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Causas Y Zonificación De Los Procesos De Remoción En Masa En La Cuenca Alta Del Río Mapocho, Comuna De Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile

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Causas Y Zonificación De Los Procesos De Remoción En Masa En La Cuenca Alta Del Río Mapocho, Comuna De Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile UNIVERSIDAD ANDRÉS BELLO Facultad de Ingeniería Carrera de Geología CAUSAS Y ZONIFICACIÓN DE LOS PROCESOS DE REMOCIÓN EN MASA EN LA CUENCA ALTA DEL RÍO MAPOCHO, COMUNA DE LO BARNECHEA, SANTIAGO, CHILE MEMORIA DE PREGRADO PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE GEÓLOGO Felipe Andrés Fuentes Gericke Profesor Guía: Pedro Santis Sepúlveda Viña del Mar, Chile 2021 RESUMEN La ocurrencia de los daños asociados a fenómenos naturales ha estado siempre presente, manifestándose en diversas formas, sismos, erupciones volcánicas y remociones en masa. Sin embargo, la alta tasa de explosión demográfica ha obligado a la población a ocupar territorios de las zonas montañosas de nuestro país. Debido a esto, los fenómenos de remoción en masa han adquirido mayor importancia como posibles amenazas a la población. La comuna de los Barnechea, específicamente el sector de la cuenca alta del río Mapocho, Farellones, se caracteriza por poseer una morfología característica de la cordillera con pendientes pronunciadas, donde los asentamientos suelen desarrollarse en las quebradas y laderas de los cerros. El presente trabajo se desarrolla en todo el sector de la cuenca alta del río Mapocho. Consiste en la realización de un inventario lo más completo posible, con el fin de poder esclarecer los factores condicionantes y desencadenantes más importantes que están afectando la generación de las remociones en masa en toda la cuenca. Para ello, se utiliza información bibliográfica sobre el catastro histórico de las remociones ocurridas en años anteriores, junto a la utilización de imágenes satelitales Sentinel - 1 y 2, para encontrar remociones en masa que no estén dentro de la bibliográfica. Los factores condicionantes más importantes identificados corresponden a la intervención antrópica, geología y geomorfología y vegetación. Mientras que el agente desencadenante más influyente, y que está afectando a toda la cuenca por igual, son las precipitaciones pluviales intensas. El proceso de remoción en masa con mayor grado de impacto y más recurrente en la zona de estudio corresponde a los flujos de detritos, debido a que las rocas estratigráficas de la zona se encuentran en constante erosión y acumulación de sedimentos en las quebradas. Le siguen las caídas de rocas y, por último, los deslizamientos. Convirtiéndose este último en el proceso de remoción en masa menos frecuente en la zona. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las lluvias son la principal causa en la ocurrencia de las remociones en masa, tomando en cuenta factores como la intervención antrópica, vegetación y geológica que las condicionan. Por otro lado, no se comprueba que los sismos sean un agente desencadenante influyente, debido a la poca información de remociones debido a este factor. ABSTRACT The recurring damages associated with natural phenomenon have always been present, manifesting itself in various forms, like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and mass removals. However, the high rate of demographic expansion has forced the population to occupy territories in the mountainous areas, highlighting the importance of the "mass removal phenomena" due to its possible threat to people. In Lo Barnechea, in the Mapocho river's upper basin area, Farellones especially stands out for having a classic mountain range morphology where settlements tend to develop in the hill's cliffs and sides of its steep slopes. The present work is developing in the entire segment of the upper Mapocho river basin. It consists of carrying out an inventory as complete as possible to clarify the most critical conditioning and triggering factors that affect the generation of Mass removals throughout the basin. For this, bibliographic information regarding the historical catastrophe of removals from previous years is used, along with "Sentinel satellite images - 1 and 2" to find mass removals that are not within the bibliographic. The most crucial conditioning factors identified correspond to anthropic intervention, geology and geomorphology and vegetation. While the most influential triggering agent, and one that affects the entire basin equally, is heavy rainfall. The mass removal process with the highest degree of impact and the most recurrent in the study area corresponds to the debris flows. The stratigraphic rocks in the area are in constant erosion and accumulation of sediments in the cliffs. Then, the rock falls follow and, finally, the landslides—these last ones being the process of mass removal with the least amount in the area. The results show that rain is the leading cause behind Mass removals when we consider factors like anthropic, vegetation and geological intervention that conditions them. On the other hand, earthquakes have not proved to be an influential triggering agent due to the little information on removals behind this factor. Dedicado a mi padre Raúl & madre Mariela Herman@s Benjamín y Camila Familia lo logré Agradecimientos En primer lugar, agradecer al apoyo incondicional en todo este proceso que ha sido la universidad, a mi padre Raúl y madre Mariela, que sin ellos nada de esto hubiera sido posible. Que a punta de esfuerzo se ha logrado sacar adelante esto, quiero decirles que son mi principal motor en la vida. Gracias por darme la oportunidad de poder estudiar esta hermosa profesión que es la Geología. A mi familia que siempre ha estado apoyándome en este proceso, mis herman@s Benjamín y Camila, a mis tíos Walter, Nelson, Vilma y Ximena. Sobre todo, a mi Yayita y Abuelita Tencha que siempre han estado ahí llamando y dándome ánimo para terminar. Agradecer inmensamente a mi Profesor guía, Pedro Santis. Por la oportunidad de trabajar con tan tremendo profesional y apoyarme durante todo este trabajo, por la paciencia infinita durante todo este proceso de la tesis. También a la Profesora Paula Escobar y Ximena Contardo por apoyarme en el proceso de la tesis. Al Profesor Jean Baptiste por los consejos sobre cómo llevar de mejor manera la tesis y por todas sus gestiones para poder realizar de mejor manera mi trabajo. No puedo dejar de lado a mi grupo amigos de la universidad que siempre estuvieron y me acompañaron todos estos años de carrera, María Jesús, Natalia, Alejandro. Principalmente María Jesús por su apoyo incondicional y ayudarme con dudas e ida a terreno y ayudarme con las dudas y fotos de terreno. A todos aquellos compañeros y amigos que me acompañaron durante todos estos años que me daban ánimos para seguir adelante y que siempre se lograba aprender algo nuevo de cada uno. Un especial agradecimiento a mi pingüina favorita, mi mejor amiga, partner, hermana que sin dudas que estuvo siempre apoyándome, dando ánimos y retándome cuando no lograba avanzar, Milena muchas gracias. A mi perrito Noah que siempre estaba con una sonrisa cada vez que lo iba a ver cuando estaba estresado de escribir, sus paseos diarios que me servían para despejar y que muchas veces se me ocurrían ideas mientras caminaba con él, te amo cachorro. Por último y no menos importante Barbara. No tengo una cantidad palpable para agradecerle a mi compañera de vida durante estos últimos 3 años. Barbarita que siempre estuvo conmigo en todo momento, apoyándome y dándome ánimos en los momentos de frustración donde no salían los resultados esperados en el trabajo y vuelta a realizar todo de nuevo, por soportarme cuando ya no daba más y me estresaba. Solo quiero decirte que siempre estaré agradecido de todo el apoyo que me has dado. ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Ubicación y área de estudio ................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Objetivo general .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Hipótesis ................................................................................................................................ 3 2 MARCO TEÓRICO .............................................................................................................................................4 2.1 Definiciones y clasificación .................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Tipos de movimientos ........................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Caídas o desprendimientos de rocas ................................................................................ 5 2.2.2 Volcamientos .................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Deslizamientos ................................................................................................................. 6 2.2.4 Flujos ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.3 Factores condicionantes ...................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Factores desencadenantes ................................................................................................. 10 2.5 Imágenes satelitales Sentinel ............................................................................................. 11 2.5.1 Sentinel - 1 ....................................................................................................................
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