare ever since the artist first came to prominence after the exhibition of his instantly iconic American Gothic. The museum has owned major prints by Wood, but not a painting—until this year, when, miraculously, the great 1940 composition January became avail- able. Not only is this a stunning work in its own right, and one of Wood’s last completed works (he died in 1942), it also relates to a Grant Wood litho- graph in the collection. Other major painting acquisitions included Oedipus at Colonus, the masterpiece of Fulchran-Jean Harriet, a leading figure at the time of the French Revolution whose career was stunted by his early death before the age of 30; Éva Meurier in a Green Dress, by the Symbolist Maurice Denis; and the Surrealist parody Le Déjeuner sur l’Herbre by Max Ernst. The decorative arts and sculpture collections were enriched by a late 18th-century marble, Figure of a Young Girl by François-Nicolas Delaistre, and a striking Limoges vase designed by Georges de Feure in about 1903. A small, elegant 18th-century sword from Switzerland joined the arms and armor collection. Louise Bourgeois’s 1984 white marble sculpture Blind Man’s Buff adds a new dimension to the contemporary collection, and Martin Puyear’s red cedar and pine sculpture Alien Huddle, 1993–95, familiar to many because it was on loan to the museum for a number of years, was officially welcomed as an acquisition, thanks to the generosity of Agnes Gund and Daniel 15 2-Collections.p65 15 6/10/2003, 4:28 PM Max Ernst (German, Shapiro.
    [Show full text]