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The Welsh in Ireland, 1558-1641

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The Welsh in Ireland, 1558-1641 FROM SOLDIER TO SETTLER: THE WELSH IN IRELAND, 1558-1641 Rhys Morgan Thesis submitted to Cardiff University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor o f Philosophy February 2011 FROM SOLDIER TO SETTLER: THE WELSH IN IRELAND, 1558-1641 Rhys Morgan Thesis submitted to Cardiff University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor o f Philosophy February 2011 UMI Number: U5600B3 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U560033 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ...jty .J : . ............................................. (candidate) D ate 14m -: AI STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed ...X xJZ f...............................................(candidate) D ate ............. STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed (candidate) Date ^ .......... STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ......- f -..........................................(candidate) Date ........ STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Graduate Development Committee. Signed ...............................................................(candidate) D ate.................................... Table of contents Summary ......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iv List of tables.................................................................................................................. vi List of figures................................................................................................................ vii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ viii Introduction: Locating the Welsh in Ireland and Britain during the early modern period ............................................................................................................. 1 Writing British history ................................................................................... 2 Problematising the ‘New English'................................................................ 7 Celtic connections?: the historiography of Cambro-Hibemic relations .... 9 The Welsh in Britain and Ireland ................................................................. 14 Section I: From soldier to settler............................................................................... 18 Chapter 1: “Soldiers of Wales”: the Welsh presence in the Irish army, 1588-1641 ....................................................................................................................... 19 Impressment for Ireland, 1561-1625 ........................................................... 20 “Insufficiente men"?: the nature of the Welsh levies ................................. 34 Chapter 2: “Martial men”: Welsh officers in the Irish army, 1558-1641 ....... 46 The Welsh officers: quantifying the Welsh presence ................................. 47 “Partakers of all fortunes"?: explaining the Welsh presence in the Irish officer corps..................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 3: Servants and Soldiers: Welsh involvement in the Irish administration, 1558-1641 ......................................................................................... 74 The Irish administration: an overview ......................................................... 76 The ‘Castle Welshmen': the Welsh in the Irish administration, 1558-1588 ........................................................................................................ 79 Office and opportunity: the Welsh in the Irish administration after 1588.. 93 Chapter 4: The Welsh Plantations, 1558-1641 ...................................................... 104 The Welsh and the Irish plantations: an overview ..................................... 107 The success of the soldier-settlers: changes in Welsh landholding in the Irish plantations, 1583-1641 ......................................................................... 119 Assisting plantation: Welsh agents in Ireland ............................................. 125 Planting and emigration: Welsh tenants in Ireland .................................... 129 1641 and the end of the plantation ............................................................... 143 Section II: The New W elsh......................................................................................... 151 Chapter 5: A Colonial Community?: kinship and cooperation among the Welsh in Ireland, 1558-1641 .........*............................................................................ 152 Communities and Networks in early modem Ireland ................................ 153 The Welsh at Newry: creating a Cambro-Hibemic network .................... 157 i Exploiting the Welsh presence in Ireland: Sir Henry Salusbury and the legacy of Sir John Perrot............................................................................... 169 Francis Lloyd and his friends: patronage and networks in early modem Dublin .............................................................................................................. 173 Saving Griffith Jones: activating Welsh networks in the 1640s ................ 177 Chapter 6: A 44ragged Welch companie”: difference and identity within the New English community............................................................................................ 183 New English representations of the Welsh in Ireland ................................ 187 The Welsh and Irish history: a ‘New Welsh' identity? .............................. 200 Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 214 The Welsh in Ireland ...................................................................................... 214 The Welsh in Britain ....................................................................................... 217 Appendix 1: Identifying the Welsh: the reliability of surnames as evidence 223 Appendix 2: English and Welsh levies for Ireland, 1558-1640 ............................... 235 Appendix 3: Welsh captains in Ireland ...................................................................... 272 Appendix 4: Welsh settler data, 1558-1641 ................................................................. 310 Bibliography................................................................................................................... 333 ii Summary This thesis examines the extent, nature and significance of Welsh involvement in Ireland between 1558 and 1641. By exploring this neglected dimension to Irish history, it offers valuable new perspectives on the colonial community there and integrates Wales more satisfactorily into British history. A significant Welsh presence existed within the ‘New English’ colonial community that emerged in Ireland under Elizabeth and the early Stuarts. The majority of the Welsh in Ireland were soldiers, but they also established themselves as military officers, governmental officials and planters. In the first full-scale analysis of early modem Welsh migrants outside of London, this study reconstructs the origins, motivations and careers of the Welsh in Ireland and assesses their importance to the colonial enterprise there. By examining the Welsh, this thesis applies a more thoroughly British perspective to colonists in Ireland, who are often conceptualised as a coherent and culturally English group. It demonstrates how the Welsh in Ireland formed a distinct community that settled together and cooperated in social and political networks based on ties of kinship, patronage and loyalty to countrymen. Furthermore it examines Welshness as a form of difference in Ireland and demonstrates that it was a source of significant tension among the colonists. It also identifies facets of a unique Welsh settler identity that could be seen as ‘New Welsh'. This thesis also reveals a neglected Irish dimension to early modem Welsh history. The Welsh community in Ireland maintained strong connections to Wales through networks of interaction and cooperation that spanned the Irish
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