Rajashekhara Varman

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rajashekhara Varman Rajashekhara Varman Rajasekhara Varman (Rama Rajashekhara Varman) usually identified with the Cheraman Perumal Nayanar(Great man of the Cheras)[1][2] (reign 820â“844 AD) was second king of the Later Chera dynasty and a Saivaite-Nayanar regal saint. He is said to have ruled from the seat of Cheras, Karuvur Vanchi located on the shores of Anporunai or from Mahodayapuram (Thiruvanchikkulam). Rama Rajasekhara (reign c. 800â”844 AD), better known as Ceraman Perumal Nayanar, is the first known ruler of the Ceras of Cranganore (c. 800â”1124 CE). He is venerated as a Saiva Nayanar saint. It was during his reign (in 825 CE) the calendar known as the Kollam Era commenced. The calendar is also known as "Malayalam Era". Rama Rajasekhara is reputed to have issued the Valapalli Copper Plates â” the first epigraphical record of a Cera king to be discovered from Kerala. The inscription makes a specific ] ⢠Kulashekhara Varman ( 800 â“ 820 AD ) ⢠Rajashekhara Varman ( 820 - 844 AD ) ⢠Sthanu Ravi Varman ( Ramagupta. reference of Banabhatta , a stray verse quoted by Rajashekhara in his Kavyamimamsa and the narrative of Rawwal and Barkamaris Karur. Cheras ⢠Kulashekhara Varma ⢠800 - 820 ⢠Rajashekhara Varma ⢠820 - 844 ⢠Sthanu Ravi Varma ⢠Vanchi Muthur. Cheras ⢠Kulashekhara Varma ⢠800 - 820 ⢠Rajashekhara Varma ⢠820 - 844 ⢠Sthanu Ravi Varma ⢠Kekaya. ) Ch . Rajashekhara Varman[1][2] was a ruler of the Later Chera dynasty, who is venerated as a Shaiva and Nayanar saint in South India.[3]. As per traditional historians he is the second ruler (820- 844) of the Later Chera dynasty, whereas according to M. G. S. Narayanan, he was the founder of the dynasty (800-844). It was during his reign (in 825) the Malayalam calendar known as the Kollam era commenced.[3]. Rajashekhara Varman. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better. Rajashekhara Varman. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For title used by Chera dynasty rulers, see Cheraman Perumal. Rajashekhara Varma. King of Later Chera Kingdom. Reign. rajashekhara varman aviation, rajashekhara varman samuel Rajashekhara Varman12 was a ruler of the Later Chera dynasty, who is venerated as a Shaiva and Nayanar saint in Tamilakam3. As per traditional historians he is the second ruler 820- 844 of the Later Chera dynasty, whereas according to M G S Narayanan, he was the founder of the dynasty 800-844 It was during his reign in 825 the Malayalam calendar known as the Kollam era commenced3. Rajashekhara (fl. 9th century CE) was a ruler of the Kodungallur Chera/Kulashekhara kingdom in medieval Kerala, southern India. It was during his reign - in 825 CE - the calendar known as the Kollam Era commenced. The calendar is also known as "Malayalam Era" Rajashekhara is reputed to have issued the Vazhapalli Copper Plates â” the earliest epigraphical record of a Chera king to be discovered from Kerala. The Hindu saint Adi Shankara was a contemporary of Rajashekhara. Shivanandalahari, attributed to For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Rajashekhara Varman. Home. News. Random Article. Install Wikiwand. Follow Us. Send a suggestion. Rajashekhara Varman. Connected to: {{::readMoreArticle.title}}. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. {{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}}. {{discoverMoreTitle}}. {{::discoverMoreArticle.title}} {{::discoverMoreArticle.txt}}. Rajashekhara Varman was a ruler of the Later Chera dynasty, who is venerated as a Shaiva and Nayanar saint in South India. As per traditional historians he is the second ruler (820- 844) of the Later Chera dynasty, whereas according to M. G. S. Narayanan, he was the founder of the dynasty (800-844). It was during his reign (in 825) the Malayalam calendar known as the Kollam era commenced. Rajasekhara Varman is reputed to have issued the Valapalli plates- the.
Recommended publications
  • Particulars of Some Temples of Kerala Contents Particulars of Some
    Particulars of some temples of Kerala Contents Particulars of some temples of Kerala .............................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 9 Temples of Kerala ................................................................................. 10 Temples of Kerala- an over view .................................................... 16 1. Achan Koil Dharma Sastha ...................................................... 23 2. Alathiyur Perumthiri(Hanuman) koil ................................. 24 3. Randu Moorthi temple of Alathur......................................... 27 4. Ambalappuzha Krishnan temple ........................................... 28 5. Amedha Saptha Mathruka Temple ....................................... 31 6. Ananteswar temple of Manjeswar ........................................ 35 7. Anchumana temple , Padivattam, Edapalli....................... 36 8. Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple ......................................... 38 9. Arathil Bhagawathi temple ..................................................... 41 10. Arpuda Narayana temple, Thirukodithaanam ................. 45 11. Aryankavu Dharma Sastha ...................................................... 47 12. Athingal Bhairavi temple ......................................................... 48 13. Attukkal BHagawathy Kshethram, Trivandrum ............. 50 14. Ayilur Akhileswaran (Shiva) and Sri Krishna temples ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Unit Ancient Cities of Tamilagam
    Unit 4 Ancient Cities of Tamilagam Learning Objectives • To learn about the greatness of the towns of ancient Tamilagam. • To know about Poompuhar, Madurai and Kanchi. • To understand the ancient kingdoms of Tamilagam. • To gain knowledge about the crafts, markets, manufactures, maritime trade, education and water management in ancient Tamilagam. [It is a Government Higher Secondary School. Reciprocating the greetings of the students of VI Std, the Social Science Teacher signals them to get seated] Teacher: Wow! You look pretty in your new dress, Tamilini. Students: Ma’m, today is her birthday. Teacher: Wish you a happy birthday Tamilini. Many more happy returns of the day. Tamilini: Thank you, ma’m. Teacher: Ok children. Shall we start today's class from Tamilini’s birthday. Students: How come ma’m? What is the connection between Tamilini’s Not to scale birthday and today’s class? 161 athiyamanteam.com | TNPSC Exam - Video Class+ Test Batch-| 8681859181 TN_GOVT_HISTORY_VI_Ch04.indd 161 16-03-2018 20:15:33 Teacher: There is. I shall come to that Teacher: Like Harappa and Mohenjo- later. Let us stand up and wish her first. Daro in ancient India, there were famous Students: Happy birthday, Tamil. towns in ancient Tamilagam too. Madurai, Kanchi and Poompuhar are prominent Tamilini: Thank you all. among them. Teacher: Tamil, Is Chennai your Tamil literature, accounts of foreign home town? travellers and archaeological finds provide Tamilini: No ma’m. My home town is us information about the ancient towns of Kadavur near Karur. Tamilagam. Teacher: Good. Do you have the habit of visiting your home town? Poompuhar Tamilini: Yes ma’m.
    [Show full text]
  • Kerala History Timeline
    Kerala History Timeline AD 1805 Death of Pazhassi Raja 52 St. Thomas Mission to Kerala 1809 Kundara Proclamation of Velu Thampi 68 Jews migrated to Kerala. 1809 Velu Thampi commits suicide. 630 Huang Tsang in Kerala. 1812 Kurichiya revolt against the British. 788 Birth of Sankaracharya. 1831 First census taken in Travancore 820 Death of Sankaracharya. 1834 English education started by 825 Beginning of Malayalam Era. Swatithirunal in Travancore. 851 Sulaiman in Kerala. 1847 Rajyasamacharam the first newspaper 1292 Italiyan Traveller Marcopolo reached in Malayalam, published. Kerala. 1855 Birth of Sree Narayana Guru. 1295 Kozhikode city was established 1865 Pandarappatta Proclamation 1342-1347 African traveller Ibanbatuta reached 1891 The first Legislative Assembly in Kerala. Travancore formed. Malayali Memorial 1440 Nicholo Conti in Kerala. 1895-96 Ezhava Memorial 1498 Vascoda Gama reaches Calicut. 1904 Sreemulam Praja Sabha was established. 1504 War of Cranganore (Kodungallor) be- 1920 Gandhiji's first visit to Kerala. tween Cochin and Kozhikode. 1920-21 Malabar Rebellion. 1505 First Portuguese Viceroy De Almeda 1921 First All Kerala Congress Political reached Kochi. Meeting was held at Ottapalam, under 1510 War between the Portuguese and the the leadership of T. Prakasam. Zamorin at Kozhikode. 1924 Vaikom Satyagraha 1573 Printing Press started functioning in 1928 Death of Sree Narayana Guru. Kochi and Vypinkotta. 1930 Salt Satyagraha 1599 Udayamperoor Sunahadhos. 1931 Guruvayur Satyagraha 1616 Captain Keeling reached Kerala. 1932 Nivarthana Agitation 1663 Capture of Kochi by the Dutch. 1934 Split in the congress. Rise of the Leftists 1694 Thalassery Factory established. and Rightists. 1695 Anjengo (Anchu Thengu) Factory 1935 Sri P. Krishna Pillai and Sri.
    [Show full text]
  • A Primer of Tamil Literature
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com A PRIMER OF TAMIL LITERATURE BY iA. S. PURNALINGAM PILLAI, b.a., Professor of English, St. Michael's College, Coimbatore. PRINTED AT THE ANANDA PRESS. 1904. Price One Rupee or Two Shillings. (RECAP) .OS FOREWORD. The major portion of this Primer was written at Kttaiyapuram in 1892, and the whole has lain till now in manuscript needing my revision and retouching. Owing to pressure of work in Madras, I could spare no time for it, and the first four years of my service at Coim- batore were so fully taken up with my college work that I had hardly breathing time for any literary pursuit. The untimely death of Mr. V. G. Suryanarayana Sastriar, B.A., — my dear friend and fellow-editor of J nana Bodhini — warned me against further delay, and the Primer in its present form is the result of it. The Age of the Sangams was mainly rewritten, while the other Ages were merely touched up. In the absence of historical dates — for which we must wait, how long we do not know — I have tried my best with the help of the researches already made to divide, though roughly, twenty centuries of Tamil Literature into Six Ages, each Age being distinguished by some great movement, literary or religious. However .defective it may be in point of chronology, the Primer will justify its existence if it gives foreigners and our young men in the College classes whose mother-tongue is Tamil, an idea of the world of Tamil books we have despite the ravages of time and white-ants, flood and fire, foreign malignity and native lethargy.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Th Social Science Lesson 4 Notes in English
    General Studies Prepared By www.winmeen.com 6th Social Science Lesson 4 Notes in English 4] Ancient Cities of Tamilagam Introduction: Harappa and MohenjoDaro in ancient India, there were famous towns in ancient Tamilagam too. Madurai, Kanchi and Poompuhar are prominent among them. Tamil literature, accounts of foreign travellers and archaeological finds provide us information about the ancient towns of Tamilagam. Poompuhar: Poompuhar is one of the oldest towns in ancient Tamilagam. This is the place where well known characters of Silapathikaram, Kovalan and Kannagi lived. Learning Leads To Ruling Page 1 of 7 General Studies Prepared By www.winmeen.com It was also a port town along the Bay of Bengal. The ports were established for facilitating maritime trade. Poompuhar is one such historic port that emerged in the wake of increasing maritime trade. It is a coastal town near the present-day Mayiladuthurai and is located where the river Cauvery drains into the sea. Poompuhar Port: Poompuhar was also known by names such as Puhar and Kaveripoompattinam. It served as the port of the early Chola kingdom. One of the popular Sangam Literature. Pattinappaalai and Tamil epics, Silappathikaram and Manimegalai, have references to the brisk sea-borne trade that took place in the port city, Puhar. Silappathikaram, in particular, speaks about the greatness of Poompuhar. The lead female character of Silappathikaram is Kannagi. Her father is Maanaigan. Sea traders are known by the name Maanaigan. The male character Kovalan’s father is Maasathuvan. Massathuvan means a big trader. It is clear from the text that Poompuhar was a place where big traders and sea traders had settled down.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Th Social Science Lesson 4 Notes in English 4. Ancient Cities of Tamilagam
    General Studies Prepared By www.winmeen.com 6th Social Science Lesson 4 Notes in English 4. Ancient Cities of Tamilagam 1. Show the Ancient cities and Ports of Tamil Nadu: 2. Mesopotamian civilisation is the earliest civilisation in the world. It is 6500 years old. 3. Famous towns in Tamilagam: Daro in ancient India, there were famous towns in ancient Tamilagam too. Madurai, Kanchi and Poompuhar are prominent among them. Tamil literature, accounts of foreign travellers and archaeological finds provide us information about the ancient towns of Tamilagam. 4. Explain the city of Poompuhar: Poompuhar is one of the oldest towns in ancient Tamilagam. This is the place where well known characters of Silapathikaram, Kovalan and Kannagi lived. It was also a port town along the Bay of Bengal. The ports were established for facilitating maritime trade. Learning Leads To Ruling Page 1 of 5 General Studies Prepared By www.winmeen.com 5. Which was the present day coastal town near Poompuhar? Poompuhar is one such historic port that emerged in the wake of increasing maritime trade. It is a coastal town near the present-day Mayiladuthurai and is located where the river Cauvery drains into the sea. 6. Explain about the Importance of Poompuhar Port? Poompuhar was also known by names such as Puhar and Kaveripoompattinam. It served as the port of the early Chola kingdom. One of the popular Sangam Literature. Pattinappaalai and Tamil epics, Silappathikaram and Manimegalai, have references to the brisk sea-borne trade that took place in the port city, Puhar. 7. How Silapathikaram related to Poompuhar? Silappathikaram, in particular, speaks about the greatness of Poompuhar.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Kerala PDF.Pdf
    UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION FIRST SEMESTER M.A. HISTORY PAPER-II HISTORYHISTORY OFOF KERALAKERALA -I-I (2008 Admission onwards) Prepared by Dr.N.PADMANABHAN Reader P.G.Department of History 2 C.A.S.College, Madayi P.O.Payangadi-RS-670358 Dt.Kannur-Kerala. PART- I GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY CHAPTERS CONTENTS PAGES I IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION IN PENINSULAR INDIA 07-06 II LANDSCAPE AND SOIL TYPES 14- 42 III THE WESTERN GHATS 43-47 IV RIVER SYSTEMS AND BACKWATERS 48-72 V CHANGING ROLES OF THE ARABIAN SEA 73-77 PART-II SOURCES AND HISTORICAL WRITINGS CHAPTERS CONTENTS PAGES 1 LEGENDS AND PERCEPTIONS 79-131 II SEARCHES FOR PRIMARY SOURCES 132-149 III TRADITIONAL WRITING OF DIFFERENT TYPES 150-163 IV NEW WRITING 164-194 V EMERGING AREAS 195-208 3 PART ± I GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Kerala has been through the ages an integral part of the Indian sub- continent.Its history is part of the general history of India and its culture is one of the major streams that have enriched the composite culture of the country. At the same time Kerala has had the distinction of bring an independent geographical and political entity from very early days. Its unique geographical position and peculiar physical features have invested Kerala with a distinct individuality.The land of Kerala comprises the narrow coastal strip bounded by the Western Ghats on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula.Paradoxical as it might seem, this geographical position has helped to ensure, to some extent, its political and cultural isolation from the rest of the country and also facilitated its extensive and active contacts with the countries of the outside world.
    [Show full text]
  • Departmnet of History I M a History Vi Semester History of Kongu Nadu Upto 1800 A.D (18Mhi24c) Dr.Seethalakshmi, Associate
    DEPARTMNET OF HISTORY I M A HISTORY VI SEMESTER HISTORY OF KONGU NADU UPTO 1800 A.D (18MHI24C) DR.SEETHALAKSHMI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY- GAC (AUTO)- 18 Cell: 9487087335 [email protected] Unit II Western Ganga was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka in India which lasted from about 350 to 1000 CE. They are known as "Western Gangas" to distinguish them from the Eastern Gangas who in later centuries ruled over Kalinga (modern Odisha). The general belief is that the Western Gangas began their rule during a time when multiple native clans asserted their freedom due to the weakening of the Pallava empire in South India, a geo-political event sometimes attributed to the southern conquests of Samudra Gupta. The Western Ganga sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550 CE, initially ruling from Kolar and later, moving their capital to Talakadu on the banks of the Kaveri River in modern Mysore district. After the rise of the imperial Chalukyas of Badami, the Gangas accepted Chalukya overlordship and fought for the cause of their overlords against the Pallavas of Kanchi. The Chalukyas were replaced by the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta in 753 CE as the dominant power in the Deccan. After a century of struggle for autonomy, the Western Gangas finally accepted Rashtrakuta overlordship and successfully fought alongside them against their foes, the Chola Dynasty of Tanjavur. In the late 10th century, north of Tungabhadra river, the Rashtrakutas were replaced by the emerging Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola Dynasty saw renewed power south of the Kaveri river. The defeat of the Western Gangas by Cholas around 1000 resulted in the end of the Ganga influence over the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Kerala Society and Culture: Ancient and Medieval
    KERALA SOCIETY AND CULTURE: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL V SEMESTER B.A HISTORY: CORE COURSE (2014 Admission onwards) UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION 767 School of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION V SEMESTER B.A HISTORY: CORE COURSE KERALA SOCIETY AND CULTURE: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL Prepared by Sri: SUNILKUMAR.G ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY N.S.S. COLLEGE, MANJERI Scrutinised by Sri: Ashraf koyilothan Kandiyil Chairman, BOS- History (UG) Settings & Lay Out By : SDE: Computer Cell Kerala Society And Culture:Ancient And Medieval Page 2 School of Distance Education Module-I Kerala’s Physiographical Features and Early History of the Region Module-II Polity and Society in the Perumal Era Module-III Age of Naduvazhis ModuleIV Advent of Europeans Kerala Society And Culture:Ancient And Medieval Page 3 School of Distance Education Kerala Society And Culture:Ancient And Medieval Page 4 School of Distance Education Module-I Kerala’s Physiographical Features and Early History of the Region Geographical features Kerala has had the qualification of being an autonomous topographical and political element from the good old days. It’s one of a kind land position and unconventional physical elements have contributed Kerala with a particular singularity. The place where there is Kerala involves the slender waterfront strip limited by the Western Ghats on the east and the Arabian sea on the west in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent. Confusing as it may appear, this geological position has guaranteed, to some degree, its political and social disconnection from whatever remains of the nation furthermore encouraged its broad and dynamic contacts with the nations of the outside world.
    [Show full text]
  • 45Th ALL INDIA CONFERENCE of DRAVIDIAN LINGUISTS
    V.I. SUBRAMONIAM COMMEMORATION VOLUMES Vol. I: Studies on Dravidian - Crown ¼, pp. xx + 515, Rs. 1,280/- (US$ 110/-) Vol. II: Studies on Indian Languages and Cultures – Crown ¼, pp. xx + 458, Rs. 1,150/- (US$ 105/-) Phonetics and its Application to Different Areas - Demy 1/8, pp. 160, Rs. 200/ - (US$ 15/ -) IJDL Vol. 4 4 No. 2 Vol 41 No. 7 Website www.ijdl.org Email: [email protected] ; [email protected] JULY 2017 A MONTHLY OF DRAVIDIAN LINGUISTICS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA 45 th ALL INDIA CONFERENCE OF CONTENTS th 45 AICDL & International 1 DRAVIDIAN LINGUISTS & Symposium on CAP in Delhi – A Grand Success INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM 46th All India Conference of 2 jksdfjksdfjlk sdfjksdjlfk dfjk sdfjkdjfkon dfjkdfjk dfjkdjfk dfjkjkdjfk dfjkdjfk dfjkdkkd dkkdk dfkdfkdf jksdfjksdfjlk Dravidian Linguists at sdfjksdjlfkCase, dfjk Agreement sdfjkdjfk dfjkdfjk dfjkdjfk and dfjkjkdjfk Postpositions dfjkdjfk Jadavpur University, Kolkata dfjkdkkd dkkdk dfkdfkdf jksdfjksdfjlk sdfjksdjlfk dfjk sdfjkdjfkin dfjkdfjk Delhi dfjkdjfk – dfjkjkdjfk A GRAND dfjkdjfk dfjkdkkd SUCCESS dkkdk The Question of Short e and o Vowels 2 dfkdfkdf jksdfjksdfjlk sdfjksdjlfk dfjk sdfjkdjfk dfjkdfjk in Proto Dravidian Language – dfjkdjfk dfjkjkdjfkth dfjkdjfk dfjkdkkd dkkdk dfkdfkdf P. Ramanathan’s Comments The 45 All India Conference of Dravidian Linguists & International Symposium on Case, jksdfjksdfjlk sdfjksdjlfk dfjk sdfjkdjfk dfjkdfjk dfjkdjfk Office-Bearers (2017-2018) 2 Agreementdfjkjkdjfk dfjkdjfk and dfjkdkkd Postpositions dkkdk dfkdfkdf jksdfjksdfjlk was held at the
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Modern Kerala:Problems and Perspectives
    School of Distance Education STUDY MATERIAL I SEMESTER CORE COURSE MA HISTORY (2019 Admission onwards) UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION CALICUT UNIVERSITY- P.O MALAPPURAM- 673635, KERALA 190502 School of Distance Education SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT STUDY MATERIAL FIRST SEMESTER MA HISTORY (2019 ADMISSION ONWARDS) CORE COURSE: HIS1C02:PRE-MODERN KERALA:PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES Prepared by: Dr.HARIDASAN. K.P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ON CONTRACT DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT Scrutinized By: SREEJITH.K ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY GOVT. ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE BA Hindi – Fourth Semester Code Title Course ENG4 A06 Spectrum : Literature and Contemparary Issues Common – English MAL4 A10 Malayala Sahityam 4 Common – Addl. Lang. Malayalam ARB4 A10 Arabic Literature & Culture Common – Addl. Lang. Arabic HIN4 A10 Novel and Short Stories Common – Addl. Lang. Hindi SKT4 A10 Samskrtasahityasamiksha – IV(History of Sanskrit Literature , Kerala Culture and Translation) Common – Addl. Lang. Sanskrit HIN4 B05 Aadikaleen evam Madhyakaleen Hindi Kavitha / Ancient and Medieval Hindi poetry. Core HIN4 B06 Hindi Prayogik Vyakaran / Hindi Practical Grammar Core HIN4(3)C01 Prayojanmoolak Hindi (Anuvad: Sidhaanth aur Prayog Tatha Pathrakaritha) / Functional Hindi – (Translation: Theory, Practice&Journalism) Complementary AUD4 E04 Gender Studies Audit Course BA Arabic – Fourth Semester Code Title Course ENG4 A06 Spectrum : Literature and Contemparary Issues Common – English MAL4 A10 Malayala Sahityam
    [Show full text]
  • Tamil Civilization and Culture up to 1336 A.D
    ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] (A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu) KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education M.A. [History] I - Semester 321 12 TAMIL CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE UP TO 1336 A.D. Authors Narasimhan C.Sekar, Former Visiting Faculty for Bankers’ Quotient at Coimbatore and Columnist & Article Writer for Leading Newspapers Units: (1-9, 11-14) Vikas Publishing House: Unit: (10) "The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University" All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Alagappa University, Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd.
    [Show full text]