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Plant Extracts, Isolated Phytochemicals, and Plant-Derived Agents Which Are Lethal to Arthropod Vectors of Human Tropical Diseases – a Review

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Plant Extracts, Isolated Phytochemicals, and Plant-Derived Agents Which Are Lethal to Arthropod Vectors of Human Tropical Diseases – a Review 618 Reviews Plant Extracts, Isolated Phytochemicals, and Plant-Derived Agents Which Are Lethal to Arthropod Vectors of Human Tropical Diseases – A Review Authors Adrian Martin Pohlit1,2, Alex Ribeiro Rezende2, Edson Luiz Lopes Baldin3, Norberto Peporine Lopes2, Valter Ferreira de Andrade Neto4 Affiliations 1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil 2 Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil 3 Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil 4 Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil Key words Abstract blood-sucking arthropods such as blackflies (Si- l" botanicals ! mulium Latreille spp.), fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis l" acaricide The recent scientific literature on plant-derived Rothschild), kissing bugs (Rhodnius Stål spp., Tria- l" insecticidal and larvicidal agents with potential or effective use in the con- toma infestans Klug), body and head lice (Pedicu- plants trol of the arthropod vectors of human tropical lus humanus humanus Linnaeus, P. humanus capi- l" plant extracts l" essential oils diseases is reviewed. Arthropod-borne tropical tis De Geer), mosquitoes (Aedes Meigen, Anopheles l" biotechnology diseases include: amebiasis, Chagas disease Meigen, Culex L., and Ochlerotatus Lynch Arri- l" natural products (American trypanosomiasis), cholera, cryptospor- bálzaga spp.), sandflies (Lutzomyia longipalpis l" phytochemicals idiosis, dengue (hemorrhagic fever), epidemic ty- Lutz & Neiva, Phlebotomus Loew spp.), scabies phus (Brill-Zinsser disease), filariasis (elephantia- mites (Sarcoptes scabiei De Geer, S. scabiei var sis), giardia (giardiasis), human African trypano- hominis, S. scabiei var canis, S. scabiei var suis), somiasis (sleeping sickness), isosporiasis, leish- and ticks (Ixodes Latreille, Amblyomma Koch, Der- maniasis, Lyme disease (lyme borreliosis), ma- macentor Koch, and Rhipicephalus Koch spp.). Ex- laria, onchocerciasis, plague, recurrent fever, sar- amples of plant extracts, EOs, and isolated chem- cocystosis, scabies (mites as causal agents), spot- icals exhibiting noxious or toxic activity compara- ted fever, toxoplasmosis, West Nile fever, and yel- ble or superior to the synthetic control agents of low fever. Thus, coverage was given to work de- choice (pyrethroids, organophosphorous com- received Sept. 23, 2010 scribing plant-derived extracts, essential oils pounds, etc.) are provided in the text for many ar- revised February 19, 2011 (EOs), and isolated chemicals with toxic or noxi- thropod-vectors of tropical diseases. accepted March 4, 2011 ous effects on filth bugs (mechanical vectors), Bibliography such as common houseflies (Musca domestica Lin- Supporting information available online at DOI http://dx.doi.org/ naeus), American and German cockroaches (Peri- http://www.thieme-connect.de/ejournals/toc/ 10.1055/s-0030-1270949 planeta americana Linnaeus, Blatella germanica plantamedica Published online March 22, Linnaeus), and oriental latrine/blowflies (Chryso- 2011 mya megacephala Fabricius) as well as biting, Planta Med 2011; 77: 618–630 © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York · ISSN 0032‑0943 Introduction vere tropical diseases. Importantly, several doz- ! Correspondence ens of species of anopheline mosquitoes are re- Prof. Valter Ferreira Arthropod vectors of human sponsible for the transmission of the 4 Plasmo- de Andrade Neto, PhD tropical disease dium parasite species which cause human ma- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia Arthropods are the vectors of a variety of human laria. According to data from the World Health Or- Laboratório de Biologia diseases which affect tropical countries around ganization (WHO), half the worldʼs human popu- da Malária e Toxoplasmose the world (l" Table 1)[1–22]. Biting, blood-suck- lation lives in regions where malaria is endemic Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte ing arthropods are the most important vectors in [7]. On the other hand, non-biting or non-blood- – Campus Universitário terms of public health. These include mosquitoes, sucking coprophagic (feces-eating), saprophagic Av. Senador Salgado Filho tsetse flies [7], kissing bugs, sandflies, ticks, etc., (living on decaying or decomposing materials), – Lagoa Nova CEP 69061-000 – Natal – RN which are responsible for the transmission of ma- and other arthropods, such as dung beetles, com- Brazil laria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, filariasis [7], mon houseflies, and cockroaches can be mechan- Phone: + 558432153437 American [3–6] and Human African [7] trypano- ical vectors of amebiasis [1,2], cholera [7,8], cryp- ext. 226 Fax:+558432119210 somiasis, leishmaniasis [7,13], spotted [7,18], tosporidiosis [1,7], giardia [1,10,11], isosporiasis [email protected] West Nile, and yellow fevers [7], among other se- [12], sarcocystosis [1], toxoplasmosis [1,16], and Pohlit AM et al. Plant Extracts, Isolated… Planta Med 2011; 77: 618–630 Reviews 619 Table 1 Human tropical diseases, etiological agents, and arthropod vectors. Tropical disease Arthropod vector Name Etiologic agent Occurrence Common name Scientific name Source Amebiasis Entamoeba China, Mexico, S. America, German cockroach Blatella germanica Linnaeus [1,2] histolytica, E. díspar S.-E. & W. Africa, S.-E. Asia American cockroach Periplaneta americana Linnaeus Common housefly Musca domestica Linnaeus Chagas disease Trypanosoma Americas, Europe Kissing bug Triatoma, Rhodnius Stål spp., [3–6] (American cruzi Panstrongylus megistus Burmeister trypanosomiasis) Cholera Vibrio cholerae Worldwide Common housefly Musca domestica Linnaeus [7,8] Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium sp. Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Dung beetle Onthophagus Latreille, [1,7] Americas Anoplotrupes Jekel & Aphodius Illiger spp. Common housefly Musca domestica Linnaeus Dengue Flavirus sp. Africa, Americas, Mosquito Ae. Aegypti L., Ae. Albopictus Skuse [7] (hemorrhagic fe- E. Mediterranean, S.-E. Asia & W. ver) Pacific Epidemic typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Africa, C. & S. America Louse Pediculus humanus corporis [9] (Brill-Zinsser disease) Filariasis or Wuchereria bancrofti Africa, Asia, S. America Mosquito Aedes Meigen, Anopheles Meigen, [7] Elephantiasis Culex L. spp. Giardia, giardiasis Giardia lamblia Worldwide German cockroach Blatella germanica Linnaeus [1,10,11] Common housefly Musca domestica Linnaeus Human African Trypanosoma Africa Tsetse fly Glossina Wiedemann spp. [7] trypanosomiasis brucei (sleeping sickness) Isosporiasis Isospora belli Africa, Australia, Caribbean Dung beetle Onthophagus Latreille spp. [12] Islands, Latin America, S.-E. Common housefly Musca domestica Linnaeus Asia Leishmaniasis Leishmania sp. Asia, C. & S. America, E. Africa, Sandfly Lutzomyia França, Phlebotomus Loew & [7,13] Europe, India Sergentomyia França & Parrot spp. Lyme disease Borrelia spp. Asia, Europe, Americas Tick Ixodes Latreille, Amblyomma Koch spp. [14, 15] (lyme borreliosis) Malaria Plasmodium spp. Africa, Mexico, C. & S. America, Mosquito Anopheles Meigen spp. [7] Asia Onchocerciasis Onchocerca volvulus Africa, Mexico, C. & S. America Blackfly Simulium Latreille spp. [7] Plague Yersinia pestis Africa, Asia, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis Rothschild [10] Ecuador, USA Recurrent fever Borrelia recurrentis Africa, Asia, Europe, N. America Louse Pediculus humanus spp. [14] Tick Ornithodoros C.L. Koch spp. Sarcocystosis Sarcocystis spp. Worldwide German cockroach Blatella germanica Linnaeus [1] American cockroach Periplaneta Americana Linnaeus Common housefly Musca domestica Linnaeus Scabies – Worldwide (Itch) Mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis [17] Spotted fever Rickettsia rickettsii Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Tick Dermacentor Koch, Rhipicephalus Koch, [7,18] Panama, Canada, USA Amblyomma Koch spp. Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Worldwide Dung beetle Onthophagus Latreille spp. [1,16] German cockroach Blatella germanica Linnaeus American cockroach Periplaneta americana Linnaeus Common housefly Musca domestica Linnaeus Oriental latrine Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius or blowfly West Nile fever Flavivirus sp. Worldwide Mosquito Culex L. spp., Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga [7] spp. Yellow fever Flavivirus sp. Africa, Latin America Mosquito Ae. aegypti L., Ae. albopictus Skuse [7] other infectious diseases and so must also be controlled for rea- of the scientific literature have been published recently on mos- sons of disease prevention and public health (l" Table 1). quito larvicidal plant extracts and fractions [19], plant EOs exhib- iting arthropod-killing (mosquitocidal, larvicidal) among other biological activities [20], and mosquito repellent and insecticidal Literature on Plants for Arthropod Vector Control plant EOs and chemical components [21–23]. The patent litera- ! ture on plant EO-containing mosquito repellent inventions is also In recent years, numerous scientific reports have been published reviewed in this special issue of Planta Medica [24]. In the present on plants which are usefl (or potentially useful) for the control of review, emphasis is on literature published in the period 2007– arthropod vectors of tropical diseases. Major emphasis has been 2010 describing plant extracts and their active chemical compo- on the most important arthropod-vector – the mosquito. Reviews nents which cause the death of or are noxious to one or more of Pohlit AM et al. Plant Extracts, Isolated… Planta Med 2011; 77: 618–630 620 Reviews the developmental stages (eggs, nymphs/larvae, pupae, adults) of Cockroaches a broad range
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